Lab Manual: Channabasaveshwara Institute of Technology

Channabasaveshwara Institute of Technology
(Affiliated to VTU, Belgaum & Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)

(NAAC Accredited & ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution)
NH 206 (B.H. Road), Gubbi, Tumkur – 572 216. Karnataka.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
LAB MANUAL
(2018 - `19)
COMPUTER PROGRAMMING LABORATORY

18CPL17/27
I SEMESTER
Name : _________________________________________________________________
USN : _________________________________________________________________
Batch : _____________________________ Section: _______________________

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
CONTENTS
Page
Exp No. Title of the Experiment
No.
1 INTRODUCTION 1
Familiarization with programming environment, concept of naming
2 the program files, storing, compilation, execution and debugging. 10
Taking any simple C- code.
PART - A
Develop a program to solve simple computational problems using
3 14
arithmetic expressions and use of each operator leading to simulation
of a Commercial calculator. (No built-in math function)
4 Develop a program to compute the roots of a quadratic equation by 18
accepting the coefficients. Print appropriate messages.
5 Develop a program to find the reverse of a positive integer and check 23
for palindrome or not. Display appropriate messages.
An electricity board charges the following rates for the use of
electricity: for the first 200 units 80 paise per unit: for the next 100
6
units 90 paise per unit: beyond 300 units Rs 1 per unit. All users are
charged a minimum of Rs. 100 as meter charge. If the total amount is 27
more than Rs. 400, then an additional surcharge of 15% of total
amount is charged. Write a program to read the name of the user,
number of units consumed and print out the charges.
7 Introduce 1D Array manipulation and implement Binary search. 30
8 Implement using functions to check whether the given number is 35
prime and display appropriate messages. (No built-in math function)
9 PART - B
Develop a program to introduce 2D Array manipulation and 38
implement Matrix multiplication and ensure the rules of
multiplication are checked.
10 Develop a Program to compute Sin(x) using Taylor series
approximation. Compare your result with the built-in Library 44
function. Print both the results with appropriate messages.
11 Write functions to implement string operations such as compare,
concatenate, string length. Convince the parameter passing 47
techniques.
12 Develop a program to sort the given set of N numbers using Bubble 52
sort.
13 Develop a program to find the square root of a given number N and
execute foe all possible inputs with appropriate messages. Note: 56
Don’t use library function sqrt(n).
14 Implement structures to read, write and compute average marks and
the students scoring above and below the average marks for a class of 59
N students.
15 Develop a program using pointers to compute the sum, mean and
standard deviation of all elements stored in an array of n real 65
numbers.
16 Implement recursive functions for Binary to Decimal Conversion. 69
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
COMPUTER PROGRAMMING LABORATORY

[As Per Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) System]
(Effective from the academic year 2018 -2019)
SEMESTER – I/II
Subject Code 18CPL17/27 CIE Marks 40
Number of Lecture Hours/Week 2 SEE Marks 60
Total Number of Lab Hours 32 Exam Hours 3 Hrs
Credits – 1
Course Learning Objectives :
This course (18CPL17/27) will enable students to:
Write flowcharts, algorithms and programs.
Familiarize the processes of debugging and execution.
Implement basics of C programming language.
Illustrate solutions to the laboratory programs.
Descriptions (if any):
The laboratory should be preceded or followed by a tutorial to explain the approach or
algorithm being implemented or implemented for the problems given.
Note that experiment 1 is mandatory and written in the journal.
Questions related with experiment 1, need to be asked during viva-voce for all experiments.
Every experiment should have algorithm and flowchart be written before writing the
program.
Code should be traced using minimum two test cases which should be recorded.
It is preferred to implement using Linux and GCC.
Laboratory Programs:
Familiarization with programming environment, concept of naming the program files,
1
storing, compilation, execution and debugging. Taking any simple C- code.
PART - A
Develop a program to solve simple computational problems using arithmetic
2 expressions and use of each operator leading to simulation of a Commercial calculator.
(No built-in math function)
Develop a program to compute the roots of a quadratic equation by accepting the
3
coefficients. Print appropriate messages.
Develop a program to find the reverse of a positive integer and check for palindrome or
4
not. Display appropriate messages.
An electricity board charges the following rates for the use of electricity: for the first
200 units 80 paise per unit: for the next 100 units 90 paise per unit: beyond 300 units
Rs 1 per unit. All users are charged a minimum of Rs. 100 as meter charge. If the total
5
amount is more than Rs. 400, then an additional surcharge of 15% of total amount is
charged. Write a program to read the name of the user, number of units consumed and
print out the charges.
6 Introduce 1D Array manipulation and implement Binary search.
Implement using functions to check whether the given number is prime and display
7
appropriate messages. (No built-in math function)
PART - B
Develop a program to introduce 2D Array manipulation and implement Matrix
8
multiplication and ensure the rules of multiplication are checked.
Develop a Program to compute Sin(x) using Taylor series approximation. Compare
9 your result with the built-in Library function. Print both the results with appropriate
messages.
Write functions to implement string operations such as compare, concatenate, string
10
length. Convince the parameter passing techniques.
11 Develop a program to sort the given set of N numbers using Bubble sort.
Develop a program to find the square root of a given number N and execute foe all
12
possible inputs with appropriate messages. Note: Don’t use library function sqrt(n).
Implement structures to read, write and compute average marks and the students
13
scoring above and below the average marks for a class of N students.
Develop a program using pointers to compute the sum, mean and standard deviation of
14
all elements stored in an array of n real numbers.
15 Implement recursive functions for Binary to Decimal Conversion.
Laboratory Outcomes: The student should be able to:
Write algorithms, flowcharts and program for simple problems.
Correct syntax and logical errors to execute a program.
Write iterative and wherever possible recursive programs
Demonstrate use of functions, arrays, strings and structures in problem solving.
Conduct of Practical Examination:
All laboratory experiments, excluding the first, are to be included for practical examination.
Experiment distribution:
o For questions having only one part: Students are allowed to pick one experiment from
the lot and are given equal opportunity.
o For questions having part A and B: Students are allowed to pick one experiment from
part A and one experiment from part B and are given equal opportunity.
Strictly follow the instructions as printed on the cover page of the answer script for breakup
of marks.
Change of experiment is allowed only once and marks allotted for procedure part to be made
zero.
Marks Distribution (Subjected to change in accordance with university regulations)
a). For questions having only one part – Procedure + Execution + Viva-Voce: 15+ 70 + 15 =
100 Marks
b). For questions having part A and B
i. Part A – Procedure + Execution + Viva = 4 + 21 + 5 = 30 Marks
ii. Part B – Procedure + Execution + Viva = 10 + 49 + 11 = 70 Marks
Computer Programming Laboratory 18CPL17/27
INTRODUCTION
Description about Functional block diagram of Computer:

A computer is an electronic device, which mainly performs the four functions as reading,
processing, displaying and storing on data. These functions of a computer system can be carried out by
using the three main units namely input unit, system unit and output unit. The block diagram of a
computer system is as follows:
Fig 1: Block Diagram of a Computer

