MW Network Design HU Lec.4

Jan, 2014
Microwave Network Design
PATH LOSS 4.0 MW Design Tool
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Content
• Digital Microwave Communication Principles

• Basis of Microwave Network Design
• Route Design
• Link Design
• Report
• Tips
Definition of Microwave
 Microwave
 Microwave is a kind of electromagnetic wave. In a broad sense, the
microwave frequency range is from 300 MHz to 300 GHz. But In
microwave communication, the frequency range is generally from 3
GHz to 30 GHz.
 According to the characteristics of microwave propagation, microwave

can be considered as plane wave.
 The plane wave has no electric field and magnetic field longitudinal
components along the propagation direction. The electric field and
magnetic field components are vertical to the propagation direction.
Therefore, it is called transverse electromagnetic wave and TEM wave
for short.
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Page 3

Antenna
• The antenna performs the directional transmission

and reception of RF signals. The main parameters
are frequency band, diameter and antenna gain.
Single-polarized antenna dual-polarized antenna

Split-Mount Microwave Equipment
– Installation
Separate Mount Direct Mount
antenna
(direct mount)
antenna
(separate mount)
ODU
Soft waveguide
ODU IF cable IF cable
中频口
IDU IF port
IDU IF port

IFX Board－XPIC features
• XPIC (Cross-polarization interference

cancellation ) is a technology used together with
co-channel dual-polarization (CCDP). The
application of the two technologies doubles the
wireless link capacity over the same channel.
• XPIC is used to effectively improve the
transmission capacity and the utilization of the
frequency spectrums. It is widely used in the
trunk microwave. As the split-mount microwave
develops and the frequency resources become
insufficient in recent years, the XPIC technology
is applied in the split-mount microwave.

1+1 HSB Typical Configuration
IDU 620 1+1 HSB Typical configuration IDU 605 2B HSB Typical Configuration

1+1 SD Typical Configuration
IDU 620 SD Typical Configuration IDU 605 2B SD Typical Configuration

1+1FD Typical Configuration
IDU 900 FD Typical Configuration IDU 605 2B FD Typical Configuration

Dual-polarized compact antennas
The dual-polarized antennas support the direct mounting
mode. In the case of a direct mounting mode flexible
waveguides are not required. A direct mounting mode can
decrease link loss, and increase transmission system gain. It
is applicable to the XPIC-enabled scenarios.
★-Support
7 and 11
Diameter 13 G 15 G 18 G 23 G 26 G 28 G 32 G 38 G 42 G
8G G
0.3 m ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★
0.6 m ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★
0.9/1.0 m ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★
1.2 m ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★
1.8 m ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★
 Dual-polarized direct-mounted antennas cannot be used with hybrid
couplers.
Hybrid Coupler
R Interface Hybrid Coupler
Type 6G 7/8/11/13/15/18/23/26/28/32/38G
3 dB balanced
Loss 3.5 3.5
hybrid coupler
Loss of the main path

1.9 1.7
6 dB unbalanced (dB)
hybrid coupler Loss of the standby
6.5±0.6 6.5±0.6
path (dB)
H port Hybrid Coupler
type 6G 7/8/11/13/15/18/23G 26/28/32/38G 42G

3 dB balanced
Loss 3.6 3.8 4.1 4.7
hybrid coupler
Loss of the main
1.7 1.9 2.1 2.4
6 dB unbalanced path
hybrid coupler Loss of the
6.8 7.0 8 8
standby path

Microwave Frequency Band
Selection and RF Channel Configuration (1)
• Generally-used frequency bands in digital microwave transmission:
– 7G/8G/11G/13G/15G/18G/23G/26G/32G/38G (defined by ITU-R Recommendations)
1.5 GHz 2.5 GHz

Regional network
3.3 GHz Long haul 11 GHz

trunk network
Regional network, local network,
2/8/34
Mbit/s and boundary network
34/140/155 Mbit/s
2/8/34/140/155 Mbit/s
GHz
1 2 3 4 5 8 10 20 30 40 50

