Brilliants Kinematics

KINEMATICS OP-MI-P-1
LESSON 2
KINEMATICS
In the previous lesson, we examined cause of motionthe kinetics. In this

lesson we shall study the geometry of motion i.e., kinematics. Kinematics is used
to relate displacement, velocity, acceleration and time without reference to the
cause of motion. We shall discuss about kinematics of the particle here. Use of
the word ‘particles’ does not mean that our study will be restricted to small
corpuscles; rather, it indicates that in this lesson the motion of bodies possibly as
large as men, cars, rockets, or aeroplanes will be considered without regard to
their shape and size.
The entire lesson is divided into two sections. In the first section we
shall study about the motion in a straight line. In the second section motion of
particle in a plane specially projectile motion and the concept of the relative
motion of one particle with respect to another will be discussed.
IITJEE Syllabus: Kinematics in one and two dimension (Cartesian coordinates

only), projectiles; Relative velocity.
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SECTION  I

1. KINEMATIC VARIABLES
Kinematics is study of geometry of motion without considering its cause. It deals with
position, distance travelled by a body and its displacement, speed and velocity and acceleration of
a body. Before going in details about different kinds of motion separately, let us know about these
kinematics variable first.
1.1 DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT
When a particle is moving its successive position in general may lie on a curve, say, ABC
shown in figure. The curve is then called the path of the particle. The total length of the path
followed by the body is called the distance traversed by the body. Its unit in S.I. system is ‘metre’.
It is a scalar quantity.
Sometimes we may not be interested in the actual path of C

the particle but only in its final position C relative to the initial
position A. The directional distance between initial and final
positions of the particle AC in the figure is called displacement. It A
is a vector quantity.
Fig. (1)
1.2 SPEED AND VELOCITY
Speed is the rate at which a moving body describes its paths. The path may be a curve or
a straight line and its shape need not be considered to decide the speed. If a particle traverses a
distance s during a time t,
s
Average speed, v …(1)
t
If the interval of time t is infinitesimally small approaching zero, this ratio is called of
instantaneous speed or sometimes referred as speed of particle.
s ds
i.e., instantaneous speed v  Lt  …(2)
t 0 t dt
Speed is a scalar quantity and in S.I. system it is measured in metre/second (m/s).
Velocity is defined as the rate of change of position. If during a time internal t, a particle changes
its position by r .
 r
Average velocity, v av  …(3)
t
r d r
Also, instantaneous velocity, v  Lt  …(4)
t 0 t dt
Velocity is a vector quantity having direction same as that of displacement and is measured in
metre per second (ms1).
1.3 ACCELERATION
The rate of change of velocity is called as acceleration. The change in velocity can be
either in the magnitude of the velocity or in the direction of velocity or in both of them
simultaneously.
If v is change in velocity which takes place in time interval t, then during this interval
 v
Average acceleration, aav  …(5)
t
v d v
Also, instantaneous acceleration, a  Lt  …(6)
t  0 t dt
Acceleration is a vector quantity and is measured in metre/second2 (ms2).
Illustration 1
Question: A particle moves along a semicircular path of radius R =  m in time t = 1s with

constant speed. For the particle calculate (take  = 10)
2
(i) distance travelled

R
(ii) average speed A B
(iii) average acceleration
Solution:
(i) Distance = length of path of particle = AB = R = 10 m
distance R
(ii) Average speed, v = = = 10 m/s
time t
Change in velocity 2v 2R

 2 = 20 m/s
2
(iii) Average acceleration = =
time taken t t
Can a body have

(a) zero instantaneous velocity and yet be accelerating;
(b) zero average speed but nonzero average velocity;
(c) negative acceleration and yet be speeding up?

2. MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION
As discussed earlier for the analysis of motion, we need a reference frame made of origin
and a set of co-ordinate axis depending on the type of motion. If a motion is taking place on a
straight line, we need one axis for the analysis of motion. So we call this motion as motion in one
dimension. Similarly if motion is taking place in a plane, we need two co-ordinate axes and we call
motion as motion in two dimension. Three co-ordinate axes are required if motion is random
motion in space and we call such motion as motion in three dimension. Here we are going to
discuss motion on a straight line i.e., motion in one dimension.
Consider a particle moving on a straight line AB. For the analysis of motion we take origin,
O at any point on the line and x-axis along the line. Generally we take origin at the point from
where particle starts its motion and rightward direction as positive x-direction. At any moment if
particle is at P then its position is given by OP = x.
X
A O P B
Fig. (2)
dx
Velocity is defined as, v
dt
dv d 2 x v dv
Acceleration is defined as, a   2 
dt dt dx
2.1 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE WITH UNIFORM VELOCITY

If motion takes place with a uniform velocity v on a straight line, then
displacement in time t, s = v.t …(7)
acceleration of particle is zero.
2.2 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE WITH UNIFORM ACCELERATION-EQUATIONS OF

MOTION
Let a particle move in a straight line with initial velocity u (velocity at time t = 0) and with
uniform acceleration a. Let its velocity be v at the end of the interval of time t (final velocity at
time t). Let S be its displacement at the instant t.
v u
Now, acceleration a =
t
or, v = u + at … (8)
If ‘u’ and ‘a’ are in the same direction, ‘a’ is positive and hence the velocity increases with
time. If ‘a’ is opposite to the direction of ‘u’, ‘a’ is negative and the velocity decreases with time.
Displacement during the time interval t = average velocity x t
u v
S t ... (9)
2
Eliminating v from equations (8) and (9), we get
u  u  at
S t
2
1 2
or S  ut  at ... (10)
2
Another equation is obtained by eliminating t from equations (8) and (9)
v = u + at
v u
or, a=
t
v u
S = t
2
v u v u
or, aS =  t
t 2
v 2 u 2
=
2
or, v2 – u2 = 2aS
v2 = u2 + 2aS ... (11)
Distance traversed by the particle in the nth second of its motion
The velocity at the beginning of the nth second = u + a (n – 1)
The velocity at the end of the nth second = u + an
u  a (n  1)  u  an
Average velocity during the nth second =
2
1
= u a (2n  1)
2
Distance traversed during this one second
 1 
Sn = average velocity  time = u  a (2n  1)  1
 2 
1
i.e., Sn  u  a (2n  1) ... (12)
2
The five equations derived above are very important and are to be memorized. They are
very useful in solving problems in straight-line motion.
Calculus method of deriving equations of motion
The acceleration of a body is defined as
dv
a
dt
i.e., dv = a dt
Integrating, we get, v = at + A
Where A is constant of integration. By the initial condition when t = 0, v = u (initial velocity),

we get A = u
 v = u + at
dS
we know that the instantaneous velocity v  .
dt
Displacement of body for duration dt from time t to t + dt is given by
dS = v dt = (u + at) dt
On integration we get,
1 2
S  ut  at  B , where B is integration constant.
2
At, t = 0, S = 0 yields B = 0.
1 2
 S = ut + at
2
dv dv dS dv
Acceleration =  .  v.
dt dS dt dS
dv
 a =v
dS
a.dS = v.dv
Integrating we get,

v2
aS =  C , where C is integration constant.
2
Applying initial condition, when S = 0, v = u we get
u2
0 C
2
u2
or C=–
2
v 2 u2
 aS  
2 2
 v2 – u2 = 2aS
 v2 = u2 + 2aS
If S1 and S2 are the displacements during n seconds and (n – 1) seconds
1
S1 = u n + an2
2
1
S2 = u (n – 1) + a (n – 1)2
2
 Displacement in nth second
1 1
Sn = S1 – S2 = un + an2 – u (n – 1) – a (n – 1)2
2 2
1
Sn = u + a (2n – 1)
2

Illustration 2
Question: A certain automobile manufacturer claims that its super-delux sport’s car will
–1
accelerate from rest to a speed of 32.0 ms in 8.0 s. Under the important assumption
that the acceleration is constant.
–2
(a) determine the acceleration of car in ms .
(b) find the distance the car travels in 8.0 s.

th
(c) find the distance the car travels in 8 second.
Solution:
(a) We are given that u = 0 and velocity after 8 s is 32 m/s, so we can use v = u + at to find
acceleration
v u 32.0  0
a  = 4.0 ms
–2
t 8.0
(b) distance travelled in 8.0 s,
1 2 1
We can use, S = ut + at = 0 +  4.0  8 2  128 m
2 2
th
(c) distance travelled in 8 second,
a
We have, Sn = u + (2n –1)
2
4 .0
= (2 × 8 – 1) × = 30 m
2
2.3 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF MOTION
(i) Displacement-time graph: If displacement of a body is plotted on Y-axis and time on

X-axis, the curve obtained is called displacement-time graph. The instantaneous velocity at any
given instant can be obtained from the graph by finding the slope of the tangent at the point
corresponding to the time.