Notations:
Data and Results flow
Control instructions to other units from control unit
Instructions from memory unit to control unit
System or Central Processing Unit (CPU): is commonly known as “processor” that executes the instructions of a
computer program. It has Control Unit (CU) and Arithmetic & Logical Unit (ALU). These two units perform the
basic arithmetic, logical, and input/output operations.
a) Input unit: is used to enter data and information into a computer. The devices like keyboard, mouse and
scanner are commonly used input devices.
A keyboard is used to enter alphanumeric characters and symbols.
The mouse is used to pick or select a command from the monitor screen.
A scanner is used to scan an image or read a barcode and so on.
b) Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): is a digital circuit that perform arithmetic (Add, Sub, Multiplication,
Division) and logical (AND, OR, NOT) operations. It helps in fast computation of scientific calculations on
floating-point number.
c) Control unit (CU): is the circuitry that controls the flow of information through the processor and
coordinates the activities of the other units within the processor.
Functions of Control unit
Accessing data & instructions from memory unit.
Interpreting instructions
Controlling input and output units
Dept., of CSE, CIT, Gubbi Page 1

Overall supervision of a Computer system

d) Memory Unit (MU): is the unit where all the input data and results are stored either temporarily
or permanently. The CPU memory is also called as memory register. The memory of a computer
has two types:
a. Main Memory / Primary Memory units
i. Random Access Memory (RAM)
ii. Read Only Memory (ROM)
b. Secondary Memory / Auxiliary Memory
e) Output Unit: It is used to display or print results from a computer. Monitor, printer and plotters
are commonly used output devices.
f) Bus: A bus is a collection of wires that carries data/Instructions. It connects physical components
such as cables, printed circuits, CPU, Memory, Peripherals etc., for sharing of Information and
communication with one another. The purpose of buses is to reduce the number of "pathways" needed for
communication between the components, by carrying out all communications over a single data channel.
Types of Buses:
1. System Buses: The system buses are used to transfer the data and instructions between Main
memory (Random Access Memory) and CPU. These are classified into following three types.
Data Bus Address Bus Control Bus

It is used to transfer the data It is used to transfer the It is used to transfer the
between Processor, Memory addresses of data and control signals between CPU,
and I/O devices Instructions stored in memory. Memory and I/O devices.
Bidirectional in nature Unidirectional in nature Unidirectional or

Bidirectional in nature
Fig 2: Types of Buses

2. I/O Buses: The buses which are used to connect all I/O devices with CPU and Memory are called I/O
buses. These are classified into following three types.
PCI Bus ISA Bus USB Bus

PCI stands for Peripheral ISA stands for Industry USB stands for Universal
Component Interconnect Standard Architecture Serial Bus
The motherboard will be This is simple and slowest It helps to connect various
having 3 or 4 PCI bus used in IBM PCs I/O devices like keyboard,
connectors, so that we can mouse, pen drives, printer,
insert various chips. etc.
Fastest and presently more Oldest, simplest and slowest Newest and widely used bus
powerful bus Bus
Dept., of CSE, CIT, GUBBI Page 2

Main Board or Mother Board: Mother Board is a set of Integrated Chips (ICs) which are designed to work
together. It controls the flow of data/instructions within our computer. It is the main board on which other hardware
components are connected to enable the computer system to work as an integrated unit. It consists of sockets, slots,
power connectors and bus.
Chip sets: Chip set is the set of integrated chips that are designed to work together. These set of chips controls the
flow of information on computer. The chips may be controllers for memory, cache, hard drive, key board and
peripherals.
Operating System and its types: An Operating System (OS) is system
software that controls and supervCSEs the hardware components of a
computer system and it provides the services to computer users. Also
called as Resource Manager that manages the resources such as CPU,
Memory, I/O devices, Job/Task/Process etc., a computer cannot run
without it. The major functions of OS includes: CPU Management,
Memory Management, File
Management, Device Management, Process/Task/Job Management
and Security Management.
The primary goal of an OS is to make the computer system convenient and efficient to use. An OS ensures that the
system resources (such as CPU, memory, I/O devices, etc) are utilized efficiently. For example, there may be many
programs residing in the main memory. Therefore, the system needs to determine which programs are active and
which need to wait for some I/O operation.
Some of the examples of Operating Systems:
Windows –XP is an O.S. is used for Personal Computers (PCs) Unix and XENIX are the OSs used for multi-
user computers. Windows 7, Windows 8, Macintosh OS, Fedora, and Android, etc.
Types of Operating Systems: The operating systems are classified into 7 types based on their capability and usage.
Fig 3: Types of OS
Batch Processing Tasking OS: The data is collected into a group called batch and provides only one batch
(one after another) of jobs as input to the computer system at a time. The jobs in a batch are processed on first come
first serve basis. In this type, the process takes place at specified time intervals i.e. weekly or monthly without user
interaction. E.g. Punch cards were using to store the data in batch processing and in payroll preparation in a
business batch processing was helpful.
Single user and single tasking OS: The OS that allows only one program to execute at a time is called
single user single tasking operating system. Using this operating system user can do only one task at a
time. E.g. DOS (Disk Operating System).
Single user and multi tasking OS: The OS that allows a single use to perform more than one task
at a time is called single user multi tasking operating system. While working with the Ms-Word user can
perform other work like print a document, listen music.E.g. Windows-XP, Windows Vista, Windows – 7,
etc.
Multi user and multitasking OS: The O.S. that allows two or more users to use a main computer
system to do more than one task is called multiuser and multitasking operating system.E.g. UNIX is a
multiuser and multitasking operating system.
Multiprocessing OS: The OS that allows multiple programs to be executed by multiple CPUs
(Processors) is called multiprocessing operating system. Super and main frame computers have more than
one CPU and multiprocessing operating system.
Real Time Operating System (RTOS): The OS that is used for real time applications and to carry
out certain calculations within the specified time constraint. This OS is used in applications such as mobile
phones, supporting systems in hospitals, nuclear power plants, oil refining, chemical processing, environmental
applications and air-traffic control systems, disaster management etc.,
Virtual machine OS: Allows several users of a computer system to operate as if each has the only
terminal attached to the computer.
Random Access Memory (RAM): RAM is basically main memory of the computer.
RAM is a semiconductor memory made up of small memory chips that form a memory
module. These modules are installed in the RAM slots on the motherboard of computer.
Every time you open a program, it gets loaded from the hard drive into the RAM. This is
because reading data from the RAM is much faster than reading data from the hard
drive.
Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory (SDRAM): It is an improvement to standard DRAM
because it retrieves data alternately between two sets of memory. This eliminates the delay caused when
one bank of memory addresses is shut down while another is prepared for reading. It is called
"Synchronous" DRAM because the memory is synchronized with the clock speed that the computer's
CPU bus speed is optimized for. The faster the bus speed, the faster the SDRAM can be. SDRAM speed
is measured in Megahertz.
FLASH memory: Flash memory is a type of Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
(EEPROM). The name comes from how the memory is designed -- a section of memory cells can be
erased in a single action or in a "flash.” Flash memory cards used for digital cameras, cellular phones,
networking hardware, and PC cards.
Hard disks: Hard disk is prime unit of storage of the computer. Huge amount of data can be stored and
accessed in few millCSEconds. The hard disk consists of more number of disks arranged in the
cylindrical order, one above another on a spindle.
The read/write heads are attached to single access mechanism
so that they cannot move independently. All read/write heads are
moved together to position that heads on the required track. The hard
disks available today ranges from 200 GB to 2TB and so on. The
present day hard disk ranges from 3600 rpm to more than 10000 rpm
and so on.
Advantages: High storage capacity, high data accessing rate and
permanent storage medium.
Disadvantages: It is not portable.
Optical media: An optical storage media is kind of storage, which is coated with thin metal on which
bits are stored. The data can be stored in to optical storage media or read form the optical storage media.
The devices which perform read or write operation on optical storage media are called
optical storage media. The laser technology is used to read the data or write the data on

optical storage devices.

