CONTENT OF DEVELOPMENT PLAN

Development plan is a statutory plan prepared, under relevant policies and acts, within the
framework of an approved perspective plan. The objective of a development plan is to provide
necessary details and intended actions in form of strategies and proposals, depending upon the
economic conditions, social needs, wants and aspirations of public and available resources. Prepared
Development plans stay valid for a period of 20 – 30 years.

Major heads and sub‐heads help in formulating the development plan of an urban centre. Contents
of Development Plan are made in accordance with established/relevant Acts. While preparing
Development Plan, special attention must be paid on safety, security and participation of women, the
elderly, and other segments of society requiring special needs. The Development plan should contain
the following major heads:

1. EXISTING CONDITIONS AND DEVELOPMENT ISSUES

- BACKGROUND – Location, history and physical setting
- DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE – Existing population and its growth, natural pattern, migration
growth, floating population, workplace and household sizes.
- ECONOMIC PROFILE– Agriculture and Mining, manufacturing and construction, trade,
tourism, real estate and public administration.
- LAND PROFILE helps to look at existing land use, developable and non-developable areas,
peri-urban, urban villages, built floor spaces, vending zones, heritage sites and existing zoning
and development.
- INFRASTRUCTURE PROFILE
 TRANSPORATION which incudes the mode of travel (road, rail, air,
water), networks, corridors, inter-intra level transportation, signages,
parking, pedestrian and bicycle
 FACILITIES like schools, colleges, healthcare, parks, religious spaces.
 PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE like water supply, drainage, energy and
disaster management
- SHELTER which incudes housing scenario, housing stock, mapping of slums, squatter
settlements/jj clusters, Low cost housing, affordable housing, rental housing, night shelter and
public housing.
- ENVIRONMENT PROFILE includes eco-sensitive zones, hilly/coastal zones, water bodies,
forests, wet lands. This also includes disaster mapping, hazard prone zones and disaster
management.
- ADMINISTRATIVE PROFILE which includes the legal framework, institutional frame work and
manpower, Fiscal aspects (sources of revenue and expenditure), policy issues and city level
reforms.
- MAPS AND PLANS includes existing land use, historic city growth, infrastructure maps, eco-
zone maps and disaster maps.

2. ASSESSMENT OF DEFICIENCIES AND PROJECTED REQUIREMENTS

Assessment of projected requirements should be for a period of twenty to thirty years. This
includes looking at the existing scenario and projecting for its upgradation or development.
This includes slum upgradation, resettlement strategies, upgrade existing transportation
system with integration with activity nodes, green mobility strategy, projecting parking
requirement, assessment of disaster management and upgradation of social and physical
infrastructure (schools, health care, water system, sewage, electric, etc.)
 3. DEVELOPMENT OF VISION
The vision is formulated based on existing conditions and development issues. This includes
principles for plan formulation, city development strategies for dense, heritage, industrial and
educational hubs, dispersal of activities, environmental and infrastructure sustainability, mass
transportation and informal activities, Information and Communication Technology, women
and poorer sections.

4. DEVELOPMENT PROPOSAL

With existing scenario, development plan is created for the development of residential,
commercial and manufacturing areas. The goal is to develop a comprehensive mobility plan
which includes Mass transportation systems, land use interfaces, TOD development. It also
develops infrastructure plans of each infrastructure and utility at the scale of the proposed
land use plan. It also considers planning for special areas which creates provisions for heritage
areas, hazard zones, development for women and vulnerable population. It regulates and
develops the land use and looks into development of promotion rules and regulations.

5. IMPLEMENTATION PLANS
With the formulation of a development plan, a seamless plan is created for the
implementation schedule for Development Plan. It contains roles and responsibilities of all
stakeholders, resource mobilisation framework and phase‐wise implementation schedule for
planned project activities. The key aspects to be covered in the Implementation framework
work in line with aims, objectives and prioritised projects and schemes. It creates schedules
for phasing, investment strategy and institutional setups.

