CURRENT TRANSFORMER

THEORY
APPLICATION SPECIFICATION
CONSTRUCTION
TESTING
OPERATION
MAINTENANCE

THEORY
VECTOR DIAGRAM
 Io = EXCITING CURRENT
 Ie = IRON LOSS COMPONENT OF Io
 Im = MAGNETIZING COMPONENT OF Io
 E2 = INDUCED SECONDARY VOLTAGE
 Ø = PHASE ANGLE ERROR
 RATIO ERROR R = n + Ie/Is
 PHASE ANGLE ERROR = Im/nIs
 n = TURNS RATIO OF THE CT
 EFFECT OF LOAD ON RE & PE
 EFFECT OF BURDEN ON RE & PE: BOTH RE & PE WILL INCREASE WITH HIGHER
BURDENS; PARALLEL TO ABOVE CURVES

APPLICATION SPECIFICATION
TYPE OF APPLICATION
1) NON UNIT PROTECTION - EXAMPLES
 OVER CURRENT PROTECTION (INSTANTANEOUS & IDMT)
 EARTH FAULT PROTECTION (INSTANTANEOUS & IDMT)

2) UNIT PROTECTIONS - EXAMPLES

 TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL
 GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL
 MOTOR DIFFERENTIAL
 CABLE PILOT WIRE PROTECTION

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3) METERING

NON-UNIT PROTECTION CT - TYPICAL SPEC:

 RATED PRIMARY CURRENT AND CT RATIO
 RATED VA BURDEN
 CLASS OF ACCURACY AND ACCURACY LIMIT FACTOR (ALF)
 RATED SHORT-TIME THERMAL CURRENT AND DURATION
 RATED CONTINUOUS THERMAL CURRENT (IF DIFF. FROM, PRIMARY RATED
CURRENT)
 STANDARD VALUES OF RATED PRIMARY CURRENT:
10, 12.5, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 80A. PREFERRED VALUES ARE UNDERLINED
 STANDARD VALUES OF OUTPUT:
2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10, 15, 30 VA HIGHER VALUES MAY BE SELECTED TO SUIT APPLICATION
 STANDARD VALUES OF RATED SECONDARY CURRENT:
1A OR 5A
 RATED ACCURACY LIMIT FACTORS
5, 10, 15, 20 TIMES RATED SECONDARY CURRENT
 RATED ACCURACY CLASSES
METERING: 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 3 & 5%
PROTECTION: 5P, 10P, 15P

UNIT PROTECTION CT - TYPICAL SPEC:

 RATED PRIMARY CURRENT AND CT RATIO
 KNEE POINT VOLTAGE
 EXCITING CURRENT AND KNEE POINT VOLTAGE AT STATED PERCENTAGE
 RESISTANCE OF SECONDARY WINDING
 TURNS RATIO AND ERROR IN TURNS RATIO
 RATED SHORT TIME THERMAL CURRENT
 RATED CONTINUOUS THERMAL CURRENT

METERING CT - TYPICAL SPEC:

 RATED PRIMARY CURRENT AND CT RATIO

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 RATED VA BURDEN
 CLASS OF ACCURACY AND INSTRUMENT SECURITY FACTOR (ISF)
 RATED SHORT TIME THERMAL CURRENT
 RATED CONTINUOUS THERMAL CURRENT

NON-UNIT PROTECTION:
SELECTION OF RATED SECONDARY CURRENT, VA BURDEN AND ACCURACY LIMIT
FACTOR
 CHOOSE PRIMARY CURRENT WITH 10% MARGIN ON CIRCUIT CURRENT - SELECT
NEAREST INDIAN STANDARD VALUE(Ip)
 CALCULATE MAXIMUM FAULT CURRENT ON PRIMARY I(pf) & SECONDARY
Isf1 = Ipf/CT RATIO
 CALCULATE MAXIMUM CURRENT SEEN BY IDMT RELAY (20 TIMES RELAY RANGE)
i.e. 40 TIMES Is FOR A 50% - 200% IDMT RELAY
Isf2 = 40Is
SELECT Isf1 OR Isf2 WHICHEVER IS LOWER & TAKE IT AS Isf
 CALCULATE THE (SUM OF RATED BURDENS OF ALL RELAYS) (VA); (CONSIDER VA
BURDEN CORR TO MAX SETTNGS AVAILABLE IN RELAYS)
 CALCULATE THE LEAD BURDEN (VAl)
 CHOOSE NEAREST VA BURDEN CORR. TO (VAr+ VAl)
 CALCULATE RESISTIVE BURDEN ON CT SECONDARY
ASSUME RCT - RESISTANCE OF SEC WDG AS 1.0 OHM FOR EVERY 100 TURNS RATIO
LEAD Rr = VAr / Is2 ; LEAD Rl = VAl /IS2 ; RATED Zb = VAl / IS2
 CALCULATE CT VOLTAGE TO BE DEVELOPED (Vs)
Vs = Isf *(RCT + Rr + Rl)
 CALCULATE KNEE POINT VOLTAGE REQD. OF THE CT
Vk = ALF * Is * (RCT + Zb)
ASSUME ALF = 20 AND VARIOUS VA BURDEN & CALCULATE Vk & Vs
 Vk SHALL BE GREATER THAN Vs
REPEAT FOR ALF = 15 & 10 WITH VARIOUS VA BURDENS
PERCENTAGE DIFF BETWEEN Vk & Vs WILL DECIDE ACC. CLASS OF CT.
 TYPICAL WORK SHEET IS SHOWN. CORRESPONDING TO LOWEST CT RATIO (i.e. MAX
Isf1)