Examples: CD-ROM, DVD etc.
Compact Disc Read-Only-Memory (CD-ROM): It is a type of optical disc that uses laser technology to
read and write data on the disc. The information stored on CDROM becomes permanent and cannot be
altered. This means that the stored information can only be read for processing.
A CD-ROM uses the round shaped optical disk to store data, applications, games and
audio files. It can store up to 700 MB of data. It has become integral part of every
organization due to its features like reliability, reasonable, storage capacity and easy to
use of carry.
CD-Drive will be with motor to rotate the disks to perform read and write operations. A CD-drive
will
consists of the components like Disc drive, disk drive motor, laser pick up assembly tracking drive and
tracking motor and so on.
Compact Disk Recordable (CD-R): The CD-R allows you to create your own CD.CD-R drives have the
ability to create CDs but they can write data on the disk only once.CD-R technology also called as Write
Once-Read much (WORM) technology. Laser technology is used to write the data on the compact
disk.CD-R drives come in IDE, SCSI and USB models.
Compact Disc Rewritable (CD-RW): CD-RW is an erasable optical disk which is used to write data
multiple times on a disk, CD-RW disks are good for data backup, data archiving or data distribution on
CDs. The disk normally holds 700MB of data. Technology to write data multiple times on a CD was
known as the Phase change Dual (PD) technology. The reflective properties of a CD-RW are different
than regular CD-ROM disks.
Disk or Digital Versatile Disc (DVD-ROM): A DVD is a small optical disk having high density
medium and capable of storing a full-length movie on a single disk. The high density is achieved by
using both sides of the disk, special data-compression technology, and extremely small tracks to store the
data.
Advantages: Storage capacity is more compared to CDs.
Flash Drives (Pen drives): USB flash drives are removable, rewritable, and physically much smaller
drives weighing even less than 30 g. A flash drive consists of a small printed circuit board carrying the
circuit elements and a USB connector, insulated electrically and protected inside a plastic, metal, or
rubberized case which can be carried in a pocket or on a key chain.
Advantages
Data stored on flash drives is impervious to scratches and dust
Mechanically very robust
Easily portable
Have higher data capacity than any other removable media. Compared to
hard drives, flash drives use little power
Flash drives are small and light-weight devices
Flash drives can be used without installing device drivers.

Disadvantages
Can sustain only a limited number of write and erase cycles before the drive fails. Most
flash drives do not have a write-protect mechanism
Flash drives are very small devices that can easily be misplaced, left behind, or otherwCSE lost.
The cost per unit of storage in a flash drive is higher than that of hard disks
Keyboard: A keyboard is the primary input device used in all computers. Keyboard has a group of
switches resembling the keys on an ordinary typewriter machine. Normally keyboard has around 101
keys. The keyboard includes key that allows us to type letters, numbers and various special symbols such
as *, /, [, % etc.
Mouse: The mouse is the key input device to be used in a Graphical User Interface (GUI). The users can
use mouse to handle the cursor pointer easily on the screen to perform various functions like opening a
program or file.
With mouse, the users no longer need to memorize commands, which was earlier a necessity when
working with text-based command line environment such as MS-DOS.
Advantages:
Easy to use; Cheap; Can be used to quickly place the cursor anywhere on the screen Helps to
quickly and easily draw figures
Point and click capabilities makes it unnecessary to remember certain commands
Disadvantages:
Needs extra desk space to be placed and moved easily
The ball in the mechanical mouse needs to be cleaned very often for smooth movements
Printers: The printer is an output device, which is used to get hard copy of the text displayed on the
screen. The printer is an external optional device that is connected to the computer system using cables.
The printer driver software is required to make the printer working. The performance of a printer is
measured in terms of Dots Per Inch (DPI) and Pages Per Minute (PPM) produced by the printer.
Plotters: A plotter is similar to printer that produces hard-copy output with high-quality color graphics.
Plotters are generally more expensive than printers, ranging from about $1000 to $75000.
Problem Solving Techniques:

The process of working through details of a problem to reach a solution. There are three approaches to
problem solving:
1. Algorithm
2. Flowchart
3. Pseudo Code
Algorithm: The algorithm is a step-by-step procedure to be followed in solving a problem. It provides a

scheme to solve a particular problem in finite number of unambiguous steps. It helps in implementing
the solution of a problem using any of the programming languages.
In order to qualify as an algorithm, a sequence of instructions must possess the following characteristics:

Definiteness: Instructions must be precCSE and unambiguous i.e. each and every instruction
should be clear and should have only one meaning.
Finiteness: Not even a single instruction must be repeated infinitely. i.e., each instruction should
be performed in finite time.
Termination: After the algorithm gets executed, the user should get the desired result
Key features of an algorithm:

Any algorithm has a finite number of steps and some steps may involve decision making,
repetition. Broadly speaking, an algorithm exhibits three key features that can be given as:
Sequence: Sequence means that each step of the algorithm is executed in the specified order.
Decision: Decision statements are used when the outcome of the process depends on some
condition.
Repetition: Repetition which involves executing one or more steps for a number of times can
be implemented using constructs like the while, do-while and for loops. These loops executed
one or more steps until some condition is true.
Example: To compute the Area of Rectangle
ALGM: AREA_of_RECTANGLE [This algorithm takes length and breadth, the sides of the rectangle
as input and computes the area of rectangle using the formula area=length * breadth. Finally it prints
the area of rectangle]
STEPS:
Step 1:[Initialize]
Start
Step 2: [Input the sides of Rectangle]
Read length, breadth
Step 3:[Compute the area of rectangle]
Area length*breadth
Step 4:[Display the Area]
Print Area
Step 5: [Finished]
Stop
Flowcharts: A flowchart is a graphical or symbolic representation of an algorithm. They are basically
used to design and develop complex programs to help the users to visualize the logic of the program so
that they can gain a better understanding of the program and find flaws, bottlenecks, and other less-
obvious features within it. Basically, a flowchart depicts the “flow” of a program. The following table
shows the symbols used in flowchart along with its descriptions.