74TH CONSTITUTIONAL COMMENDMENT ACT AND 12TH SCHEDULE

The 74th CAA, referred to IXA of Constitution, makes provisions for decentralisation, thereby, ensuring
democracy in the operation of local self-government. It gives power to the people to plan for
themselves and participate in the decision-making process. It gives constitutional status to the
municipalities and brings them under the purview of judicial review. The Act aims at revitalizing and
strengthening the urban governments so that they may function as effective units of local government
– LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT. The plans are not made by the central power. Participatory Appraisal
done by understanding the needs of the area. Self help groups and thorough participatory process,
they speak with people and understand and then provide them with the plan

It preserves the existing structure of urban local bodies. Thus, they are given the liberty to make plans
for districts, take them to district officer and get the funds dispersed. Municipal corporation,
municipality and town planning committee come under the ULB’s.

Constitution of panchayat and municipalities is created Under 74th CCA, constitution of Municipalities
in every State as given under:
a) Nagar Panchayat for transitional area, an area in transition from rural to urban in character.
b) Municipal Council for a smaller urban area
c) Municipal Corporation for a larger urban area.

A transitional area, a smaller urban area or a larger urban area means such areas as the governor may
specify regarding (1) population density, (2) revenue and (3) percentage of employment in non-
agricultural activities.
74th CCA also provides for constitution of ward committees, consisting of one or more wards, within
the territorial area of a Municipality having a population of 3,00,000 or more. Duration of
Municipalities provides a fixed term of 5 years of a panchayat and municipality respectively, from the
date appointed. Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats and Municipalities provides
powers, authority to Municipality to function as institutions of self-government to prepare plans for
economic development and social justice.

In addition, the Act has also added Twelfth Schedule to the Constitution. It contains the powers,
authority and responsibilities of Municipalities and 18 functional items of municipalities listed under
Article 243-W. This includes:

- Urban planning
- Regulation of land use
- Planning for economic and social development
- Roads and bridges
- Water supply for domestic, industrial and commercial purposes
- Public health and sanitation
- Fire Services
- Urban forestry
- Slum improvement
- Safeguarding weaker sections
- Urban poverty alleviation
- Provision of urban amenities
- Promotion cultural, educational and aesthetic aspects
- Burial grounds and cremations
- Cattle pounds
- Registration of births and deaths
- Public amenities
- Regulation of slaughter houses

CLASSIFICATION OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS

The classification of urban settlements adopted by the Census of India 2011 is as follows:

- All places with a Municipality, Municipal Corporation, Cantonment Board or notified town
area committee, etc.
 This is the first category of urban units is known as Statutory Towns. These towns
are notified under law by the concerned State/UT Government and have local
bodies like Municipal Corporations, Municipalities, Municipal Committees, etc.,
irrespective of their demographic characteristics as reckoned on 31st December
2009.

- All other places which satisfies the following criteria are known as Census towns.
 A minimum population of 5,000;
 At least 75 per cent of the male main working population engaged in non-
agricultural pursuits
 A density of population of at least 400 persons per sq. km.
The human settlement classification for planning purposes and population range is redefined in the
URDPFI guidelines based on census 2011, Master plan formulation in the states and emerging
agglomerations in India.

Small towns can be referred as ‘transitional towns’ mentioned in the 74th CAA where a
Nagar Panchayat (as a municipality) is to be formed for an area in transition from a
rural area to an urban area.

Agglomeration of urban nodes along with its peri‐urban and rural areas are currently observed in the
Metropolitan cities II (like in Chennai, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad) and in Megapolis. An Urban
agglomeration is an extended city or town area comprising the built-up area of a central place (usually
a municipality) and any suburbs linked by continuous urban area.

The URDPFI Guidelines focus on the statutory towns. However, the concepts stated in these Guidelines
can be easily made applicable to all human settlements, whether notified as a Municipality,
Cantonment, Special Economic Zone, Port trust area or even a village.
 SCOPE AND PURPOSE OF VARIOUS PLANS

CONCEPT OF REGIONS AND ITS TYPES

Region can be described as an area with definable characteristics which can be defined by scale,
human and physical characteristics. Region has two different view – Objective and Subjective.
Objective view suggests that region is a real entity, an organism, which can be defined and mapped.
Subjective view suggests that region is an idea or a model to help in the study of the world.

The subjective view of region grew through different phases reflecting economic advance from
agrarian economy to becoming an industrial system. It went through three different phases – formal
region, functional region and planning region.

Formal region is concerned with uniformity and is homogenous in terms of selected criteria. The
criteria can be physical or economic. In earlier definitions, in formal regions, physical criteria like
climate and topography was predominant. It then evolved into more of economic criteria under two
forms physical formal region in which physical properties are predominant (climate, topography) and
in economic formal region, it includes types of industries and agriculture, income level, unemployment
and rate of urban growth.