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 FOR FEEDERS PROVIDED WITH HIGH SET INSTANTANEOUS UNITS, Isf2 SHALL BE
CALCULATED BASED ON MAXIMUM SETTING RANGE (EG. FOR 500% TO 2000%
RELAY, Isf2 = 20Is)
ABOVE PROCEDURE TAKES INTO ACCOUNT VA BURDEN REQUIREMENT FOR MAX
PLUG SETTING & CT RATIO REQUIREMENT TO PREVENT CT SATURATION
 WHEN FAULT LEVEL IS VERY HIGH & CIRCUIT CURRENT IS VERY LOW (i.e. Isf1 >>
Isf2) IT IS RECOMMENDED TO PROVIDE A HIGH SET INSTANTANEOUS UNIT WITH
TIMER HAVING A SETTING RANGE CLOSE TO Isf2 BECAUSE OPERATING TIME OF
IDMT RELAY WILL BE UNCERTAIN DUE TO HARMONIC GENERATED DUE TO CT
SATURATION
 FOR MULTI RATIO CT, THE Vk SHALL REFER TO NOMINAL (UNDERLINED) RATING.
length km
Ipf Amps

Isf Amps

Isf Amps

VAct VA

Zb ohms
Ip Amps

Rr ohms

Vk volts
Rl ohms
Is Amps

Vs volts
VAr VA

CT acc
Margin
Lead

ALF
Rsw

50 1 40000 800 40 0.10 0.35 3 3 0.50 5 5.00 20 110 154 -40 x

50 1 40000 800 40 0.10 0.35 3 3 0.50 8 7.50 20 160 154 4 x
50 1 40000 800 40 0.10 0.35 3 3 0.50 10 10.00 20 210 154 27 5/10/15
50 1 40000 800 40 0.10 0.35 3 3 0.50 8 7.50 15 120 154 -28 x
50 1 40000 800 40 0.10 0.35 3 3 0.50 10 10.00 15 158 154 2 x
50 1 40000 800 40 0.10 0.35 3 3 0.50 15 15.00 15 233 154 34 5/10/15
50 1 40000 800 40 0.10 0.35 3 3 0.50 10 10.00 10 105 154 -47 x
50 1 40000 800 40 0.10 0.35 3 3 0.50 15 15.00 10 155 154 1 x
50 1 40000 800 40 0.10 0.35 3 3 0.50 20 20.00 10 205 154 25 5/10/15
LOW CT RATIO - HIGH FAULT CURRENT
length km

Margin %
Ipf Amps

Isf Amps
Isf Amps

VAct VA

Zb ohms
Ip Amps

Rr ohms

Vk volts
Rl ohms
Is Amps

Vs volts
VAr VA

CT acc
Lead

ALF
Rsw

2500 1 40000 16 40 0.10 0.35 3 3 25 5 5.00 20 600 454 24 5/10/15

2500 1 40000 16 40 0.10 0.35 3 3 25 8 7.50 15 488 454 7 5
2500 1 40000 16 40 0.10 0.35 3 3 25 10 10.00 15 525 454 14 5/10
2500 1 40000 16 40 0.10 0.35 3 3 25 15 15.00 15 600 454 24 5/10/15
2500 1 40000 16 40 0.10 0.35 3 3 25 10 10.00 10 350 454 -30 x
2500 1 40000 16 40 0.10 0.35 3 3 25 15 15.00 10 400 454 -13 x
2500 1 40000 16 40 0.10 0.35 3 3 25 20 20.00 10 450 454 -1 x
2500 1 40000 16 40 0.10 0.35 3 3 25 25 25.00 10 500 454 9 5
2500 1 40000 16 40 0.10 0.35 3 3 25 30 30.00 10 550 454 18 5/10/15
HIGH CT RATIO - HIGH FAULT CURRENT