Principles of Selecting Frequency Bands
 Division of microwave frequency bands:
Frequency Shift Frequencies (MHz) (T-R Spacing) Use
4-7 GHz 161, 154, 245 Long-distance network backbones
8 GHz 126, 161, 154. 199, 266, 311 Long-distance network backbones
11-13 GHz 266 Short and medium distance
15 GHz 308, 420, 490, 315. 720, 728 Short and medium distance
18 GHz 340, 1092.5, 1008, 1010, 1560 Short and medium distance
23 GHz 600, 1050, 1232, 1008, 1200, Short distance in urban areas
26 GHz 855, 1008 Short distance in urban areas
28 GHz 1008 Short distance in urban areas
32 GHz 812 Short distance in urban areas
38 GHz 700, 1260 Short distance in urban areas

Microwave Frequency Band
Selection and RF Channel Configuration (2)
• In each frequency band, subband frequency ranges, transmitting/receiving spacing
(T/R spacing), and channel spacing are defined.
Frequency range
f0 (center frequency)
Low frequency band High frequency band
T/R spacing
Protection T/R spacing
spacing
Channel Adjacent channel Channel

spacing T/R spacing spacing
f1 f2 fn f1’ f2’ fn’

Free Space Transmission Loss
 Free space loss: A = 92.4 + 20 log d + 20 log f

(d: km, f: GHz). If d or f is doubled, the loss will increase by 6 dB.
d PTX = Transmit power

GTX GRX
PRX = Receive power
G = Antenna gain
Power level
f A0 = Free space loss
M = Fading margin
G
PTX A0
PRX
G
M
Receiving threshold
Distance

Absorption Fading
 Molecules of all substances are composed of charged particles. These particles have
their own electromagnetic resonant frequencies. When the microwave frequencies of
these substances are close to their resonance frequencies, resonance absorption
occurs to the microwave.
 Statistic shows that absorption to the microwave frequency lower than 12 GHz is
smaller than 0.1 dB/km. Compared with free space loss, the absorption loss can be
ignored.
10dB
1dB
0.1dB
0.01dB
60GHz 23GHz 12GHz 7.5GHz 1GHz
Atmosphere absorption curve (dB/km)

Rain Fading
 For frequencies lower than 10 GHz, rain loss can be ignored. Only a few db may
be added to a relay section.
 For frequencies higher than 10 GHz, repeater spacing is mainly affected by rain
loss. For example, for the 13 GHz frequency or higher, 100 mm/h rainfall causes a
loss of 5 dB/km. Hence, for the 13 GHz and 15 GHz frequencies, the maximum relay
distance is about 10 km. For the 20 GHz frequency and higher, the relay distance is
limited in few kilometres due to rain loss.
 High frequency bands can be used for user-level transmission. The higher the
frequency band is, the more severe the rain fading.

K-Type Fading
 Atmosphere refraction
 As a result of atmosphere refraction, the microwave propagation trail is bent. It is
considered that the electromagnetic wave is propagated along a straight line above
Reof
the earth with an equivalent earth radius Re, = KR (R: actual earth radius.)
 The average measured K value is about 4/3. However, the K value of a specific
section is related to the meteorological phenomena of the section. The K value may
change within a comparatively large range. This can affect line-of-sight propagation.
Re
R

Multipath Fading
 Multipath fading: Due to multipath propagation of refracted waves, reflected
waves, and scattered waves, multiple electric waves are received at the
receiving end. The composition of these electric waves will result in severe
interference fading.
 Reasons for multipath fading: reflections due to non-uniform atmosphere,
water surface and smooth ground surface.

 Down fading: fading where the composite wave level is lower than the free
space received level. Up fading: fading where the composite wave level is
higher than the free space received level.
 Non-uniform atmosphere
 Water surface
 Smooth ground surface.
Ground surface

Duct Type Fading
Due to the effects of the meteorological conditions such as ground cooling in the
night, burnt warm by the sun in the morning, smooth sea surface, and anticyclone, a
non-uniform structure is formed in atmosphere. This phenomenon is called
atmospheric duct.
If microwave beams pass through the atmospheric duct while the receiving point is
outside the duct layer, the field strength at the receiving point is from not only the
direct wave and ground reflected wave, but also the reflected wave from the edge of
the duct layer. As a result, severe interference fading occurs and causes interruption
to the communications.
Duct type fading

Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System
 High and low antennas

 Frequency diversity
 Signals at different frequencies have different fading characteristics. Accordingly,
two or more microwave frequencies with certain frequency spacing to transmit and
receive the same information which is then selected or composed, to reduce the
influence of fading. This work mode is called frequency diversity.
 Advantages: The effect is obvious. Only one antenna is required.
 Disadvantages: The utilization ratio of frequency bands is low.
f1
f2

 Space diversity
 Signals have different multipath effect over different paths and thus have different fading
characteristics. Accordingly, two or more suites of antennas at different altitude levels to
receive the signals at the same frequency which are composed or selected. This work
mode is called space diversity. If there are n pairs of antennas, it is called n-fold diversity.
 Advantages: The frequency resources are saved.
 Disadvantages: The equipment is complicated, as two or more suites of antennas are
required.
 Antenna distance: As per experience, the distance between the diversity antennas is 100
to 200 times the wavelength in frequently used frequency bands.
f1

Transmission Clearance
 The knife-edged obstacle blocks partial of the Fresnel zone. This also causes
the diffraction of the microwave. Influenced by the two reasons, the level at the
actual receive point must be lower than the free space level. The loss caused by
the knife-edged obstacle is called additional loss.

RAIN ZONES ITU

Type of interference
 co-frequency interference.
 When the interfering signal has the same frequency as the

interfered signal, the interference is called co-channel
interference.
 Adjacent channel interference
 When the central frequency of the interfering signal falls in

an adjacent channel of the main transmitted signal, the
interference is called adjacent channel interference.
RX1 RX1
F1
F2
F1
FREQ
F2 FREQ
Figure 1 F1 (transmitted signal) = F2 Figure2 F1 (transmitted signal) and F2 (interfering

(interfering signal) signal) are overlapped.

Examples of Interference
 Case1 (co-channel interference) ： Interference caused when

the antenna beam width is large and the included angle between
links is small. The signals transmitted from site A to site B
interfere with the signals received by site B from site C. Similarly,
the signals transmitted from site C to site B also interfere with the
Site C
signals received by site B from site A.
80 Deg.
Site A Site B

 Case2 (co-channel interference) ： Front-back interference is

caused by a poor front-back ratio of antennas. The signals
transmitted from site X interfere with the signals received by site
Y from site Z. Similarly, the signals transmitted from site Y to site
X also interfere with the signals received by site Z from site Y.
Site X Site Z
Site Y

 Case3 (co-channel interference)：Overreach interference. The

signals transmitted from site A to site B interfere with the signals
received by site D from site C. Similarly, the signals transmitted
from site D to site C interfere with the signals received by site A
from site B.
B F2 D
F1
F1
A C

Methods for Suppressing Interference
• Reduce the Tx level of interfering signals

• Select a proper channel and polarization mode
• Use angle isolation between links
• Select an antenna with a higher front-back ratio and
better directivity
• Select microwave equipment with the ATPC function
• Configure Tx high stations and Tx low stations
correctly

Content

• Route Design
• Link Design
• Report
• Tips
Route Design – Pathloss Overview
• The Pathloss software is a comprehensive path design tool based on the radio links. The
Pathloss software operates at frequencies ranging from 30 MHz to 100 GHz. Currently,
Pathloss 4.0 is commonly used.

Route Design – Import Site Data
• Only csv format site data can be imported to

Pathloss
• Step 1: Start Pathloss, Switch to Network
Module (Module → Network)
• Step 2: Import Site Data (Site Data → Site
List, Import → Import Site Text File)
• Step 3: Close Site List Windows, and save
the Network file (File → Save)

Route Design – Import Site Data
• Tips: Choose default site legend (Defaults

→Site Legend) and layers (Layers) before
import site data to separate site type

Route Design – Configure Map
• Pathloss support a lot kind of maps, while the most common type for presale
microwave network design is Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM).
• Step 1: Download SRTM map

