PINUS

INTODUCTION:
Pinus is the most important genus of the family Pinaceae and is represented by 90-100
species in the world. They usually grow on the slpoes of hills and form dense and extensive
forests of evergreen trees in the north tamperate regions of world and sometime extend
up to the subarctic regions and in the tropical hills.
The species of pinus are of great economic value and the main sources of resins of
various types of woods that are employed as timber. Seeds of some species are a source
of food.

SPECIES OF PINUS IN INDIA

Pinus roxburghii:

It is also known a ‘Chir pine’ and grows in the outer Himalayas from Indus to Bhutan and
1500 to 7500 feet above the level. It is abundant on the eastern Himalayas. It is a tall
tree with stem displaying the excurrent habit and reaches a hight of 50-60 metrs and
varies in diameter from 1.5 to 3 meters. The stem has two types of branches and the
green leaves as the needles are confined only to the dwarf shoots that bear three
needles. The scale leaves occur on the main stem, long shoots and also the dwarf shoots
are brown in colour .The megasporophylls have a distinct hooked beak at the tip of
umbo It is also cultivated in plains as an ornamental.
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 Pinus wallichiana :

It is also known as the blue pine or Kail. It forms pure & mixed forests on hill slopes. At
elevations varrying between 6000 to 11000 feet above sea level. It sometimes grow
with P.roxburaghii at 5000 feet. It extend from Garhwal through Jaunsar, the Shimla
Hills, Rampur Bushair to Kullu, Chamba & Kashmir.
It is a beautiful tree with a diameter of 8-10 feet and a hight of 100-150 feet.

Pinus gerardiana:

It is the Chilgoza Pine whose seeds are sold in the market as Chilgoza or Neoza. Dense
forest of this species occur in Afghanistan above 10000 feet and also in Kashmir. The dwarf
shoots bear three needles.

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Pinus insularis (Khaysa Royal) :

it is also known as Khasi pine and grows only in Khasia and Chittagong hills in Eastern
Himalayas. It also extends into Burma. The trees range in height from 75 feet to 100 feet
and are evergreen with excurrent habit.

Pinus merkusii:

It can be distinguished from other Indian species in possessing two needles per dwarf
shoot. It grows in Burma but extends into India in the eastern parts of Himalayas.

Pinus armandii:

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Pinus armandii has five needles per dwarf shoot.The needles are sharply bent. It is a
chinese spsecies that extends into NEFA region of Assam.
A genral account of the genus is presented below. The main events in the life history
pertain mainly to those of P.roxburaghii and P.wallichiana that have now been throughly
worked out by sethi (1929), Konar (1960) and Konar and Ramchandani (1950).The account
given has been adopted from these works and those of famous authors like chamberlin
(1935), Haupt (1941), Holloway (1937),Florin(1954) and others.

Pinus roxburghii
Scientific classification :
Kingdom - Plantae
Division - Pinophyta
Class - Pinopsida
Order - Pinales
Family - Pinaceae
Genus - Pinus
Sps. - P.roxburaghii

COSERVATION STATUS: LEAST CONCERN (IUCN 3.1)

Pinus roxburghii (commonly known as chir pine or longleaf Indian pine) is a species of pine.
It is native to Himalayas, and was named after William Roxburgh. Chir pine is one of the
most useful tree species in Uttarakhand . It genrally occurs at lower altitudes than other
pines in Himalaya.
Pinus roxburaghii is closely related to the Pinus canariensis (canary island pine), Pinus
brutia (Turbish pine) and Pinus pinastar (maritime pine) which all share many features with
it (Farjon,2011).

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Distribution of pinus roxburghii:-
The native range extends from Tibet and Afghanistan through Pakistan, across northern
India, Nepal and Bhutan to Myanmar. It generally occurs at lower altitudes than other pines
in Himalaya, from 500-2,000 m (1,600-6,600 ft), occasionally up to 2,300 m (7,500ft). In
India, pine forest are found in Uttarakhand, Jammu and Kashmir, Haryana, Himachal
Pradesh, Uttarpradesh, parts of Sikkim, West Bengal and Arunachal Pradesh. The total area
under pine forest estimated to 8,90,000 hectares and occurs between 450m to 2300m
altitude. Chir pine is one of the most useful tree in the Himalayan region.
About 80% of chir pine have been reported to be twisted in Garhwal and Kumaon
region (Kala 2003). The upper limit of gregarious chir forest is about 1950m, though the
species is found scattered on warm aspects up to 2300m (Troup,1921; Mirov,1967)

DESCRIPTION OF CHIR PINE:-

Pinus roxburghii is a large tree reaching 30-50 m with a trunk diameter of up to 2m. The
bark is red brown, thick and deeply fissured at the base of the trunk, thinner and flaky in
the upper crown. It is a relatively non variable species, with constant morphology over the
entire range.
Pinus tree is sporophyte.It is differentiated into roots, stem amd leaves. Typically the stem
displays the excurrent habit. It is tall, stately and straight and is covered with rugged scaly
bark. The main stem is branched. The branchas are of two types(dimorphic).