Functional region, also known as nodal regions, are geographical areas composed of heterogenous
units of cities, towns and villages which are functionally interrelated. This concept of nodal region was
introduced by Ebenezar Howard in which nodal region involved developing a cluster of new towns
linked to the central city in a functional relationship.

Planning regions are geographical regions suitable for designing and implementing of development
plans for dealing with regional problems. These regions display coherence and substantial changes in
distribution or population and employment are possible within its boundaries.
 ASPECTS OF REGIONAL PLANNING
There are five preliminary aspects of regional planning:

- SUSTAINABILITY: Sustainability in regional planning looks at efficient usage of

available resources ad opportunities for development in all parts of the
region. Sustainability depends upon management of environmental inputs
(water bodies, minerals, green cover and protection of sensitive areas),
Balanced and equitable development and effective use of local resources.
- ENVIROMENT: Regional plan address environmental issues like water
pollution, maintenance of water courses, maintenance of green covers and
regulating activities which impact the environment.
- DISASTER MANAGEMENT: Regional plans promote efficient response and
preparedness to any calamities like floods or landslides. It is mandatory
under Disaster Management Act 2005 to prepare a disaster management
plan at a state level.
- PROMOTING BALANCED DEVELOPMENT: Integral and inclusive planning
approach is required for both urban and rural settlements for the provision
of sustainable infrastructure.
- INCLUSIVTY: Inclusivity can be achieved by creating a plan after looking at
issue, strengths and prospects of a region. With this, it can tackle the issues
arising when area evolves from rural to peri urban to an urban area.

PLANNING PROCESS / STAGES

Spatial development planning is a time oriented, dynamic process which incudes planning,
implementing, monitoring and reviewing. There are certain stages which make up the plan
formation process. The planning stage includes:
 Development of aims and objectives
 Identifying site needs
 Identifying project needs
 Formulating a plan
 Inclusive planning
 Statuary obligations
 Decentralisation of plan approval process
 People’s participation
 Plan modification
 Review and revision of plans.
PLAN FORMULATING PROCESS
Plan formulation require vision development in which integration of land and transportation is
required through which Comprehensive Mobility Plan is formulated. TOD and multimodal mobility
need to be considered. It would include role of Intelligent Traffic system, utility services, safety and
security of citizens, and growth patterns.
 CONTENTS OF REGIONAL PLAN
Regional planning is spatial development planning, which tends to utilize the natural and human
resources to the fullest-extent for the enrichment of the quality of life of its population and to
distribute the gains of development among the regions. This level lies somewhere between the
national and local levels, and the region Is a continuous and localized area at this level.

Regional Plan is to be prepared for the area identified as formal or functional region, which could be
state/ inter‐state/ district/ inter‐district, investment region or special area. If region so identified is
inter‐state, all such states will need to prepare sub-regional plans for their respective areas. For a
regional plan for a normal region, the following key contents to be included:

1. Introduction of the Region includes information about the region, sub-regions, functional areas
and growth centres. It looks at the regional morphology and ratio of urban and rural development.

2. Analysis of regional resources

 Physical setting of a region (connectivity and economic links),

 Geography of a region – includes topography, climate, hydrology, mineras and resources,
Demography – its growth and projection,
 Urban and rural settlement – density and patterns,
 Transportation – networks, traffic volume and movement pattern,
 Physical and economic linkages
 Social infrastructure (schools, healthcare and recreational)
 Physical infrastructure (water supply, drainage)
 Shelters which includes housing scenario, housing stock, mapping of slums, squatter
settlements/jj clusters, Low cost housing, affordable housing, rental housing, night
shelter and public housing.
 Heritage and tourism – Flow of tourists and infrastructure
 Administrative profile which includes the legal framework, institutional frame work
and manpower, Fiscal aspects (sources of revenue and expenditure), policy issues and
city level reforms.
 ENVIRONMENT PROFILE includes eco-sensitive zones, hilly/coastal zones, water bodies,
forests, wet lands. This also includes disaster mapping, hazard prone zones and disaster
management.