• Step 2: Import SRTM map to
Pathloss (Configure → Terrain
Database, Primary → ESRI
GRIDASCII GEO → Set
Primary → Set Directory,
Choose the directory SRTM map
located in, Index → File →
Import List, Close All Windows)
• Step 3: Create Background of
Network (Site Data → Create
Background)
• Tips: Use Ctrl Key to choose

multiple file when import list, you
can choose up to about 200 files
at once

Route Design – Route Design
• Use Mouse to connect links
• Tips: Ctrl + Drag to zoom the

map, Site → Zoom
Background to zoom
background, right click to
original size

Content

• Route Design
• Link Design
• Report
• Tips
Link Design – A Microwave Link
Isotropic Antenna Isotropic Antenna

Antenna Antenna
Gain Antenna Antenna Gain
Radome Loss Radome Loss
Air
Feeder Loss Feeder Loss
Feeder Feeder
Filter, Filter,
Combiner Combiner
Loss Free Space Loss Loss
Filters, Atmospheric Gaseous Loss
Filters,
Combiner, Rain Attenuation Combiner,
etc Cable Loss Cable Loss etc
Diffraction Loss
Tx Power Rx Power
Transmitter Transmitter
Rx Power = Tx Power – Total Loss + Total Antenna Gain

Link Design – Line of Sight
Fresnel Zone
True Earth Radius

Sea Level (6400 km)

Link Design – Cross Section View
• Step 1: Click on a link → Choose

Terrain Data
• Generate cross section view

(Operations → Generate Profile →
Generate → Close)

Link Design – Add Structures
• In Bidding stage, it’s impossible to get accurate structure information, so we add

10 meters tree (or others, based on the real situation)
• Double Click on a blank area of

Structure → Choose Range of
Structure → Select Tree → Input 10
in Structure Height → OK

Link Design – Antenna Heights
• Step 1: Input frequency information (Module → Summary, input approximate

frequency in the Frequency textbox)
• Tips: Pathloss will automatically use previous frequency information, so it’s not needed
to input it if the frequency of this link if similar to previous
• Step 2:Choose Antenna
Heights Module (Module →
Antenna Heights)
• Step 3: Configure antenna
height automatically
(Operation → Optimize, or
press F9)
• Step 4: Save antenna height
(Operation→ Revise Antenna
Height, or press F1)

Link Design – Reliability Analysis
• This is the most complicated step to design a link
• Step 1: Choose Worksheet Module (Module

→ Worksheet)
• Step 2: Set Reliability Method (Operations
→ Reliability Method). Choose the reliability
method specified by the customer. If the
customer not specified, we use ITU-R P.530-
7/8 by default.

Reliability Analysis – Rain Region
• Click → Load Rain File → OK
• Tips:
(1) Use the rain region
map to determine the
rain region;
(2) Use Google Earth to

determine the location
of a site;
(3) ITU rain region file is

located in RAIN\ITU
subfolder of Pathloss
Installation Folder.

Reliability Analysis – Path Profile
• Step 1: Click
• Step 2: Input Field margin (1 dB)

• Step 3: Input Average annual temperature
• Step 4: Configure Geography Parameters

(Menu Geo Clim)
• Tips: Find Probalibility dN/dh < -

100Nunits/km

Reliability Analysis – Antenna
• Step 1: Click → Code Index →
New Index → Choose directory

contains antenna file
• Step 2: Choose antenna → Both

• Tips: Click Site 1 or Site 2 to choose
antenna separately. The antenna for
two site can be different.
• Location to download RTN antenna files:

\\info-server\5_EnglishDoc\04-OpticalNetwork\2-OptiX\8-RTN\RTN Pathloss Files\Antenna

Reliability Analysis – Transmission Line
• Step 1: Click
• Step 2: Input Tx line loss

and Connector loss
• Tips:
(1) 0.5 dB connector loss for most situation.
(2) 0.6 dB for separately mounted antenna, 0 dB for directly mounted antenna. For
XMC ODU, we use separately mounting for antenna bigger than 1.8m, and directly
mounting for smaller or equal than 1.8m.

Reliability Analysis – Branching Unit
• Click → Input loss
• Tips:
(1) No branching loss for 1+0 configuration.
(2) 1.7dB for 1+1 HSB by default (asymmetric
combiner).
(3) 3.3dB for 2+0 configuration (symmetric
combiner).