If the graph obtained is parallel to time axis, y

the velocity is zero (ab in figure). If the graph a v=0 b
Displacement (s=y-y0)
is an oblique straight line, the velocity is
decreasing g
constant (oc and ef in figure). If the graph c e
velocity
obtained is a curve (od in figure) whose d
slope increases with time, the velocity goes v = constant
v = constant
on increasing i.e., the motion is accelerated. increasing
y0
If the graph obtained is a curve of type og in velocity f
figure whose slope decreases with time, the
O
velocity goes on decelerated. t0 x
Time t
Fig. (3)
Velocity-time graph: Similarly a graph can be y A Velocity constant (a = 0) B

drawn between velocity and time of a moving
body. The curve obtained will be similar to the g
one shown in figure. If the graph is a straight c d
Velocity (v)
line parallel to time axis, the velocity is constant f Retardation (a)

a decreasing
and acceleration is zero (AB in figure). If the constant
graph is an oblique straight line, the motion is a = constant
uniformly accelerated (positive slope) or
a = increasing
uniformly decelerated (negative slope). The
velocity-time curve may be used to determine e x
Time (t)
displacement, velocity and acceleration i.e., it is
used to specify the entire motion.
Fig. (4)
To obtain the velocity at any time t we y

draw a perpendicular from given instant on the
curve and noting the corresponding point and q
Velocity (v)
dropping a perpendicular from this point on the

velocity axis. The slope of the tangent at the
P
point corresponding to the particular time on the Work
curve gives instantaneous acceleration. The
area enclosed by velocity-time graph and time
t1 t t+ t t2 x
axis for a time interval gives the displacement
during this time interval. In figure the shaded Time (t)
area pqt2t1 represents the net displacement
Fig. (5)
during the time interval between t1 and t2.
Acceleration-time graph: It is a graph plotted between time and acceleration. If the graph is a
line parallel to time axis, the acceleration is constant. If it is a straight line with positive slope, the

acceleration is uniformly increasing. The co-relation of the graph explained above follows directly
dS dv
from the differential expressions v  and a  .
dt dt
The area enclosed between acceleration-time graph and time axis gives during this time interval
change in velocity.
Illustration 3
–2
Question: At t = 0 a particle is at rest at origin. Its acceleration is 2ms for the first 3s
and –2 ms2 for the next 3s. Plot the acceleration versus time, velocity versus time
and position versus time graph.
Solution: We are given that for first 3s acceleration Y

–2
is 2 ms and for next 3s acceleration is – a(ms-2)
–2
2ms . Hence acceleration time graph is
as shown in the figure.
X
O
3 6 t (s)
The area enclosed between a-t curve and Y

t-axis gives change in velocity for the v (ms -1)
corresponding interval. Also at t = 0, v = 0,
hence final velocity at t = 3s will increase 6
to 6 ms1. In next 3s the velocity will
decrease to zero. Hence the velocity time
graph is as shown in figure. O X
3 6 t (s)
Note that v – t curves are taken as straight
line as acceleration is constant.
Now for displacement time curve, we will Y

use the fact that area enclosed between x (m)
vt curve and time axis gives
displacement for the corresponding 18
interval. Hence displacement in first three
second is 9 m and in next three second is
9m. Also the x-t curve will be of parabolic 9
nature as motion is with constant
acceleration. Therefore x-t curve is as
shown in figure. X
O 3 6 t(s)

If acceleration-time graph is a straight line inclined with time axis, then what will be the
nature of velocity-time graph.
2.4 VERTICAL MOTION UNDER GRAVITY
When a body is thrown vertically upward or dropped from a height, it moves in a vertical straight
line. If the air resistance offered by air to the motion of the body is neglected, all bodies moving
freely under gravity will be acted upon by its weight only. This causes a constant vertical
acceleration g having value 9.8 m/s2, so the equation for motion in a straight line with constant
acceleration can be used. In some problems it is convenient to take the downward direction as
positive, in such case all the measurement in downward direction are considered as positive i.e.,
acceleration will be +g. But sometimes we may need to take upward as positive and in such case
acceleration will be g.
Projection of a body vertically upwards
Suppose a body is projected vertically upward from a point A with velocity u.
If we take upward direction as positive B
(i) At time t, its velocity v = u  gt
(ii) At time t, its displacement from A is given by C
1 2
S = ut  gt
2
u
(iii) Its velocity when it has a displacement S is given by
A
v2 = u2  2gS
(iv) When it reaches the maximum height from A, its velocity v = 0. This
u
happens when t  . The body is instantaneously at rest at the highest point B.
g
(v) The maximum height reached
u2
H
2g
2u
(vi) Total time to go up and return to the point of projection =
g
Since, S = 0 at the point of projection,
1 2
S = ut  gt
2

1 2 2u
0 = ut  gt or t =
2 g
u 2u u u
Since the time of ascent = , the time of descent =  
g g g g
(vii) At any point C between A and B, where AC = S, the velocity v is given by

v   u 2 2gS
The velocity of body while crossing C upwards   u 2 2gS
and while crossing C downwards is  u 2 2gS . The magnitudes of the velocities are the
same.
A body is fired upward with speed v0. It takes time T to reach its maximum
height H. True or false.
H T v H
(a) It reaches in (b) It has speed 0 at (c) it has speed v 0 at 2T.
2 2 2 2
Illustration 4
Question: A body is projected upwards with a velocity 100 m/s. Find (a) the maximum height
reached, (b) the time taken to reach the maximum height, (c) its velocity at a height of
320 m from the point of projection, (d) speed with which it will cross down the point
of projection and (e) the time taken to reach back the point of projection.
2
Take g = 10 m/s
Solution:
(a) The maximum height reached
Initial upward velocity u = 100 m/s

2
Acceleration a = ( g) = – 10 m/s
Maximum height reached H is given by

2 2
v = u + 2aS
0 = 100 + 2(  10)H
2
100 2
H= = 500 m
2  10
(b) The time taken to reach the maximum height

u 100
t  = 10 s
g 10
(c) Velocity at a height of 320 m from the point of projection

2 2
v = u + 2aS
2
v = 10000 + 2( 10)320
v =  60 m/s
+ 60 m/s while crossing the height upward and 60 m/s while crossing it downward.
(d) Velocity with which it will cross down the point of projection
2 2
v = u + 2gS
At the point of projection S = 0
 v=u
While crossing the point of projection downwards, speed = u = 100 m/s
The velocity has the same magnitude as the initial velocity but reversed in direction.
(e) The time taken to reach back the point of projection
2u 2 100
t  = 20 s
g 10
2.5 GENERAL MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE
Saying general motion means motion it is other then motion with uniform velocity or motion
with uniform acceleration. In such motion we will be given the relation between two variables
among position, velocity, acceleration and time and other are to be calculated.
For this we need to use,
dx
Velocity, v=
dt
dv vdv
Acceleration, a  
dt dx
and then using calculus we find the unknown variables.
Illustration 5

–2
Question: A particle moving in a straight line has an acceleration of (3t – 4) ms at time t
seconds. The particle is initially 1 m from O, a fixed point on the line, with a velocity
of 2 ms1. Find the time (> 4/3s) when the velocity is zero. Find also the displacement
of the particle from O when t = 3.

dv
Solution: Using a gives
dt
dv
 3t  4
dt
v t
 
2

dv  (3t  4) dt
0
3t 2
 v–2=  4t
2
3t 2
 v=  4t  2
2
3t 2
The velocity will be zero when  4t  2  0
2
i.e., when (3t – 2) (t – 2) = 0
2
 t= or 2
3
 t = 2s
ds ds 3t 2
Using  v we have   4t  2,
dt dt 2
s 3
 3t 2 
  ds  
 2
 4t  2  dt

1 0 
3
t 3 
 s – 1 =   2t 2  2t   1.5
 2  0
 s = 2.5
Therefore the particle is 2.5 m from O when t = 3 s.


