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    Roman Numerals

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    Sarfraz Bhutto
    Roman numerals use letters to represent values: I=1, V=5, X=10, L=50, C=100, D=500, M=1000. To write a number, add letters for each place value from left to right if the values decrease or stay the same, and subtract if they increase. To convert to Hindu-Arabic numbers, write the number as sums of multiples of 1000, 100, 10, 1, then convert each individual place value to Roman numerals and combine them.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Roman Numerals

    Uploaded by

    Sarfraz Bhutto
    107 views3 pages
    Roman numerals use letters to represent values: I=1, V=5, X=10, L=50, C=100, D=500, M=1000. To write a number, add letters for each place value from left to right if the values decrease or stay the same, and subtract if they increase. To convert to Hindu-Arabic numbers, write the number as sums of multiples of 1000, 100, 10, 1, then convert each individual place value to Roman numerals and combine them.

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    Roman Numerals

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    Roman numerals use letters to represent values: I=1, V=5, X=10, L=50, C=100, D=500, M=1000. To write a number, add letters for each place value from left to right if the values decrease or stay the same, and subtract if they increase. To convert to Hindu-Arabic numbers, write the number as sums of multiples of 1000, 100, 10, 1, then convert each individual place value to Roman numerals and combine them.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    107 views3 pages

    Roman Numerals

    Uploaded by

    Sarfraz Bhutto
    Roman numerals use letters to represent values: I=1, V=5, X=10, L=50, C=100, D=500, M=1000. To write a number, add letters for each place value from left to right if the values decrease or stay the same, and subtract if they increase. To convert to Hindu-Arabic numbers, write the number as sums of multiples of 1000, 100, 10, 1, then convert each individual place value to Roman numerals and combine them.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    Roman Numerals

    Roman Numeral I V X L C D M
    Hindu Arabic/Base Ten 1 5 10 50 100 500 1000

    RULES
    1. You cannot repeat the same Roman Numeral more than three times in a row, except for M which
    can be repeated as many times as necessary.

    2. When Roman Numerals decrease or stay the same in value, from left to right, ADD:
    Example:
    MDCCCLXXVI = 1000 + 500 + 100 + 100 + 100 + 50 + 10 + 10 + 5 + 1
    = 1876

    3. When Roman Numerals increase in value, from left to right, SUBTRACT.


    Except that the following restrictions apply:
    - I can only be subtracted from V and X
    - X can only be subtracted from L and C
    - C can only be subtracted from D and M

    Example:
    IV = (5 – 1) = 4

    4. If it is possible to represent a number in two different ways, you must choose the way that uses
    the least amount of subtracting.
    Example:
    Both CCM and DCCC can be seen to equal 800, but DCCC is the correct representation,
    because it has no subtraction in it.

    FROM Roman Numerals TO Hindu Arabic/Base Ten


    Here are two useful steps:
    1. Circle the letter-pairs that increase in value, from left to right:
    MMMM C M L X I V

    2. Add up each letter, except for the pairs that are circled, which you subtract from each other:
    MMMM CM L X IV
    = 4000 + (1000 – 100) + 50 + 10 + (5 - 1)
    = 4964

    Another example.
    CMXLIV

    =CM XL IV

    CM XL IV
    = (1000 – 100) + (50 – 10) + (5-1)
    FROM Hindu Arabic/Base Ten TO Roman Numerals
    Convert 2989 to a Roman Numeral:
    1. Write the number as sums of multiples of 1000, 100, 10 and 1:
    2989 = 2000 + 900 + 80 + 9
    2. Then convert each of these individually:
    MM CM LXXX IX
    So, the final answer is MMCMLXXXIX.

    Convert 4398 to a Roman Numeral.


    1. 4398 = 4000 + 300 + 90 + 8

    2. = MMMM CCC XC VIII


    So the final answer is MMMMCCCXCVIII

    Hint for step 2:


    Since you break down Hindu Arabic/Base Ten numbers into multiples of 1000, 100, 10 and 1, these
    combinations are all you will ever need, to convert any number:
    (remember, any multiple of 1000, repeat M as many times as necessary)

    1=I 10 = X 100 = C
    2 = II 20 = XX 200 = CC
    3 = III 30 = XXX 300 = CCC
    4 = IV 40 = XL 400 = CD
    5=V 50 = L 500 = D
    6 = VI 60 = LX 600 = DC
    7 = VII 70 = LXX 700 = DCC
    8 = VIII 80 = LXXX 800 = DCCC
    9 = IX 90 = XC 900 = CM
    Summary

    # in Hindu-Arabic / Base 10
    Write as:
    # = . . . + multiple of 1000 Add if numerals decrease.
    + multiple of 100 Subtract if numerals increase.
    + multiple of 10 Remember:
    + multiple of 1 subtract “right minus left”
    Write the Roman for each multiple. NO negatives in Roman!

    Roman Numeral

    Ex. 1992
    Write as: M (dec) C (inc) M (dec) X (inc) C (dec) I (=) I
    1992 = 1000 + 900 + 90 + 2 =1000 + (1000-100) + (100-10) + 1+1
    = M CM XC II = 1992

    MCMXCII

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