Symbol Name Description

oval Represents the terminal point
Represents the process steps defined in

Rectangle algorithm
Indicate the reading Operation used for

input/output or
Parallelogram
data or information from/to any device
Indicates the decisions (questions) and

consequently
Diamond branch points or the paths to be followed
based on the
result of the question
Shows the flowchart direction and

Arrows connects the various flow chart symbols.
Shows the continuation from one point

Small circle in the process flow to another.
Represents
Looping
Hexagon structures
Subroutine
Process function
Advantages of Flowcharts:
A flowchart is a diagrammatic representation that illustrates the sequence of steps that must be
performed to solve a problem. They are usually drawn in the early stages of formulating computer
solutions to facilitate communication between programmers and business people.
Flowcharts help programmers to understand the logic of complicated and lengthy problems. They
help to analyze the problem in a more effective manner
Flowchart can be used to debug programs that have error(s).
E.g.: To compute the Area of Rectangle
Limitations of using Flowcharts:
Drawing flowcharts is a laborious and a time consuming activity. Flowchart of a complex program
becomes, complex and clumsy. At times, a little bit of alteration in the solution may require complete re-
drawing of the flowchart Essentials of what is done may get lost in the technical details of how it is done.
There are no well-defined standards that limits the details that must be incorporated in a flowchart

start
Read length & breadth
Area = length * breadth
Print Area
Stop
Pseudo code: It is a form of structured English that describes algorithms. It facilitates the designers to
focus on the logic of the algorithm without getting bogged down by the details of language syntax.
Pseudocode is a compact and informal high-level description of an algorithm that uses the structural
conventions of a programming language. It is meant for human reading rather than machine reading, so it
omits the details that are not essential for humans. Such details include keywords, variable declarations,
system-specific code and subroutines. There are no standards defined for writing a pseudocode because it
is not an executable program. Flowcharts can be considered as a graphical alternative to pseudocode, but
are more spacious on paper.
E.g.: To compute the area of Rectangle
Begin
Input length, breadth
Area=length*breadth
Print Area
End

Laboratory Program-1
Familiarization with computer hardware and programming environment, concept of naming
the program files, storing, compilation, execution and debugging. Taking any simple C- code.
Working with TurboC
Step 1: Locate the TC.exe file and open it. You will find it at location C:\TC\BIN\.
Step 2: File > New (as shown in the below picture) and then write your C program

Step 3: Save the program using F2 (OR file > Save), remember the extension should be “.c”. In the
below screenshot I have given the name as summ.c.

Step 4: Compile the program using Alt + F9 OR Compile > Compile (as shown in the below screenshot).
Step 5: Press Ctrl + F9 to Run (or select Run > Run in menu bar ) the C program.

Step 6: Alt+F5 to view the output of the program at the output screen.
GCC Compilation Process

PART-A
Laboratory Program 2
Develop a program to solve simple computational problems using arithmetic expressions and use of
each operator leading to simulation of a commercial calculator. (No built-in math function).
2.1 ALGORITHM
PURPOSE : To simulate a calculator using arithmetic expressions
INPUT: Enter num1 and num2
OUTPUT: Print the result of addition or subtraction or multiplication or division or modulus.
START
Step 1: [Enter first number]
read num1
Step 2: [Enter Second number]
read num2
Step 3:[Enter Choice]
read choice
Step 4:[To perform addition]
if choice is equal to plus
add num1 and num2
print result
Step 5: [To perform subtraction]
if choice is equal to minus
subtract num2 from num1
print result
Step 6: [To perform multiplication]
if choice is equal to multiplication
multiply num1 and num2
print result
Step 7: [To perform division]
if choice is equal to division

divide num1 by num2

print result
Step 8: [To perform Modulus]
if choice is equal to modulus
divide num1 by num2
print result (remainder)
STOP
2. 2 FLOWCHART
START
Read num1 and

num2
Read choice
if choice=?
case '+'
result=num1+num2;
case '-'
result=num1-num2;
case '*'
result=num1*num2;
case '/' result=(float)num1/

(float)num2;
case '%' result=num1%num2;
default Invalid operation.
Result
STOP

2.3 PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int num1,num2;
float result;
char choice; //to store operator choice
printf("Enter first number: ");

scanf("%d",&num1);
printf("Enter second number: ");
scanf("%d",&num2);
printf("Choose operation to perform (+,-,*,/,%): ");
scanf(" %c",&choice);
result=0;
switch(choice)
{
case '+':
result=num1+num2;
break;
case '-':
result=num1-num2;
break;
case '*':
result=num1*num2;
break;
case '/':
result=(float)num1/(float)num2;
break;
case '%':
result=num1%num2;
break;

default:
printf("Invalid operation.\n");
}
printf("Result: %d %c %d = %f\n",num1,ch,num2,result);
return 0;
}
***************************************************************************
OUTPUT:
First run:
Enter first number: 10
Enter second number: 20
Choose operation to perform (+,-,*,/,%): +
Result: 10 + 20 = 30.000000
Second run:
Choose operation to perform (+,-,*,/,%): /
Result: 10 / 3 = 3.333333
Third run:
Choose operation to perform (+,-,*,/,%): >
Invalid operation.
Result: 10 > 3 = 0.000000
******************************************************************************
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1) What is Switch statement?

2) How many cases can you have in switch statement?
3) How switch statement works?
4) What does break in switch statement indicate?
5) What is a case in a switch statement?

Develop a program to compute the roots of a quadratic equation by accepting the coefficients. Print
appropriate messages.
3.1 ALGORITHM
Purpose : To find roots of a given quadratic equation.
Input: Coefficients of quadratic equation a, b, c
Output: Root1 and Root2
START
STEP 1: [Input the values of a, b, c]
read a, b, c
STEP 2: [Calculate the determinant]
determinant = b*b-4*a*c
STEP 3: [Check for validity]
If a is equal to 0 and b is equal to 0
print “Invalid Inputs”
STEP 4: [Check for different roots]
If a is equal to 0
print “Linear equation”
Root1=-c/b
Print “Root1”
STEP 5: [Check for real and equal roots]
If determinant is equal to 0
print “Roots are real and equal”
Root1= -b/(2*a)
Root2 = -b/(2*a)
Print “Root1 & Root2”
STEP 6: [Check for real and distinct roots]
If determinant is greater than 0
Then print “Roots are real and distinct”
Root1= (-b+ (sqrt (fabs (determinant))))/(2*a)
Root2= (-b-(sqrt (fabs (determinant))))/(2*a)

Print “root1 and root2”

End if
STEP 7: [Check for imaginary roots]
print “Roots are imaginary”
Real=-b/ (2*a)
Imaginary=sqrt (fabs (determinant))/ (2*a)
print “Root1 and R oot2”
STEP 8: [Finished]
STOP
3.2 FLOWCHART

