MilLimetre-Training & Design Group

Young Engineers’ Structural Pocket

Book
Title(5) Footings and Foundations
Aung Myat Thu
BE-Civil(TU-Taunggyi)
Associate ASEAN Engineer(YE-MES, Taunggyi)

မွ်ေ၀တယ္ဆိုတာ မဂၤလာတစ္ပါးပါ
MilLimetre-Training & Design Group [09260329221, 0936048015, 09960336000]

(Part-A)

Classifications and Basic Sizing for Reinforced Concrete Members

CONTENTS

Title(1) : Basic Members for a Building Structure

Title(2) : Simple Gravitational Loads Path

Title(3) : Basic Structural Loads

Title(4) : Design Basis

Title(5) : Footings and Foundations

Title(6) : Coulmns

Title(7) : Beams

Title(8) : Slabs

Title(9) : Stairs

Title(10) : Why do we need Structural Engineering?

Title(11) : The Role of Structural Engineer

Title(12) : The Key to understand Structural Engineering Terms

Structural Engineering is simple in concepts, but so complex in details.

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Structural Engineering is simple in concepts, but so complex in details.

MilLimetre-Training & Design Group [09260329221, 0936048015, 09960336000]

Title(5) : Footings and Foundations

ပထမဆံုး footing ကိုမေျပာခင္ foundation နဲ႔ footing အေခၚအေ၀ၚကို ခြျဲ ခားသိေစခ်င္ပါတယ္။

Engineering Term ေတာ္ေတာ္မ်ားမ်ားက Site ထဲမွာ ျမန္မာမႈျပဳခံလိုက္ရေတာ့ အေခၚအေ၀ၚေတြက

ေရာေနတာရွိတယ္။ ဥပမာ - stirrups ကို စတားကြင္းလို႔ေခၚတာမ်ိဳး၊ beam ကို ဘင့္ေခၚတာမ်ိဳး၊ slab ကို

စလစ္ေခၚတာမ်ိဳး၊ အ့ဲဒီလိုပဲ Site ထဲမွာ footing ေလာင္းတ့အ

ဲ ခါ foundation ေလာင္းတယ္လို႔ ေျပာရာက

စြက
ဲ ုန္တယ္ထင္တာပါပဲ။

တကယ္ကေတာ့ structural term အရဆို footing က footing . . foundation က foundation။

မတူပါဘူး . . Visual point of view အရအျမင္သေဘာနဲ႔ပဲခဲြၾကည့္ရင္ ground level ေအာက္မွာပါ၀င္တ့ဲ

member အားလံုးဟာ foundation ပါ။ ဥပမာ - retaining walls, basement slabs, short columns,

footing beams, footing, pile caps, etc., အစရွိသျဖင့္ေပါ့။

Footing တို႔ Plie cap တိ႔ဆ

ု ိုတာကေတာ့ foundation ဆိုတ့ဲ Sub-structure (ေျမေအာက္

structure) ထဲက အစိတ္အပိုင္းေလးတစ္ခုစီပါ။ Foundation Engineering ဆိုတာ Engineering

ဘာသာရပ္ၾကီးတစ္ခုပါ။ က်ယ္ျပန္႔ပါတယ္ . . က်ေနာ့္ရဲ ႔ဒီစာအုပ္ေသးေသးေလးမွာ မရွင္းျပႏိုင္ပါဘူး။

အေခၚအေ၀ၚေလာက္ပဲ ရွင္းလင္းေပးထားပါတယ္။ Ok . .ဆက္ရေအာင္ foundation အမ်ိဳးအစား

ဘယ္ႏွစ္မ်ိဳးရွိပါသလဲ?

(1) Reinforced Concrete Foundations

Foundation: The lowest division of a building or other construction, partly or

wholly below the surface of the ground, designed to support and anchor the

superstructure and transmit its loads directly to the earth. For these reasons,

Structural Engineering is simple in concepts, but so complex in details.

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foundation, or sub-structure, becomes the most important part of a building

structure.

