ORAL SESSION II : HARDNESS MEASUREMENT

IMEKO 2010 TC3, TC5 and TC22 Conferences

Metrology in Modern Context
November 22−25, 2010, Pattaya, Chonburi, Thailand

VIBRATION EFFECT ON VICKERS HARDNESS MEASUREMENT

Tassanai Sanponpute 1, Apichaya Meesaplak 2

1
National Institute of Metrology Thailand, Pathumthani, Thailand, Tassanai@nimt.or.th
2
National Institute of Metrology Thailand, Pathumthani, Thailand, Apichaya@nimt.or.th

Abstract − The effect of environmental vibration on experiment. The Vickers hardness testing machines were
Vickers hardness machine is reported in this paper. Test placed on the vibration table. In this study, only indentation
force 9.807 N (HV1) and 98.07 N (HV10), representing process was under vibration influence. No vibration effect
low-force hardness test and normal hardness test, were involved in diagonal length measuring process.
selected for this experiment. Two machines with different To study the response-to-vibration behavior of different
loading mechanism made indentation under influence of loading mechanism of Vickers hardness testing machine,
single sinusoidal vibration with frequency ranging from 10 two machines with two types of mechanism, which are the
Hz to 100 Hz and amplitude ranging from 0.002 m/s2 to 0.04 common types in Vickers hardness testing machine, were
m/s2. Indentations were captured by CCD camera and used in this experiment. First machine, machine A is capable
diagonal lengths were measured automatically by software. of measure hardness scale HV0.01-HV1. Test force is
Response to vibration for each loading mechanism, hardness generated directly from deadweight and transferred through
level, and test force level is discussed in this paper. This weight axle, which slides in the Teflon coated bush.
experiment shows that the relative errors are higher than Machine B composes of 2 loading devices. The first one
maximum permissible error in ISO 6507-2 when vibration is for hardness measurement scale HV0.01-HV2. Weight of
amplitude higher than 0.005 m/s2 or 0.0005 gn. Result from indenter and deadweight is deducted by internal counter
this paper can be used as a guideline to revise maximum weight, so the initial force starts at 10 gf for scale HV0.01.
allowable vibration acceleration and test force scale to Indenter moves vertically in ball bearing slot. This is called
which the limit should be applied. as Machine B-I.
The second loading device of machine B is used for
Keywords : Vibration effect, Vickers hardness hardness scale HV0.1 to HV10. This loading device has
similar main structure as loading device I, but weight of
1. INTRODUCTION indenter and indenter rod was designed to generate initial
force at 100 gf. Therefore, counter weight is not needed for
National Institute of Metrology Thailand had studied on the smallest scale, HV0.1. Machine B with loading device II
vibration effect on Rockwell scale hardness measurement in is called as B-II.
2009 [1,2]. The research emphasized the importance of To eliminate the effect of diagonal length measurement,
setting the allowable vibration limit as a guideline for the same microscope was used to measure all indentations in
Rockwell hardness testing machine users. Although this experiment. Indentations were captured by 12-
vibration limit according to ISO 6507-3[3] was applied, Megapixel CCD camera. Then, diagonal lengths were
vibration still caused the error of Rockwell hardness directly measured by software with reproducibility 0.05%
measurement higher than the maximum permissible error. for 300 µm and 1% for 50 µm.
Vibration effect on Vickers was assumed to cause error Machine A, machine B-I and machine B-II were under
higher than maximum permissible error as similar as in the experiment respectively. First, machines were verified
Rockwell hardness measurement. The maximum allowance by calibration procedure according to ISO 6507-2. Then, the
acceleration identified in ISO 6507-3 is applied only to experiment started from hardness measurement at free from
micro hardness testing only. Therefore, this research was vibration condition at nominal 200 HV1 and 900 HV1 for
aimed to investigate the effect of vibration on Vickers machine A, 200 HV1, 600 HV1, 900 HV1 for machine B-I,
hardness measurement for vibration acceleration under and 200 HV10, 600 HV10, 900 HV10 for machine B-II.
maximum allowance applied to low-force and normal This measurement values were used as reference for error
Vickers hardness test. calculation. Then, peak of error were found under vibration
at amplitude of 0.002, 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, and 0.04 m/s2. For
2. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP each amplitude, frequencies were set depending on the error
trend to ensure that the error peak was found. However all
In this experiment, the vibration signal was single frequencies used in this research are between 5 Hz to 100
sinusoidal wave. Accelerometer was used to confirm Hz.
vibration frequencies and amplitudes and also to check that
no other vibration noises reaching the machines during the