3.3 PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
float a,b,c;
float root1,root2;
float determinant,real,imaginary;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the Co-efficient of Quadratic Equation\n");
scanf("%f%f%f",&a,&b,&c);
determinant=b*b-4*a*c;
if(a==0 && b==0)
{
printf("INVALID INPUTS\n");
getch();
}
else if(a==0)
{
printf("LINEAR EQUATION\n");
root1=-c/b;
printf("ROOT=%f\n",root1);
}
else if(determinant==0)
{
printf("ROOTS ARE REAL AND EQUAL\n");
root1=-b/(2*a);
root2=-b/(2*a);
printf("Root1=%f\n Root2=%f",root1,root2);
}
else if(determinant>0)
{
printf("ROOTS ARE REAL AND DISTINCT\n");
root1=(-b+(sqrt(fabs(determinant))))/(2*a);
root2=(-b-(sqrt(fabs(determinant))))/(2*a);
printf("ROOT1=%f\n ROOT2=%f",root1,root2);
}
else
{
printf("ROOTS ARE IMAGINARY\n");
real=-b/(2*a);
imaginary=sqrt(fabs(determinant))/(2*a);
printf("ROOT1=%f+i%f\n",real,imaginary);
printf("ROOT2=%f-i%f\n",real,imaginary);
getch();
}
******************************************************************************
Output 1:
Enter the Co-efficient of Quadratic Equation
000
Invalid Coefficients
Output 2:
0 21
Root1=-0.5
Output 3:
121
Roots are Real and Equal
Root1=-1.0000
Root2=-1.0000

Output 4:
189
Roots are Real and Distinct
Root1=-1.354
Root2=-6.646
Output 5:
123
ROOTS ARE IMAGINARY
ROOT1=-1.000+i1.414
ROOT2=-1.000-i1.414
******************************************************************************
Viva Questions:
1) What is quadratic Equation?
2) What is math.h?
3) What are decision making capabilities of C language?
4) Write the syntax of “ if ”statement?
5) Difference between if and switch statements?
6) Write an unconditional control statement in C.
7) Write a flowchart for „ if‟ conditional construct?

Develop a program to find the reverse of a positive integer and check for palindrome or not. Display
appropriate messages.
4.1 ALGORITHM
Purpose : To check the given integer is palindrome or not
Input: Num
Output : Reverse and palindrome or not
START
STEP 1: [Input a number]
read num
STEP 2: [To check the given number is 4 digits or not]
If the number less than 999 or greater than 9999
print “it is not a four digit number”
Goto step 5
STEP 3: [Calculate the reverse of given number]
Temp=num
Loop while temp not equal to 0
Remainder=temp%10
Temp=temp/10
Reverse=reverse*10+remainder
print “reverse number”
STEP 4: [Check number is a palindrome or not]
If Num is equal to reverse
print “Num is palindrome “
Else
print “Num is not palindrome”
STEP 5: [Finished]
STOP

4.2 FLOWCHART

4.3 PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int NUM,reverse=0,temp,remainder;
clrscr();
printf("Enter a number to check if it is a palindrome or not \n");
scanf("%d",&NUM);
if(NUM<=999 || NUM>9999)
{
printf("Enter Four Digit Number \n");
getch();
exit(0);
}
temp=NUM;
while (temp!=0)
{
remainder=temp%10;
temp=temp/10;
reverse=reverse*10+remainder;
}
printf("Reverse of %d is %d \n",NUM,reverse);
if(NUM==reverse)
{
printf("%d is a palindrome number \n", NUM);
else
printf("%d is not a palindrome number \n", NUM);
}
getch();
}

Output 1:
Enter a number to check if it is a palindrome or not
123
Enter Four digit number
Output 2:
1234
1234 is not a palindrome number
Output 3:
1221
1221 is a palindrome number
******************************************************************************
Viva Questions:
1. What are Looping control statements?
2. Explain while loop.
3. What is the difference between while and for loops?
4. What are the Entry controlled and Exit controlled loops in C?
5. Write the flowchart for „while‟ loop.

An electricity board charges the following rates for the use of electricity: for the first 200 units 80
paCSE per unit: for the next 100 units 90 paCSE per unit: beyond 300 units Rs 1 per unit. All users
are charged a minimum of Rs. 100 as meter charge. If the total amount is more than Rs 400, then an
additional surcharge of 15% of total amount is charged. Write a program to read the name of the
user, number of units consumed and print out the charges.
5.1 ALGORITHM
PURPOSE: Read The Name Of The User, Number Of Units Consumed And Print
INPUT: name [10], unit
OUTPUT: Print the charges for total number of units consumed
START
STEP 1: [Input a name and units]
read name and unit
STEP 2: [Initialization]
Metercharge=100
STEP3: [To check electricity unit is less than or equal to 200 and calculate
metercharge] If unit less than or equal to 200
metercharge= metercharge+(unit*.80)
STEP 4: [Else check unit is greater than 200 and greater than 300 and calculate
metercharge] If unit greater than 200 and unit greater than or equal to 300
metercharge= metercharge+(200*0.80)+((unit-200)*0.90))
STEP 5: [Else check unit is greater than 300 and calculate metercharge]
If unit is greater than 300
metercharge= metercharge+(200*0.80)+(300*0.90)+((unit-300)*1))
STEP 6: [To check and calculate if meter charge is greater than 400 ]
If metercharge greater than or equal to 400
metercharge=metercharge+(metercharge*0.15);
STEP 7: [Finished]
STOP

5.2 FLOW CHART
5.3 PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
char name[10];
float unit, metercharge=100;
printf("Enter your name and unit Consumed:");
scanf("%s %f",&name,&unit);
if(unit<=200)

metercharge= metercharge+(unit*.80);
else if(unit>200 && unit<=300)
metercharge= metercharge+(200*0.80)+((unit-200)*0.90));
else if(unit>300)
metercharge= metercharge+(200*0.80)+(300*0.90)+((unit-300)*1));
if(metercharge>=400)
metercharge=metercharge+(metercharge*0.15);
printf("Name: %s\n Number of unit consumed: %f \n MeterCharge: %f",name,unit,metercharge);
return 0;
}
*****************************************
Output 1:
Enter your name and unit Consumed:Suresh 200
Name: Suresh
Number of unit consumed: 200
MeterCharge : 260.000
Output 2:
Enter your name and unit Consumed:Ramesh 400
Name: Ramesh
Number of unit consumed: 400
MeterCharge : 724.5000
******************************************************************************
Viva Questions:
1) What is else-if ladder?

2) What are the possible outputs of if statement?
3) What is conditional branching statement?
4) Write the syntax of if- statement?
5) Write the syntax of else if statement?

Introduce 1D Array manipulation and implement Binary search
6.1 ALGORITHM
PURPOSE: Implement Binary search

INPUT: n, a[50], key
OUTPUT: key is present at the position or key not found
START
STEP 1: [Read no of elements]
Read n
STEP 2: [Read the elements of the array]

For i=0 to n
Read a[i]
End ith for loop
STEP 3: [Read the elements to be searched]
Read key
STEP 4: [Initiliazation]
low = 0;
high = n-1;
STEP 5: [ Check whearther low is less than of equal to high and calculate mid)

while low <=high
mid= (low+ high)/2;
STEP 6: [Check if mid is equal to key )
If a[mid] is equal to key

STEP 7: [print the key position]
Print key is present at the position mid+1
STEP 8: [if key found initialize found is 1]
found=1
STEP 9: [check if mid is greater than key and calculate]
If mid is greater than key
high = mid-1;
STEP 10: [Else]
low = mid+1;
STEP 11: [Check if key is not found]
If not found
Print key not found
STEP 12:[Finished]
STOP

6.2 FLOWCHART

6.3 PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a[50], key, i, n , low, high,mid, found =0;
printf("\n Enter the number of elements in the array:
"); scanf ("%d", &n);
printf (" \n Enter the elements of the array: ");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
scanf("%d", &a[i]);
}
printf("\n Enter the key to be searched: \n" );
scanf ("%d", &key);
low = 0;
high = n-1;
while (low <=high)
{
mid= (low+ high)/2;
if (a[mid] == key)
{
printf("\n %d is present at the position = %d", key, mid+1);
found=1;
break;
}
if (a[mid]>key)
high = mid-1;
else
low = mid+1;
}
if(!found)
printf(“key not found”);

return 0;
}
***************************************************************
Output 1:
Enter the number of elements in the array: 5
Enter the elements of the array:
10 20 30 40 50
Enter the key to be searched: 30
30 is present at the position = 3
Output 2:
Enter the number of elements in the array: 5
Enter the elements of the array:
10 20 30 40 50
Enter the key to be searched: 60
key not found
******************************************************************************
Viva Questions:
What is searching?
What are the types of searching?
Explain with an example for binary search.
Explain with an example for linear search.
Which is better searching technique?

