Katalog ISKRA
Katalog ISKRA
Katalog ISKRA
Concepts (Part 1)
Introduction
4
Global Optical Fiber Network
5
Why do we need optical networks?
Optical Fiber
consists of a cylindrical core of silica, with a refractive index
µ1, surrounded by cylindrical cladding, also of silica, with a
lower refractive index µ2.
Figure 1: A fiber
An Optical Fiber
9
Propagation of a signal through a fiber
Usable Bandwidths
14
Data Transmission in WDM networks
• Carrier Frequency:
• Digital Data
• Modulated signal
Figure 6: Modulated optical signal
15 http://epq.com.co/softw_internet/nag1/c4049.htm
What do we need to achieve WDM
Communication
Transmitter – convert data to a modulated optical signal
Receiver – Convert a modulated optical signal to data
Multiplexer – to combine multiple optical signals
Demultiplexer – to separate signals having different carrier wavelengths
Routers – to direct the signals from the source to the destination
Add- drop multiplexers – to add new signals to a fiber and extract some signals
De-
Multiplexer Multiplexer
Optical fiber
Combine Separate
Optical Optical
signals signals
16
Optical Devices/components
Multiplexer (MUX)
has a number of inputs, each carrying signals using a distinct channel.
generates an output that combines all the signals.
Demultiplexer (DEMUX)
serves the opposite purpose -- its input is a fiber carrying n optical
signals, with the i th signal using channel ci.
has at least m outputs, with the ith output carrying the optical signal using
channel ci, for all i; 1 ≤i ≤ n.
Unicast communication:
• the source end node selects an appropriate wavelength λp and broadcasts
the data to all end nodes using the wavelength λp.
• Receiver at destination tuned to λp ; receivers at all other end nodes are
tuned to wavelengths different from λp.
• Data is detected and processed only at the destination node.
A broadcast-and-select network is simple and easy to implement
but the size of the network is limited due to the requirement that
the signal has to be broadcast to all end nodes.
Wavelength-Routed Networks
an optical connection λ1
2
from one end node to
another.
λ1
starts from an end node, λ1
1 3
traverses a number of
λ2
fibers and router nodes,
and ends in another end λ2
4
node.
used to carry data in the Lightpath
form of encoded optical
Figure 17: Lightpaths in an optical network
signals.
Logical Topology (Virtual Topology)
view the lightpaths as edges of a directed graph GL where the
nodes of GL are the end nodes of the physical topology.
the edges of such a graph GL are called logical edges.
A directed path through a logical topology is called a logical path.
Lightpath and Logical Topology
E1
L5
E1 E4
R1
L1
L5 L3
L3 L4
E4 R4 R2 E2
L2
L2 Fiber
E2 E3
Lightpath L1
R3
Lightpath L2
L4 L1 Lightpath L3
Lightpath L4
E3
Lightpath L5
Figure 19: The logical topology GL
Figure 18: Some lightpaths on the physical corresponding to the lightpaths
topology shown in figure 10. shown in Figure 18.
Wavelength Routed Networks
In summary, wavelength 1
routed WDM networks
Route signals selectively based
on wavelength
Routing is done in the optical 2 4
domain
Lightpath – a basic
communication mechanism
3
Optical router λ1
End node λ2
33
Wavelength Continuity Constraint
A lightpath from a source Ex to a destination Ey, on all fibers in
its path Ex Ri Rj … Rk Ey, uses the same channel
ci. no other signal on the fibers Ex Ri , Ri Rj ,…, Rk Ey is
allowed to use the channel ci. (See previous slide)
The carrier wavelength of a lightpath does not change from
fiber to fiber.
When considering a route for a lightpath, some channel ci , 1 ≤ i
≤ nch must be available on every fiber on the route.
See previous slides for an example
Design objectives of wavelength routed WDM
networks
1
1
λ1
λ2 2 4
2 4
λ2
λ1
3 λ1
end-node λ2
3 End node
lightpath
Figure 22 Optical router
Static Lightpath Allocation in Wavelength Routed Networks
Static Requests:
Source
Destination
16 1 2
5
36
14 3 4
15
6
Notes:
For 1 → 6 there are many routes ( e.g., 1 → 3 → Figure 23:
4 →6, 1 → 2 → 4 → 6) Physical topology
On each fiber we have many channels of an optical
Wavelength continuity constraint and wavelength clash network
constraint must be satisfied
Problem known to be NP-complete
38
Dynamic Lightpath Allocation
Figure 24:
Random arrival time and random duration Dynamic RWA
Tear down time = Start time + Duration
40
WDM Network design
Destination
Nodes 1 2 3 … j … n
1
S
2 OC-3 OC-6 OC-12 OC-24
o
u :
r tij .
c i
e :
n
T = (tsd)
42
WDM Network design
Example: 0 1, 12, 2 0, 2 3.
Subject to: λ1
1, if i = s 2
∑
j∋i→j∈E
xijl − ∑ ji =
xl
j∋ j→i∈E
{ − 1, if i = d
0, otherwise
∀i ∈ N , ∀l ∈ L
λ1
λ1
K max 1 3
∑w k =1
k ,l =1 ∀l λ2
xijl + wk ,l − δ ijk ,l ≤ 1, ∀i → j ∈ E , ∀l ∈ L, ∀k ∈ K λ2
4
13
l k ,l
x ≥δ
ij ij , ∀i → j ∈ E , ∀l ∈ L, ∀k ∈ K 21
42
wk ,l ≥ δ ijk ,l , ∀i → j ∈ E , ∀l ∈ L, ∀k ∈ K 31
43