One Engineer = One Formula

က်ေနာ္ေနာက္ထပ္ေရးတ့စ
ဲ ာအုပ္ေတြကို ဆက္ဖတ္မယ္ဆိုရင္ေတာ့အထာသိေအာင္ဒီစကား

ေလးလဲ မွတ္ထားေပးပါအံုး။ က်ေနာ္တို႔ Engineering မွာ ဘယ္အေျခအေနမဆို အျမဲ (၂)မ်ိဳးရွိတယ္။

ဲ ိုေတာ့ အျမဲ တစ္ေယာက္တစ္မ်ိဳး ။ အဟက္ . . မွတ္မိေအာင္ စတာပါ။ တကယ္က

ဘယ္လို ၂မ်ိဳးရွိလဆ

တစ္ေယာက္ကို တစ္မ်ိဳးဆိုတာOne engineer = One Formula = Same Concept ကို ဆိုလိုတာပါ။

Hansen ကတစ္မ်ိဳးဆို Vesic ကတစ္မ်ိဳး . . Meyerhof ကတစ္မ်ိဳး . . ဥပမာထပ္ေပးရရင္ -

ကိုေအာင္ျမတ္သူကတစ္မ်ိဳးဆို . . ကိုတင္ကိုကိုကတစ္မ်ိဳး . အ့ဲဒီေတာ့ ကိစၥရပ္တိုင္းမွာ အေျဖက ၂ မ်ိဳးဆီ

အနည္းဆံုးရွိတတ္တယ္လို႔ေတြ႔ရလိမ့္မယ္ဗ်ာ။ အ့ဲဒါကိုက အင္ဂ်င္နီယာေတြရဲ ႔ အရည္အခ်င္းတစ္ခုပါပဲ။

ဒီတစ္မ်ိဳးမရရင္ ေနာက္တစ္မ်ိဳးနဲ႔ရေအာင္ လုပ္မယ္ဆိုတ့ဲအက်င့္ေလ။ အဲ့ဒီတစ္ေယာက္ ၁မ်ိဳး = ၂ မ်ိဳး

သေဘာတရားေလးအတိုင္းပါပဲ။

က်ေနာ္သိတ့ဲ Structure ဆိုတာ သဘာ၀တရားကိုေလ့လာတ့ဲ ဘာသာရပ္ပါ။ သဘာ၀မွာPositive

နဲ႔ Negative ရွိတယ္။ Structure မွာ positive moment နဲ႔ negative moment ရွိတယ္။ သဘာ၀မွာ

လူပုန႔ဲ လူရွည္ရွိတယ္။ Structure မွာ short column နဲ႔ long column ရွိတယ္ . . စသျဖင့္ . . . အေျခခံ

category ႏွစ္မ်ိဳးဆီ Classify လုပ္လို႔ရပါတယ္။ အ့ဲဒီေတာ့ ေစာေစာကေမးတ့ဲအေမး foundation

ဘယ္ႏွစ္မ်ိဳးရွိလဆ
ဲ ိုရင္ အေျဖက (၂)မ်ိဳးရွိပါတယ္။ member ေတြဟာလဲ အနည္းဆံုး ၂မ်ိဳးစီရွိပါတယ္။

Shallow foundation နဲ႔ Deep foundation . . ပါ။

Classification of Foundations

Foundation Depth တိမ္ရင္ Shallow . . နက္ရင္ Deep (အ့ဲလိုေတာ့ အျမင္နဲ႔ခြလ

ဲ ႔မ
ို ရဘူးေပါ့)။

Structural Division အရ depth of foundation ကိုတည္ footing width နဲ႔စား ၂ ထက္ၾကီးရင္ Deep ပါ။

Foundation depth က width ရဲ ႔ ၂ဆထက္မ်ားေနျပီဆိုရင္ Deep Foundation လိ႔စ

ု ဥ္းစားသင့္ျပီ။

Structural Engineering is simple in concepts, but so complex in details.