Implement using functions to check whether the given number is prime and display appropriate
messages. (No built-in math function)
7.1 ALGORITHM
Purpose:To check whether a given number is prime or not.
Input:A number
Output:Given Number is prime or not
START
STEP 1: [Enter a positive number]
read n
STEP 2: [To check number is prime or not]

for i=2 to m/2
if m% i is equal to 0
return 0
STEP 3:[Display the output]

Print the number is NOT prime.
STEP 4: [To check number is prime or not]

for i=2 to m/2
if m% i is equal to 1
return 1
STEP 5:[Display the output]

Print the number is prime.
STOP

7.2 FLOWCHART
7.3 PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
int isprime(int m)
{
int i;
for(i=2;i<=m/2;i++)
{
if(m%i==0)
return 0;
}
return 1;
}
int main()

{
int n;
printf("Enter a +ve integer :");

scanf("%d",&n);
if (isprime(n))
printf("%d is prime number\n",n);
else
printf("%d is not prime number\n",n);
return 0;
}
******************************************************************************
OUTPUT1:
Enter a +ve integer : 5
5 is prime number
OUTPUT 2:
Enter a +ve integer : 12
12 is not prime number
******************************************************************************
VIVA QUESTION:
1. What is prime number?

2. What is a function?
3. What are the types of function?
4. Explain the flow of program with example
5. Explain the syntax of for loop.

PART B
Develop a program to introduce 2D Array manipulation and implement Matrix multiplication and
ensure the rules of multiplication are checked.
8.1 ALGORITHM
PURPOSE : Multiply 2 matrices

INPUT : Two matrices
OUTPUT : Multiplication of 2 matrices
START
STEP 1: [Read the order of matrix A]
Read m,n
STEP 2: [Read the order of matrix B]
Read p,q
STEP 3 : [Check for compatible]
If n!=p
Print matrix multiplication not possible
Goto step 10
STEP 4 : [Read the elements of matrix A]

For i 0 to m-1 do

For j 0 to n-1 do
Read a[i][j]
End jth for loop
End ith for loop
STEP 5: [Read the elements of matrix B]

For i 0 to p-1 do

For j 0 to q-1 do
Read b[i][j]
End jth for loop
End ith for loop
STEP 6: [Compute multiplication]


For i 0 to m-1 do

For j 0 to q-1 do

C[i][j] 0

For k 0 to n-1 do
C[i][j] c[i][j]+a[i][k]*b[k][j]
End kth for loop
End jth for loop
End ith for loop
STEP 7: [Display matrix A]

For i 0 to m-1 do

For j 0 to n-1 do
Print a[i][j]
End jth for loop
End ith for loop
STEP 8: [Display matrix B]

For i 0 to p-1 do

For j 0 to q-1 do
Print b[i][j]
End jth for loop
End ith for loop
STEP 9: [Display matrix C]

For i 0 to m-1 do

For j 0 to n-1 do
Print c[i][j]
End jth for loop
End ith for loop
STEP 10: [Finished]
STOP
8.2 FLOWCHART


8.3 PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a[5][5],b[5][5],c[5][5],m,n,p,q,i,j,k;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the size of first matrix\n");
scanf("%d %d",&m,&n);
printf("Enter the size of second matrix \n");
scanf("%d %d",&p,&q);
if(n==p)
{
printf("Enter the elements of first matrix\n");
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
}
printf("Enter the elements of the second matrix \n");
for(i=0;i<p;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<q;j++)
{
scanf("%d",&b[i][j]);
}
}
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<q;j++)
{
c[i][j]=0;
for(k=0;k<n;k++)
{
c[i][j]=c[i][j]+a[i][k]*b[k][j];
}
}
}
printf("The product of two matrix is \n");
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<q;j++)
{
printf("%d\t",c[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
else
printf(“Multiplication is not possible”);
}
************************************************************************
Output1:
Enter the size of first matrix:2 2
Enter the size of second matrix:2 2
Enter the elements of first matrix :1 2 3 4
Enter the elements of second matrix :5 6 7 8
The product of two matrix
19 22
43 50
************************************************************************
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1.What is a multi-dimensional array?

2. How to initialize two dimensional arrays?

3. How to pass a two dimensional array as function parameter?
4. How the memory is allocated for two dimensional array

Develop a Program to compute Sin(x) using Taylor series approximation .Compare your result with the
built- in Library function. Print both the results with appropriate messages.
9.1 ALGORITHM
Algorithm : To compute Sin(x) using Taylor series approximation

Purpose: To compute sine(x) value using Taylor's series
Input: Degree ie. Value of x
Output : sine value for given degree
START
Step 1:[Input value of degree]
Read degree
Step 2: [Convert degree to radians]
X=(degree *PI)/180
Step 3: [InitialCSE]
term =x
sum=term
Step 4: [Calcuate each term and add]
term=-term*x*x/((i-1)*i);
sum=sum+term;
Step 5: [Print the output]
Print the sine value for the given degree
STOP
9.2 FLOWCHART

9.3 PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i, degree;
float x, sum=0,term;
printf("Enter the value of degree");
scanf("%d",&degree);

x = degree * (3.1416/180);
term = x;
sum=term;
for (i=3;i<=n;i+=2)
{
term=-term*x*x/((i-1)*i);
sum=sum+term;
}
printf("The sine of %d is %.3f\n", degree, sum);
printf("The sine function of %d using library function is %.3f", degree, sin(x));
return 0;
}
******************************************************************************
Output:
Enter the value of degree :90
The sine of 90 is 1.000
The sine function of 90 is 1.000
******************************************************************************
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is pre-processor directive?
2. What is difference between const and #define.
3. What is use of fabs().
4. What is variable initialization and why is it important?
5. What is the difference between the = symbol and == symbol?
6. Can the curly brackets { } be used to enclose a single line of code?

