20.

Contemporary problems of international society include:

A.Enormous economic inequality across the
globe B.The European origins of international society
C.The continuance of security dilemmas D.All of the above
Ans- a

21. What was the principle of selfdetermination

in Wilson's 14 points?
A.That each 'people' should enjoy selfgovernment
over its
sovereign nation state B.That a state can take over territory if it sees it as necessary
for its national interest
C.The pursuit of national economic selfsufficiency
D.That members of the League of Nations world take an
attack on a member as an attack on them all

ans- a

22. How might the Treaty of Versailles have contributed to World War II?
A.It was too, hard economically on Germany B.
The principle of self determination was not applied to
Germany and the consequent territorial arrangements were
harsh
C.It bequeathed Germany's legitimate grievances D.All of the above

Ans- d

23. What significant domestic events occurred in the USSR between the wars?
A.The Bolshevik revolution under Stalin B.Stalin came to power concentrating on socialism and
introduced the first five year plan
C.Lenin concluded a separate peace treaty with Germany D.None of the above

Ans- b

24. What was the Manchurian Crisis?

A.China slipped into civil war as Guomindang Nationalists
fought Mao Zedong's Communist party B.
Japan occupied Manchuria and established Manchuguo.
The League of Nations took no forcible action against
Japan thereby failing to deter future imperial expansion
C.Japan failed to get racial equality written into the Treaty of
Versailles D.Japan suffered from an earthquake in 1923 resulting in a
hundred thousand deaths

ans- b
25. Which of the following contributed to war in Asia and the Pacific?
A.US provided China with military assistance B.US cancelled its 1911 trade agreement with
Japan
C.Japan sought to acquire territories in SouthEast
Asia D.All of the above

Ans- d

26. What was 'appeasement'? Was it a good policy?

A.
A policy of making concessions to Germany in hopes that
settlement of more modest claims will calm that state's
expansionist appetites. It was a good policy
B.A policy that people should appease themselves through
selfdetermination.
It was a good policy
C.
A policy of making concessions to Germany in hopes that
settlement of more modest claims will calm that state's
expansionist appetites. It was not a good policy
D.A policy that people should appease themselves through
selfdetermination.
It was not a good policy

Ans- c

27. What is Lebensraum?

A.Living space i.
e. Aryan Germans must expand eastward
and fulfill its racial and historical destiny as the fittest race B.A place where Hitler's targets of
oppression convened
C.The belief that Aryan Germans are the most superior race D.None of the above

Ans- a

28. Total War refers to:

A.The US dropping of the atomic bomb on Japan B.How the two world wars were not only
global in scale but
the pursuit of unconditional surrender from opponents
C.The pursuit of national economic selfsufficiency
D.The dues owed by the vanquished nations to their
victorious former enemies

ans- b

29. Autarky refers to:

A.The dues owed by the vanquished nations to their
victorious former enemies B.The policy of making concessions to a revanchist state
C.The pursuit of national economic selfsufficiency
D.All of the above

Ans- c

30- How did World War II alter the global balance of power?
A.From Germany to France B.From Germany and USSR to Japan
C.To the USSR D.To the US

Ans- d

31. Which country is a former British colony?

A.Mozambique B.Ethiopia
C.Vietnam D.Burma

Ans- d

32. What was/were the major Third World revoltion(s) between 19741980?
A.Khmer Rouge takes Phnom Penh (Cambodia 1975) B.Sandanistas take Managua (Nicaragua
1979)
C.Oathet Lao takes over (Laos 1975) D.All of the above

Ans- d

33. When do you think the Cold War can be said to have really begun?
A.The Russian revolution of 1917 B.Between 194550
C.Depends on the historian D.None of the above