Long branches & the short dwarf ones :

Long branches: These are the ordinary or normal branches. They continue indefinitely in
active growth by means of an apical bud. They are often called shoots of unlimited growth.
They are covered with brown bud scales. These branches arise as buds in the axils of scale
leaves at the end of each year’s extension growth. They become gradually shorter towards
the apex. Hence the pine tree presents a graceful tapering or pyramidal appearance.
Short branches: In addition to the main branches or long shoots which arise directly from
the trunk there are very numerous branches of limited growth borne on the ordinary
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branches in the axils of scale leaves. They are after called the dwarf shoots or shoots of
limited growth. The dwarf shoot is covered with 10-12 scale leaves.

Leaves:

The leaves are also dimorphic. The leaves are of two types-
The first kind of leaves are the foliage leaves. They are of somewhat unusual type being
long, narrow (acicular), tough & green and are frequently known as “Pine needles”.
There surface is smooth. They are not borne on the ordinary branches but appear only on
dwarf shoots in clusters of three (P. roxburghii). The dwarf shoots bearing foliage leaves are
known as “spurs”. The needles are straight on young shoots but spread outwards or drop
down in older shoots.
Secondly there are the scale leaves. They are brown membraneous and are protective in
function. The scale leaves are the only ones borne on the long branches. They are found on
dwarf shoots as well. The scale leaves on the dwarf shoots are called cataphylls and possess
a distinct midrib ( Tiwari, D.N., 1994)

Roots: The primary root persists and forms a typical elongated top root. The root hairs are
not well developed. They are developed on the young roots but soon disappear. As the root
system becomes fully developed the new young branches remain short and undergo
frequent forking so that clusters of small rootlets are found. These are the mycorrhizal
roots.
The mycorrhizal roots differ from the normal roots in the following respects-
1. They are short and thick.
2. They lack root hair.
3. They are more extensively branched or occasionally unbranched.
4. They lack root caps.
5. They are covered with fungal hyphae.

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Cones: Cones are of two type-

Female cone Male cone

Female cone (Ovulate cone)- Borne on the upper branches of the tree, in axils of scale
leaves either singly or in groups of 2-4. Female cones are seen in Feburary and get
pollinated within 3-4 months.
Male cone (Staminate cone)- Borne on the lower branches in the axils of scale leaves.
Appear on the month of January (in plains) and March (in hills) reaching maturity with 2-3
months. Can be seen the Clusters just behind the shoot apex.

Seeds: Seeds are naked (not closed in fruits) and winged. The seeds are rich in fats and
proteins and are eaten as food

Seeds of Chir pine

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 ECOLOGY:-

Pinus roxburghii forest, ALMORA

Usually, the accumulating carpet of needles on the forest floor under these trees makes it
unsuitable (unfavourable condition) for many common plants and trees to grow. The most
common trees which are able to grow in this environment are Rhododendron, banj oak
(Quercus leucotrichophora) and trees from the Ericaceae families (known locally as eonr and
lodar). This could possibly be due to the relative immunity from fire that the thick bark of
these species gives them. The Himalayan stinging nettle is another plant which seems to
thrive well under this tree .

The caterpillars of the moth Batrachedra silvatica are not known from foodplants other
than chir pine. The white-bellied heron, a large heron is known to roost in chir pine.

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 LIFE CYCLE OF PINUS :-

Life cycle of pinus

The life cycle of pinus displays the alternation of generation. The sporophyte phase is of
long duration and is represent by the hug pine tree which bears the staminate & ovulate
cones. The staminate cone produces pollen grains in the pollen sacs on the
microsporophylls. The female cone produces megaspores one in each ovule borne on the
upper surface of the ovuliferous scale. Since meiotic divisions occur at the time of the
differentiation of the pollen grains and megaspores,the latter structure represent the
second generation -the gametophytes. Both the gametophyles (male & female) in pinus are
further reduced and are parasitic upon the sporophyte. The little micro gametophyte is
carried by the wind to a position in the vicinity of the ovule from where, it is shifted on the
apex of the nucellus. It then pats out a pollen tube which carries the male gametes on to
the archegonia developed at the micropylar end of the female prothallus. The male gamets
unite with the egg in the archegonium to effect fertilization. The fertilized egg is a diploid

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structure. It is the first cell of the further sporophyte. It developes into the embryo which is
the new sporophyte.(Sahni, K.C.,1990).