Write functions to implement string operations such as compare, concatenate, string length. Convince
the parameter passing techniques.
10.1 ALGORITHM
Algorithm: string operations such as compare, concatenate, string length.
Purpose: To find String length, Compare two Strings, Concatenate two strings
Input: Two strings
Output: Length of string1
Concatenated String
Comparison of two strings
START
STEP 1: [Store two strings in Str1 and Str2]
Str1=String1 and Str2=String2
STEP 2:[To find String Length]
initialize i to 0
while(str[i] not equal to 0)
increment i by 1
STEP 3: [To Compare two Strings]
initialize i to 0
while (str1[i] is equal to str2[i])
if (str1[i] is equal to null)
break;
increment i by 1
return str1[i]-str2[i];
STEP 4: [To Concatenate two Strings]

initialize i to 0 and j to 0
while (str1[i] not equal to null)
increment i by 1
while (str2[j] not equal to null)
str1[i++]=str2[j++];
STEP 5: [Output the results]
The length of the String
res1=Comparision of two Strings
res2= Concatenated String
STOP
10.3 PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
int my_strlen(char str[])
{
int i=0;
while (str[i]!='\0') i++;
return i;
}
int my_strcmp(char str1[],char str2[])
{
int i;
i=0;
while (str1[i]==str2[i])
{
if (str1[i]=='\0') break;
i++;
}

return str1[i]-str2[i];
}
void my_strcat(char str1[], char str2[])

{
int i,j;
i=0;
while (str1[i]!='\0') i++;
j=0;
while (str2[j]!='\0')
{
str1[i++]=str2[j++];
}
str1[i++]='\0';
printf("concatinated string= %s", str1);
}
void main()
{
char str1[]="RAMA";
char str2[]="KRISHNA";
int res1,res2;
res1=my_strlen(str1);
printf(“the length of the string1=%d\n”, str1);
res2=my_strcmp(str1,str2);
if (res2==0)
printf("%s is equal to %s\n",str1,str2);
else if (res2>0)
printf("%s is greater than %s\n",str1,str2;
else
printf("%s s is less than %s\n",str1,str2)
my_strcat(str1,str2);
}

10.2 FLOWCHART

OUTPUT
The length of the string1=4
RAMA is greater than KRISHNA
concatinated string=RAMAKRISHNA
****************************************************************
VIVA QUESTIONS
1) What is string?
2) What are the built-in functions of string?
3) Difference between user defined functions and built in functions.
4) What is null character?
5) Explain the flow of program with example.

Develop a program to sort the given set of N numbers using Bubble sort.
11.1 ALGORITHM
ALGORITHM : Bubble sort
PURPOSE : Arranging the numbers in ascending order using bubble sort technique
INPUT : N, interger numbers in arrary a[i]
OUTPUT : Numbers are arranged in ascending order
START
STEP 1: [Input number of elements]
Read n
STEP 2: [Input the elements/numbers into array]

For i 0 to n
Read a[i]
Endfor
STEP 3 : [Sorting the elements in ascending order]

For i o to n-1

For j o to n-1
[Compare the adjacent elements]
If(a[j]>a[j+1]) then
[Swap these elements]

Temp a[j]

a[j] a[j+1]

a[j+1] temp
endif
endfor
endfor
STEP 4: [Display the sorted elements of array]

For i 0 to n
Print a[i]
Endfor
STEP 5: [Finished]
STOP
11.2 FLOWCHART

11.3PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main()
{
int n,i,j,a[10],temp;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the no. of elements :\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the array elements \n”);
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
printf("The original elements are \n");
for(i = 0 ; i < n ; i++)
printf("%d ",a[i]);
for(i= 0 ; i < n-1 ; i++) // Number of Passes
{
for(j= 1 ; j< n-j-1; j++) // Comparisons
{
if(a[j] > a[j+1])
{
temp = a[j];
a[j] = a[j+1];
a[j+1] = temp;
}
}
}
printf("\n The Sorted elements are \n");
for(i = 0 ; i < n ; i++)
printf("%d\t ",a[i]);
return 0;
}
******************************************************************************

Output 1:
Enter the no. of elements:5
54321
The Sorted elements are 1 2 3 4 5
******************************************************************************
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Why the name bubble sort?
2. Mention the different types of sorting techniques?
3. Explain the logic of bubble sort with an example.
4. What is nested for loop?

Develop a program to find the square root of a given number N and execute for all possible inputs with
appropriate messages. Note: Don’t use library function sqrt(n).
12.1 ALGORITHM
Algorithm: Square root

Purpose : To find square root of a given number without using inbuilt functions
Input: num
Output : Square root of a given number
START
STEP 1: [Initialize]

temp 0
STEP 2: [Enter a number]
Read num
STEP 3: [Divide the num by 2]
square_root=num/2
STEP 4: [Calculate a square root of a number]
While (square_root not equal to temp)

temp square_root

square_root (num/square_root+square_root)/2
STEP 5: [Display results]
print “square root”
STEP 6: [Display result using the library function]
print” square root of a number is”, sqrt (num)
STEP 7: [Finished]
STOP
12.2 FLOWCHART

Program
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
float num,square_root,temp=0;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the number to find square root\n");
scanf("%f",&num);
square_root=num/2;
while(square_root!=temp)

{
temp=square_root;
square_root=(num/square_root+square_root)/2;
}
printf("Square Root of %f is %f\n",num,square_root);
printf("Square Root of %f usinf inbuilt Function is
%f\n",num,sqrt(num)); getch();
}
******************************************************************************
Output 1:
Enter a number
49
Square root using program is 7
Square Root using Library Function is
7
Output2:
enter a number -12
Can't Find for Negative Numbers
******************************************************************************
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is typecasting? Explain with examples.
2. Difference between float and double data types.
3. Explain for loop?
4. What is a use of break statement?
5. Difference between continue and break statement?

Implement structures to read, write, compute average- marks and the students scoring above and
below the average marks for a class of N students.
13.1 ALGORITHM
PURPOSE: To Implement structures to read, write, compute average- marks and the
students scoring above and below the average marks for a class of N students.
Input: number of Students, name ,marks1,marks2,marks3
Output: Average marks and printing the students scoring above and below the
average marks
START
STEP 1: [input number of students]
Read n
STEP 2: [input details of students ie.name amd marks]
Read name,m1,m2,m3
STEP 3: [ Calculate total and average]

For i=0 to n
s[i].total=(s[i].m1+s[i].m2+s[i].m3);
T=T+s[i].total;
AVG=T/N;
STEP 4: [Find students above and below average]

for i=0 to n
aboveavg[j]=i;
j++;
else
belowavg[k]=i;
k++;
STEP 5:[Finished]
STOP

13.2 FLOWCHART

13.3PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
struct student
{
char name[20];
float m1,m2,m3,total;
};
main()
{
int i,j,k,m,n,aboveavg[10],belowavg[10];
float N,T=0,AVG=0;
struct student s[10];
system("clear");
printf("Enter number of students.\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
N=(float)n;
printf("Enter the details of students.\n");
for (i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("Enter the details of student %d \n",i+1);
printf("Enter name \n");
scanf("%s",s[i].name);
printf("Enter m1,m2,m3 \n");
scanf("%f%f%f",&s[i].m1,&s[i].m2,&s[i].m3);
s[i].total=(s[i].m1+s[i].m2+s[i].m3);
T=T+s[i].total;
}
printf("Details of Students.\n");
printf("Name\t m1\t m2\t m3\t total\n"); for
(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("%s\t%f\t%f\t%f\t%f\t\n",s[i].name,s[i].m1,s[i].m2,s[i].m3,s[i].total);
AVG=T/N;
printf("AVG = %f \n",AVG);
j=0;
k=0;
for (i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if (s[i].total > AVG)
{
aboveavg[j]=i;
j++;
}
else
{
belowavg[k]=i;
k++;
}
}
printf("Students scoring above avg. \n");
for (i=0;i<j;i++)
{
printf("%s %f\n",s[aboveavg[i]].name,s[aboveavg[i]].total);
}
printf("Students scoring below avg. \n");
for (i=0;i<k;i++)
{
printf("%s %f\n",s[belowavg[i]].name,s[belowavg[i]].total);
}
}
*****************************************************************************