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Structural Engineering မွာ ဂဏန္းေတြကို ပံုေသမမွတ္ပါနဲ႔။ တခ်ိဳ ႔Design စာအုပ္ေတြမွာ D/b ratio ကို

1.5 နဲ႔ခြပ
ဲ ါတယ္။ ေျပာျပီးျပီ . . အင္ဂ်င္နီယာဆိုတာကတစ္ေယာက္တစ္မ်ိဳးပါလို႔။ ကိုယ္ပိုင္ဟန္ကိုပံုေဖာ္ပါ။

Two Types of Foundation

D < 2B (Shallow Foundation)

D > 2B (Deep Foundation)

Where, D = Depth of foundation

B = Width of footing

Footings are structural members used to support columns and walls and

transmit their loads to the underlying soils. Reinforced concrete is a material

admirably suited for footings and is used as such for both reinforced concrete

and structural steel buildings, bridges, towers, and other structures.

Structural Engineering is simple in concepts, but so complex in details.

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Footing ဆိုတာ အေဆာက္အဦမွာမွ မဟုတ္ဘူး။ Lamp-post ဓာတ္တိုင္ေတြကအစ Structure

တိုင္းမွာ အေရးအၾကီးဆံုးအပိုင္းပါပဲ။ ဘယ္အရာမဆို Footing ကစတက္ရတယ္ေလ။ Footing ေတြ

မခိုင္ရင္ foundation မခိုင္ဘူး။ foundation မခိုင္ရင္ Super-structure လဲမခိုင္ဘူး။ ဒါက Foundation ရဲ

႔အေရးၾကီးမႈတျဖစ္လဲ footing ေတြရဲ ႔အေရးပါမႈပါပဲ။ ျမင္တတ္မယ္ဆိုရင္ က်ေနာ္တို႔ရဲ႕ေျခေထာက္ဟာ

က်ေနာ္တ႔ရ
ို ဲ႕ foot = footing ပါပဲ။

မွ်ေ၀တယ္ဆိုတာ မဂၤလာတစ္ပါးပါ

Aung Myat Thu

Classification of Footings ဆက္ေရးေနပါသည္

Classifications of Footings

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Footing ေပၚမွာ column or wall ရွိမယ္။ အ့ဲဒီလို footing ေပၚမွာ column ရွိရင္ single column

footing ( Structural term အရ ခက္ေအာင္ေခၚရင္) isolated footing၊ footing တစ္ခုထဲေပၚမွာ column

(၂)လံုး ဒါမွမဟုတ္ (၂)လံုးထက္ပိုရွိရင္ combined footing ေပါ့။

ဒီမွာ combined footing နဲ႔ mat footing ရဲ ႔ ကြာျခားခ်က္က single row နဲ႔ two or more rows

ေပၚမွာ column alignment ရွိတာပါပဲ။ column (၃)လံုးကပဲ row တစ္ခုထဲမွာ ရွိေနရင္ combined

footing၊ column (၃)လံုးကပဲ 2 ၂လံုးက တစ္တန္း၊ ၁လံုးက တစ္တန္းပံုစံနဲ႔ 2 row မွာရွိေနရင္ mat

footing ေပါ့ဗ်ာ။

Footing ေပၚမွာ column မရွိပဲ wall ရွိရင္ wall footing (ခက္ေအာာင္ေခၚရင္) strip footing ေပါ့ဗ်ာ။

Column ရွိရွိ wall ရွိရွိ footing ကသူ႔အေပၚက်လာတ့ဲ load ေတြကို underlying soil ဆီပ႔ေ
ို ပးတယ္။

footing ဘယ္ႏွစ္မ်ိဳးရွိပါသလဲ။ က်ေနာ္ေျပာတာ မွတ္ထားလား . . ထံုးစံအတိုင္း (၂)မ်ိဳးရွိတယ္။

ဘာေတြလဲဆိုေတာ့

(A) Natural footings (သဘာ၀အုတ္ျမစ္) သဘာ၀ကဖန္တီးေပးထားတ့ဲ ေျမၾကီး soil

(B) Artificial footings (တည္ေဆာက္အုတ္ျမစ္) single/ combined/ mat/ cap/ etc.