3. Major proposals and projects

With existing scenario, development plan is created for the development of residential, commercial
and manufacturing areas. The goal is to develop a comprehensive plan which includes policies ofr
zonal development, developments pf corridors, Mass transportation systems, land use interfaces, TOD
development. Proposal for development of regional infrastructure which includes
locations for integrated freight complexes, multi modal hubs among others. It also develops
infrastructure plans of each infrastructure and utility at the scale of the proposed land use plan. It also
considers planning for special areas which creates provisions for heritage areas, hazard zones,
development for women and vulnerable population and disaster mitigation planning. It regulates and
develops the land use and looks into development of promotion rules and regulations.

4. Implementation Plan

With the formulation of a regional plan, a seamless plan is created for the implementation schedule
for Development Plan. It contains roles and responsibilities of all stakeholders, resource mobilisation
framework and phase‐wise implementation schedule for planned project activities. The key aspects
to be covered in the Implementation framework work in line with aims, objectives and prioritised
projects and schemes. It creates schedules for phasing, investment strategy and institutional setups.

SIMPLIFIED PLANNING TECHNIQUES

Town planners use variety of techniques at different stages of the planning process. These techniqu
es may relate to surveys for collection of data, assessment of existing conditions in a settlement, as
well as analysis and projections of future requirements in respect of various activities.

First it to identify data needs and data collection list. Identifying the needs rely mostly on direct
observation, seek several views of any one “fact” (cross checking) and make use of checklists and semi‐
structured dialogues instead of lengthy and often costly questionnaire‐based surveys. Thus, through
this a checklist needs to be created which is a precise and exhaustive listing of topics/issues and sub‐
topics/issues related to the information needed.

Data collection Techniques

- Primary data which form the raw material and origin of the region’s character is
collected through visual surveys (overview), inspection of the area, Personals
interviews and self-survey (orally or questionnaires) and participatory rapid
appraisal.
- Secondary data is collected through published sources and unpublished sources
(records or undertakings).

TYPES OF SURVEYS
 Socio economic survey is a demographic survey which collects data regarding characteristics
of human population, such as size growth, density, etc. It not only informs us about current
socio-economic pattern but also projects a future population and related infrastructure. This
is carried out by Census of India.
 Land use / Utilization survey identifies developed and un-developed areas for physical
distribution for future developments. In case of ground verifications, land use of a defined
land parcel can be observed by undertaking a well‐planned exercise. The developed and
undeveloped area can then be further classified into major categories depending upon the
use to which major portions of land are put to.
 Density survey are done to understand the relationship between built‐up area and population
density. It is taken up for assessment of infrastructure requirements, to reduce congestion,
appropriate availability of land for specific activities and services required by residents for
good quality of life. Residential density is analysed to calculate accommodation density in
dwelling units and non-residential density in shops, office spaces, etc.
 Infrastructure survey includes the survey of existing infrastructure, surrounding the study
area in terms of its population. The result of infrastructure survey is compared to benchmarks
and parameters provided by National/Government authorities. Such survey includes physical
as well social infrastructure.
 Transportation survey includes different types of surveys which include inventory of road
network system, speed and delay studies, traffic volume count study, household survey,
public transportation study, telephone surveys and activity place study.
 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Sampling is a process of selecting units from the population from which information is obtained about
the entire population by examining only a part of it. So, we can define a sample is any number of
persons, units or objects selected to represent the population according to some rule or plan. The
method is cheaper, economical and accurate. Sampling can be categorized into two groups –
Probability and Non-probability sampling method.

In probability sampling methods each member of the population has a known probability of being
selected in a sample. Under this sampling design every item of the universe has an equal chance of
inclusion in the sample. Lottery methods or selecting a student from the complete students’ names
from a box with blind or folded eyes is the best example of random sampling, it is the best technique
and unbiased method.

 Simple random sampling chooses the member of the sample randomly and purely by chance.
The sample cannot repeat itself.
 In stratified random sampling the population is first divided into different homogeneous
group which may be based upon a single criterion such as male or female. This method is used
to sample population of different castes, religion or land holders.
 In cluster sampling, various segments of population are treated as clusters and members from
each cluster are selected randomly. These clusters are naturally occurring sub-groups like
families within a society, towns within a district, etc.

In non-probability sampling methods each member of the population does not have known
probability of being selected in a sample. This occurs when researcher wants to choose the sample
deliberately or when each member cannot be chosen.