Indigenous uses of Chir pine in Almora region :-

Field survey : For this study field survey was conduded in a number of villages for
gathering information on the indigenous use of pinus (chir pine). In order to elict specific
knowledge of indigenous chir pine uses and methods, local resource persons were
interviewed separately for the purpose. Qualitative information so gathered was verified by
cross examination with different cross- section of the society.

Result: There are several indigenous use of pine in Almora and Garhwal, of which 10 uses
are most prominant in Almora. There are many other species thriving inside the chir pine
forest.
A number of plant grow inside the pine forests are the source of valuable non
products,several of which are important in local and regional economies. For example
various type of edible mushrooms ( e.g. Agaricus campestris, Canthrellus cibrosius,
Morchella,Polyporous,Sparassis) grow inside the Chir pine forest along with varieties of
lichens.

Table. Nature and frequency of major uses of Chir pine in ALMORA

Major indigenous uses Part used Frequency of use

Quite frequently Sometime Rarely
1. Timber Wood *
2. Fuelwood Wood, bark *
3. Edible and source of oil Seeds *
4. Religious purpose Twigs *
5. Decoration Cones *
6. Treatment of asthma Forest *
7. Pandawa festival Tree *
8. Livestock bedding Leaves *
9. Resin Resin *
10. Lighting Resinous wood *

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  Medicinal uses of chir pine: The turpentine obtained from of all pine tree is
antiseptic, diuretic , rubefacient and vermifuge. It is a valuable remedy used
internally and as a rub & steam bath in the treatment of rheumatic affections.
It is also very beneficial to the respiratory system and so is useful in treating disease of
mucous membrane and respiratory complaints such as cough, cold, influenza and TB.
Externally it is a very beneficial treatment for a variety of skin complaints, wounds, sores,
burns, boils etc and is used in the form of liniment plasters, poultices, herbal steam baths
and inhalers. The wood is diaphoretic and stimulant. It is useful in treating burning of the
body, cough, fainting and ulcers (Naithani, B.D., 1984)

 Resin:

Resin tapping from Binsar (Almora)

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 Resin tapping collection of resin in drums in Binsar(Almora)
A resin is obtained from the sapwood. Resin tapping has become for an important industry.
Trees are tapped for 3 years and then rested for 3 years. The yield is up to 5.5 kilos per
trees. Olioresins are present in the tissues of all species of pinus, but there are often not
present in sufficient quantity to make their extraction economically worthwhile. The resins
are obtained by tapping the trunk, or by distructive distillation of the wood. In general, tree
from warmer areas of distribution gives the higher yields. Turpentine consists of an average
of 20% of the olioresin and is sparated by distillation. Tupentine has a wide range of uses
including as a solvent for waxes etc, for making varnish, medicinal etc.(Chaudhari 2003).
Resin is the substance left after turpentine is removed. This is used by violinists on
their bows and also in making sealing wax, varnish etc.
Pitch can also be obtained from the resin and is used for water proofing as a wood
preservative etc.

Terpene : The needles contain a substance called Terpene, this is released when rain
washes over the needle and it has a negative effect on the germination of some plants,
including wheat.

Construction: Chir has been classified under ordinary group for structural use and has
been included in IS:883-1970: code of practice for design of structural timber in building. It
is suitable for nailed and bolted timber constructions.

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Railway sleepers: Chir wood is recommended for railway sleepers and included in IS:
10394-1982 specification of wooden sleepers for railway track. Treated sleepers have a life
of about 17 years.

Wooden poles: Chir is classified as Group C for use as single solid and jointed wood
poles for over head power and telecommunication lines. It has been included in IS:876-
1970 specification for use as jointed wooden poles in overhead power and
telecommunication lines.

Door, window and ventilators: Chir is classified as Group species for the manufacture
of door/window/ventilator frames and shutters and included in IS:12896-1990. Indian
timber for door and window shutters and frames classification.