PROFICIENCY TESTI
The following questions deal with the basic concepts of this section. Answer the
following briefly. Go to the next section only if your score is at least 80%. Do not consult
the Study Material while attempting these questions.
1. Describe a physical situation, for example, with a ball or a car, for each of the following
cases.
(a) a = 0, v  0 ; (b) v = 0, a  0;
(c) v < 0, a > 0; (d) v = 0, a < 0.
2. True or false
(a) Positive slope of x versus t graph implies motion away from origin
(b) Negative slope on the v versus t graph means the velocity of body is decreasing
(c) Area enclosed between v versus t graph and t-axis gives displacement.
(d) Area enclosed between a versus t graph and t-axis gives velocity.
3. The position time graph in figure depicts the x A

journey of three bodies A, B and C. B
(a) At 1s, which has the greatest velocity?
C
(b) At 2s, which has travelled the farthest?
(c) When A meets C, is B moving faster or
slower than A?
(d) Is there any time at which the velocity of A
is equal to that of B? t
1s 2s 3s 4s
4. A ball is thrown up from the surface of earth and falls back on it. Taking origin at ground
and upward as positive direction, draw
(a) x – t graph,
(b) v – t graph and
(c) a – t graph
5. A particle starts with a velocity of 6 m/s and moves with uniform acceleration of 3 m/s2.
Find its velocity after 10 seconds.

6. A body starts from rest and moves with uniform acceleration of 4 m/s2 for one minute. What
is the velocity acquired by the body?
7. An automobile moving with a velocity of 72 km/hr is brought to rest in a distance of 10 m by

the application of brakes. Find the retardation assuming it to be uniform.
8. A train starting from rest accelerates uniformly for 100 s, runs at a constant speed for 5
minutes and then comes to a stop with uniform retardation in the next 150 seconds. During
this motion it covers a distance of 4.25 km. Find its constant speed.
9. A stone is dropped from a height of 100 m from a balloon which rises up from the ground.
Find the velocity of the balloon at that moment if the stone reaches the ground 5 seconds
after it was dropped.
10. A particle moves in straight line with acceleration 2t ms–2 at time t. If it starts from rest of O
on the line, find its velocity and displacement from O at time t = 3 s.

ANSWERS TO PROFICIENCY TEST I
2. (a) True
(b) True
(c) True
(d) False
3. (a) B
(b) C
(c) Slower
(d) Yes, in the interval 2 to 3 s
5. The velocity at the end of 10 seconds is 36 m/s.
6. 240 m/s
7. 20 m/s2
8. 36 km/hr
9. Velocity of the balloon = 5 m/s directed upward
10. 9 m/s, 9 m

SECTION  II

3. MOTION IN TWO DIMENSIONS
Motion in a plane is called as motion in two dimensions e.g., projectile motion, circular
motion etc. For the analysis of such motion our reference will be made of an origin and two
co-ordinate axes x and y. Position of particle is known by knowing its co-ordinate (x, y). Velocity of
particle will be resultant of velocities in x and y direction vx and vy. Similarly acceleration will be in
the two directions. For analysis of such motion we analyse the motion along two axes
independently, i.e., while dealing motion in x-direction we need not to think what is going on in
y-direction and vice versa.
We have to study about projectile motion, circular motion and relative velocity under the
head of motion in two dimensions. We shall discuss circular motion in next lesson.
4. PROJECTILE MOTION
A projectile is a particle, which is given an initial velocity, and then moves under the action
of its weight alone. If the initial velocity is vertical, the particle moves in a straight line and such
motion we had already discussed in ‘motion in one dimension as motion under gravity’. Here we
are going to discuss the motion of particle which is projected obliquely near the earth’s surface.
While discussing such motion we shall suppose the motion to the be within such a moderate
distance from the earth’s surface, that acceleration due to gravity may be considered to remain
sensibly constant. We shall also neglect the resistance of air and consider the motion to be in
vacuum.
4.1 IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN PROJECTILE MOTION
When a particle is projected into air, the angle that the direction of projection makes with
horizontal plane through the point of projection is called the angle of projection; the path, which the
particle describes, is called the trajectory; the distance between the point of projection and the
point where the path meets any plane draws through the point of projection is its range; the time
that elapses in air is called as time of flight and the maximum distance above the plane during its
motion is called as maximum height attained by the projectile.
4.2 ANALYTICAL TREATMENT OF PROJECTILE MOTION
Consider a particle projected with a velocity u of an angle  with the horizontal from earth’s
surface. If the earth did not attract a particle to itself, the particle would describe a straight line; on
account of attraction of earth, however, the particle describes a curved path. This curve will be
proved later to be always a parabola.

y
Let us take origin at the point of
projection and x-axis and y-axis along the P
u
surface of earth and perpendicular to it
respectively as shown in figure. 
O x
Fig. 6
By the principle of physical independence of forces, the weight of the body only has effect on the
motion in vertical direction. It, therefore, has no effect on the velocity of the body in the horizontal
direction, and horizontal velocity therefore remains unaltered.
Motion in x-direction:
Motion in x–direction is motion with uniform velocity.
At, t = 0, x0 = 0 and ux = ucos
Position after time t, x = x0 + uxt
 x = (u cos) t … (i)
Velocity of any time t, vx = ux
 vx = u cos … (ii)
Motion in y-direction:
Motion in y-direction is motion with uniformly acceleration.
when, t = 0, y0 = 0, uy = u sin  and ay = –g
 After time ‘t‘, vy = uy + ayt
 vy = u sin  gt … (iii)
1
y = y0 + uyt + ayt2 … (iv)
2
Also, vy2 = uy2 + 2ayy
 vy2 = u2 sin2 – 2gy … (v)
Time of Flight (T ):
Time of flight is the time during which particle moves from O to O i.e., when t = T, y = 0
 From equation (iv)
1 2
O = usinT– gT
2
2u sin 
 T = , …(13)
g

Range of Projectile (R) :
Range is horizontal distance traveled in time T,
i.e., R = x in time T
 From equation (ii)
R = ucos.T
2 u sin 
= ucos
g
u 2 sin 2
R = …(14)
g
Maximum height reached (H):

At the time particle reaches its maximum height velocity of particle becomes parallel to
horizontal direction i.e., vy = 0 when y = H
 From equation (v)
0 = u2sin2 - 2gH
u 2 sin2 
 H …(15)
2g
Equation of trajectory:
The path traced by a particle in motion is called trajectory and it can be known by knowing
the relation between x and y
From equation (i) and (iv) eliminating time t we get
1 gx 2
y = x tan  sec2 …(16)
2 u2
This is trajectory of path and is equation of parabola. So we can say the path of particle is
parabolic.
Velocity and direction of motion after a given time:
After time ‘t‘ vx = ucos and vy = usin – gt
vx  vy
2 2
Hence resultant velocity v =

= u 2 cos 2   (u sin   gt ) 2
If direction of motion makes an angle  with horizontal.
vy u sin   gt
tan  = 
vx u cos 
 u sin   gt 
  = tan–1  
 u cos  

Speed at a given height
At a height ‘h’, vx = ucos
And vy = u 2 sin2   2gh
 vx  vy
2 2
Resultant speed v =
v= u 2  2gh
Note that this is the speed that a particle would have at height h if it is projected vertically
from ground with u.
Illustration 6
Question: A particle is projected up from the ground with a velocity of 150 m/s at an angle of
projection 30° with the horizontal. Find
(a) the time of flight

(b) the vertical velocity at a height of 70 m.
Solution:
2u sin 2  150  sin30 

(a) The time of flight T   = 15 s
g 10
(b) The vertical velocity at this height
v y2 = (u sin )2  2  10  70 = (150 sin 30)2  20 70 = 4225
v = 65 m/s
y
4.3 SOME IMPORTANT POINTS REGARDING PROJECTILE MOTION OVER A

HORIZONTAL PLANE
(i) For a given velocity of projection, the range of horizontal plane will be maximum
when angle of projection is 45°.
u 2 sin 2
We have range of projectile. R 
g
Therefore if we keep on increasing  range will increase and then decrease. Its
value will be maximum when sin2 is maximum i.e.,  = 45°
u2
Also, maximum range Rmax =
g
(ii) For a given range and given initial speed of projection, there are two possible angle
of projection which are complementary angle i.e., if one is  other will be (90°– ).
Illustration 7
Question: What is the least velocity with which a cricket ball can be thrown through a distance
of 1000 m?
Solution: Since the range is given, the least velocity of projection is that value when the angle of
projection is 45. For velocity u to be least
u 2 sin2
= 1000 where  = 45
g
u2
or, = 1000
g
u = 1000  10 = 10000
2
u = 100 m/s
Illustration 8
Question: Find the maximum horizontal range when the velocity of projection is 30 m/s. Find the
two directions of projection to give a range of 45 m when projected with same
–1 2
velocity of 30 ms . Take g= 10 m/s .
u 2 30 2
Solution: (i) Maximum range R m   = 90 m
g 10
u 2 sin2
(ii) Now = 45
g
45  10 1
or, sin 2 = 
30  30 2
or, 2 = 30 or 150 [ (180  ) = sin ]
or  = 15 or 75
Therefore for a given velocity of projection and for a given range, two directions of projection
are possible.