Reliability Analysis – Equipment
• Step 1: Click → Code Index →
New Index → Choose directory

contains antenna file
• Step 2: Choose equipment

→ Both
• Tips: Although you can
choose different equipment
for both sites, choose the
same for both sites always.
• Location to download RTN equipment files:

\\info-server\5_EnglishDoc\04-OpticalNetwork\2-OptiX\8-RTN\RTN Pathloss Files\Equipment

Reliability Analysis – Check Result
• Step 1: Check the Flat fade

margin and total annual
availability (Annual multipath +
rain (%-sec).
• Step 2: Adjust the antenna size
to meet the KPI requirement.

Content

• Route Design
• Link Design
• Report
• Tips
Report – Link List (1)
• Step 1: Export link list (Switch to Network Module → Site Data, Reports → CSV link
list – microwave)
• Step 2: Choose items to be exported
• Step 3: Click Option to choose output format if necessary → OK
• Step 4: Click OK, the link list in output format will be shown → File → Save)

Report – Link List (2)
• Step 5: Manually processed it to add some missing information: Antenna diameter (only
the antenna model is exported), link protection type (1+0, 1+1 HSB/SD/FD, XPIC, 2+0,
etc).
• Tips:
(1) Manually add .csv extension while save csv file, or the file will has no extension name.
(2) No item will be shown if you choose too many columns to output due to pathloss bug,
but you can still save it to csv file and no information will be missed.
Now we get all the files. And we can configure device in UniSTAR CFG with Link List.

Report – Path Profile
• Step 1: Switch to Worksheets Module

• Step 2: Full Report (Print → Full Report), or Short Report (Print → Short Report), or
• Step 3: Batch Report (Print → Batch Report → Full Report → Choose pathloss files
→ Open)

Report – Path Report
• Step 1: Switch to Print Profile Module (Module → Print Profile)

• Step 2: Print to a printer (Print → Print), or Copy to clipboard (Print → Copy) then
paste to word document, or
• Step 3: Batch Print (Print → Select desired pathloss files → Open)

Content

• Route Design
• Link Design
• Report
• Tips
Tips: 2+0 Configuration
• Question: How to Configure 2+0 Link?
3.3 dB
Combiner
ODU ODU

Tips: XPIC Link Design
• Step 1: Select Cochannel operation

(Worksheets Module → Operations
→ Reliability Options → Check
“Cochannel operation” box
• Step 2: Choose Dual Polarization

Antenna
• Step 3: Choose XPIC IF board (IFX2
or ISX2)
• Tips:
(1) The annual availability and fade
margin of XPIC link will be a litter
lower than non-XPIC link with the
same other conditions (antenna size,
modulation method, channel space,
etc.)
(2) There are some compatibility issues with pathloss 4 and Windows 7, which cause that it
is impossible to configure XPIC link on Windows 7 with pathloss 4. Use Windows XP
instead.

Tips: 1+1 SD Configuration
• 1+1 SD can greatly increase the KPI of a link.

• 1+1 SD is commonly used when the link is long and over water
• Step 1: Worksheet Module → Configure → Antenna
Configuration → TRDR-TRDR → OK
• Step 2: Configure the SD

antenna
• Tips: It is difficult to
determine the distance
between main antenna and
SD antenna. Use 10 meters
by default for presale
design.

Tips: Labeling a link
• Step 1: Right click a link → Label
• Step 2: Input the label text, such as

the configuration, capacity, or/and the
distance of this link.

Adaptive Modulation
Adaptive Modulation Voice

256QAM 128QAM 64QAM QPSK 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM
Capacity 32QAM 16QAM
99.9% 183Mit/s
99.95% 158Mit/s
133Mbit/s
Internet 99.99%
99.995% 105Mbit/s
99.998% 84Mbit/s
VOIP 99.999% 42Mbit/s
Time
High priority queue and guaranteed bit rates Low priority queue and remaining bit rates
Most for voice etc. Most for download services etc.
Adaptive modulation enables a correct planning of the network