Furniture and cabinet making:

Chir has been classified as Group 3rd species with strength coefficient more than 50 with
respect to teak as 100.

Packing cases and crates: Among coniferous species Chir is preferred for manufacture
of packing cases and crates because of its moderate weight, light colour and nail/screw
holding power (included in IS:6662-1980 Specification for timber species suitable for
wooden packaging). Boxes of chir wood are as good as that of other conventional woods

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used for packing appels and other horticultural produce. Chir pine is also suitable for
manufacture of plywood tea-chest battens (IS:10(Pt.3),1974).

Chir wood is aromatic, antiseptic, deodorant, stimulant and diaphoretic. Its wood paste is
soothing and is used for treating body ulcers (Duster). Roots and knotty stem and branches
wood is used as torch wood by local people.

Pulp and paper making:

Chir pine has long fibers with an average length of 3.6 mm and 0.052 mm diameter. It gives
40-43.5 per cent yield of bleached grade pulp with satisfactory strength properties- having
the highest tear and burst factor amongst the species used for paper manufacture. The
printing paper made from 100 per cent chir pine pulp has good formation and satisfactory
strength properties. The species is also suitable for making electrical insulation paper. In the
present context of supply and demand the residual wood after conversion from saw mills
and factories is well suited for manufacture of white writing and printing paper. As chir is
long fibred, its pulp is admixed with short fibre pulp in paper manufacture. Twisted chir,
which hardly finds any other use, provides a yield of about 53 per cent unbleached pulp
which is used for manufacture of wrapping paper with satisfactory strength.

Pine needle oil:

Used in soaps, bath preparation, room sprays , deodorants etc.

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 Edible parts of Chir pine:

Seeds

Seeds raw or cooked. Seeds are rich in fat and proteins and are eaten as food, not
very nice it has a strong flavour of turpentine . A sweet edible manna exudes from
the bark and twigs it is actually a gum.

Decoration:

Cones

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At present, various shapes of twisted wood are used for decroative items. About 80% of the
chir pine in Kumaun and Garhwal is twisted pine and thus provided varieties of shapes. The
cones of chir pine are generally collected for decoration.

Religious purpose:
The twig of chir pine are used for religious purpose during marriage ceremony. In the
festival ‘pandawa’ in which the local people celebrate the occasion with dance & solongs .
On closing ceremony of the festival a tree of chir pine is uprooted & brought to the village,
which is dorned with various local fruits. Once the celebration is over the fruits are
distributed among the audience, which are considered holy fruits.

Livestock bedding:

Livestock bedding

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In Kumaun region, the needles like leaves of chir pine are used for livestock bedding mostly
during rainy seasons to prevent livestock from contaminated water and so that form
various disease.

Fuelwood: Cops and tops of trees, parts of stem and branches of the species are used as
fuelwood. Calorific value of its sapwood is 4967cal. And that of heart wood 5063cal.
Charcoal made from chir wood is used particularly by blacksmiths for heating iron and
goldsmiths for heating for heating precious metals for making ornaments.

Leather Industry: Bark of chir contains tannin up to 14% and is used in leather industry. Raw
bark is also used as shel wood in making terra-cota articals.

Known hazards of pinus roxburghii:-

 The wood, saw dust and resins from various species of pine can cause dermatitis in
sensitive people.
 Forest fire and biodiversity loss-

Forest fire

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 Pine needles are highly inflammable due to the high concentration of resin in them.
the leaves are needle like, in fascicles of three and range from 20-35cm long, which
provide large surface- to- volume ratios and low surface fuel bulk densities that readily
support surface fire. In summers they burn in no time and fires spread fast to large
swathes of the forest.
The frequent forest fire causes a huge impact on biodiversity which
include:
1. Change in species composition.
2. Loss of micro flora and fauna.
3. Loss of regeneration/plantation areas.
4. Loss of seeds.
5. Change in microclimate resulting in change in floral and faunal patterns.
On the other hand the slow decomposition of the fuel load on the forest floor absorbs
nothing and makes water drain off, adversely affecting soil conservation and at the same
time prevents the development of any undergrowth (Kala,C.P.,2003).
The needles are not edible; the tree does not produce anything that herbivores can eat.

 Reduction in natural springs and ground water table: the ability to intercept rainfall is
very low in the chir pine forest as compare to oak forest. The invasion of the species in
the upper altitudinal areas causes the reduction in the natural springs and ground
water table in the hilly areas.