OUTPUT
Enter number of students. 3
Enter the details of students.
Enter the details of student 1
Enter name Anil
Enter m1,m2,m3
67 84 72
Enter name Sudhir
Enter m1,m2,m3
76 55 68
Enter name Suresh
Enter m1,m2,m3
58 79 92
Details of Students.
Name m1 m2 m3 total
Anil 67.000000 84.000000 72.000000 223.000000
Sudhir 76.000000 55.000000 68.000000 199.000000
Suresh 58.000000 79.000000 92.000000 229.000000
AVG = 217.000000

Students scoring above avg.
Anil 223.000000
Suresh 229.000000
Students scoring below avg.
Sudhir 199.000000
******************************************************************************

Develop a program using pointers to compute the sum, mean and standard deviation of all elements
stored in an array of n real numbers.
14.1 ALGORITHM
Algorithm
Purpose:To find sum,mean and standard deviation of all elements in an

array Input: An array of n elements
Output:Print the sum,mean and standard deviation of all elements in an

array START
STEP 1:[ Input the no of elements]

Read n
STEP 2:[input array elements]

For i= 0 to n
Read array
STEP 3: [Calculate sum]

For i= 0 to n
sum=sum+ *ptr
increment ptr by 1
STEP 4: [Calculate mean]
mean=sum/n
STEP 5: [Calculate Standard deviation]
sumstd=sumstd + pow((*ptr - mean),2);
increment ptr by 1
std = sqrt(sumstd/n)
STEP 6:[Display output]
Print the sum,mean and standard deviation of all elements in an array
STOP

14.2 FLOW CHART
14.3 PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
main()
{
float a[10], *ptr, mean, std, sum=0, sumstd=0;

int n,i;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the no of elements\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the array elements \n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
scanf("%f",&a[i]);
}
ptr=a;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
sum=sum+ *ptr; ptr++;
}
mean=sum/n;
ptr=a;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
sumstd=sumstd + pow((*ptr - mean),2);
ptr++;
}
std = sqrt(sumstd/n);
printf("Sum=%.3f\t",sum);
printf("Mean=%.3f\t",mean);
printf("Standard deviation=%.3f\t", std);
}
******************************************************************************
Output 1:
Enter the number of elements 5
Enter the array elements are 1 5 9 6 7
Sum=28
Mean=5.6
Standard deviation=2.09
******************************************************************************
Viva Questions:
1. Define pointer?
2. How do you declare a pointer variable?
3. What is * and & in pointer concept.
4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using pointer?
5. Give the difference between static allocation and dynamic allocation of memory space.
6. What is the effect of the ++ and -- operators on pointer variable
7. Explain the pointers to arrays concept?

Implement Recursive functions for Binary to Decimal Conversion.
15.1 ALGORITHM
Algorithm
Purpose: To convert binary number to decimal number
Input: Binary number
Output: Decimal number
START
STEP 1: [input binary number]
read binary number, n
STEP 2:[till n not equal to zero]
remainder = n%10
n=n/10
decimalnumber=decimalnumber+ remainder*pow(2,i)
STEP 3:[Output decimal number]
Print decimal number
STOP
15.2 FLOWCHART

15.3 PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int convertBinaryToDecimal(long n);
int main()
{
long long n;
printf("Enter a binary number: ");
scanf("%ld", &n);
printf("%ld in binary = %d in decimal", n,
convertBinaryToDecimal(n)); return 0;
}
int convertBinaryToDecimal(long n)
{
int decimalNumber = 0, i = 0, remainder;
while (n!=0)
{
remainder = n%10;
n /= 10;
decimalNumber += remainder*pow(2,i);
++i;

}
return decimalNumber;
}
*******************************************************************************
OUTPUT 1:
Enter a binary number:1010

1010 in binary = 10 in decimal
OUTPUT 2:
Enter a binary number:11111111

11111111 in binary = 255 in decimal
*************************************************************************************
Viva Question:
1) What is recursion?
2) What are binary numbers?
3) What is recursive function?
4) Explain the flow of program with example
5) Explain mathematical functions.

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Channabasaveshwara Institute of Technology

(Affiliated to VTU, Belgaum & Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING LABORATORY

Batch : _____________________________ Section: _______________________

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING LABORATORY

Description about Functional block diagram of Computer:

Fig 1: Block Diagram of a Computer

Dept., of CSE, CIT, Gubbi Page 1

Overall supervision of a Computer system

Data Bus Address Bus Control Bus

Bidirectional in nature Unidirectional in nature Unidirectional or

Fig 2: Types of Buses

PCI Bus ISA Bus USB Bus

Dept., of CSE, CIT, GUBBI Page 2

Dept., of CSE, CIT, GUBBI Page 4

optical storage devices.

Dept., of CSE, CIT, GUBBI Page 5

Problem Solving Techniques:

Algorithm: The algorithm is a step-by-step procedure to be followed in solving a problem. It provides a

Dept., of CSE, CIT, GUBBI Page 6

Key features of an algorithm:

Dept., of CSE, CIT, GUBBI Page 7

Symbol Name Description

Represents the process steps defined in

Indicate the reading Operation used for

Indicates the decisions (questions) and

Shows the flowchart direction and

Shows the continuation from one point

Dept., of CSE, CIT, GUBBI Page 8

Read length & breadth

Area = length * breadth

Dept., of CSE, CIT, GUBBI Page 9

Working with TurboC

Dept., of CSE, CIT, Gubbi Page 10

Dept., of CSE, CIT, Gubbi Page 11

Dept., of CSE, CIT, Gubbi Page 12

GCC Compilation Process

Dept., of CSE, CIT, Gubbi Page 13

Dept., of CSE, CIT, GUBBI Page 14

divide num1 by num2

Read num1 and

case '/' result=(float)num1/

case '%' result=num1%num2;

default Invalid operation.

Dept., of CSE, CIT, GUBBI Page 15

printf("Enter first number: ");

Dept., of CSE, CIT, GUBBI Page 16

1) What is Switch statement?

Dept., of CSE, CIT, GUBBI Page 17

Dept., of CSE, CIT, GUBBI Page 18

Print “root1 and root2”

Dept., of CSE, CIT, GUBBI Page 19

Dept., of CSE, CIT, GUBBI Page 21

Dept., of CSE, CIT, GUBBI Page 22

Dept., of CSE, CIT, GUBBI Page 23

Batch : _______ Section: _