In a projectile motion on a horizontal surface if we consider air resistance, what will

be effect on (a) time of flight; (b) maximum height; (c) range ?
4.4 RANGE OF PROJECTILE ON AN INCLINED PLANE THROUGH THE POINT OF

PROJECTION
A particle is projected from a point A on an inclined plane, which is inclined at an angle  to the
horizon with a velocity u at an elevation . The direction of projection lies in the vertical plane
through AB, the line of the greatest slope of the plane.
Let the particle strike the plane at B so that
AB is the range on the inclined plane. u
The initial velocity of projection u can be B

resolved into a component u cos (  ) along the 
plane and a component u sin (  ) perpendicular A  C
to the plane. The acceleration due to gravity g which
acts vertically down can be resolved into Fig. 7.
components g sin  along the plane and g cos 
perpendicular to the plane. By the principle of
physical independence of forces the motion along
the plane may be considered independent of the
motion perpendicular to the plane. Let T be the time,
which the particle takes to go from A to B. Then in
this time the distance traversed by the projectile
perpendicular to the plane is zero.
1
 0 = u sin (  ) T  g cosT 2
2
2usin()
 T= …(17)
g cos
During this time the horizontal velocity of the projectile (u cos ) remains constant. Hence the
horizontal distance described is given by
2u 2 sin(  )cos
AC = u cos T =
g cos
AC 2u 2 sin()cos
 AB = 
cos g cos2 
2u 2 sin()cos
 Range on the inclined plane  ...(18)
g cos 2 
Maximum range on the inclined plane

2u 2 sin (  ) cos
R
g cos 2 
u2
= [sin (2  )  sin ]
g cos 2 
For given values of u and , R is maximum when
sin (2  ) = 1
i.e., (2  ) = 90
 = (45 + /2)
If Rm represents the maximum range on the inclined plane,
u2
Rm  (1  sin )
g cos 2 
u2
Rm 
g (1sin)
For a given velocity of projection, it can be shown that there are two directions of projection
which are equally inclined to the direction of maximum range.
u2
Now R= [sin (2  )  sin ]
g cos2 
For given values of u,  and R, sin (2  ) is constant. There are two values of (2  )
each less than 180° that can satisfy the above equation.
Let (21  ) and (22  ) be the two values. Then
21   = 180  (22  )
1  /2 = 90  (2  /2)
1  (45 + /2) = (45 + /2)  2

Since (45 + /2) is the angle of projection giving the maximum range, it follows that the
direction giving maximum range bisects the angle between the two angles of projection that can
give a particular range.

Illustration 9
Question: A particle is projected at an angle  with horizontal from the foot of a plane whose
inclination to horizontal is . If  – = 45 and particle strikes the inclined plane
0
perpendicular to it, then find the value of cot .
Solution: Let u be the velocity of projection so that u cos (  ) and u sin (  ) are the initial
velocities respectively parallel and perpendicular to the inclined plane. The acceleration in
these two directions are (g sin ) and (g cos ).
The initial component of velocity perpendicular to

PQ is u sin (  ) and the acceleration in this
direction is ( g cos ). If T is the time the particle
takes to go from P to Q then in time T the space u Q
described in a direction perpendicular to PQ is
zero.

1

0 = u sin (  )  T  g cos   T
2 P N
2
2u sin( )
T=
g cos
If the direction of motion at the instant when the particle hits the plane be perpendicular to
the plane, then the velocity at that instant parallel to the plane must be zero.
 u cos (  )  g sin T = 0
ucos() 2u sin()
T 
g sin g cos
 cot  = 2 tan (  ) = 2
5. RELATIVE VELOCITY
The terms ‘rest’ and ‘motion’ are only relative. For example, when we say that a train is
moving with velocity 30 m.p.h, we mean is that it is the velocity with which the train moves with
respect to an observer on the earth who is regarded as fixed. This is not true strictly since a
person on the earth unconsciously partakes the rotatory motion of the earth round its axis and the
motion of earth round the sun. In addition, he shares the motion of entire solar system through
space with respect to certain fixed stars. Thus there is no absolutely fixed point on the earth about
which we can measure motion. Hence a person on the earth can never realise absolute motion or
absolute rest.
Let us consider two motor cars A and B moving in the same direction on a road with equal
speed. To a person seated in A, if he were unconscious of his motion, the car B would appear to

be at rest. The line joining the two cars will always remain constant in magnitude and direction.
The velocity of B relative to A or the velocity of A relative to B is zero.

On the other hand if A is moving with 30 m.p.h and B with 40 m.p.h in the same direction, a
person in A would observe the car B to be drawing away from him at the rate of 10 m.p.h. This
represents the velocity of B relative to A. If, however, B is moving opposite to the direction of A
with velocity 40 m.p.h., for a person in A, B appears to draw away from him at the rate of 70 m.p.h.
This, therefore, represents the velocity of B relative to A.
Definition of Relative velocity
When the distance between two moving points A and B is altering, either in magnitude or in
direction or both, each point is said to possess a velocity relative to the other. The velocity of one
of the moving points, say, A, relative to the other point B is obtained by compounding with the
velocity of A, the reversed velocity of B. The velocity of A relative to B is the velocity with which A
will appear to move to B, if B is reduced to rest.
If velocity A is v A and that of B is v B with respect to a vB

stationary frame, then from the definition, relative velocity of A with
respect to B, v AB is given by
B A vA
Fig. 8.
v AB = v A  v B …(19)
If angle between v A and v B is  then
| v AB | v A2  v B2  2v A v B cos  …(20)
Also angle  made by relative velocity with vA is given by

v B sin 
tan   …(21)
v A  v B cos 
From the above definition of relative velocity it follows that if we impress on both the
moving points A and B, a velocity equal and opposite to that of B, then B would be reduced to rest
and A will have two velocities (i) its own velocity and (ii) the reversed velocity of B. These two can
be compounded into a single velocity by the parallelogram law, which will give the velocity of A
relative to B.
Illustration 10
Question: Two trains A and B have lengths 100 m and 80 m respectively. They move in opposite
directions along parallel tracks at 72 km/hr and 36 km/hr respectively. What is the
time taken by one train to cross the other?
5
Solution: Velocity of train A, vA = 72 km/hr = 72  m/s = 20 m/s
18

5
Velocity of train B, vB =  36 km/hr =  36  =  10 m/s
18
 ve sign indicates the oppositely directed velocity.
Velocity of A relative to B = vA  vB = 20 + 10 = 30 m/s.
The train A is now supposed to move with velocity 30 m/s while the train B is ‘stationary’.
For the train A to cross B or vice versa, the total distance to be crossed
= Length of train B + Length of train A
= 80m +100 m = 180 m
180 m
Time taken = =6s
30m/s
Illustration 11
Question: A monkey is climbing a vertical tree with a velocity of15 m/s while a dog runs towards
the tree chasing the monkey with a velocity of 20 m/s. Find the direction of velocity of
the dog relative to the monkey.
Solution: Velocity of the dog relative to the monkey = velocity of VM

dog  velocity of monkey
VD
= V D V M O D

VD  VM
= V D  ( V M ) V
M M
15 3
This velocity makes an angle  with the horizontal, where tan  =  or
20 4
3
 = tan 1  = 37
4
Two particles are undergoing projectile motion. What is the nature of path of one
particle observed from other particle?

PROFICIENCY TEST II
The following questions deal with the basic concepts of this section. Answer the
following briefly. Go to the next section only if your score is at least 80%. Do not consult
the Study Material while attempting the questions.
1. If a person wants to hit a target, in what direction should he point his rifle?
(Higher, lower or in the same direction as target)?
2. A person sitting in a train moving with uniform horizontal velocity drops a ball vertically
downward. What is the path observed by
(i) a person in the train?
(ii) a person in a second train moving in the opposite direction on a parallel track?
3. Two balls are projected from the same point in directions inclined at 30° and 60 to
horizontal. If they attain the same height, what is the ratio of squares of their velocities of
projection? What is this ratio if they have the same horizontal range?
4. At what angle should a body be projected with a velocity 8 m/s just to pass over an obstacle
16 m high at a horizontal distance of 32 m? (Assume g = 10 m/s2,  = 10 )
5. Two stones are projected from a point P in the same direction with a velocity of 20 m/s one
at angle  above the horizontal and the other at angle  to the vertical. Find the horizontal
distance of each stone from P one second after projection and the horizontal separation
between the stones. (Take cos  = 4/5; sin  = 3/5)
6. A 100 m long train running with uniform velocity overtakes a man running in the same
direction on the platform at a speed of 5 m/s in 10 seconds. Find the velocity of the train.