Diseases of chir pine:-

Some insect pests and fungi attack chir pine at all stages of growth. At the nursery stage the
main diseases are damping off, wilt and needle blight, where as rust and blight are common
disease of old trees. The main disease of the species and their cures are described here
under:
Damping off-
Damping off is highly destructive and takes a heavy toll of seedlings. It is caused by pythium.
Fusarium and rhizoctonia which are soil inhabitants. The seedlings are prone to attack at
different stages of growth and accordingly the disease is termed as pre-emergence and post
emergence damping off and root rot. High temperature , high soil moisture, high soil pH,
high nitrogen content and soil with poor drainage are conductive to disease development.

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The disease has been successfully managed through cultural practices and use of chemicals
such as formalin and fungicides.

Fusarium wilt-
Fusarium oxysporum causes root rot and crown rot of seedlings after transplanting. The
needles of the affected seedlings become pale and finally dried up. The drying process
progresses downwards resulting in the death of seedlings. The disease can be effectively
controlled by drenching soil with 0.2 percent captan or thiram.

Psuedocerocospora needle blight-

pseudocercospora pini-densiflorae has emerged as a major disease in pine nurseries. The
pathogen infects needles producing pale green lesions which later turn brown to grayish
brown. The disease manifests in the lower needles and later progresses upwards. It appears
during July, spreads rapidly from August to September and later declines. Sanitation and
application of dithane M 45 (1%) as foliar spray at triweekly intervals minimizes the
incidence of disease. Strict internal quarantine in warranted to prevent entry of the
pathogen into disease free areas.

Swertia Felt Rust-

Cronartium himalayense- the stem blister rust, is a highly destructive pathogen in young
plantation in Garhwal and Kumaun hills. On chir pine, the disease menifestes with yellow
spots on needles. On stems, the symptoms include exudation of resin and bark splitting
followed by appearance of orange yellow aecial cups. The affected stem and branches are
girdled resulting in death of plants.

Trimmatostroma Neddle Blight-

The disease occurs widely in Uttarakhand. Trees of all ages are affected. The needles appear
pale brown from tip downwards presenting a blighted appearance.

Coleosporium Needle rust-

Coleosporium campanule commonly occurs on chir pine throughout the range of its
distribution. It is a hetroecious and macrocyclic rust alternating between chir pine and
Companula colorota, a weed. The aecia appear on chir needles in November and later
during February-March.

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 Propagation of chir pine:-
It is best to sow the seed in individual pots in a cold frame as soon as it is ripe if this is
possible otherwise in late winter. A sort stratification of 6 weeks at 4 °C can improve the
germination of stored seed. Plant seedlings out into their permanent positions as soon as
possible and protect them for their first winter or two. Plants have a very sparse root
system and the sooner they are planted into their permanent positions when they are quite
small, between 30 and 90 cm. we actually plant them out when they are about 5-10 cm tall.
So long as they are given a very good weed- excluding mulch they establish very well. Larger
trees will check badly and hardly put on any growth for several years. This also badly affects
root development and wind resistance. Cuttings- this method only works when taken from
very young trees less than 10 years old. Use single leaf fascicles with the base of the short
shoot. Disbudding the shoots some weeks before taking the cuttings can help. Cuttings are
normally slow to grow away.

CULTIVATION:-
1. Natural Regeneration It takes places through seeds. Under ordinary forest conditions,
trees less than 30-year old seldom bear cones. The cones begin to open during April-May of
the third year, i.e., about-24 months after their appearance and the seeds get dispersed
during April-July. Under natural conditions, the seeds germinate as soon as sufficient
moisture is available. The germination commences at the beginning of the monsoon. A
number of factors such as light, drought, tonography and soil have considerable influence
upon the extent and quality of natural regeneration (Anonymous, 2003).
2. Artificial Regeneration It is required transplanting nursery-raised seedlings or by direct
sowing. The mature cones are collected from the trees during March-April and are placed in
the hot sun to loosen the scales, and thereafter the seeds are threshed out. The seeds are
sown in the nursery during March-April in shallow drills 15 cm apart. The seedlings arepicked
out in July. One-or two-year old seedlings are usually transplanted at the beginning of the
rains (Anonymous, 2003).