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The result analysis includes the behavioral response to X denotes to magnitude of the solution and ϕ is phrase
vibration of each structure type, hardness level, and test shift of mass oscillation. r is frequency ratio and ξ is
force level. damping ratio. The ratio of maximum response magnitude
to the input displacement magnitude, displacement
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION transmissibility, is used to describe how motion is
transmitted from the base to the mass as a function of
3.1 Machine Calibration Result frequency ratio, as shown in figure 3.
Both machines passed direct and indirect verification
according to ISO 6507-2:2005. However, during the test
force verification, some of observation was made as follows.
- Repeatability of test force of machine A is larger than
one of machine B. During the 30-second loading time, creep
of test force on precision balance shows the instability of
test force. This could be the result from friction between the
bush and the indenter rod.
- Test force verification result of machine B shows good
repeatability. No creep occurred during calibration indicates
only slightly friction remaining in the system. However,
indenter rod can loosely move horizontally due to gap
between bearing and indenter rod.

3.2 Vibration model Fig. 3 Displacement transmissibility as a function of frequency

The hardness testing machine under vibration effect ratio of base excitation model.
experiment can be modeled as base excitation problem as
shown in figure 2. It is assumed that base is Vickers This plot shows that when frequency ratio is 1 (base
hardness testing machine, which moves as the vibration excitation frequency is equal to natural frequency of the
input in (1), and mass m is deadweight and indenter, which system), or resonance, the maximum amount of base motion
moves according to base excitation through linear spring, k, is transferred to displacement of the mass, and the
parallel with viscous damper, c. magnitude of displacement of mass depends on damping
ratio. However, when damping ratio increase, the maximum
displacement ratio does not occur at r = 1. Frequency ratio
for maximum displacement ratio was calculated in a
function of damping ratio and plotted in figure 4. The graph
shows that when damping ratio increases, resonance occurs
at frequency ratio lower than 1(base excitation frequency is
lower than natural frequency). This will be used to explain
the different frequency between machine A and machine B.

Fig.2 Base excitation models the motion of deadweight and

Indenter weight on the vibration table.

y (t ) = Y sin ωbt (1)

Where Y represents amplitude of the base motion and

ωb frequency of base excitation. The solution of x(t) is
is
solved and shown in the simple form as in (2).
x(t ) = X sin(ωb t − ϕ ) (2) Fig. 4 Frequency ratio of resonance as a function of
damping ratio.
Where

 1 + (2ξr ) 2 
1/ 2
3.3 Absolute Error by Machines
X =Y 2 To compare absolute error by machine, result of HV1
 (1 − r ) + (2ξr ) 
2 2

measurement from machine A and machine B-I at 200 HV1

and 900 HV1 are illustrated in figure 5(a) and 1(b).
r = ωb ωn , ξ = c , and ω = k m
n
2 km

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3.3 Absolute Error by Hardness Level

(a)

Fig. 6 Absolute error in HV1 of machine B-I

(b)
Fig. 7 Absolute error in HV10 of machine B-II

Figure 6 and 7 show error of hardness measurement

from machine B-I and B-II in terms of absolute error. Error
in HV directly varies to hardness level whereas error of
Fig 5. Absolute error in HV1 of machine A and machine B-I for (a) Rockwell scale C varies indirectly as shown in figure 8. This
200HV1 and (b) 900 HV1. inconsistency is discussed as follows.

Overall, both machines responded to vibration in similar

way. Error is direct proportional to magnitude of vibration
amplitude. The error peak is highest at one frequency, but
both machines are different in terms of frequency of error
peak and magnitude of error.
- Frequency of error peak
Machine A is response to vibration at 20 Hz while
Machine B-I is response at 30 Hz. This could be the result
from higher friction in indenter guide slot in machine A than
one in machine B-I, as observations during test force
calibration. This friction, acting as damping in the system,
causes damping ratio to be larger. As shown in figure 4,
therefore, the base excitation frequency causing resonance
of machine A is lower than one of machine B-I when both
machine assumed to have same natural frequency. Fig. 8 Absolute error in HRC of Rockwell testing machine
- Magnitude of error
Friction does not result only in frequency, but also in To be comparable, errors in term of indentation depth of
magnitude of error. As in figure 3, when damping ratio Vickers HV10 were calculated and compared with depth
increases, the displacement ratio is lower. Thus the error of Rockwell under vibration amplitude 0.02 and 0.04
magnitude of error of machine A is lower than one of m/s2 as illustrated in figure 9.
machine B-I with the same input.

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Where
F Test force in Newtons (N)
d Mean of diagonal lengths in millimeters (mm)
h Indentation depth in millimeters (mm)
From (3), Rockwell hardness value is function of depth,
so absolute hardness error is in linear correlation with
hardness value as same as the depth error. For Vickers
hardness, on the other hand, HV is inversely proportional to
square of depth, as in (4). Figure 11 illustrates correlation
between absolute error of HV10 and HRC and hardness
Fig.9 Comparison of error of indentation depth between HV10 and value under vibration acceleration of 0.04 m/s2 at peak of
HRC error and frequency and nearby frequencies.