 In quota sampling, members are selected according to some specific characteristics chosen
by researcher. This includes characteristics such as age, sex, religion, ethnicity, etc.
 In purposive sampling, each member is chosen according to the purpose of study.
 In systematic sampling, a member is occurred after a fixed interval is selected or the nth
element. The nth element depends upon the size of systematic sampling. For a population of
one lakh, selecting every 1000th member makes nth element as 1000.
 Snowball sampling, also known as chain sampling, is a method where one respondent
identifies other respondent, from his friends or relatives, for the study. This leads into a social
pattern of friends of friends just like a snowball which increases in size as it keeps rolling
down.
 In double sampling, method sampling is drawn twice. For the first time a large size of sample
is selected and mailed questionnaire to the respondents (maybe 500). After receiving back,
the answered questionnaire (say 300, as all mailed questionnaire do not come back,) the
investigator again randomly draws the required number of sample (say 100) and send the
modified questionnaire to the respondents. This method is time consuming and expensive.
 SHORT NOTES
Urban sprawl refers to urban growth; along transportation routes in linear form on both sides of the
road, taking advantage of accessibility, flow of goods and services. These urban developments have
higher infrastructure systems cost such as water supply, power supply, which often must be long ext
ended from the nearest serving areas.

Peri‐urban areas are zones of transition from rural to urban land uses located between the outer limits
of urban and regional centers and the rural environment. The boundaries of peri‐urban areas are
porous and transitory as urban development extends into rural, agricultural and industrial land. Peri–
urban areas might include valuable protected areas, forested hills, preserved woodlands, prime
agricultural lands and important wetlands, which may require conservation. Irrespective of how the
boundaries move, there will always be peri urban zones. These areas if planned properly can provide
essential life support services for urban residents.

New Urbanism is the revival of our lost art of place-making and is essentially a re- ordering of the built
environment into the form of complete cities, towns, villages, and neighbourhoods - the way
communities have been built for centuries around the world. New Urbanism involves fixing and
infilling cities, as well as the creation of compact new towns and villages. It is an international
movement to reform the design of the built environment and is about raising our quality of life and
standard of living by creating better places to live.

Principles of new urbanism include

 Walkability as city should have pedestrian friendly streets, most things should be within a 10-
minute walk from work or home, buildings should be close to streets, streets should have
lined trees and pedestrian walkways should be free of vehicles.
 City should have strong connections through interconnected grid networks, streets should
disperse traffic and should provide ease of walking.
 Mixed use and diversity can be achieved through a mix of shops, apartments, office spaces,
diversity of people of age and races.
 Quality urban design with exphasis on aesthetics, comfort, civic sense, beautiful
surroundings, green spaces, parks, etc.
 Traditional neighbourhood structure can be created thorough open, semi open spaces, public
recreational spaces.
 Smart transportation should be achieved through network of public transportations
connecting throughout the city, bicycle lanes and encouraging walking as daily transport.
 Increased density, by bringing streets, houses and shops near to each other will decrease the
walking vicinity and will enable efficient use of services.
 Sustainable environment with smart buildings, green spaces, energy efficient transportation,
eco friendly technologies and local production.
 All these elements together create a good quality of life which would lead to upliftment of an
area.

A ghetto is a part of a city in which members of a minority group live, typically because of social, legal,
or economic pressure. Thus, ghettoization is a social process of isolation and confinement of members
of a particular community to a restricted area. It leads to limitation of their activities and opportunities
of development.

Agglomeration of urban nodes along with its peri‐urban and rural areas are currently observed in the
Metropolitan cities II (like in Chennai, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad) and in Megapolis. An Urban
agglomeration is an extended city or town area comprising the built-up area of a central place (usually
a municipality) and any suburbs linked by continuous urban area. An UA must consist of at least a
statutory town and its total population (i.e. all the constituents put together) should not be less than
20,000.

Priority towns are the potential towns for investment and development; identified on the basis of
their inter‐aerial relationship with the regional nodal centre. For integrated development of the
identified region, identification of the priority towns and planning for their development should be
done.

Census 2011 defines ‘Out Growths’ (OG) as a viable unit such as an enumeration block made up of
villages and clearly identifiable in terms of its boundaries and location. Some of the examples are
railway colony, university campus, port area, military camps, etc. These areas posses’ urban
amenities ad has pucca houses.

Growth Centres/Points: Settlements with growth potential and special advantage of location within
the region can be classified as growth centres/ growth points/ service village in order of hierarchy
from high to low while planning for settlement structure within the region.