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length km

Margin %
Ipf Amps

Isf Amps

Isf Amps

VAct VA

Zb ohms
Ip Amps

Rr ohms

Vk volts
Rl ohms
Is Amps

Vs volts
VAr VA

CT acc
Lead

ALF
Rsw
50 5 40000 4000 200 0.10 0.35 3 0.12 0.10 20 0.80 20 90 114 -27 X
50 5 40000 4000 200 0.10 0.35 3 0.12 0.10 25 1.00 20 110 114 -4 X
50 5 40000 4000 200 0.10 0.35 3 0.12 0.10 30 1.20 20 130 114 12 5/10
50 5 40000 4000 200 0.10 0.35 3 0.12 0.10 30 1.20 15 98 114 -17 X
50 5 40000 4000 200 0.10 0.35 3 0.12 0.10 30 1.20 10 65 114 -75 X
2500 5 40000 80 200 0.10 0.35 3 0.12 5 5 0.20 20 520 438 16 5/10/15
2500 5 40000 80 200 0.10 0.35 3 0.12 5 20 0.80 15 435 438 -1 X
2500 5 40000 80 200 0.10 0.35 3 0.12 5 25 1.00 15 450 438 3 X
2500 5 40000 80 200 0.10 0.35 3 0.12 5 30 1.20 15 465 438 6 5
2500 5 40000 80 200 0.10 0.35 3 0.12 5 30 1.20 10 310 438 -41 X
EFFECT OF 5A CT SECONDARY – HIGHER VA BURDEN
Lead length

Margin %
Ipf Amps

Isf Amps

Isf Amps

VAct VA

Zb ohms
Ip Amps

Rr ohms

Vk volts
Rl ohms
Is Amps

Vs volts
VAr VA

CT acc
ALF
Rsw
km

50 1 7870 157.40 40 0.10 0.35 3 3 0.50 5.00 5.00 20 110 154 -40 x
50 1 7870 157.40 40 0.10 0.35 3 3 0.50 7.50 7.50 20 160 154 4 x
50 1 7870 157.40 40 0.10 0.35 3 3 0.50 10.00 10.00 20 210 154 27 5/10/15
50 1 7870 157.40 40 0.10 0.35 3 3 0.50 7.50 7.50 15 120 154 -28 x
50 1 7870 157.40 40 0.10 0.35 3 3 0.50 10.00 10.00 15 158 154 2 x
50 1 7870 157.40 40 0.10 0.35 3 3 0.50 15.00 15.00 15 233 154 34 5/10/15
50 1 7870 157.40 40 0.10 0.35 3 3 0.50 10.00 10.00 10 105 154 -47 x
50 1 7870 157.40 40 0.10 0.35 3 3 0.50 15.00 15.00 10 155 154 1 x
50 1 7870 157.40 40 0.10 0.35 3 3 0.50 20.00 20.00 10 205 154 25 5/10/15
LOW CT RATIO – LOW FAULT CURRENT

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length km

Margin %
Ipf Amps

Isf Amps

Isf Amps

VAct VA

Zb ohms
Ip Amps

Rr ohms

Vk volts
Rl ohms
Is Amps

Vs volts
VAr VA

CT acc
Lead

ALF
Rsw
2500 1 7870 3.15 40 0.1 0.35 3 3.00 25.00 5 5.00 20 600 89 85 5/10/15
2500 1 7870 3.15 40 0.1 0.35 3 3.00 25.00 5 5.00 15 450 89 80 5/10/15
2500 1 7870 3.15 40 0.1 0.35 3 3.00 25.00 5 5.00 10 300 89 70 5/10/15
50 5 7870 787.00 200 0.1 0.35 3 0.12 0.10 20 0.80 20 90 114 -27 X
50 5 7870 787.00 200 0.1 0.35 3 0.12 0.10 25 1.00 20 110 114 -4 X
50 5 7870 787.00 200 0.1 0.35 3 0.12 0.10 30 1.20 20 130 114 12 5/10
50 5 7870 787.00 200 0.1 0.35 3 0.12 0.10 30 1.20 15 98 114 -17 X
50 5 7870 787.00 200 0.1 0.35 3 0.12 0.10 30 1.20 10 65 114 -75 X
2500 5 7870 15.74 200 0.1 0.35 3 0.12 5.00 5 0.20 20 520 86 83 5/10/15
2500 5 7870 15.74 200 0.1 0.35 3 0.12 5.00 5 0.20 15 390 86 78 5/10/15
2500 5 7870 15.74 200 0.1 0.35 3 0.12 5.00 5 0.20 10 260 86 67 5/10/15
EFFECT OF CT RATIO WITH LOW FAULT CURRENT
Is Amps