Natural footings(သဘာ၀ေျမသား)ေတြအေၾကာင္းကေတာ့ Geotechnical Engineer မ်ားထံမွာ

ေလ့လာပါ။

MES(Taunggyi)က က်ေနာ့္ဆရာတစ္ေယာက္ျဖစ္တ့ဲ ဆရာဦးရဲေခါင္(PE-geotechnical) 2012

December

လုပ္ငန္းခြင္အၾကိဳသင္တန္းတုန္းက သင္ေပးဖူးတ့ဲ Soil is a very variable and complex construction

material.

“Soil ဆိုတာ အလြန္မာယာမ်ားတ့ဲ construction material တစ္မ်ိဳး’’ ဆိုတာပဲ သိပါေသးတယ္။ က်ေနာ္က

မာယာမ်ားရင္ မိန္းမေရာ၊ သဲကိုးျဖာေရာ မၾကိဳက္ပါဘူး။ အ့ဲဒီမာယာမ်ားတ့ဲ Natural footing(Soil

Bearing Capacity) ေတြအေၾကာင္းကို က်ေနာ္နားလည္သေလာက္

www.facebook.com/millimetretaunnggyi မွာေရးဖူးပါတယ္။ ျပန္ေလ့လာၾကည့္ပါဗ်ာ။ soil baering

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capacity က အနည္းဆံုး 0.5 tsf(tons per square feet) ကေန အမ်ားဆံုး 8 tsf ၾကားရွိသင့္တယ္လို႔

ခဏမွတ္ထားျပီး Artificial footings လူေတြေဆာက္လုပ္တ့ဲ footings(Site အေခၚ)

ခြာဖိနပ္ေတြအေၾကာင္းဆက္ရရင္ေတာ့ . . .

Types of Footings

(a) Wall footings/ Strip footings

(b) Isolated footings (One column on one footing, square or other shapes) (The scope of writing

this guide.)

(c) Combined footings (Two or more columns rest on one footing, in a single row)

(d) Mat or Raft footings (Four or more columns rest on one footing, in two or more rows)

(e) Pile Caps (A single footing rest on One or more Piles)

Shallow foundation အေၾကာင္းပဲ အဓိကေရးမွာပါ။ Deep foundation မေျပာနဲ႔ . . single footing

ကလြရ
ဲ င္ တျခား shallow foundation အေၾကာင္းေတာင္ ဒီစာအုပ္ေသးေသးေလးမွာမပါေသးပါဘူး။ Deep

foundation ကိုတကယ္တတ္ခ်င္သူေတြကဆက္ေလ့လာပါ။ Structural Engineering မွာ

စာမ်က္ႏွာေက်ာ္ဖတ္လို႔မရပါဘူးဗ်ာ။ mat footing တတ္ခ်င္ရင္ single footing တတ္ေအာင္ အရင္သင္။

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Types of Piles(Structural Point of view)

(a) Bearing Piles (mostly used in Myanmar)

(b) Friction Piles (sometimes used in Myanmar)
(c) Floating Piles (rarely used in Myanmar)

Types of Piles(Construction Point of view)

(d) Bored Piles (Mostly bearing piles constructed by digging/boring soil.)

(e) Pushed/Pressure Piles (Bearing or Friction piles constructed by pushing/pressure pile
machine.)
(f) Driven Piles (Bearing or Friction piles constructed by driving with pile machine.)

Refer to - Pier & Pier Foundation Analysis and Design, Peter J. Bosscher, University of Wisconsin-
Madison

Preliminary Design of Isolated/ Single Column Footing(Example only)

Step(1) Find the required footing area.

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The permissible pressure on a soil beneath a footing is normally a few tons per square
foot. The compressive stresses in the walls and columns of an ordinary structure may
run as
high as a few hundred tons per square foot. It is, therefore, necessary to spread these
loads
over sufficient soil areas to permit the soil to support the loads safely.

Not only is it desired to transfer the superstructure loads to the soil beneath in a manner
that will prevent excessive or uneven settlements and rotations, but it is also necessary
to
provide sufficient resistance to sliding and overturning.