Ans- c

34. How did the emergence of nucler technology change the face of world politics?
A.It resulted in the Cuban Missile Crisis B.Led to an arms race
C.It led to various international crises in which there was
risk of nuclear war D.All of the above

ans- d

35. What period is known as the 'second cold war'?

A.1979-1986
B.1979-1989
C.1974-1989
D.1974-1986

Ans- a
36. What is meant by detente?
A.Relaxation of tension between North and South (late 1960s
late
1970s) B.Intensification of tension between North and South (late
1960s late
1980s)
C.Relaxation of tension between East and West (late 1960s late
1970s) D.Intensification of tension between North and South (late
1960s late
1980s)

Ans- c

37. What was the major Cold War crisis?

A.The Cuban missile crisis B.The Taiwan Straits crisis
C.The Arab Israeli war D.All of the above

Ans- d

38. Star Wars refers to:

A.Luke Skywalker B.Strategic Defense Initiative
C.Space based nuclear war D.Strategic destruction initiative

Ans- b

39. What was the Non Proliferation Treaty?

A.Those states which possessed nuclear weapons would
commit themselves to halt the arms race B.It banned atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons
C.It reduced strategic arms D.None of the above

Ans- a

40. What is meant by Ostpolitik?

A.
The East German government's 'Western Policy' of the mid
to late 1960s, designed to develop relations between West
Germany and members of the Warsaw pact
B.
The East German government's 'Eastern Policy' of the mid
to late 1960s, designed to develop relations between West
Germany and members of the Warsaw pact
C.Statement by Soviet foreign ministry that countries of
Eastern Europe were 'doing it their way' D.Statement by Soviet foreign ministry that East
Germany
was 'doing it their way'

ans- b

41. What did Stalin mean by 'Socialism in One Country'?

A.The essential unity of Europe through communism B.Global peace through socialism
C.
Justification for USSR's departure from the Marxist view
that socialism in the USSR could only succeed in
conjunction with socialist revolutions in advanced
countries
D.
Justification for USSR's departure from the Lenisist view
that socialism in the USSR could only succeed in
conjunction with socialist revolutions in the US

ans- c

42. The key structural element(s) of the cold war is/are:

A.Political and military rivalry between US and USSR B.Ideological conflict between capitalism
and communism
C.Extension of superpower conflict to the third world D.All of the above

Ans- d

43. In what ways was the end of the cold war (198991)
significant?
A.It marked the beginning of the rise of China B.Important changes took place at the level of the
NationState
C.It modified the roles for International organizations D.(b) and (c)

Ans- d

44. Which of the following was an 'internal' reason for the collapse of the USSR?
A.Freedom of worship B.Structural weaknesses in the economy
C.New joint ventures law D.Pressure for ideological conformity

Ans- b

45. What was the Brezhnev doctrine?

A.Limited sovereignty for eastern bloc nation B.Full sovereignty for soviet bloc nations
C.A way through which eastern bloc nations could facilitate
reform D.None of the above
ans- a

46. Which of the following led to the seemingly quick collapse of the USSR?
A.Increasing dissent from the Polish union Solidarity B.Gorbachev's abandonment of the
Brezhnev doctrine
C.Failed attempts of Eastern European leaders to stem the
tide of revolution in 1989 by installing new personnel D.All of the above

ans- b

47. Why did Gorbachev abandon the Brezhnev doctrine?

A.He thought that the suppression of Eastern Europe would
be inconsistent with his domestic reforms B.His credibility at home was failing
C.He wished to end the division in Europe of the above D.All of the above

Ans- d

48. What is Pax Americana?

A.An American missile B.Peace through American power
C.Russian for 'defeat America' D.None of the above

Ans- b

49. What does Francis Fukuyama mean by 'the end of history'?

A.The triumph of economic and political liberalism B.Convergence between capitalism and
socialism
C.End of ideology D.All of the above

Ans- a

50. What does liberal optimism about the postcold

war era rest on?
A.That democracies do not go to war with one another B.That institutions can overcome the
logic of anarchy
C.That modern capitalism binds states closely together D.All of the above

Ans- d

51. Realists are realists because:

A.They are realistic B.They believe they have more historically rooted analysis
about the international system
C.They believe that conflict is cultural and not ideological or
economic D.They believe that the structures of hegemony established
in one era still remain intact
ans- b