N
7. A ship ‘A’ steams due north at 16 km/hr and a ship ‘B’
due west at 12 km/hr. At a certain moment position of V
A
B is 10 iˆ and of A is 0 iˆ . The distances are measured
O E
in kilometer. Find the magnitude of velocity of A V
B
relative to B. Find also the nearest distance of
approach of the ships.

ANSWERS TO PROFICIENCY TEST II
3. 3 : 1; 1 : 1
4. 45°
5. 16 m; 12 m; 4 m
6. 15 m/s.
7. 20 km/h, 8 km

SOLVED OBJECIVE EXAMPLES
Example 1:
A particle is travelling with velocity of 2 m/s and moves in a straight line with a retardation of
2
0.1 m/s . The time at which the particle is 15m from the starting point is
(a) 10 s (b) 20 s (c) 25 s (d) 40 s
Solution:
1 2 1
S  ut  at ;15  2t   ( 0.1)t 2
2 2
 20  15 = 40t – t or t – 40t + 300 = 0

2 2
(t – 30) (t – 10) = 0; t = 30 s
or t = 10 s
The particle is at a distance 15 m from starting point at t = 10 s and also t = 30 s.
 (a)
Example 2:
2 2
A particle moves along a straight line according to the law S = at + 2bt + c. The acceleration
of the particle varies as
(a) S3
2/3 2 5/2
(b) S (c) S (d) S
Solution:
2 1/2
S = (at + 2bt + c)
dS 1 2 at b
Differentiating,  (at 2bt c ) 1/ 2 (2at 2b)
dt 2 at 2 2bt c
 at 2 2bt c   a  (at b ) (at b)

 
  at 2 2bt c
d 2S
=
dt 2 (at 2 2bt c )
a(at 2 2bt c )(at b ) 2 (ac b 2 )

 
at 2 2bt c (at 2  2bt c ) S S 2
d 2S 1 –3
   acceleration  S
dt 2 S3
 (a)
Example 3:
A car accelerates from rest at a constant rate  for sometime, after which it decelerates at a
constant rate  to come to rest. If the total time elapsed is t, the maximum velocity acquired
by car is
αβ t (α  β) α 2  β2 α 2  β2
(a) (b) t (c) t (d) t
αβ αβ αβ αβ
Solution:
 
S1 u=V S2 v=0
A B C
u=0 v=V
V
For motion from A to B, V t 1 or t1 

V
For motion from B to C, 0V t 2 or t2 

V V V ()
 t  t 1 t 2   
  

or, V t
(   )
 (a)
Example 4:
Two particles P and Q start simultaneously from A with velocities 15 m/s and 20 m/s
respectively. They move in the same direction with different accelerations. When P overtakes
Q at B, velocity of P is 30 m/s. The velocity of Q at B is
(a) 30 m/s (b) 25 m/s (c) 20 m/s (d) 15 m/s
Solution:
As displacement (in uniformly accelerated motion) = average velocity  time
The average velocity is the same, when overtaking takes place.
15 + 30 = 20 + v
or, v = 25 m/s
 (b)
Example 5:
A stone A is dropped from rest from a height h above the ground. A second stone B is
simultaneously thrown vertically up with velocity v. The value of v which would enable the
stone B to meet the stone A midway between their initial positions is
(a) 2 gh (b) 2 gh (c) gh (d) 2gh
Solution:
Time of travel of each stone = t

h
Distance travelled by each stone =
2
h 1 2 h
For stone A,  gt i .e.,t 
2 2 g
h 1 h 1 h
For stone B,  ut  gt 2  u  g  
2 2 g 2 g
h h h
 u 
2 g 2
h
or, u h
g
g
 u h  gh
h
 (c)
Example 6:
A body is dropped from rest from a height h. It covers a distance 9h/25 in the last second of
fall. The height h is
(a) 102.5 m (b) 112.5 m (c) 122.5 m (d) 132.5 m
Solution:
t is time to reach ground.
1  9  1
h  at 2 ;1 h  a(t 1) 2
2  25  2
 9  (t 1) 16 (t 1) 4 t 1
2 2
1  2 ;  2 or   t = 5 sec
 25  t 25 t 5 t
1
 9.8  5 = 122.5 m
2
h=
2
 (c)
Example 7:
A particle P is projected vertically upward from a point A. Six seconds later, another particle
Q is projected vertically upward from A. Both P and Q reach A simultaneously. The ratio of
maximum heights reached by P and Q = 64 : 25. Find the velocity of the projection of Q in m/s
(a) 7 g (b) 6 g (c) 5 g (d) 4 g
Solution:

1 2 1 2
g(t + 3) : gt = 64 : 25
2 2
2 2
or (t + 3) : t = 64 : 25; or (t + 3) : t = 8 : 5
5t + 15 = 8t or 3t = 15; t = 5 seconds
v = g  t = 9.8  5 = 49 m/s = 5g m/s
 (c)

Example 8:
A stone is dropped from rest from the top of a cliff. A second stone is thrown vertically down
with a velocity of 30 m/s two seconds later. At what distance from the top of a cliff do they
meet?
(a) 60 m (b) 120 m (c) 80 m (d) 44 m
Solution:
The two stones meet at distance S from top of cliff t seconds after first stone is
dropped.
1 2 1 2
For 1st stone S = gt ; For 2nd stone S = u(t – 2) + g(t – 2)
2 2
1 2 1 2
i.e., gt = ut – 2u + gt – 2gt + 2g
2 2
2(u g ) 2(30 10 )

0 = (u – 2g)t – 2(u – g); t   =4s
u 2g 30 20
1 1
 gt =  10  16
2
Distance S at which they meet =
2 2
= 80 m from top of cliff
 (c)
Example 9:
A particle is projected from a point O with velocity u in a direction making an angle  upward
with the horizontal. At P, it is moving at right angles to its initial direction of projection. Its
velocity at P is
(a) u tan  (b) u cot  (c) u cosec  (d) u sec 
Solution:
P 
v cos (90  ) = v sin  = u cos ; v = u cot 
(90° )
 (b) 90°
u v

O
Example 10:
In the previous example the time of flight from O to P is
u cosec α u sin α u tan α u sec α
(a) (b) (c) (d)
g g g g
Solution:
v = gt = (g cos)t = u cot 

ucot  u 1 ucosec α
t=   
g cos g sin g
 (a)
Example 11:
A particle is projected from O and is moving freely under gravity and strikes the horizontal
plane through O at a distance R from it. Then which of the following is incorrect?
2
(a) There will be two angles of projection if Rg < u
2
(b) There will be more than two angles of projection if Rg = u
(c) The two possible angles of projection are complementary
(d) The products of the times of flight for two directions of projection is 2R/g
Solution:
2u 2 sincos
The range R =
g
Rg
 Rg = u , then sin 2 = 1, so  = 45 .
2 0
sin 2 =
u2
Rg
sin 21 = sin 22  sin 21  sin 22 = 0
u2
or, 2 cos (1 + 2) sin (1  2) = 0
If Rg < u , 1 + 2 = /2; if Rg = u , 1 = 2 = /2

2 2
2u sin 1 2u sin 2 4u 2 sin 1 cos 1 2R

t1t2 =   2
 since 1 + 2 = /2
g g g g
 (b)
Example 12:
The velocity of a particle P moving freely under gravity is 4.9 m/s, the direction being 30° with
the downward normal
2
(a) its acceleration normal to the direction of motion at P = 9.8 m/s
(b) the radius of curvature of P of the parabolic trajectory of particle is 4. 9 m
(c) the particle has no acceleration normal to the direction of motion
(d) the radius of curvature at P of the path depends upon the initial velocity of projection
Solution:
The component of acceleration perpendicular to

velocity is g cos 60 and this provide the necessary
v
centripetal acceleration. 60° 30°

g 2
g cos 60 = = 4.9 m/s
2
v2
The radius of curvature is = 4.9;
r
v2
r= = 4.9 m
4.9
 (b)
Example 13:
A boat which has a speed of 5 km/hr in still water crosses a river of width 1 km along the
shortest possible path in 15 minutes. The velocity of the river water in kilometres per hour is
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 41