Vs volts
VAr VA

CT acc
Margin
Ipf KA

length
Amps

Amps

Amps

ohms

ohms

ohms
VAct
Lead

volts
ALF
Rsw

VA
km

Vk
Zb
Isf

Isf

Rr
Rl
Ip

%
50 1 40 800 40 0.1 0.35 3 3.00 0.5 10 10.00 20 210 154 27 5/10/15
100 1 40 400 40 0.1 0.35 3 3.00 1 10 10.00 20 220 174 21 5/10/15
500 1 40 80 40 0.1 0.35 3 3.00 5 15 15.00 20 400 334 17 5/10/15
1000 1 40 40 40 0.1 0.35 3 3.00 10 20 20.00 20 600 534 11 5/10
1500 1 40 27 40 0.1 0.35 3 3.00 15 15 15.00 20 600 489 18 5/10/15
2000 1 40 20 40 0.1 0.35 3 3.00 20 7.5 7.50 20 550 467 15 5/10/15
2500 1 40 16 40 0.1 0.35 3 3.00 25 5 5.00 20 600 454 24 5/10/15
50 5 40 4000 200 0.1 0.35 3 0.12 0.1 30 1.20 20 130 114 12 5/10/15
100 5 40 2000 200 0.1 0.35 3 0.12 0.2 30 1.20 20 140 134 4 5/10/15
500 5 40 400 200 0.1 0.35 3 0.12 1 60 2.40 20 340 294 14 5/10/15 *
1000 5 40 200 200 0.1 0.35 3 0.12 2 80 3.20 20 520 494 5 5/10 *
1500 5 40 133 200 0.1 0.35 3 0.12 3 60 2.40 20 540 463 14 5/10/15 *
2000 5 40 100 200 0.1 0.35 3 0.12 4 20 0.80 20 480 447 7 5/10/15
2500 5 40 80 200 0.1 0.35 3 0.12 5 5 0.20 20 520 438 16 5/10/15
EFFECT OF CT RATIO WITH HIGH FAULT CURRENT

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Zb ohms
Ip Amps

Rr ohms

Vk volts
Rl ohms
Is Amps

Vs volts
VAr VA

CT acc
Margin
length
Amps

Amps

Amps

VAct
Lead

ALF
Rsw

VA
km
Ipf

Isf

Isf

%
500 1 7870 15.74 40 0.1 0.35 3 3.00 5 5 5.00 20 200 131 34 5/10/15
500 1 13100 26.20 40 0.1 0.35 3 3.00 5 7.5 7.50 20 250 219 12 5/10
500 1 18300 36.60 40 0.1 0.35 3 3.00 5 15 15.00 20 400 306 24 5/10/15
500 1 26000 52.00 40 0.1 0.35 3 3.00 5 15 15.00 20 400 334 17 5/10/15
500 1 31000 62.00 40 0.1 0.35 3 3.00 5 15 15.00 20 400 334 17 5/10/15
500 1 40000 80.00 40 0.1 0.35 3 3.00 5 15 15.00 20 400 334 17 5/10/15
500 5 7870 78.70 200 0.1 0.35 3 0.12 5 5 0.20 20 520 430 17 5/10/15
500 5 13100 131.00 200 0.1 0.35 3 0.12 5 80 3.20 20 820 717 13 5/10 *
500 5 18300 183.00 200 0.1 0.35 3 0.12 5 150 6.00 20 1100 1001 9 5/10/15 *
500 5 26000 260.00 200 0.1 0.35 3 0.12 5 180 7.20 20 1220 1094 10 5/10/15 *
500 5 31000 310.00 200 0.1 0.35 3 0.12 5 180 7.20 20 1220 1094 10 5/10/15 *
500 5 40000 400.00 200 0.1 0.35 3 0.12 5 180 7.20 20 1220 1094 10 5/10/15 *
EFFECT OF FAULT CURRENT FOR SAME ALF

EFFECT OF CT RATIO ON VA BURDEN:

 ASSUME 40kA FAULT LEVEL
 ASSUME ALF OF 20 FOR ALL
 THE BURDEN REQUIREMENTS WILL BE AS FOLLOWS:
50/1A 100/1A 500/1A 1000/1A 1500/1A 2000/1A 2500/1A
10VA 10VA 15VA 20VA 15VA 7.5VA 5VA

 THE VA BURDEN REQT IS MAX WHEN Isf1 = Isf2

EFFECT OF SYSTEM FAULT LEVEL ON VA BURDEN

• ASSUME A 500/1A CT WITH ALF = 20
• THE BURDEN REQUIREMENTS WILL BE AS FOLLOWS:
7.8kA 13.1kA18.3kA26kA 31kA 40kA
5VA 7.5VA 15VA 15VA 15VA 15VA
• THE VA BURDEN REQT. GOES UP AS THE FAULT LEVEL GOES UP. ABOVE 18.3kA THE
VA BURDEN IS DECIDED BY Isf2

EFFECT OF ACCURACY LIMIT FACTOR ON VA BURDEN

• ASSUME A 500/1A CT AS ABOVE WITH 40kA FAULT LEVEL

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• THE BURDEN REQT. WILL BE AS FOLLOWS

ALF = 10 ALF = 15 ALF = 20
20VA 15VA 10VA
• THE VA BURDEN GOES UP AT LOWER ALF

METERING CTs:
COMPUTE THE TOTAL VA BURDEN OF ALL CONNECTED INSTRUMENTS AND LEADS.
TYPICAL VA BURDENS ARE FURNISHED
SELECT THE CLOSEST VA BURDEN AS PER IS
ACCURACY CLASS TO BE SELECTED:
- 0.2 FOR ENERGY IMPORT/EXPORT
- 0.5 FOR COMMERCIAL METERING
- 1.0 FOR INDICATING METERS
- 3.0 FOR GENERAL PURPOSE METERING
INSTRUMENT SECURITY FACTOR SHALL NOT BE GREATER THAN 5 TO PREVENT DAMAGE
TO INSTRUMENTS DURING STARTING IN RUSH AND SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITIONS

TYPICAL BURDEN OF METERS

SWITCHYARD METERING CT
MW 0.4
MVAR 0.4
TVM 1.8
MWH (IMPORT) 5
MWH (EXPORT) 5
MVARH(IMPORT) 5
MVARH(EXPORT) 5
Tr.A 0.5
Tr.MW 0.5
Tr.MVAR 0.5

CORE BALANCE CTs

THESE ARE USED FOR DETECTION OF VERY LOW EARTH FAULT CURRENTS AND ARE
USED IN HIGH RESISTANCE GROUNDED SYSTEM.
CT PRIMARY IS DECIDED BY MAXIMUM EARTH FAULT CURRENT

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CT RESISTANCE, KNEE POINT VOLTAGE AND MAGNETIZING CURRENT ARE SPECIFIED;

CALCULATIONS ARE SIMILAR TO UNIT PROTECTION

MULTI RATIO CTs

IN SWITCHYARD IT IS COMMON PRACTICE TO SELECT CTs WITH MULTIPLE RATIOs LIKE
1200 - 800/1 OR 800-400-200/1 A TO TAKE CARE OF FUTURE EXPANSION IN GENERATION.
WHEN KPV AND CT RESISTANCES ARE INCLUDED, THEY REFER TO UNDERLINED CT
RATIO.
FOR OTHER RATIOS IT SHALL BE CALCULATED OR OBTAINED FROM MANUFACTURER.
ONE RATIO SHALL COVER CIRCUIT BREAKER RATING

MULTICORE CTs
SWITCHYARD CTs ARE GENERALLY (MULTI CORE); THE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR
VARIOUS CIRCUIT ELEMENTS ARE AS FOLLOWS

SHUNT GEN. TRANSF. BUS BUS

LINE BAY REACTORS TRANSF. BAY SECTION TRANSFER
GEN.
OVERALL TRANSF.
CORE-1 MAIN I MAIN I DIFF DIFF BACK UP BUS DIFF
CORE-2 MAIN II MAIN II BACK UP BACK UP BUS DIFF. BUS DIFF.
BUS DIFF.
(FOR DOUBLE
CORE-3 METERING METERING METERING METERING BUS DIFF. BUS SYS)
UNDER
CORE-4 BUS DIFF. IMP. BUS DIFF. BUS DIFF METERING SPARE
BUS DIFF. REACTOR BUS DIFF. BUS DIFF.
CORE-5 CHECK DIFF CHECK CHECK SPARE SPARE

APPLICATION SPECIFICATION
TYPE OF APPLICATION
UNIT PROTECTION:
TRANSFORMERS
CALCULATE FAULT LEVEL ON HV & LV SIDE,
PRIMARY CURRENT ON HV & LV SIDE
NOTE THE VECTOR GROUP
DECIDE AUX. CT RATIO & VECTOR GROUP FOR RATIO MATCHING
CALCULATE AUX. CT PARAMETERS
DECIDE RELAY & LEAD BURDENS

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MAIN CT PARAMETERS

LINES
CALCULATE PHASE FAULT CURRENT & EARTH FAULT CURRENT AT THE END OF
ZONE-1
SYSTEM R1 X1 , X0 R0
LINE R1 X1 , R0 X0
DECIDE CT PRIMARY CURRENT & CT RATIOS
VT PRIMARY VOLTAGE & VT RATIOS
CALCULATE ST ZONE REACH IMPEDANCE
RELAY & LEAD IMPEDANCES
BURDENS FOR OUT OF STEP BLOCKING
DECIDE CT PARAMETERS & STARTER UNIT SETTINGS

BUSBARS
CALCULATE FAULT LEVEL - 3PH, LL & LG FAULTS
CT PRIMARY CURRENT FOR EACH CIRCUIT
CT RATIOS
RELAY & LEAD IMPEDANCES
NO. OF CIRCUITS / CTs IN PARALLEL
Ieff SETTING

CONSTRUCTION
TYPES:
BASED ON INSTALLATION
INOOOR - RESIN CAST/UPTO 33kV
OUTDOOR - OIL FILLED
BASED ON WINDING
BAR PRIMARY
WOUND PRIMARY
RING TYPE

MAIN COMPONENTS:
CORE
WINDINGS
HOUSING
TERMINALS

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ACCESSORIES

CORE
COLD ROLLED GRAIN ORIENTED SILICON STEEL
TYPES - CORE, SHELL, CIRCULAR

WINDINGS
PRIMARY - COPPER STRIP OR BAR
SECONDARY - 14 SWG COPPER WIRE

INSULATION
PRIMARY
PAPER/FABRIC TAPE IMPREGNATED WITH VARNISH AND VACUUM DRIED

SECONDARY
ENAMEL WIRE WITH VARNISH

HOUSING
INDOOR TYPE
NO HOUSING; HOWEVER THE WHOLE CT IS EMBEDDED IN RESIN CAST MOULD

OUTDOOR TYPE
CT IS KEPT IN OIL FILLED TANK AND ABOVE AN INSULATOR STACK
LIVE TANK UPTO 72.5kV
DEAD TANK ABOVE 145kV
NITROGEN GAS IS FILLED TO ALLOW FOR EXPANSION OF OIL
CONDENSER TYPE BUSHING ABOVE 132kV