Satellite Towns: A Satellite Town is one, which is located near or within reasonable distance, well
connected by transportation route of the growth node or a metropolitan city, e.g. Gurgaon and Noida
(Delhi), Navi Mumbai (Mumbai) and Salt Lake City (Kolkata) etc. The Satellite towns are dependent on
the growth node largely for employment.

Transit Oriented Development or TOD is a mixed-use residential and commercial area designed to
maximize access to public transport and often incorporates features to encourage transit ridership. A
TOD neighbourhood typically has a centre with a transit (train/metro) station or stop and residential
as well as commercial development around it. In India, concept of TOD is used in Delhi NCR, Hyderabad
and Ahmedabad. Features of TOD zones include

 Mixed land use zone

 Incentivized higher density development
 Affordable housing
 Integration of employment + transit
 Decreased parking requirement (walkable distances)

TRANSPORATION SYSTEM
Transportation system have network characteristics which are according to form and classification
and hierarchy.

The Form: It is the form of network which gives shape to the city. There are various forms of roads
with their own distinctive forms.

 The grid iron form has road crossings at right angles. It gives rise to regular sized plots, gives
better flow of traffic, safety is maintained and is monotonous. Notable examples include
planning of Chandigarh and Washington.
  Regular and Diagonal pattern has a grid pattern as well but with diagonal crossings. Through
these nodes and landmarks are created, irregular plots and forms are created, thus, city forms
a asymmetrical pattern.
 In radial pattern, roads spread out from a single point. It is based on start layout. Inner outer
ring roads are connected by radiating roads. The city of France is a notable example. Paris
also has a radial or concentric planning which gives direction to the city and form trapezoidal
plots.
 Radio-centric roads are radial roads with concentric circles. It forms easy connection between
the radials with large number of intersections. This also gives rise to trapezoidal plots.
 Radial and regular roads are combination of grid iron and radial formation where prominent
nodes act like landmarks. Delhi’s nodal plan is one such example. Generated plot shapes are
regular.
 Organic form gives rise of branching type of streets and leads to irregular plot sizes. It forms
an amoebic pattern with roads places wherever necessary. It is very parabolic in nature.
 Other types include combinations of regular and irregular patterns or irregular medieval.
These roads provides security.

Classification and Hierarchy – There are two types of roads under classification and hierarchy

 Inter city roads give connection between two cities. There are five
categories of inter-city roads.
- Expressway has high density uninterrupted traffic with maximum speed limit of 100 –
120 kmph. Vehicles cannot be parked on these roads and have installed surveillance
cameras. The roads are separated by 5 kms. The ROW is 60.
- National Highway is a network of trunk roads with national wide set speed of 100km/h
for cars and 65km/h for bikes. It has a roadway of 10-12m with a ROW of 50-60m.
- A state highway, state road, or state route is usually either a road numbered by the
state or province, falling below numbered national highways in the hierarchy. The
roadway is 9 – 12m with ROW of 50 – 60m.
- A District road has a roadway of 9m with ROW of 25-30m.
- A Village road has a roadway of 7.5m with ROW 10m.

 Intra city roads are roads which are present within the city limits. There
are four categories of intra-city roads.
- Arterial roads are a high-capacity urban road. The primary function of an arterial
road is to deliver traffic to freeways or expressways, and between urban centres at
the highest level of service possible. The speed limit is 80kmph and ROW is 50 – 60m.
Arterial roads are separated by a width of 1.5 – 5 kms.
- Sub-Arterial roads are roads connecting arterial roads to the area of development and
carry traffic from one part of the region to other. The speed limit it 60kmph with a
ROW of 30-40m.
- Collector roads or distributor roads are low-to-moderate-capacity roads which serve
to move traffic from local streets to arterial roads. Speed limit is 50kmph with ROW
of 20-30m.
- Local streets are primary roads for access to residences or other properties with a
speed limit of30kmph and ROW of 10-20m.
 SLUMS
A slum is a high populated urban region consisting of closely packed streets and houses with
deteriorating infrastructure inhabited by impoverished population. Slums lack sanitation services,
supply of clean water and electricity. It is in a state of decay and it unfit for human beings. Slums are
also characterised as places with high birth rate, juvenile crime, infant mortality and illegitimacy.

Characteristics of Slums

Slums are characterised by high rate of poverty, high incident of unemployment, high extent of urban
decay, high density squatter, absence of basic municipal services (water supply, sanitation, solid waste
collection, storm water drainage, roads and electric power), minimum social infrastructure (primary
school, doctor’s clinic, playground). They are the most neglected part of our urban city system.