Solution:
For shortest possible path vw

1km
v  4 km/h
15 min vb  v
v w2  v 2  v b2
v w  v b2  v 2  5 2  4 2  3kmh–1
 (b)
Example 14:
A man running at 6 km/hr on a horizontal road in vertically falling rain observes that the rain
hits him at 30° from the vertical. The actual velocity of rain has magnitude
(a) 6 km/hr (b) 6 3 km/hr (c) 2 3 km/hr (d) 2 km/hr
Solution: O 6 km M
Velocity of rain = Velocity of man + Relative velocity of rain OR

gives the actual velocity. 30°
Relative
VR 1 6 velocity
tan 30  
OR 3 OR
or, 6 3 V R
 (b)

Example 15:
A boat which has a speed of 5 km/hr in still water crosses a river of width 3 km along the
shortest possible path in t min. The river flows at the rate of 3 km/hr. The time taken t is
(a) 20 min (b) 25 min (c) 45 min (d) 55 min
Solution:
AB 3
t  = 45 minutes
5 3
2 2 4
 (c)

SOLVED SUBJECTIVE EXAMPLES
Example 1:
2
A particle moves along a straight path ABC with a uniform acceleration of 0.5 m/s . While it
crosses A its velocity is found to be 5 m/s. It reaches C with a velocity 40 m/s, 30 seconds
after it has crossed B in its path. Find the distance AB.
Solution:
The velocity while it crosses the point A is 5 m/s
u = 5 m/s v = 40 m/s
A
S1 B C
t=0 t = t1 t = t1 + 30
Considering the displacement AC,
initial velocity u = 5 m/s
final velocity v = 40 m/s

2
acceleration a = 0.5 m/s
v u 405
 time of motion t =  = 70 s
a 0 .5
For the displacement AB,
initial velocity u = 5 m/s

2
acceleration a = 0.5 m/s
time of motion t = 70  30 = 40 s
1 2 1 
 AB = S = ut + at = (5  40) +   0.5  40 2  = 200 + 400 = 600 m
2 2 
Example 2:
A particle moving with uniform acceleration in a straight line covers a distance of 3 m in the
8th second and 5 m in the 16th second of its motion. What is the displacement (in cm) of the
particle from the beginning of the 6th second to the end of 15th second?
Solution:
The distance traveled during the nth second of motion of a body is given by
1
Sn  u  a (2n 1)
2

For the motion during the 8th second,
1 15a
3=u+ a (16 1)  u  ... (i)
2 2
For the motion during the 16th second,
1 31a
5=u+ a ( 32  1)  u  ... (ii)
2 2
Subtracting equations (i) from (ii)
8a = 2
1 2
or acceleration a = ms
4
 15 1  9
From equation (1), u = 3     ms
2
 2 4 8
Now, the velocity at the end of 5 s (velocity at the beginning of 6th second)
v1 = u + 5a
The velocity at the end of 15th s, v2 = u + 15a
v1 v 2
Average velocity during this interval of 10 seconds =
2
(u 5a)(u 15a)
 = u + 10a
2
Distance travelled during this interval
S = average velocity x time = (u + 10a)  t
 9 10  290
=     10  = 36.25 m = 3625 cm
8 4  8
Example 3:
5 2
An automobile can accelerate or decelerate at a maximum value of m/s and can attain a
3
maximum speed of 90 km/hr. If it starts from rest, what is the shortest time in which it can
travel one kilometre, if it is to come to rest at the end of the kilometre run?
Solution:
In order that the time of motion be shortest, the automobile should attain the maximum velocity with
the maximum acceleration after the start, maintain the maximum velocity for as along as possible
and then decelerate with the maximum retardation possible, consistent with the condition that, the
automobile should come to rest immediately after covering a distance of 1 km.
Let t1 be the time of acceleration, t2 be the time of uniform velocity and t3 be the time of retardation.
5
Now, maximum velocity possible = 90 km/hr = 90  m/s = 25 m/s
18
v u 25 0
t1   = 15 s
a 5
3
Similarly, the time of retardation is also given by
0  25
t3  = 15 s
5

3
During the period of acceleration, the distance covered
= average velocity x time
25  0
=  15 = 187.5 m
2
During the period of retardation, the distance covered is the same and hence
= 187.5 m
 the total distance covered under constant velocity = 1000  375 = 625 m
625
Time of motion under constant velocity, t 2   25s
25
 the shortest time of motion = t1 + t2 + t3 = 15 + 25 + 15 = 55 seconds
Example 4:
1
A stone is dropped into a well and the sound of the splash is heard 3 seconds later. If the
8
2
velocity of sound in air is 352.8 m/s, find the depth of the well (in cm). g = 9.8 m/s .
Solution:
Let x metres be the depth of the well and t the time taken by the stone to reach the surface of water.
2
In this case u = 0, a = 9.8 m/s
1 2
Now in the relation, S = ut + at ,
2
we have
1 2
x=0+ (9.8) t
2

2
or x = 4.9t ... (i)
Time taken by sound to travel the distance x up (Motion of sound wave is not affected by gravity) is
 1 
 3  t  seconds
 8 
Distance traveled = Velocity of sound  Time taken
 25 
x = 352 .8 t ... (ii)
 8 
From equations (i) and (ii),
 25 
4.9t 2 352 .8 t 
 8 
2
or, 4.9t + 352.8t – 1102.5 = 0
2
or, t + 72t – 225 = 0
Solving, t = 3 or – 75 s.
Since the negative value of t has no meaning, t = 3 s.

2
This gives x = 4.9t = 4.9 x 9 = 44.1 m
Hence the depth of the well = 44.1 m = 4410 cm

Example 5:
A circus artist maintains four balls in motion making each in turn rise to a height of 5 m from
his hand. With what velocity (in m/s) does he project them and the height (in cm) of the other
2
three balls at the instant when the fourth one is just leaving his hand? (take g = 10 m/s .)
Solution:
Obviously, to maintain proper distances, the artists must throw the balls after equal intervals of time.
Let the interval of time be t, so that when the fourth ball is just leaving his hand, the first ball would
have travelled for time 3t, the second for time 2t and the third for time t. The second obviously would
just have reached the maximum height of 5 m.
If v be the initial velocity of throw of each ball, then for the second ball we have,
v2 = 0 = v – g (2t) ... (i)
1
and s2 = 5 = v (2t ) – g (2t ) 2 ... (ii)
2
These gives, v = 2gt
v  2t = 2t + 5
2
and
or v = 20t
v  2t = 20t + 5
2
and
2 1
Solving for t, we get 20t = 5 or t = second.
2
1
Therefore, v = 20  = 10 m/s. Thus each ball is thrown up with initial velocity of 10 m/s.
2
For the first ball, which would have come down for time (3t – 2t) = t, we have
1
S=0+ gt 2
2
2
1  1 5
=  10    = 125 cm
2 2 4
Therefore, it will be at a height of (5 – 1.25) = 375 cm from the hand and going downwards.
For the third ball, which will have risen up for time t,
2
1 2  1 1  1
S3  vt  gt  10     10     5  1.25  375 cm
2  
2 2 2
Example 6:

A stone is projected from the point on the ground in such a direction so as to hit a bird on the
top of a telegraph post of height h and then attain the maximum height 2h above the ground.
If at the instant of projection the bird were to fly away horizontally with uniform speed
 
v = 2 2  1 m/s. Find the horizontal velocity of the stone if the stone still hits the bird while
descending.

Solution:
The situation is shown in Figure. Let  be the angle of projection and u the velocity of projection.
Maximum height MN = 2h
u 2 sin 2  Y
MN = 2h =
2g
 u sin  = 2 gh ... (i)
u M
Let t be the time taken by stone to attain the
vertical height h above the ground. A B
1 2
h h
 h = (u sin )t  gt X
2 O N
 2u sin  2h
t 2   t  0
 g  g
usin u 2 sin2  2h
t  
g g2 g
Substituting the value of u sin  from (i),
2 gh 4gh 2h 4h 2h
t   = 
g g2 g g g
4h 2h 4h 2h
t1   t2  
g g g g
where t1 and t2 are time to reach A and B respectively shown in the figure. If v is the horizontal
velocity of bird, then
AB = vt2.
AB is also equal to u cos  (t2  t1), where u cos  is constant horizontal velocity of stone.
2h
t 2 t 1 2
g
2h
 u cos   2 = vt2
g