Footing Area = Superstructure loads/ Effective soil bearing capacity

A = (DL+LL) / Qe

where, Qe = result from soil test by a well-qualified geotechnical engineer

Step(2) Estimate the footing thickness.

To resist one-way (beam) shear and two-way(punching) shear by concrete strength

only.
From past experiences, footing thickness, h should be equal to the larger of column
dimensions.

Step(3) Check minimum reinforcement.

As = p.Ac As = p.Ac
As = (200/ Fy).b.d As = 0.002bh (for grade
less than 60ksi)
As = (?) sq. in As = (?) sq. in/ ft

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(Considered as Beam) (Considered as Slab)

Points to remember:
(1) According to past experiences, considering as beam is controlled as As(minimum).
(2) Minimum thickness for any footing is 6 inches according to US & UK building codes.

Isolated (Single Column) Footing တစ္ခုအၾကမ္းဖ်င္းတြက္ခ်က္ျခင္း

(၁) footing area = DL+LL/ Qe

From Attachment-A, DL+LL = 50040 lb (22 tons), Qe = 1 tsf (soil test)

Note values are used for example only.
Footing area = 22/ 1 = 22 sq. ft
For square footing, B = L = 4.75’
Use 4.75’x4.75’ square footing for 22 tons loading and 1tsf bearing capacity.

For rectangular footing, B or L, one side is limited or fixed, e.g., L = 3’ and B = 7.33’
Use 3’x7.33’ rectangular footing for 22 tons loading and 1tsf bearing capacity.

DL+LL = unfactored load ကို Etabs (or) Stadd.pro structural software ကေနတြက္ေပးပါမယ္
(software အသံုးမျပဳတတ္တ့ဲသူေတြက Hand Calculation နဲ႔တြက္ထုတ္လို႔ရပါတယ္) ေနာက္ဆက္တြဲ
Attachment-A မွာၾကည့္ပါ

Qe = soil test result ကရပါမယ္ . . ကပ်က္ကေခ်ာ္ soil test ကမရပါဘူး . . ေစာေစာကေျပာခ့ဲပါတယ္။

Soil ဆိုတာ အလြန္မာယာမ်ားတ့ဲ construction material တစ္မ်ိဳးပါလို႔။ လြယ္လြယ္နဲ႔မယံုရပါဘူး . . . soil မွာ
အေလ်ာ္အစားလဲၾကီးပါတယ္။ သတိထားၾကည့္ရင္ super-structure member ေတြအပိုင္းမွာ safety factor
က 1.4DL, 1.7LL စသျဖင့္ 1 point something ပဲရွိပါတယ္။ sub-structure/ foundation ပိုင္းမွာက
ဆရာၾကီးဦးညီလွငယ္စာအုပ္အရဆို 1.5 to 3 ထိရွိပါတယ္။ က်ေနာ္တို႔ BE တန္း foundation text book အရ
Safety factor က 1.5 to 10 ထိရွိႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ Terzaghi, Meyerhof, Hansen, Vesic, စတ့ဲ Geotechnical
Engineer ၾကီးမ်ားရဲ ႔ ပုစၦာမ်ားအရ recommendation ေပးတာပါ။ ေသခ်ာတာက soil test ကလာရပါမယ္။

Structural Engineering is simple in concepts, but so complex in details.

MilLimetre-Training & Design Group [09260329221, 0936048015, 09960336000]

If recommendations on allowable bearing pressures are not given by geotechnical engineer in

the soil report or what is given in the report is in doubt, the structural engineer must determine
the values of allowable soil bearing pressures by using well-known procedures such as Hansen,
Meyerhof’s, Vesic’s, SPT(Standard Peneration Test), etc. and good judgment must be exercised
to select an appropriate value.

(၂) footing thickness = ?