52. What is 'market Stalinism'?

A.Shutting down free markets like Stalin would B.The coupling of communism and capitalism
specific to
China
C.The term used to describe US's economic relation with
China D.None of the above

Ans- b

53. What have been the main consequences of the Asian economic crisis of 1997?
A.It shook political norms to the core and in some cases led
to change in government B.It undermined the attractiveness of East Asis prosperity
C.It championed the liberal model of individualism and
choice over traditionalism, community, and hierarchy D.All of the above

ans-d

54. How has the end of the cold war (arguably) exacerbated the north south divide?
A.It brought less developed countries under the control of the
west and its economic institutions B.It led to a reduction in foreign aid
C.It made it difficult for 'third world' countries to exploit the
superpower rivalry for their own benefit D.All of the above

ans- d

55. Peruvian economist De Soto suggests:

A.That capitalism is the only way forward for developing
countries B.That capitalism has triumphed in the west but failed
elsewhere
C.That developing countries are in the state they are for not
having paid attention to the IMF D.None of the above

ans- b

56. September 11 was seen to be:

A.The day the postcold
war era effect came to an end B.A savage protest by the dispossessed against US
hegomony
C.The day the world started paying attention to the
developing world D.Both (a) and (b)

ans- d
57. What is meant by unipolarity?
A.A polarized university B.The nation that the US has now become and is likely to
remain the only major power in the world
C.The nation that the US is spreading its reach as an 'empire' D.Both (b) and (c)

Ans- b

58. What is the Realist image of the state?

A.The state is the most important factor of international
politics and sovereignty is its distinguishing trait B.The state will always seek to ensure its
survival in a
perilous' international environment
C.The state behaves morally and in accordance to what its
population's values are D.Both (a) and (b)

ans- d

59. How is the 'national interest's defined/determined by Realists?

A.States define national interest depending on what its
people's priorities are B.States prioritize national interests insofar as they guarantee
the state's survival
C.Realists see national interest as homologous to regional
interests D.National interest is determined by its degree of economic
profitability

ans- b

60. How does Realism understand the concept of power?

A.Power is based on economic strength B.Power is a relational concept
C.Power is a relative concept D.Both (b) and (c)

Ans—d

61. How important is the security dilemma for realist understandings of world politics?
A.Very important, as it determines how, or if, a balance of
power emerges B.Very important, as it determines if balance of power
emerges naturally or must be constructed
C.Important, but not crucial to realist understandings of
world politics D.Both (a) and (b)

and- d

62. What is understood by 'survival'?

A.The need to provide shelter, nutrition and education in a
state B.It is the supreme national interest to which all political
leaders must adhere
C.The primary objective of all states D.Both (b) and (c)

Ans- d

63. Realists are:

A.Advocates of aggressive foreign policy and war B.Supporters of war when it is necessary to
further a rational
understanding of the national interest
C.Concerned with economic development only D.Afraid terrorism will make the world a less
secure place

Ans- b

64. What is the state of war?

A.A state that is aggressive and always building up its
military B.
The conditions when there is no actual conflict but a
permanent cold war that could become a 'real' war at any
time
C.A situation in which several or neighboring states are at
war D.None of the above

ans- b

65. What are the reasons to think that the 21st century will be a realist century?
A.Africa is still plagued by civil conflict B.Europe continues to be divided by national interests
C.Human rights assumptions are increasingly seen as a
Western agenda backed by economic dollars and military
D.Both (b) and (c)