2h 2h
2 2
v g g
 
ucos t2 2h
( 2 1)
g
v 2

u cos  2 1
 u cos   1 m/s

Example 7:
Two particles are projected at the same instant from two points A and B on the same
horizontal level where AB = 56 m, the motion taking place in a vertical plane through AB. The
 5 
particle from A has an initial velocity of 39 m/s at an angle sin 1   with AB and the
 13 
 1 3 
particle from B has an initial velocity of 25 m/s at an angle sin   with BA. Show that the
 5
particles would collide in mid-air and find when and where the impact occurs.
Solution:
AB = 56 m.
At A, a particle is projected with velocity u = 39 m/s. u1 u v

and u2 are its horizontal and vertical components
u2 v2
respectively. The angle u makes with AB is 1. 2
1
A u1 56 m v1 B
5 12
Given that sin  1  cos 1  .
13 13
Similarly, for the particle projected from B, with velocity v = 25 m/s, v1 and v2 are the horizontal and
vertical components respectively.
3 4
sin 2 =  cos 2 = .
5 5
5
Now u2 = u sin 1 = 39  = 15 m/s.
13
3
v2 = v sin 2 = 25  = 15 m/s.
5
The vertical components of the velocities are the same at the start. Subsequently at any other
instant t their vertical displacement are equal and have a value
h = 15t  5t
2
which means that the line joining their positions at the instant t continues to be horizontal and the
particles come closer to each other.
Their relative velocity in the horizontal direction
= 39 cos 1 + 25 cos 2
12 4
= 39   25   36  20 = 56 m/s
13 5

AB 56
Time of collision   = 1 s, after they were projected.
56 56
1 2 1
Height at which the collision occurs = ut  at 15(1) (10)(1) 2
2 2
= 10 m
The horizontal distance of the position of collision from A
12
= 39   1 s = 36 m
13

Example 8:
A shell is fired from a gun from the bottom of a hill along its slope. The slope of the hill is
 = 30 and the angle of barrel to the horizontal is  = 60. The initial velocity of shell is
21 m/s. Find the distance from the gun to the point at which the shell falls.
Solution:
We can write the equation of motion as
x = ut cos 
gt 2
y = ut sin  
2
u
OA = 
A
At the moment the shell falls to the ground
=60º
x =  cos  =  cos 30 =30º
y =  sin  =  sin 30
 cos  = ut cos  ... (i)
gt 2
 sin  = ut sin   ... (ii)
2
cos
 t =
u cos
cossin g 2 cos 2  2u 2 sin()cos

sin   2  
cos 2u cos 2  g cos 2 
Substituting u = 21 m/s,  = 30,  = 60 and g = 9.8 m/s , we get  = 30 metres

2
Example 9:
A man can swim at a velocity V1 relative to water in a river flowing with speed V2. Show that it
V1
will take him times as long to swim a certain distance upstream and back as to
V12 V22
swim the same distance and back perpendicular to the direction of the stream (V1 > V2).
(given 24V1  25V2 )

Solution:
Suppose the man swims a distance x up and the same distance down the stream.
Velocity of man upstream relative to the ground = V1  V2.
x
Time taken for this, t 1 
V1 V2
Velocity of man downstream relative to the ground = V1 + V2
x
Time taken for this, t 2 
V1 V2
x x 2V1x
Total time taken t1 t2   
V1 V2 V1 V2 V12 V22
Next the man intends crossing the river perpendicular to the direction of the stream. If he wants to
cross the river straight across he must swim in a direction OM such that the vector sum of velocity of
man + velocity of river will give him a velocity relative to the ground in a direction perpendicular to

the direction of the stream. In the Figure the velocity relative to the ground is OR and the magnitude

of OR  V12 V22
Now the man swims a distance x up and x down V2

perpendicular to the river flow. Time taken for this, M R
2x
t
V12 V22 V1 V1 + V 2

t 1 t 2 2V1x 2x
Then the ratio,  2 2 O
t V1 V2 V12 V22
2V x V12 V22 V1
 2 1 2  =5
V1 V2 2x V12 V22
Example 10:
A man walking eastward at 6 km/hr finds that the wind seems to blow directly from north. On
doubling his velocity, the wind appears to come N 30° E. Find the speed of the wind.
Solution:
Actual velocity of the man = 6 km/hr eastward.
The direction of the relative velocity of the wind in this case is North to South.

 
If OA represents the velocity of man and AB represents the relative velocity of the wind, then

velocity of man + relative velocity of wind = velocity of wind = OB (say)
It is also given that when the velocity of the man is doubled (i.e., 12 km/hr) the wind seems to blow

from a direction N 30°E. Representing this by vector OC = New velocity of man = 12 km/hr.
The direction of the relative velocity N 12 km/h N

of the wind in this case is CB. The W O 6 km/h A 30º E
60º 60º C
two directions of the relative velocity

meet at B. Hence OB should give
the real velocity of the wind. From the
geometry of the Figure, it is clear that S S
OBC is an equilateral triangle. Hence Direction N 30º E
the magnitude of the real velocity of B
the wind = 12 km/hr.

MIND MAP
2. Equations of motion in one 3. Graphical representation of

1. Relation between kinematic
dimension motion
variables for motion in one  Motion with uniform velocity S= vt  Slope of tangent to position time
dimension  Motion with uniform acceleration, graph gives velocity.
1 2  Slope of tangent to vt curve gives
dx S  ut  at
v 2 acceleration.
dt v = u + at  Area enclosed between vt curve
and time axis between an interval
dv d 2 x vdv v 2  u 2  2as
a   of time gives displacement.
dt 2 Sn  u  2n  1
dt dx a  Slope of tangent to at curve gives
2 rate of change of acceleration
 Area enclosed between at curve
and time axis between an interval
of time gives change in velocity.
KINEMATICS
4. Projectile on horizontal plane

2u sin  5. Projectile on inclined plane
 Time of flight, T = 6. Relative velocity
g
2u sin   
u 2 sin 2  Time of flight, T =
 Range R = g cos   V AB  V A V B
g
2u 2 sin   cos  VB
 Range, R = 2
2 cos 
u
 
VA
u 2 sin2 
 Maximum Height, H =
2g u   | V AB | VA2  VB2  2VAVB cos 
 Equation of trajectory , 
1 gx 2  If relative velocity makes an angle
y = x tan   sec 
2
 with VA then,
2 u2
 For maximum range,  = 45
VB sin 
tan  
 For a given speed and given V A  VB cos 
range, there are two possible
angles of projection;  and
(90  ).


EXERCISE – I
AIEEE-SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT
1. On a displacement-time graph two straight lines make angles 30 and 60 with the
time-axis. The ratio of the velocities represented by them is
(a) 1 : 3 (b) 1 : 3 (c) 3 :1 (d) 3 : 1
2. The velocity-time plot is shown in figure. Find the v

average speed in time interval t = 0 to t = 40s during 5 m/s
the period
0
(a) zero (b) 2.5 m/s 10 40 t (s)
5 m/s
(c) 5 m/s (d) none of these
3. A block is released from rest on a smooth inclined plane. If Sn denotes the distance
Sn
traveled by it from t = (n–1) s to t = n s, then the ratio is
S n 1
2n 2n  1 2n  1 2n
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2n  1 2n  1 2n  1 2n  1
4. Figure shows the graph of acceleration of particle

Acceleration (m/s2)
y
as a function of time. The maximum speed of the
particle is (particle starts from rest)
4
(a) 7 m/s (b) 8 m/s
(c) 4 m/s (d) 16 m/s 4 5 x
0 2
–2
time(s)

5. If the displacement (s) and time (t) graph of two S

moving particles A and B in straight line is shown in A
the figure, then which of following is incorrect. B
(a) A is moving with constant velocity
(b) B is moving with increasing speed
(c) A is moving with non-zero constant acceleration t
(d) acceleration of B may be constant

6. A body covers one-third of the distance with a speed v1, the second one-third of the
distance with a speed v2 and the remaining distance with a speed v3. The average speed is
v1  v 2  v 3 3v 1v 2v 3
(a) (b)
3 v 1v 2  v 2v 3  v 3v 1
v 1v 2  v 2v 3  v 3v 1 v 1v 2v 3
(c) (d)
3 3
7. A particle is falling freely under gravity. In first t second it covers s1 and in the next t
seconds it covers s2, then t is given by
s 2  s1 s 2  s1 s 2  s1
2 2
s 2 s1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2g g g g
8. Two cars A and B are traveling in the same direction with velocities vA and vB (vA > vB)
when the car A is at a distance s behind the car B, the driver of the car A applies brakes
producing a uniform retardation a and there will be no collision when
(v A  v B ) 2 (v A  v B ) 2
(a) s  (b) s  only
2a 2a
(v A  v B ) 2 (v A  v B )2
(c) s  (d) s 
2a 2a
9. A ball is dropped vertically from a height d above the ground. It hits the ground and
bounces up vertically to a height d/2. Neglecting subsequent motion and air resistance, its
velocity v varies with the height h above the ground as
v v v v
d d d
(a) h (b) d h (c) h (d) h
10. The x – t graph shown in figure represents

