Slabs Are Plate Elements Forming Floors and

6.
SLABS
Slabs are plate elements forming floors and roofs in buildings which
normally carry distributed loads. Slabs may be simply supported or continuous
over one or more supports and are classified according to the method of
support as follows:
1. spanning one way between beams or walls

2. spanning two ways between the support beams or walls
Slabs may be solid of uniform thickness. Slabs are varying depth are
generally not used. Slabs may be analysed using the following methods.
1. Idealization into strips or beams spanning one way or a grid with the
strips spanning two ways.
2. The method of design coefficients used is made of the moment

coefficients given in the code, which have been obtained from yield
line analysis.
ONE – WAY SPANNING SOLID SLABS
One – way slabs carrying predominantly uniform load are designed on the
assumption that they consist of a series of rectangular beam 1 m wide spanning
between supporting beams or walls.
Effective span, loading and analysis
(a) Effective span
The effective span for one – way slabs is the same as that set out for
beams, Refer to BS 8110: Part 1, clause 3.4.1.2 and 3.4.1.3. The effective spans
are
Simply supported slabs the smaller of centres of bearings or the

clear span + d
Continuous slabs centres of supports
1
6.SLABS
(b) Arrangement of loads
The code states in clause 3.5.2.3 that in principle the slab should be
designed to resist the most unfavourable arrangement of loads. However,
normally it is only necessary to design for the single – load case of maximum
design load on all spans or panels. This permitted subject to the following
conditions :
1. The area of each bay, i.e. the building width x column spacing, exceeds
30 m2;
2. The ratio of characteristics imposed load to characteristic dead load does
not exceed 1.25;
3. The characteristic imposed load does not exceed 5 kN/m2
(c) Analysis and redistribution of moments
A complete analysis can be carried out using moment distribution in a

similar way to that performed for the continuous beam.
Moment redistribution can also be made in accordance in clause 3.2.2.1.
(d) Analysis using moment coefficients
The code states in clause 3.5.2.4 that where the spans of the slab are
approximately equal and conditions set out in clause 3.5.2.3, the moments
and shears for design may be taken from Table 3.13. The table allows
for 20% redistribution and is reproduced as Table .
Section design and slab reinforcement curtailment and cover.l
(a) Main moment steel
The main moment steel spans between supports and over the interior supports
of continuous slabs. The slab sections are designed as rectangular beam
sections 1 m wide, for singly reinforced beams.
The minimum area of main reinforcement is given in Table 3.25 of the code.
For rectangular sections and solid slabs this is
Mild steel fy = 250 N/mm2, 100As/Ac = 0.24

High yield steel fy = 460 N/mm2, 100As/Ac = 0.13
2
6.SLABS
(b) Distribution steel
The distribution or secondary steel runs at right angles to the main

moment steel and serves the purpose of tying the slab together and the
distributing non - uniform loads through the slab. The area of secondary
reinforcement is the same as the minimum area for main reinforcement.
(c) Slab reinforcement
Slab reinforcement is a mesh and may be formed from two sets of bars
placed at right angles. Alternatively cross – welded wire fabric can be used. This
is produced from cold reduced steel wire with a characteristic strength of 460
N/mm2.
(d) Curtailment of bars in slabs
The general recommendations given in clause 3.12.9.1 for curtailment of bars

apply. The code states that simplified rules for slabs in clause 3.12.10.3. These
rules may be used subject to the following provisions:
1. The slabs are designed for predominantly uniformly distributed loads;

2. In continuous slabs the design has been made for the single load
case of maximum design load on all spans.
The simplified rules for simply supported, cantilever and continuous slabs are
shown.
(e) Cover
The amount of cover required for durability and fire protection is taken
from Tables 3.4 and 3.5 of the code. For grade 30 concrete the cover is 25
mm for mild exposure and this will give 2h of fire protection in a continuous
slab.
Shear
Under normal loads shear stresses are not critical and shear reinforcement
is not required. Shear reinforcement is provided in heavily loaded thick slabs but
should not be used in slabs less than 200 mm thick. The shear resistance is
checked in accordance with BS 8110: Part 1, section 3.5.5.
3
6.SLABS
Deflection
The check for deflection is a very important consideration in slab design

and usually controls the slab depth. The deflection of slabs is discussed in BS
8110: Part 1, section 3.5.7.
Crack Control
To control cracking in slabs, maximum values for clear spacing between bars
are set out in BS 8110: Part 1, clause 3.12.11.2.7. The clause states that in no
case should the clear spacing exceed the lesser of three times the effective
depth or 750 mm. No further check is needed for slabs in normal cases
1. if grade 250 steel is used and the slab depth is not greater than 250 mm
or
2. if grade 460 steel is used and the slab depth is not greater than 200mm
or
3. if the amount of steel, 100As/bd , is less than 0.3%.
TWO – WAY SPANNING SOLID SLABS
Slab action, analysis and design
When floor slabs are supported on four sides two – way spanning action
occurs as shown in . In a square slab the action is equal in each direction.
In long narrow slabs where the length is greater than twice the breadth the
action is effectively one way. However, the end beam always carry some slab
load.
Slabs may be classified according to the edge conditions. They can be

defined as follows:
1. simply supported one panel slabs where corners can lift away from the
supports
2. a one panel slab held down on four sides by integral edge beams
( the stiffness of the edge beam affects the slab design ).
3. slabs with all edges continuous over supports
4. a slab with one, two or three edges continuous over supports – the
discontinuous edge(s) may be simply supported or held down by
integral edge beams.
4
6.SLABS
The design of simply supported slabs that do not have adequate provision
either to resist torsion at the corners or to prevent the corners from lifting may
be made in accordance with BS 8110: Part 1 , clause 3.5.3.3. The design is
based on shear and moment coefficients and the procedures and provisions set
out in BS 8110: Part 1 , clause 3.5.3.3. The slabs are square or rectangular in
shape and support uniformly distributed load.

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6.

1. spanning one way between beams or walls

2. The method of design coefficients used is made of the moment

ONE – WAY SPANNING SOLID SLABS

Effective span, loading and analysis

(a) Effective span

Simply supported slabs the smaller of centres of bearings or the

Continuous slabs centres of supports

(b) Arrangement of loads

(c) Analysis and redistribution of moments

A complete analysis can be carried out using moment distribution in a

(d) Analysis using moment coefficients

Section design and slab reinforcement curtailment and cover.l

(a) Main moment steel

Mild steel fy = 250 N/mm2, 100As/Ac = 0.24

(b) Distribution steel

The distribution or secondary steel runs at right angles to the main

(c) Slab reinforcement

(d) Curtailment of bars in slabs

The general recommendations given in clause 3.12.9.1 for curtailment of bars

1. The slabs are designed for predominantly uniformly distributed loads;

The check for deflection is a very important consideration in slab design

TWO – WAY SPANNING SOLID SLABS

Slab action, analysis and design

Slabs may be classified according to the edge conditions. They can be

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