And- d

66. The claims of liberalism are:

A.All citizens are juridically equal and have equal rights to
education, access to free press, religious tolerance B.The legislative assembly of the state possess
only those
powers vested in it by the people
C.Liberty of the individual is the right to own property
including productive forces D.All of the above

ans- d

67. Neoliberals
share with neorealists
their belief in:
A.The anarchic international structure and centrality of statesB.Theory of international regimes
C.That anarchy does not mean durable patterns of
cooperation are impossible D.All of the above

ans- a

68. According to David Held what would a 'comopolitan model of democracy' entail?
A.The creation of regional parliaments B.
Human rights conventions must be entrenched into
national parliaments and monitored by a new International
Court of Human Rights
C.
Reform and/or replacement of the UN with a more
accountable global parliaments and monitored by a new
International Court of Human Rights
D.All of the above

Ans- d

69. Radical liberals place importance on:

A.The civilizing capacity of global civil society B.Rule of law and institutions
C.International laws D.All of the above

Ans-a

70. Define Collective Security

A.Each state in a system abides by international law B.
Each state in a system accepts that security for one is
security for all and agrees to join in a collective response
to aggression
C.Each state in a system contributes to collective security by
maximizing its security selfinterest
D.None of the above

Ans- b

71. The idea of 'Democratic Peace' is:

A.A central plank of liberal internationalist thought B.That liberal polities exhibit restraint in
their relations with
other liberal polities
C.That liberal polities are imprudent in relations with
authoritarian states D.All of the above

ans—d

72. Why has the neoneo

debate dominated international theory?
A.The debate has not dominated international theory? B.
Because it represents a debate between paradigms that
define an agenda for research, policymaking, the field of
study
C.Because academics want to keep the debate alive by
inventing new theories D.None of the above

ans—b

74. What are the core assumptions of neorealists?

A.The structure of the system is a major determinant of actor
behaviour B.States are rational factors, selecting strategies to maximize
benefits and minimize losses
C.The most critical problem presented by anarchy is survival D.All of the above

Ans—d

75. What are the core assumptions of neoliberals?

A.States seek to maximize absolute gains through
cooperation B.The greatest obstacle to cooperation is cheating C.States will shift loyalty to
institutions if they are seen as
mutually beneficial and if they provide states with
increasing opportunities to secure their international
interests
D.All of the above

Ans—d

76. Why are gametheoretic

approaches so suited to 'neoneo'
work?
A.Because gametheoretic
approaches are easier to
understand B.Gametheoretic
approaches are not suited to realist work
C.
Because this approach allows an analysis of relative and
absolute gains, which is a central point of the 'neoneo'
debate
D.None of the above

Ans—c

77. What are the three types of liberalism?

A.Liberalism, neoliberalism
and postliberalism
B.Northern liberalism, southern liberalism and
compassionate liberalism
C.Commercial liberalism, republican liberalism and
sociological liberalism D.Neoliberal
internationalism, sociological liberalism,
liberal institutionalism

ans--- c

78. What is left out of the 'neoneo'

debate?
A.The role of domestic politics B.The possibility leaders learn from their experiences
C.Political globalization and the shift of political activity
away from the state D.All of the above

ans—d

79. What is globalization according to Waltz?

A.A great opportunity for free trade to expand in the world B.A fad of the 1990s
C.The new international order D.A force that causes states to lose control over their
Institutions

Ans—b

80. What is the materialist conception of history?

A.Processes of historical change are a reflection of the
economic development of a society B.Processes of economic change are based in history
C.Processes of historical change are based in class war D.None of the above

Ans—a
81. What is the relationship between base and superstructure?
A.The change in the economic base of a society leads to the
change in superstructure B.The change in superstructure leads to the change in the
economic base of a society
C.Both (a) and (b) D.Neither (a) nor (b)

Ans—a

82. Immanuel Wallerstein argues:

A.There are two types of world systems: worldempires
and
world economies B.The modern world system is a world economy
C.The world system has a core, semiperiphery
and
periphery D.All of the above
ans—d

83. Antonio Gramsci's view of power is:

A.It comes out of a barrel of a gun B.It is a mixture of coercion and consent
C.It is purely economic D.None of these

Ans--- b

84. Gramsci shifted the focus of Marxist analysis through which of the following ideas?
A.Hegemony is a product of the lack of class conflict B.
That consents for a particular social and political system
was produced and reproduced through the operation of
hegemony
C.Both (a) and (b) D.None of the above

