MONARCH

Y
-originated in Scotland
-the Stuarts ruled in the transitive period in European History between Middle
Ages and Renaissance
-founded by Robert II (1316-1390) , from 14th to 1707 (the UNION with England)
=====KINGS AND QUEENS OF SCOTS
-Stuart -> Stewart, modified in Stuart when Mary, Queen of Scots was brought up
in France in French spelling ( French can’t pronounce “w”, they would pronounce
it like “v”, like Germans and they used “u”)
- son of Mary, James VI inherited after Elizabeth’s death(1603) the England and
Ireland throne and the Scottish one, of course
-they were monarchs of British Isles and its growing empire, except the period of
Commonwealth(1649-1660) until the death of Queen Anne of Great Britain(1714)
- 9 monarchs ruled Scotland alone(1371-1603) until James VI inherited England
and Ireland in the Union of the Crowns.
-after Glorious Revolution, two Stuart queens ruled the isles: Mary II and Anne,
and after the death of Queen Anne , the last ruler of the Stuarts’ monarchy, the
crown was given to House of Hanover because of the inexistent heirs.
The House of Stuart, originally Stewart, was a European royal house that originated in Scotland. The
dynasty's patrilineal, putatively Breton ancestors had held the office of High Steward of Scotland since
the 12th century, after arriving by way of Norman England. The royal Stewart line was founded by Robert
II, and they were Kings and Queens of Scots from the late 14th century until the union with England in
1707. Mary, Queen of Scots, was brought up in France, where she adopted the French spelling of the
name, Stuart. Her son, James VI of Scotland, inherited the thrones of England and Ireland upon the
death of Elizabeth I in 1603. Except for the period of the Commonwealth, 1649–1660, the Stuarts were
monarchs of the British Isles and its growing empire, until the death of Queen Anne in 1714.

In total, nine Stewart/Stuart monarchs ruled Scotland alone from 1371 until 1603. James VI of Scotland
then inherited the realms of Elizabeth I of England, becoming James I of England and Ireland in the
Union of the Crowns. Following the Glorious Revolution in 1688, two Stuart queens ruled the isles: Mary
II and Anne. Both were the Protestant daughters of James VII and II by his first wife. Their father had
converted to Catholicism and his new wife gave birth to a son in 1688, who would be brought up a
Roman Catholic and would precede his half-sisters; so James was deposed by Parliament in 1689, in
favour of his daughters. But neither had any children who survived to adulthood, so under the terms of
the Act of Settlement 1701 and the Act of Security 1704, the crown passed to the House of Hanover on
the death of Queen Anne in 1714.

During the reign of the Stuarts, Scotland developed from a relatively poor and feudal country into a
prosperous, modern and centralised state. They ruled during the transitive period in European history
between the Middle Ages, via the Renaissance, to the midpoint of the early modern period. Monarchs
such as James IV were known for sponsoring exponents of the Northern Renaissance such as the poet
Robert Henryson, among others. After the Stuarts reigned over all of Great Britain, the arts and sciences
continued to develop; William Shakespeare wrote many of his best known plays during the Jacobean era,
while institutions such as the Royal Society and the Royal Mail were established during the reign of
Charles II.

Like I said before, the monarchy of the Stuarts was “classified” in two: the monarchs who ruled only in
Scotland, the one who ruled above Monarchs of Great Britain and Ireland.

The Royal House of Stuart became extinct with the death of Cardinal Henry Benedict Stuart, brother of
Charles Edward Stuart, in 1807. Duke Francis of Bavaria is the current senior heir. However, Charles II had
a number of illegitimate sons whose surviving descendants in the male line include Charles Gordon-
Lennox, 11th Duke of Richmond; Henry FitzRoy, 12th Duke of Grafton; Murray Beauclerk, 14th Duke of St
Albans; and Richard Scott, 10th Duke of Buccleuch. In addition, James II's illegitimate son, James
FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick, founded the House of FitzJames comprising two branches, one in France
and one in Spain. The last of the French branch died in 1967; the senior heir of James II's male line
descendants is Jacobo Hernando Fitz-James Stuart, 16th Duke of Peñaranda de Duero.

The sixth High Steward of Scotland, Walter Stewart (1293–1326), married Marjorie, daughter of Robert
the Bruce, and also played an important part in the Battle of Bannockburn gaining further favour. Their
son Robert was heir to the House of Bruce, the Lordship of Cunningham and the Bruce lands of
Bourtreehill; he eventually inherited the Scottish throne when his uncle David II died childless in 1371.

In 1503, James IV attempted to secure peace with England by marrying King Henry VII's daughter,
Margaret Tudor. The birth of their son, later James V, brought the House of Stewart into the line of
descent of the House of Tudor, and the English throne. Margaret Tudor later married Archibald Douglas,
6th Earl of Angus, and their daughter, Margaret Douglas, was the mother of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley.
In 1565, Darnley married his half-cousin Mary, Queen of Scots, the daughter of James V. Darnley's father
was Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox, a member of the Stewart of Darnley branch of the House.
Lennox was a descendant of Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland, also descended from
James II, being Mary's heir presumptive. Thus Darnley was also related to Mary on his father's side and
because of this connection, Mary's heirs remained part of the House of Stuart. Following John Stewart of
Darnley's ennoblement for his part at the Battle of Baugé in 1421 and the grant of lands to him at
Aubigny and Concressault, the Darnley Stewarts' surname was gallicised to Stuart.