TERMINALS
PRIMARY TWO COPPER BUS BAR TERMINALS AT TOP FOR BUSBAR
CONNECTION (AL. TUBULAR / ACSR CONDUCTOR FOR OUTDOOR &
W/AL. FLATS FOR INDOOR CTs)

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SECONDARY TERMINAL BOX AT BOTTOM OF HOUSING SUITABLE FOR CONTROL

CABLE TERMINATION

ACCESSORIES
OUTDOOR CT
LIFTING HOOKS - SURGE ARRESTOR FOR SECONDARY TERMINALS
OIL LEVEL GAUGE - GRADING RINGS & ARCING HORNS ABOVE 132kV
OIL FILLING & DRAINING PLUGS - TERMINAL CLAMPS SUITABLE FOR TUBULAR
EARTHING TERMINALS / ACSR CONNECTION
AIR RELEASE VENT - RATING & DIAGRAM PLATE

INDOOR CTs
FIXING PLATE / LUGS
EARTHING TERMINALS
RATING & DIAGRAM PLATE

TESTS
ROUTINE TESTS ON CTs
VERIFICATION OF TERMINAL MARKINGS & POLARITY
HV POWER FREQ TEST ON PRIMARY
HV POWER FREQ TEST ON SECONDARY
OVER VOLTAGE INTER TURN TEST
RATIO & PHASE ANGLE ERROR MEASUREMENTS

TYPE TESTS ON CTs

SAME AS ROUTINE TEST
SHORT TIME CURRENT TEST
TEMP. RISE TEST
IMPULSE VOLTAGE TEST
SETTING OF PROTECTIVE GAP
RADIO INTERFERENCE VOLTAGE TEST

ROUTINE TESTS ON BUSHINGS

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VISUAL EXAMINATION
ONE MIN PF DRY WITHSTAND
OIL TIGHTNESS
PARTIAL DISCHARGE
CAPACITANCE & TAN DELTA MEASUREMENT

TYPE TEST ON BUSHINGS

PF VISIBLE DISCHARGE
ONE MIN PF WITHSTAND
FULL WAVE IMPULSE WITHSTAND VOLTAGE
UNDER OIL FLASHOVER OR PUNCTURE WITHSTAND

OPERATION
MAGNETIZING & DEMAGNETIZING
MAGNETIZING:
THIS MAY OCCUR DUE TO OPEN CIRCUITING OF SECONDARY TERMINALS PASSING OF DC
CURRENT THRO’ SECONDARY WDG. LIKE IN CASE OF RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT THIS
WILL AFFECT THE RATIO AND PHASE ANGLE ERRORS APPRECIABLY

DEMAGNETIZING:
THE CT SHALL BE DEMAGNETIZED BEFORE PUT TO REUSE; TWO WAYS ARE
THE PRIMARY WDG IS SUPPLIED THRO’ A MOTOR - ALTERNATOR SET FOR SOME TIME
WITH SECONDARY OPEN
THE ALTERNATOR IS SHUT DOWN WITH FIELD ON. THE CT IS SUBJECTED TO LARGE NO.
OF CYCLES OF MAGNETIZATION
A HIGH RESISTANCE (SEVERAL HUNDRED OHMS) RHEOSTAT IS CONNECTED TO
SECONDARY AND FULL PRIMARY CURRENT IS PASSED. THE RHEOSTAT IS BROUGHT
GRADUALLY FROM FULL VALUE TO ZERO
CHECK RATIO AND PHASE ANGLE ERRORS AFTER TEST AND COMPARE WITH ORIGINAL
VALUES

SURGE PROTECTION
SURGE ARRESTORS SHALL BE PROVIDED IN THE SECONDARY TERMINAL BOX TO LIMIT
THE SECONDARY VOLTAGE TO 3KV IF THE OPEN CIRCUIT VOLTAGE IS EXPECTED TO GO
BEYOND 3KV

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SAFETY EARTHING & SHORTING

FOR STAR CONNECTED CTs THE NEUTRAL POINT SHALL BE EARTHED
THE CT SECONDARY SHALL BE KEPT SHORTED WHEN NOT IN USE
ONE SECONDARY TERMINAL SHALL ALWAYS BE EARTHED FOR SAFETY

CT CHARACTERISTICS & CT MATCHING

FOR DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION OF TRANSF , AUXILIARY CTS ARE RECOMMENDED ON
BOTH HV AND LV SIDES

