Experiment-1 Introduction To Microprocessors by Using An Emulator: EMU8086 1-1 Object
Experiment-1 Introduction To Microprocessors by Using An Emulator: EMU8086 1-1 Object
Experiment-1
Introduction to Microprocessors by using an emulator: EMU8086
1-1 Object:
Introduction to Assembly Language Tools and Familiarization with Emu8086
environment. and to be able to understand Data Representation and perform
conversions from one system to another.
2-1 Theory:
Introduction to Assembly Language Tools:
Software tools are used for editing, assembling, linking, and debugging
assembly language programming. You will need an assembler, a linker, a debugger,
and an editor. These tools are briefly explained below.
Assembler An assembler:
is a program that converts source-code programs written in assembly language
into object files in machine language. Popular assemblers have emerged over the
years for the Intel family of processors. These include MASM (Macro Assembler
from Microsoft), TASM (Turbo Assembler from Borland), NASM (Netwide
Assembler for both Windows and Linux), and GNU assembler distributed by the free
software foundation.
Linker A linker:
is a program that combines your program's object file created by the assembler
with other object files and link libraries, and produces a single executable program.
Debugger A debugger:
is a program that allows you to trace the execution of a program and examine
the content of registers and memory.
Editor:
You need a text editor to create assembly language source files. You can use
NotePad , or any other editor that produces plain ASCII text files.
Emu8086:
Emu8086 combines an advanced source editor, assembler, disassemble and
software emulator (Virtual PC) with debugger. It compiles the source code and
executes it on emulator step by step. Visual interface is very easy to work with. You
can watch registers, flags and memory while your program executes. Arithmetic &
Logical Unit (ALU) shows the internal work of the central processor unit (CPU).
Emulator runs programs on a Virtual PC, this completely blocks your program from
accessing real hardware, such as hard-drives and memory, since your assembly code
runs on a virtual machine, this makes debugging much easier. 8086 machine code is
fully compatible with all next generations of Intel's microprocessors, including
Pentium II and Pentium 4. This makes 8086 code very portable, since it runs both on
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Electrical Engineering Technical College Third Stage
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ancient and on the modern computer systems. Another advantage of 8086 instruction
set is that it is much smaller, and thus easier to learn.
EMU8086 Source Editor:
The source editor of EMU86 is a special purpose editor which identifies the
8086 mnemonics, hexadecimal numbers and labels by different colors as seen in
Figure (1-1).
(a) (b)
Figure (1-1) a) EMU8086 Source Editor, and b) assembler status report windows
The compile button on the taskbar starts assembling and linking of the source
file. A report window is opened after the assembling process is completed.
Figure (1-2) shows the emulator of 8086 which gets opened by clicking on emulate
button.
the floppy disk, memory, CPU, and I/O ports, which raises opportunity to write
custom bios and boot programs together with all other coding of a system. Moreover,
its help is quite useful even for a beginner of asm programming.
Data Representation:
1. Decimal System:
Most people today use decimal representation to count. In the decimal system
there are 10 digits:
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
The value is formed by the sum of each digit, multiplied by the base (in this
case it is 10 because there are 10 digits in decimal system) in power of digit position
(counting from zero):
Position of each digit is very important! for example if you place "7" to the end:
547 it will be another value.
Important note: any number in power of zero is 1, even zero in power of zero is 1:
2. Binary System:
Computers are not as smart as humans are (or not yet), it's easy to make an
electronic machine with two states: on and off, or 1 and 0. Computers use binary
system, binary system uses 2 digits: 0, 1 and thus the base is 2. Each digit in a binary
Middle Technical University Digital Controller Lab.
Electrical Engineering Technical College Third Stage
Electrical Power Technical Engineering Dept. Mohammed D. Altamemi
number is called a BIT, 4 bits form a NIBBLE, 8 bits form a BYTE, two bytes form
a WORD, two words form a DOUBLE WORD (rarely used).
There is a convention to add "b" in the end of a binary number, this way we
can determine that 101b is a binary number with decimal value of 5. The binary
number 10100101b equals to decimal value of 165.
3. Hexadecimal System:
Programs often include both subtraction and addition operations. However, the
CPU only performs addition internally. When subtracting A – B, the CPU performs A
+ (-B). For example, to subtract 6 – 4, the CPU does 6 + (-4).
When working with binary numbers, how does the CPU compute the negative
of a number? The answer is that the CPU computes the 2’s complement. The 2’s
complement is the negative of a number. For example, consider the following 8-bit
binary number: 00010110, which is equal to 22 in decimal. The 2’s complement is
obtained by reversing each bit of a binary number (called the 1’s complement) and
then adding 1. For example, 2’s complement of 00010110 = 11101001 (1’s
complement) + 1 = 11101010 The carry is 1, but it is ignored, since we are
representing the number in 8 bits Since 00010110 in binary = 22 in decimal, then
11101010 in binary = - 22 in decimal.
Middle Technical University Digital Controller Lab.
Electrical Engineering Technical College Third Stage
Electrical Power Technical Engineering Dept. Mohammed D. Altamemi
3-1 Procedure:
Part I: Use Emu8086 to make the following calculations:
10110011b = ? d
5A2Ch = ? d
45d = ? h