Both Mary, Queen of Scots, and Lord Darnley had strong claims on the English throne, through their
mutual grandmother, Margaret Tudor. This eventually led to the accession of the couple's only child
James as King of Scotland, England, and Ireland in 1603. However, this was a Personal Union, as the
three Kingdoms shared a monarch, but had separate governments, churches, and institutions. Indeed,
the personal union did not prevent an armed conflict, known as the Bishops' Wars, breaking out
between England and Scotland in 1639. This was to become part of the cycle of political and military
conflict that marked the reign of Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland, culminating in a series of
conflicts known as the War of the Three Kingdoms. The trial and execution of Charles I by the English
Parliament in 1649 began 11 years of republican government known as the English Interregnum.
Scotland initially recognised the late King's son, also called Charles, as their monarch, before being
subjugated and forced to enter Cromwell's Commonwealth by General Monck's occupying army. During
this period, the principal members of the House of Stuart lived in exile in mainland Europe. The younger
Charles returned to Britain to assume his three thrones in 1660 as "Charles II of England, Scotland and
Ireland", but would date his reign from his father's death eleven years before.

In feudal and dynastic terms, the Scottish reliance on French support was revived during the reign of
Charles II, whose own mother was French. His sister Henrietta married into the French royal family.
Charles II left no legitimate children, but his numerous illegitimate descendants included the Dukes of
Buccleuch, the Dukes of Grafton, the Dukes of Saint Albans and the Dukes of Richmond.

Monument to the Royal Stuarts in St. Peter's Basilica – Work of Antonio Canova.

These French and Roman Catholic connections proved unpopular and resulted in the downfall of the
Stuarts, whose mutual enemies identified with Protestantism and because James VII and II offended the
Anglican establishment by proposing tolerance not only for Catholics but for Protestant Dissenters. The
Glorious Revolution caused the overthrow of King James in favour of his son-in-law and his daughter,
William and Mary. James continued to claim the thrones of England and Scotland to which he had been
crowned, and encouraged revolts in his name, and his grandson Charles (also known as Bonnie Prince
Charlie) led an ultimately unsuccessful rising in 1745, ironically becoming symbols of conservative
rebellion and Romanticism. Some blame the identification of the Roman Catholic Church with the Stuarts
for the extremely lengthy delay in the passage of Catholic emancipation until Jacobitism (as represented
by direct Stuart heirs) was extinguished; however it was as likely to be caused by entrenched anti-
Catholic prejudice among the Anglican establishment of England. Despite the Whig intentions of
tolerance to be extended to Irish subjects, this was not the preference of Georgian Tories and their
failure at compromise played a subsequent role in the present division of Ireland.[citation needed.

Mary, the only surviving legitimate child of King James V, was six days old when her father died and she
acceded to the throne. She spent most of her childhood in France while Scotland was ruled by regents,
and in 1558, she married the Dauphin of France, Francis. He ascended the French throne as King Francis
II in 1559, and Mary briefly became queen consort of France, until his death in December 1560.
Widowed, Mary returned to Scotland, arriving in Leith on 19 August 1561. Four years later, she married
her first cousin, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley and in June 1566 they had a son, James.

In February 1567, Darnley's residence was destroyed by an explosion, and he was found murdered in the
garden. James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, was generally believed to have orchestrated Darnley's
death, but he was acquitted of the charge in April 1567, and the following month he married Mary.
Following an uprising against the couple, Mary was imprisoned in Loch Leven Castle. On 24 July 1567 she
was forced to abdicate in favour of her one-year-old son. After an unsuccessful attempt to regain the
throne, she fled southwards seeking the protection of her first cousin once removed, Queen Elizabeth I
of England. Mary had once claimed Elizabeth's throne as her own, and was considered the legitimate
sovereign of England by many English Catholics, including participants in a rebellion known as the Rising
of the North. Perceiving her as a threat, Elizabeth had her confined in various castles and manor houses
in the interior of England. After eighteen and a half years in custody, Mary was found guilty of plotting to
assassinate Elizabeth in 1586. She was beheaded the following year at Fotheringhay Castle.

In 1603, he succeeded the last Tudor monarch of England and Ireland, Elizabeth I, upon her death
without issue. He continued to reign in all three kingdoms for 22 years, a period known after him as
the Jacobean era, until his death in 1625 at the age of 58. After the Union of the Crowns, he based
himself in England (the largest of the three realms) from 1603, only returning to Scotland once in 1617,
and styled himself "King of Great Britain and Ireland". He was a major advocate of a single parliament for
England and Scotland. In his reign, the Plantation of Ulster and British colonisation of the Americas
began.

There was no free schooling for ordinary children, but in the towns and cities small local private schools
were opened for the benefit of the boys of the middle classes, and a few were opened for girls. The rich
and the nobility relied on private tutors. Private schools were starting to open for young men of the
upper classes, and universities operated in Scotland and England. The University of Oxford and the
University of Cambridge provided some education for prospective Anglican ministers, but otherwise had
academic standards well below their counterparts in Scotland.

Historians have looked at local documents to see how many men and women used their signature and
how many used X's. Literacy rates were very low before 1500, but grew steadily in the next three
centuries, with men twice as likely to be literate as comparable women. In 1500, literacy rates for
women were 1%; by 1560 they had reached 5%; by 1640 about 10%; by 1710 about 25% (versus 50% for
men). Two forces were at work: Protestant religion called for the ability to read the Bible, and changing
social and economic conditions. For example, towns grew rapidly, providing jobs in retailing in which
literacy was a distinct advantage.

IDEI PRINCIPALE:
1. The Stuarts ruled over Scotland for 232 years and then in 1603, James VI became the king of
Great Britain and Northern Island.

2. There was this continous fight between England and Scotland in The Stuarts Period.

3. Mary Queen of Scots was the first legitimate queen of Scotland.

4. James VI