Ans—b

85. According to critical theorists, what is 'emancipation'?

A.A reconciliation with power B.Humanity gaining power over nature
C.A reconciliation with nature D.None of the above

Ans—c

86. What are the main concerns of the members of the Frankfurt School?
A.The social basis and nature of authoritarianism B.The structure of the family
C.The concepts of reason and rationality D.All of the above

Ans—d

87. Marxist see globalization as:

A.An anomaly in the history of the development of
capitalism B.A part of longterm
trends in the development of
capitalism
C.Something to be prevented D.None of the above

Ans--- b

88. According to Robert Keohane, what is the greatest weakness of the reflective schools?
A.The lack of a clear reflective program that could be
employed by students of world politics B.The lack of quantitative evidence to prove their
assertions
C.The lack of qualitative data to prove their assertions D.None of the above
Ans—a

89. Which background factors sponsor the rise of constructivism?

A.The rise of liberalism B.
The end of the cold war, which triggered the prominence of
nontraditional
security issues, transnationalism, human
rights
C.The rise of Islam D.None of the above

Ans—b

91. How did constructivism offer new insight into the study of international relations?
A.It focused on the decisionmakers
and their backgrounds B.It looked at how diplomatic institutions are constructed
C.It demonstrated how attention to norms and states
identities could help uncover previously neglected D.None of the above

ans—b

92. What is social theory concerned with?

A.It is concerned with the interaction of individuals with
international agents B.It is concerned with how to conceptualise the relationship
between agents and structures
C.It is concerned with the way government structures
determine social and individual behaviour D.All of the above

ans--- b

93. What are stories about of diffusion?

A.
Explanations about how particular organizational models,
practices, norms, strategies, or beliefs spread within a
population
B.Ides of how an ideology becomes widespread
C.An obscure mechanical problem in automobiles D.None of the above

Ans—a

94. What are the causes of diffusion of social institutions?

A.Coercion and strategic competition B.Formal and informal pressures: symbolic or economic
C.Recommendation of professional associations and expert
communities D.All of the above

ans—d
95. What are the three stages of the life cycle of norms?
A.Norm imposition, norm rejection, norm decline B.Norm emergence, norm rejection, norm
internalisation
C.Norm emergence, norm climax, norm decline D.None of the above

Ans- b

96. In yecent years which of the following developments have undermined realism?
A.Neoliberal institutionalism B.Globalization
C.Positivism D.All of the above

Ans – d

97. Theories can be distinguished according to whether they are:

A.Explanatory or constitutive B.Foundational or antifoundational
C.Liberal or antiliberal
D.Both (a) and (b)

Ans—d

99. Contemporary historical sociology looks at:

A.How societies developed before the middle ages B.Interaction between states, classes,
capitalism and war
C.It does not look at feminism and postmodernism
D.Both (a) and (b)

Ans—b

100. The key distinction in normative theory is between:

A.Cosmopolitanism and communitarianism B.Cosmopolitanism and post modernism
C.Feminism and post modernism D.Communitarianism and post modernism

Ans--- a

101. Postcolonial
feminists:
A.Work on gender, race and class on a global scale B.Look into how femininity is constructed
C.Suggest that liberal feminists have in some cases been
cultural imperialists D.Both (a) and (c)

ans---d

102. Foucault focuses on the powerknowledge

relationship and sees the two as:
A.Independent B.Mutually constitutive
C.Contradictory D.None of the above

Ans--- b

103. Derrida argues that:

A.The world can be grasped using a rationalist approach B.The world cannot be grasped but has
to be interpreted
C.The world is inexplicable D.The view of the world depends on your position in society

Ans—b

104. How do postmodernists

react to the criticism that their theories are too theoretical and not concerned with the real world?
A.In the social world there is no such thing as real B.It doesn't matter that it's too theoretical
C.Theory is the instrument of change D.None of the above