FOR DIFFERENTIAL & REF PROTECTION

THE Is Vs Ip CHARACTERISTIC SHALL IDEALLY BE LINEAR UP TO ALF AND AFTER THAT
CT SATURATION BEGINS
IF CHARACTERISTICS OF TWO OR MORE CTs ARE DIFFERENT AN UNBALANCE CURRENT
IS PRODUCED WHICH OPERATES THE RELAY FOR A THROUGH FAULT. THE RELAY
OPERATES FOR A FAULT OUTSIDE ITS ZONE
THIS IS CIRCUMVENTED BY INCREASING THE RELAY SETTING AT THE COST OF ITS
SENSITIVITY

POLARITY
POLARITY MARKING ON CT SHALL BE CHECKED BEFORE CONNECTING RELAYS FOR
POWER FLOW FROM P1 TO P2 IN PRIMARY. THE CURRENT SHALL FLOW FROM S1 TO S2
EXTERNAL TO CT. (i.e. INTERNALLY IT IS FROM S2 TO S1 OPPOSING PRIMARY CURRENT)
FAULTY POLARITY CONNECTIONS WILL RESULT IN MAL-OPERATION OF RELAYS (i.e.
OPERATION UNDER HEALTHY CONDITION) SUCH AS REVERSE POWER RELAY, FIELD
FAILURE RELAY, DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION ETC.

STABILIZING RESISTANCE
FOR GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL & TRANSFORMER RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT HIGH
IMPEDANCE CIRCULATING CURRENT PROTECTION RELAYS ARE USED IN CONJUNCTION
WITH STABILIZING RESISTORS FOR THRU’ FAULT STABILITY. THIS IS A VARIABLE
RESISTOR AND THE ACTUAL VALUE SHALL BE SAID TO MEET THE SPECIFIC
REQUIREMENTS
AUXILIARY CTs SHALL NOT BE PROVIDED FOR ANY REASONS IN SUCH APPLICATION

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MAINTENANCE
DAILY CHECKS:
OIL LEVEL (FOR HV CTs)
OIL LEVEL-VISUAL (FOR HV CTs)
HALF YEARLY CHECKS:
CLEAN BUSHINGS
CHECK TIGHTNESS OF TERMINAL CONNECTIONS
VISUAL CHECK FOR TRACKING

ANNUAL CHECKS:
IR VALUE & PI VALUE FOR PRIMARY SIDE INSULATION
IR VALUE FOR SECONDARY SIDE INSULATION
TAN DELTA MEASUREMENT FOR 132kV AND ABOVE
PLOT CHARACTERISTICS WITH RATED BURDEN AND COMPARE WITH ORIGINAL PLOT
FOR SATURATION
SECONDARY RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT
RATIO AND PHASE ANGLE ERROR MEASUREMENT

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CT DESIGN FOR BUSBAR DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

SL.
DESCRIPTION SYMBOL UNITS VALUES
NO.
1 FAULT LEVEL F MVA 10000.00
2 SYSTEM VOLTAGE Vs KV 220.00
3 PRIMARY FAULT CURRENT Ifp Amps 26243.96
4 CT PRIMARY CURRENT Ip Amps 600.00
5 CT SECONDARY CURRENT Is Amps 1.00
6 CT RATIO N 600.00
7 SECONDARY FAULT CURRENT Ifs Amps 43.74
MAX LENGTH OF CABLE BETWEEN
8 CT & JUNCTION POINT L km 0.50
9 SIZE OF CABLE a mm2 5.00
10 RESISTANCE OF CABLE E Ohms/km 3.50
11 RESISTANCE OF MAIN CT RCT Ohms 5.00
12 LEAD RESISTANCE PHASE FAULT Rlp Ohms 1.75
13 LEAD RESISTANCE EARTH FAULT Rle Ohms 3.50
14 3 PHASE FAULT CURRENT If Amps 26243.96
15 L-L & L-G FAULT CURRENT Ill/Ilg Amps 20000.00
16 KNEE POINT VOLTAGE KPV Volts 590.49
17 RELAY SETTING CURRENT IR Amps 1.00
NO. OF CTs IN PARALLEL FOR THE
18 PARTICULAR ZONE OF
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION (+)m Nos. 5.00
19 MAX CURRENT IN ANY CIRCUIT Imax Amps 550.00
20 DESIRED EFF.SETTING I.eff Amps 660.00
21 I.eff.setting/CT RATIO Amps 1.10
EXCITATION CURRENT AT 1/2 KPV
22 VALUE Ie mA 20.00
23 FINAL CT PARAMETERS
24 CT RATIO (Ip/Is) 600/1
25 KNEE POINT VOLTAGE KPV Volts 590.49
26 CT SECONDARY RESISTANCE RCT Ohms 5.00
EXCITATION CURRENT AT 1/2 KPV
27 VALUE Ie mA 20.00

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CT DESIGN FOR LINE PROTECTION