Single footing thickness ကို Column width အတိုင္းယူလိုက္ပါ။ Economic မျဖစ္ေပမယ့္ စိတ္ခ်ရပါတယ္။
One-way(Beam) shear အတြက္ေရာ၊ Two-way(Punching) shear အတြက္ေရာ safe ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ Code
ကသတ္မွတ္ထားတာကေတာ့ ဘယ္ခြာဖိနပ္မဆို အနညး္ဆံုး ၆ လက္မအထူရွိသင့္ပါတယ္။ ၆ လက္မမွမထူရင္
footing လို႔မေခၚသင့္ပါဘူး။ punching shear stress ကိုခန္႔မွန္းတတ္ရင္ ဒီ formula ေလးနဲ႔မွန္းလဲ ရပါတယ္။

(၃) အနည္းဆံုးထည့္ရမယ့္သံေခ်ာင္း = ?
Footing ကုိ Plan ကၾကည့္ရင္ Slab နဲ႔ Behaviour ဆင္လို႔ Area member လိုတစ္ခါ စဥ္းစားရပါတယ္။
Section ကၾကည့္ရင္ Beam နဲ႔တူလို႔ Line member လိုတစ္ခါ စဥ္းစားရတယ္။ ေရွးေရွးက အင္ဂ်င္နီယာေတြရဲ ႔
Calculation Experience အရ Beam လိုစဥ္းစားတာ ပိျု ပီး safe ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ Footing ဆိုတာ
ေဇာက္ထိုးျပန္စဥ္းစားလိုက္ရင္ တကယ္ေတာ့ Column ကေန ၀ဲထြက္ေနတ့ဲ Cantilever Beam
အမ်ိဳးအစားတစ္ခုပါပဲတ့ဲ။
As (minimum) = 200/Fy x B x d = (200/ 50000) x 4.75’ x 12 x 12 = 2.74 sq. in
If No.5(16mm)bar is used, 2.74/ 0.31 = 8.8 ~ 9 nos.
required length = (4.75’ x 12) – (2x3’’side cover) = 51’’
For spacing, s = 51/8 = 6.3’’ c/c spacing both ways(directions).
Provide No.5(16mm)@6’’c/c spacing.

Underneath view of Sub-structure and Soil stresses diagram

Structural Engineering is simple in concepts, but so complex in details.

MilLimetre-Training & Design Group [09260329221, 0936048015, 09960336000]

Footings are continuously active and critically affect the structural behaviour, especially during
an earthquake.

Footings ေတြဆိုတာ အေပၚက Super-structure load ကိုေရာ ေအာက္က Soil pressure ကိုပါ
အျမဲတမ္းခံေနရတ့ဲ active member ေတြပါ။ အထူးသျဖင့္ ငလ်င္/ မုန္တိုင္းလာတ့ဲအခ်ိန္မွာ အေပၚက Super-
structure design ဘယ္ေလာက္ေကာင္းေကာင္း footing မေကာင္းရင္ ျပိဳမွာပါပဲ။ ဒါက footing ေတြကို
အေရးၾကီးဆံုး အဓိက member ျဖစ္လာေစတ့ဲ အေၾကာင္းရင္းတစ္ခ်က္ပါပဲ။ စိတ၀
္ င္စားစရာအေကာင္းဆံုး
footing ကိုျပပါဆိုရင္ က်ေနာ့္အတြက္ကေတာ့ ျပင္သစ္မွာရွိတ့ဲ Picasa (Leaning) Tower ရယ္၊ က်ေနာ္တို႔
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံမွာရွိတ့ဲ အထင္ကရပုဂံဘုရားေတြရဲ ႔ unknown footing design ေတြပါပဲ။

References:
th
ACI-318-14, Design of Reinforced Structures(9 Edition) Jack C. McCormac and Russell H. Brown Clemson
University

Structural Engineering is simple in concepts, but so complex in details.

MilLimetre-Training & Design Group [09260329221, 0936048015, 09960336000]

Point to remember:

(a) This is only general use for preliminary design.

(b) Please don’t hesitate to ask and discuss with MilLimetRe-Training and Design Group.

To be continued . . .

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Structural Engineering is simple in concepts, but so complex in details.