This appalling situation often led the slum dwellers to engage in antisocial activities. More often these
slum areas are found to be the ‘breeding ground’ for social problems such as crime, drug addiction,
alcoholism, high rates of mental illness, and suicide. Slum dwellers lacking in technical and scientific
knowledge, employ them in the ‘informal economy’ sector. This can include street vending, daily wage
services, and recycle trash of different kinds for a living.

Causes of slums include

- Lack of education
- Rampant poverty
- Unemployment
- Population growth
- Rise of industrialisation
- Decentralisation
- Inadequate power

Slums occur in unoccupied and cheap lands, along railway tracks, water bodies, proximity to income
source, road sides, footpaths, peri-urban areas and city corners.

SLUM CLEARANCE

Slum clearance, removal or eviction is an urban strategy used to transform low income settlements
into another type of housing or development. Either slums are improved by resettling the population
and creating newer and cleaner homes for them under minimum cost or the slum population is
completely evicted to make way for new and posher environment. One such example is
Haussmanization of France.

SLUM UPGRADATION AND CLEARANCE ACT 1956

Slum clearance act of 1956 was an act to provide for the improvement and clearance of slum areas in
certain Union Territories and for the protection of tenants in such areas from eviction.

It was the first exclusive slum legislation initiated with the Slum areas (Improvement and Clearance).
The idea behind the act was to either clear the slum areas or to improve the physical condition of the
slum itself. It was either mechanical improvement or complete eradication, with no half measures.
The slum upgradation and clearance act consisted of following:

- Definition of slums
- Slum improvement
 - Slum clearance and re-development
- Eviction
- Restoration and return the premises after improvement to the owner with recovery
of the cost of development.
- Compensation in the consequence of eviction
- Land acquisition

MASTER PLAN
‘Master Plan’ is a statutory document for controlling, directing and promoting rational development
and redevelopment of an urban area with a view to achieving maximum economic, social and
aesthetic benefits. (Third five Year Plan).

The Master plan is a vision document giving perspective of 20 to 25 years keeping in view the future
growth of population, economic development potential and ecological improvements likely to come
up during the plan period.

Master plan is required to take note of regional and national context. The scope of a master plan
confines to the broad proposals and allocation of land for various uses such as residential, industrial,
commercial, recreational, public and semi-public, etc.

Identifies areas required to be preserved and conserved and development of areas of natural scenery
and landscape together with preservation of features, structures or places of historical, architectural
and scientific interest and environmental value. Includes zoning regulations for regulating
development within each zone. It also indicates stages through which the plan is proposed to be
implemented.

FUNCTIONS OF MASTER PLAN

- To guide development of city

- Organize and coordinate the relationship between urban land uses
- Chart a course of growth and change
- Direct physical development
- Resource mobilization plan

CONTENTS OF MASTERPLAN

- Physical characteristics and natural resources

- City influence area and settlement study
- Demography
- Economic base
- Housing and shelter
- Heritage and conservation
- Transport network
- Utilities and services
- Land use
- Resource mobilization
DELHI MASTER PLAN VISION

Vision-2021 is to make Delhi a global metropolis and a world-class city, where all the people would be
engaged in productive work with a better quality of life, living in a sustainable environment.

This will, amongst other things, necessitate planning and action to meet the challenge of population
growth and in-migration into Delhi; provision of adequate housing, particularly for the weaker sections
of the society; addressing the problems of small enterprises, particularly in the unorganized informal
sector; dealing with the issue of slums, up-gradation of old and dilapidated areas of the city; provision
of adequate infrastructure services; conservation of the environment; preservation of Delhi's heritage
and blending it with the new and complex modern patterns of development; and doing all this within
a framework of sustainable development, public private and community participation and a spirit of
ownership and a sense of belonging among its citizens.

Patrick Geddes was a Scottish biologist, geographer and sociologist, known for his work in the field of
urban and town planning. He introduced the concept of region to architecture and the theory of
conurbation. His principles in Bombay planning demonstrate his views on the relationship between
social processes and spatial form and intimate and casual connections in the city. He focused on
preservation of human life and energy than beautification.