SL.
DESCRIPTION SYMBOL UNITS VALUES
NO.
1 SYSTEM VOLTAGE Vs KV 220.00
2 LENGTH OF LINE L1 KM 100.00
POSITIVE SEQUENCE RESISTANCE OF
3
LINE r1 Ohms/KM 0.0330
POSITIVE SEQUENCE REACTANCE OF
4
LINE x1 Ohms/KM 0.3400
POSITIVE SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE OF
5
LINE Z1 Ohms/KM 0.34
6 ZERO SEQUENCE RESISTANCE OF LINE ro Ohms/KM 0.0280
7 ZERO SEQUENCE REACTANCE OF LINE xo Ohms/KM 0.0290
8 ZERO SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE OF LINE Z0 Ohms/KM 0.04
9 CT PRIMARY CURRENT Ip Amps 600.00
10 CT SECONDARY CURRENT Is Amps 1.00
11 CT RATIO nCT 600.00
VT PRIMARY VOLTAGE PER PHASE-
12
VOLTS Vpe Volts 127020.00
VT SECONDARY VOLTAGE PER PHASE-
13
VOLTS Vse Volts 63.51
14 VT RATIO nVT 2000.00
PERCENTAGE 1ST ZONE REACH OF
15
LINE P % 80.00
16 1ST ZONE REACH IMPEDANCE Zp Ohms 27.33
1ST ZONE REACH IMPEDANCE
17
REFERRED TO SECONDARY Zps Ohms 8.20
AVAILABLE RANGE OF SETTING ON
18
THE RELAY Ohms 5 - 45
FAULT LEVEL AT THE END OF 1ST
19
ZONE FOR EARTH FAULT F0 MVA 5000.00
FAULT LEVEL AT THE END OF 1ST
20
ZONE FOR PHASE FAULT F1 MVA 3500.00
FAULT CURRENT AT THE END OF I
21
ZONE FOR EARTH FAULT Ifp1 Amps 13121.98
FAULT CURRENT AT THE END OF II
22
ZONE FOR PHASE FAULT Ifp0 Amps 9185.39
23 SECONDARY PHASE FAULT CURRENT Ifs1 Amps 5.83
24 SECONDARY EARTH FAULT CURRENT Ifs0 Amps 15.31
25 CT SECONDARY WINDING RESISTANCE RCT Ohms 6.00
26 SECONDARY LEAD LENGTH L KM 0.50
27 RESISTANCE OF LEAD/KM e Ohms/KM 3.50
28 LEAD RESISTANCE FOR PHASE FAULT RL1 Ohms 1.75
29 LEAD RESISTANCE FOR EARTH FAULT RL0 Ohms 3.50

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SL.
DESCRIPTION SYMBOL UNITS VALUES
NO.
STARTER UNIT VA BURDEN (2.5 TO 15
30
VA) CORRESPONDING TO SETTING A VA 8.00
OUT OF STEP BLOCKING UNIT YCO 31
31
BURDEN B VA 2.50
MAIN UNIT VA BURDEN (1 TO 12 VA)
32
CORESPONDING TO RELAY TYPE C VA 12.00
33 TOTAL CT VA BURDEN VA 22.50
34 RELAY RATED CURRENT I Amps 1.00
35 KPV REQUIREMENTS PHASE FAULT Vk Volts 1818.06
36 KPV REQUIREMENTS EARTH FAULT Vx Volts 507.38
POSITIVE SEQ. SYSTEM REACTANCE
37
FOR PHASE FAULT Xs Ohms 36.29
38 SYSTEM X1/R1 RATIO S1 10.00
39 POSITIVE SEQ. SYSTEM RESISTANCE Rs Ohms 3.63
POSITIVE SEQ. LINE REACTANCE
40
UPTO I ZONE REACH XIL Ohms 27.20
POSITIVE SEQ. LINE RESISTANCE UPTO
41
1 ZONE REACH RIL Ohms 2.64
42 X1/R1 RATIO UPTO I ZONE REACH 10.13
ZERO SEQ. SYSTEM REACTANCE FOR
43
EARTH FAULT X0s Ohms 13.83
SYSTEM X0/R0 RATIO UPTO I ZONE
44
REACH S0 10.00
ZERO SEQ. SYSTEM RESISTANCE UPTO
45
I ZONE REACH R0s Ohms 1.38
ZERO SEQ. LINE REACTANCE UPTO I
46
ZONE REACH X01 Ohms 2.32
ZERO SEQ. LINE RESISTANCE UPTO I
47
ZONE REACH R01 Ohms 2.24
48 X0/R0 RATIO 4.46
49 LENGTH OF NEXT LINE L2 KM 10.00
50 TOTAL LENGTH OF LINE IN ZONE Ls 13.50
51 Z0/Z1 RATIO FOR LINE 0.12
52 FINAL CT PARAMETERS
53 CT RATIO (Ip/Is) 600/1
VA BURDEN (TO BE SPECIFIED ONLY IF
54 FORMULA FOR KPV IS NOT AVAILABLE
IN RELAY LITERATURE) 25.00
KNEE POINT VOLTAGE (HIGHER OF Vk
55
& Vs) KPV Volts 1818.00
56 CT RESISTANCE RCT Ohms 6.00
57 MAGNETIZING CURRENT AT Vk/4 Im mA 30.00

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