Ans--- a

105. Edward Said argues in his book Orientalism:

A.That knowledge and material power can be separated but
only be those from the Orient B.That knowledge and material power cannot be separated
C.That Western culture was fundamentally interttwined with
imperialism and hegemonically represented the 'East' D.Both (b) and (c)

ans—d

106. What is meant by national security?

A.Security of a country defined in socioeconomic terms B.Security largely defined in militarized
terms
C.Security based on a country's domestic politics D.None of the above

Ans—b

107. Why is 'uncertainty' so crucial to the realist account of security?

A.Because it causes the system to be anarchic B.Because it leads to lack of trust in the
international system
C.Because it changes the balance of power in the
international system D.None of the above

ans—b

108. What is the main role of the World Bank?

A.To be a forum for trade and liberalization B.To assist countries in drvelopment
C.To facilitate private investment around the world D.All of the above
Ans—b

109. What is meant by the Washington Consensus?

A.The consensus in Washington about matters of foreign
policy B.The ten point guideline to liberal economic reform for
development around the world
C.The ten point guideline for economic growth in Europe D.The ten point neoliberal
guideline for progress in the US

ans--- b

110. Why do states undertake protectionist measures?

A.To assist private in vestment B.To keep competitive foreign goods from flooding the
market
C.To keep stable exchange rates D.All of the above

Ans—b

111. What does structural adjustment involve?

A.Measures to reduce inflation B.Measures to curb government expenditure
C.Deregulation D.All of the above

Ans—d

112. What is the mercantilist view of IPE?

A. The world economy is where states seek to maximize their wealth and independence
relative to other states B. The world economy is an arena of capitalist competition
in which social groups are always in conflict
C. Free trade and free movement of capital shape the policies
of governments and economic factors D. None of the above

ans—a

113. What is Dependency Theory?

A.Economic activity in the richer countries often leads to
serious economic problems in the poorer countries B.Economics development of poorer
countries is positively
dependent on economical growth of richer countries
C.Economic growth is beneficial to all D.None of the above

Ans—a

114. Under what conditions will states create international institutions?

A.For mutual gains B.Only where position relative to other states is not affected
C.
They arise as reflections of identities and interest of states
and groups which are themselves forged though
interactions
D.Depends on the school of thought

Ans—d

115. What does Jus and bellum means?

A.Justice and Beauty B.Justice and Order
C.The principle that states must observe treaties D.Laws of war governing when it is legal to use
force to or
wage war
ans—d

116. What is necessary before a rule can be considered customary international law?
A.Evidence of general state practice B.That it is enshrined in a treaty
C.Evidence that states accept such practice as law D.Both (a) and (c)

Ans—d

117. What are the three levels of institutions in modern international society?
A.States, NGO's, IGO's B.Constitutional institutions, fundamental institutions, and
regimes
C.Local, national and international D.None of the above

Ans—b

118. What are the distinctive characteristics of the modern institution of international law?
A.A peculiar language of reasoning and argument B.Multilateral form of legislation
C.A strong discourse of institutional autonomy D.All of the above

Ans-d

119. How has the nature and scope of international society been conditioned by international
legal instruments?
A.They have defined the nature of legitimate statehood B.Legal instruments have given it a code
of ethics, and a
universal standard of order
C.They have clarified the bounds of rightful state action,
international and domestic D.Both (a) and (c)

ans—d

120. What are the distinctive characteristics of international legal arguments?

A.They tend to be bound by the policies of states B.They are limited to the scope of the
legislation at hand
C.They are rhetorical as well as logical D.Both (b) and (c)
Ans—d

121. What is legal positivism?

A.
The idea that legal rules have legitimacy when from their
logical and practical derivation form a fundamental
'grundnorm'
B.The idea that natural law is no different than positive law,
and that they are interdependent
C.The idea that authority of legal rules comes from their
status as the commands of a sovereign authority D.Both (a) and (c)

ans---d