CONCEPTS

- GEDDIAN TRIO REPRESECTATION focuses on work, folk and place. Folk is viewed as a
central biological unit of human society from which all else develops. Stable homes
provide mental and moral development thus generates people who fully participate
in life.
- VALLEY SECTION is a complex model which combines physical condition – geology and
geomorphology an their biological connections with so called basic or natural
occupations such as mining, fishing, hunting, etc.
- CONURBATION THEORY is very similar to the word urban agglomeration. A
conurbation is a region comprising a number of cities, large towns, and other urban
areas that, through population growth and physical expansion, have merged to form
one continuous urban and industrially developed area. He drew attention to then
new technology of electric power and motorised transportation to allow cities to
spread and agglomerate together. Examples include NCR of Delhi region, Midland
Ton inn England, New York – Boston, etc.
- The CONSTELLATION THEORY was also coined by Sir Patrick Geddes wheree “4
or more cities, which are not economically, politically, socially equal come together
in developing a whole region”. This theory is mostly used for administrative
purpose in all countries worldwide. Such theory is most prominently used because
planning cities in a particular shape pattern is not possible in Today’s times.
MAHARASHTRA –
 Mumbai - Economic and Capital city
 Nasik - Religious city
 Aurangabad - Administrative city
 Nagpur - Political city
 Pune - Educational importance city
Ebenezar Howard was a British theorist known for this garden city movement. He developed the
theory in 1989 to deal with prevailing urban and rural problems.

Garden city movement in an urban planning theory in which self-contained communities are
surrounded by green belts containing proportionate areas of residences, industry and agriculture. The
concept is an impressive diagram of three magnets namely the town magnet and country magnet with
its own set of advantages and disadvantages and the third magnet is attractive feature of both country
and town. People preferred the third one and was named as GARDEN CITY.

It had a conceptual layout of circular city growing in a radial pattern. It was divided into six equal wards
which radiate from central garden. All the civic institutions are located within this central garden. The
central park is enclosed by a crystal palace which acts like an arcade for indoor shops.

Streets for houses are formed by a series of concentric ringed three lined avenue. Distance between
each ring varies between 3-5km.

A 420 feet wide, 3 m long, GRAND AVENUE is developed which runs in the centre of the concentric
rings, houses the schools and churches and acts like a continuous public park. All the industries are
placed in the peripheral ring of the city.

Objective of Radburn City concept was decentralized, self-contained settlements, organized to

promote environmental considerations by conserving open spaces and promoting community life.
Radburn concept by Henry Wright looks at 5 major elements

- SEPERATION of pedestrian and vehicular traffic

- SUPER BLOCKS – large block surrounded by main roads
- Houses grouped around small CUL DE SACS – each accessed by main road, living,
bedroom faced gardens and parks.
- Remaining land were developed into PARK AREAS
- WALKWAYS – Designed such that pedestrians can reach social places without
crossing the automobile streets.
CONCENTRIC ZONE THEORY / /BURGESS MODEL was developed by Erness Burgess which can based
on Chicago’s city layout.
Based on human ecology theory done by Burgess and applied on Chicago, it was the first to give
the explanation of distribution of social groups within urban areas. This concentric ring model
depicts urban land usage in concentric rings: the Central Business District (or CBD) was in the
middle of the model, and the city expanded in rings with different land uses.
The zones identified are:

1. The center with the central business district,

2. The transition zone of mixed residential and commercial uses or the zone of transition,
3. Working class residential homes (inner suburbs), in later decades called inner city or
zone of independent working men's home,
4. Better quality middle-class homes (outer suburbs) or zone of better housing,
5. Commuter zone.

Sector Model theory of urban structure also known as Hoyt Model developed in 1939 by
Homer Hoyt states that a city develops in sectors, not rings certain areas are more attractive for
different activities because of an environmental factor or by mere chance.

Hoyt modified the concentric zone model to account for major transportation routes according to
this model most major cities evolved around the nexus of several important transport facilities
such as railroads, sea ports, and trolly lines that eminated from the city's center. Hoyt theorized
that cities would tend to grow in wedge-shaped patterns, or sectors, eminating from the CBD
and centered on major transportation routes.

It is a monocentric representation of urban areas. As growth occurs, similar activities stay in the
same area and extend outwards The Hoyt model realized that transportation (in particular) and
access to resources caused a disruption of the Burgess model.

For example a rail line or major highway to a nearby city may result in business development to
preferentially develop parallel to the rail line or major highway. So one side of a city may be
completely industrial with another sector may be completely rural.