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 CONCLUSION:-

Pinus is the most important multipurpose tree of the family PINACEAE and is
represented by 90-100 species in the world. There are 6 species of pine in India:
PINUS ROXBURGHII, PINUS WALLICHIANA, PINUS GERADIANA,PINUS INSULARIS
(KHSYA ROYLE), PINUS MERKUSII,PINUS ARMANDI.
PINUS ROXBURGHII is one of the most useful tree in Almora (Uttarakhand). Pinus
roxburghii is commonly known as chir pine. It is an evergreen tree and attains
40m hight. The chir pine is widely planted for timber in Almora region. The tree is
also tapped commercially for its resin. When distilled, the resin yields an essential
oil known as turpentine, and non- volatile rosin. The uses of chir pine as a timber
and fuelwood are among few major indigenous uses of this species in Almora. In
kumaun region, the needles like leaves of chir pine are used for livestock bedding
mostly during rainy season to prevent livestock from contaminated water and so
that from various diseases.
The pine tree needles are highly inflammable; this is tha main reason behind the
fire in Uttarakhand forests. Chir pine is prone to insect and fungal damage at all
stages of its growth; seed/cones, seedlings, standing trees and timber. The pine
needles are highly inflammable which readily supports forest fire. Cultivation of
the chir pine does best on north slopes or on good soils.
The present study shows the uses of Chir pine and its significance in the daily life
of local people in Almora.

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 Aknowledgement :-

The completion of this project could not have been possible without an assistance of so
many people.
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher ‘ Dr. Sneh Lata Maurya’,
Assist. Professor of Botany in R.H.P.G College, Kashipur. Who gave me golden opportunity
to do this wonderful project on the topic STUDY ON PINUS ROXBURGHII GROWING IN
ALMORA which also helped me in doing a lot research and I came to know about so many
new things. I am really thankful to her.
With humble respect I also wish to express my thanks and gratitude to all the other staff of
botany department for their constant help during the course of this work.
Finally I would also like to thanks my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing
this project within the limited time frame.

Kavita joshi

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 Certificate:-

This is to certify that Miss Kavita Joshi has worked under my supervision on the project
entitled “Study on Pinus roxburghii growing in Almora region” and completed in a required
attendance.

The project is ready to be submitted for Master’s Degree in Botany (session 2016-2017)

Date-20-7-17 Dr. Sneh Lata Maurya

(Department of Botony )
R.H.G.P.G college , Kashipur

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 CONTENT:-
 PINUS
: INTRODUCTION
: SPECIES OF PINUS

 Pinus roxburghii

 DISTRIBUTION
 DESCRIPTION
 LIFE CYCLE OF PINUS
 ECOLOGY
 IMPACT
o INDIGENOUS USES OF CHIR PINE IN ALMORA
: MEDICINAL USES
: RASIN TAPPING
: OTHER USES
o KNOWN HAZARDS OF CHIR PINE IN ALMORA
 DISEASES OF CHIR PINE
: DAMPING OFF
: FUSARIUM WILT
: PSUEDOCERCOSPORA NEEDLE BLIGHT
: SWERTIA FELT RUST
: TRIMMATOSTROMA NEEDLE BLIGHT
: COLEOSPORIUM NEEDLE RUST
 PROPAGATION OF CHIR PINE
 CULTIVATION OF CHIR PINE

 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCE

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 REFERENCE

Anonymous, 2003.”The Wealth of India”. A Dictionary of Indian Raw Materials

and Industrial Products, Raw Materials, CSIR, Publications and Information
Directorate (PID), New Delhi,P.64-82

Chaudhari, D.C., 1995. “Manual of Rill Method of Resin Tapping From Pinus”.
Forest Research Institute, Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education,
Dehradun,P.268-324

Farjon,2013. “Pinus roxburghii.” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

IUCN,P.145-190

Kala, C.P.2003.”Indigenous uses and Structure of Chir Pine Forest in Uttaranchal

Himalaya”, India,P.347-413.

Mirov, Troup, 1967. “The Genus Pinus”. P.49-70

Naithani, B.D., 1984. “Flora of Chamoli”. Botanical Survey of India, Dehradun,

P.100-254
Sahni, K.C., 1990. “Gymnosperm of india and Adjacent Countries”. Dehradun
,India, P.140-180

Tiwari, D.N., 1994. “A Monograph on Chir Pine (Pinus roxburghii)”. Indian

Council of Forestry Research & Education,Dehradun, P.311-454

25
 Project on
Study on Pinus roxburghii growing in Almora

Submitted for

PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF MASTER’S DEGREE OF SCIENCE

(BOTANY)
Kumaun University, Nanital (Uttarakhand)
Session 2016-2017

Submitted by-
KAVITA JOSHI
R.H.G.P.G.College,
Kashipur (U.S.Nagar)
Pin- 244713

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