Introduction to Enabling AMAC Planning
(Pathloss Ver4.0)
The methods for link planning are similar to those for AM planning. For details about planning
methods, see the AM Network Planning Guide V1.3. During an interference analysis, the interference in
the 250M-QPSK and 500M-QPSK modes need to be respectively calculated. Planning steps are briefly
described as follows:
（1）Determine to enable the AMAC function based on service priorities, capacities, and so on.
（2）Select the network planning files of the 250M-QPSK Strong mode, and use the traditional method to plan
links in the reference mode.
（3）For the modes that have higher orders than the reference mode, select the network planning files of the
to-be-calculated mode, and enter the corresponding AMAC_RSL parameters (replace the original sensitivity of
the mode in the red circles) into the blue circle on the Pathloss page shown in the following figure to calculate
the link availability.
AMAC_RSL parameters of OptiX

RTN 380 V100R001C00
AMAC_RSL（dBm）
QPSK Strong_250M -76.5
QPSK Strong_500M -69.3
QPSK -66.0
16QAM -59.3
32QAM -54.8
64QAM -50.8

Frequency Planning in Pathloss
Steps of Frequency Planning in Pathloss：

 1. Start the PL4.0 program
 2. Access the Network
module
 3.Open the finished route
file.
 4.Take the link between
Site 5 and Site 21 for
instance. Set the CH
parameters after setting
the parameters for Radio
and Antennas
 5. Click “CH”. The TX
Channels dialog box is
displayed, as shown in
right ：

 6 、 Import frequency file ： click“Lookup” ， open”TX CHANNEL”

dialog（Figure1），click “File”， select the corresponding frequency
planning file from Freqplan, as shown in the Figure.

 7. Import frequency file ： Open the Frequency File ，the data will
be imported automatically show as Figure 3

 8、Choose Channel：The choosed channel be showed in the blue

box .As Follow:

 9、Set High or Low site：After choose the correct channel，

click“Site 1 Hi” will set site1 as High site,as the same,click “Site 2
Hi” means Site 2 is the high site.

 10、Set the way of polarization：Double click the dialog “TX

Channels” –>“Pol”->“V”or“H”will choose the polarization。As follow：
“V”means Vertical polarization，“H”means Horizontal polarization

 11、Complete all the steps ，click “OK” will back 。

Interference Analysis in Pathloss
The interference analysis

procedure in Pathloss:
 1. Start the PL4.0 program

 2. Access the Network module
 3. Open the finished route file.

 4. Choose the “Interference”
menu
 5. Click “Calculate Intra”. The
dialog box for setting
interference parameters is
displayed, as shown on the
right:

RTN IP KPIs

Thanks!
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Jan, 2014

Microwave Network Design

PATH LOSS 4.0 MW Design Tool

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

• Digital Microwave Communication Principles

 According to the characteristics of microwave propagation, microwave

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Page 3

• The antenna performs the directional transmission

Single-polarized antenna dual-polarized antenna

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Page 4

ODU IF cable IF cable

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• XPIC (Cross-polarization interference

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IDU 620 SD Typical Configuration IDU 605 2B SD Typical Configuration

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IDU 900 FD Typical Configuration IDU 605 2B FD Typical Configuration

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Loss of the main path

H port Hybrid Coupler

type 6G 7/8/11/13/15/18/23G 26/28/32/38G 42G

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Page 11

1.5 GHz 2.5 GHz

3.3 GHz Long haul 11 GHz

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Page 12

 Division of microwave frequency bands:

Frequency Shift Frequencies (MHz) (T-R Spacing) Use

4-7 GHz 161, 154, 245 Long-distance network backbones

11-13 GHz 266 Short and medium distance

26 GHz 855, 1008 Short distance in urban areas

28 GHz 1008 Short distance in urban areas

32 GHz 812 Short distance in urban areas

38 GHz 700, 1260 Short distance in urban areas

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Page 13

Channel Adjacent channel Channel

f1 f2 fn f1’ f2’ fn’

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 Free space loss: A = 92.4 + 20 log d + 20 log f

d PTX = Transmit power

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water surface and smooth ground surface.

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Duct type fading

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 Disadvantages: The equipment is complicated, as two or more suites of antennas are

to 200 times the wavelength in frequently used frequency bands.

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 When the interfering signal has the same frequency as the

 When the central frequency of the interfering signal falls in

Figure 1 F1 (transmitted signal) = F2 Figure2 F1 (transmitted signal) and F2 (interfering

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