The graph clearly shows that in terms of depth error,

indentations of all hardness level of both scale behaved
similarly under vibration. The lower hardness specimen is
less resistant to impact force than the harder specimen, so
indentations are deeper. Moreover, it can be found that, at
the frequency of error peak of each scale, relationship
between depth error and hardness level is linear of both
scales as in figure 10.

Fig.11 Absolute error of HV10 and HRC under vibration

acceleration of 0.04 m/s2 at peak of error and frequency and
nearby frequencies

3.4 Relative Error

Graph of absolute error of HV10 in figure 11 shows that
the slope of graph is high in low hardness level and lower in
high hardness level, while the slope of HRC is constant.
Fig.10 Error of indentation depth of HV1, HV10, and HRC
measurement at the frequency of error peak
With this characteristic, relative error of HV as (4) behaves
similarly to slope of absolute error graph.
Even behavior in terms of depth is similar to both scales
as mentioned, behavior in terms of absolute error is different
because of the different definition of both hardness scales as
in (3) and (4).
h
HRC = 100 − (3)
0.002
= f ( − h)
o
F sin 1362
HV = 0.102
d2
o
F sin 1362
= 0.102
(h 2 2 tan 1362 ) 2
o
Fig.12 Relative error in percentage of HV1 machine B-I
136o
F sin
= 0.102 2

8h 2 tan 2 136o
2

1
= f( ) (4)
h2

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(a)

(b)
Fig. 13 Relative error in percentage of HV10 machine B-II

Relative error responds to vibration amplitude, test

force, and hardness level. Relative error is direct
proportional to vibration amplitude and test force, but varies
inversely to hardness level. The relative error results
disagree with the maximum permissible error (MPE)
according to ISO 6507-2, which is set to be indirect
proportional to test force and direct proportional to hardness Fig.14 Comparison between indentations with and without effect
level. From experiment at 200 HV, 600 HV, 900 HV at test from vibration of machine (a) B-I and (b) B-II
force 1 kgf and 10 kgf, indentations under vibration
amplitude over 0.005 m/s2 have relative error higher than
permissible error especially for low hardness level, but
indentations under vibration amplitude less than 0.005 m/s2
or gn, all hardness errors of all hardness level and test forces
are under 2%, which is under the limit of maximum
permissible error specified in 6508-2.

3.3 Irregular indentations

One difference between Vickers and Rockwell hardness
testing is indentation measurement. In Rockwell hardness,
indentation depth is measured during the indentation
process, but in Vickers, diagonal measurement process is Fig. 15 Comparison between indentations with and without effect
from vibration of machine A
done after indentation process. Thus Vickers hardness users
could be able to inspect the indentations if abnormality
4. CONCLUSIONS
happens. From the experiment, besides causing indentation
larger, vibration also creates marking inside indentation or at
the end of diagonals. Figure 14 illustrates the comparisons Result from this experiment confirms that Vickers
between non-vibration influenced diagonal and influenced hardness measurement is affected by vibration as in
one from machine B-I and machine B-II. The marking, Rockwell hardness measurement. Relative errors are direct
especially at the end of diagonal, compounds the difficulty proportional to magnitude of test force and vibration
in estimating where the diagonal tip ends, and might create amplitude for frequency less than 100 Hz, but it is indirect
appreciable error in diagonal measurement. However this proportional to hardness level. The relative errors are higher
marking cannot be observed for all vibration influenced than maximum permissible error in ISO 6507-2 when
indentations. There are still some indentations exceeding vibration amplitude higher than 0.005 m/s2.
maximum permissible error that cannot be detected. This paper suggests that maximum allowable vibration
Indentations with or without effect from vibration of acceleration limit reaching Vickers hardness testing machine
machine A are not different as shown in figure 15. This in ISO 6507-2 should be lower than 0.0005 gn and the limit
could be the result from different loading mechanism in ISO 6507-3 should be revised to include higher test force
between the two machines. Indenter rod of machine B can or all test force up to 50 kgf.
loosely move horizontally due to gap between bearing and
indenter rod; thus causing the marking on indentations of REFERENCES
machine B.
[1] T. Sanponpute, A. Meesaplak, “Vibration Effect on
Rockwell scale C hardness measurement”, XIX IMEKO
World Congress, Lisbon, Sept 2009.
[2] T. Sanponpute, A. Meesaplak, “Vibration Effect on hardness
measurement”, Measurement 43 (2010) 631–636
[3] ISO 6507 International Standard of Metallic Material-
Vickers Hardness Test, 2005

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