Displacement
(a) Constant velocity

t1
(b) Velocity of the body is continuously changing
Time(t)
(c) Instantaneous velocity

(d) The body travels with constant speed upto time t1 and then stops

11. A velocity of 5 km/hr to the East is changed into 5 km/hr to the North. The change in
velocity is
(a) zero (b) 5 2 km/hr due North-East
(c) 5 2 km/hr due North-West (d) 10 km/hr due East
12. A particle is projected such that the horizontal range and vertical height are the same.
Then the angle of projection with horizontal is
 1
(a) tan–1 (4) (b) tan–1   (c) /4 (d) /3
4
13. A cricket ball is hit with a velocity of 25 m s–1 at angle of 60° above the horizontal. How far
above the ground, ball passes over a fielder 50 m from the bat (consider the ball is struck
very close to the ground) Take 3 = 1.7 and g = 10 m s–2.
(a) 6.8 m (b) 7 m (c) 5 m (d) 10 m
14. A body has an initial velocity of 3 ms–1 and has an acceleration of 1 ms–2 normal to the
direction of the initial velocity. Then its velocity, 4 second after the start is
(a) 7 ms–1 along the direction of initial velocity
(b) 7 ms–1 along the normal to the direction of the initial velocity
(c) 7 ms–1 mid-way between the two directions
4
(d) 5 ms–1 at an angle of tan 1 with the direction of the initial velocity
3
15. A disc of radius 1 m is rotating about its centre with angular velocity of 20 rad/s. A
constant retardation of 2 rad/s2 starts to act on disc. The angular displacement (in radian)
of the disc before it comes to stop is
(a) 100 (b) 100 (c) 10 (d) 1002
16. A large rectangular box falls vertically with an B C

acceleration a. A toy gun fixed at A and aimed
towards C fires a particle P. Which of the following
statement is false? u
(a) P will hit C if a = g P
A D
(b) P will hit the roof BC if a > g
(c) P will hit the wall CD if a < g
(d) may be either (a), (b) or (c), depending on the
projection speed of P.

17. Two particles are projected simultaneously in the same vertical plane from the same point,
with different speeds u1 and u2, making angles 1 and 2 respectively with the horizontal,
such that u1 cos 1  u 2 cos  2 . The path followed by one, as seen by the other (as long as
both are in flight), is
(a) a horizontal straight line
(b) a vertical straight line
(c) a parabola
(d) a straight line making an angle |1 – 2| with the horizontal
18. A particle starts from the origin of coordinates at time t = 0 and moves in the xy plane with
a constant acceleration  in the y-direction. Its equation of motion is y  x 2 . Its velocity
component in the x-direction is
2  
(a) variable (b) (c) (d)
 2 2
19. A man who can swim at a speed v relative to the water wants to cross a river of width d,
flowing with a speed u. The point opposite to him across the river is P. Which of the
following statement is false?
(a) The minimum time in which he can cross the river is d/v
(b) he can reach the point P in time dv.
d
(c) he can reach the point P in time
v 2  u2
(d) he cannot reach P if u > v.
20. A particle is projected with velocity u at angle  with the horizontal. The time after which the
acceleration vector and velocity vector becomes perpendicular to each other during the
path is
u sin  u cos  2u sin  2u cos 
(a) (b) (c) (d)
g g g g
21. An aircraft flying horizontally at 360 km/hr releases a bomb (with zero velocity relative to
the aircraft) at a stationary tank 200 m away from a point just below the aircraft. What must
be the height of the aircraft above the tank if the bomb is to hit the tank?
(a) 100 m (b) 9.8 m (c) 19.6 m (d) 98 m

22. A projectile is given an initial velocity of ( iˆ  2 ˆj )m/s. The cartesian equation of its path is
(g = 10 m/s2) (here iˆ & ˆj are the unit vectors along horizontal and vertical direction)
(a) y = 2x – 5x2 (b) y = x – 5x2 (c) 4y = 2x – 5x2 (d) y = 2x – 25x2
23. A particle moves one quarter of a circular path of radius 20 m in 10 s. The magnitude of
average velocity of the particle is
(a) 2.83 m/s (b) 2.73 m/s (c) 2.93 m/s (d) 2.63 m/s
24. A shot is fired from a gun with a muzzle velocity of 98 m/s at an angle of elevation 45 from
the ground. Its range is found to be 900 m. The range decreased by air resistance is
(a) 8 m (b) 80 m (c) 98 m (d) 9.8 m
25. The velocity of projection of a particle if it does not rise more than 3 m in a range of 600 m
is
(a) 383.4 m/s (b) 273 m/s (c) 343 m/s (d) 3.83 m/s

EXERCISE – II
IIT-JEE- SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT
1. A body A of mass 4 kg is dropped from a height of 100 m. Another body B of mass 2 kg is

dropped from a height of 50 m at the same time.
(a) Both the bodies reach the ground simultaneously.
(b) A takes nearly 0.7th of time required by B.
(c) B takes nearly 0.7th of time required by A.
(d) A takes double the time required by B.
2. A man on the observation platform of a train moving with constant velocity drops a ball
while leaning over the railing. The path of the ball as seen by an observer standing on the
ground nearby is a
(a) straight line vertically down (b) horizontal straight line
(c) parabola (d) circle
3. A particle starting from rest undergoes a rectilinear motion with a(m/s2)

acceleration a. The variation of a with time t is shown in the 10
figure. The maximum velocity attained by the particle during
the motion is
11 t(s)
(a) 55 m/s (b) 550 m/s
(c) 110 m/s (d) 650 m/s
4.

Velocity and acceleration of a particle at some instant of time are v  3iˆ  4 ˆj m/s and  

 
a   6iˆ  8 ˆj m/s2 respectively. At the same instant particle is at origin. Maximum
x-co-ordinate of particle will be
(a) 1.5 m (b) 0.75 m (c) 2.25 m (d) 4.0 m
5. A man can swim in still water at 6 km/hr. He wants to reach a point just opposite to his
starting point. In which direction he should swim, if the river is flowing at 3 km/hr?
(a) 1200 with the river flow (b) 1500 with the river flow
(c) 900 with the river flow (d) none
1 2
6. If a particle is projected from origin and its follows the trajectory y  x  x , then the time
2
of flight is (g = acceleration due to gravity)
1 2 3 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
g g g g
7. A particle moves on a circular path with uniform angular y

velocity. The displacement (s) of the particle from point
P can be shown on the graph as P x
s straight line s
s s
(a) (b) circle (c) sinusoidal (d)
parabolic
t t t t
8. A particle A is projected form the ground with an initial B 5 m/s

velocity of 10 m/s at an angle of 600 with horizontal.
From what height h should an another particle B be
projected horizontally with velocity 5 m/s so that both h
the particles collides at point C if both are projected 10 m/s
simultaneously (g = 10 m/s2)
600
(a) 10 m (b) 30 m A
C
(c) 15 m (d) 25 m
9. A bullet is fired into a fixed target looses half of its velocity after penetrating 3 cm. How
much further it will penetrate before coming to rest assuming that it faces constant
resistance to motion?
(a) 0.5 cm (b) 1 cm (c) 1.5 cm (d) none
10. A particle goes from A to B in 10 seconds with uniform acceleration. Its velocities at A and
B are 5 m/s and 25 m/s. Its acceleration (in m/s2) is
(a) 0.5 (b) 2.5 (c) 2 (d) 3

11. A trolley runs down a slope from rest with constant acceleration. In the first second of its
motion it travels 1.6 m. Its acceleration (in m/s2) is
(a) 3.2 (b) 1.6 (c) 0.8 (d) 2.4

12. From the velocity-time graph given of a particle moving in a straight line, one can conclude
that
v(m/s)
A B
4 m/s
C
Time (in s)
0 3 8 12
(a) its average velocity during the 12 seconds interval is 24/7 m/s
(b) its velocity for the first 3 seconds is uniform and is equal to 4 m/s
(c) the body has a constant acceleration between t = 3 s and t = 8 s
(d) the body has a uniform velocity from t = 8 s to t = 12 s
13. Two trains each of length 90 m moving in opposite directions along parallel tracks meet
when their speeds are 60 km/hr and 40 km/hr. If their accelerations are 0.3 m/s 2 and
0.15 m/s2 respectively, find the time they take to pass each other.
(a) 8 s (b) 4 s (c) 2 s (d) 6.17 s
14. A particle moves with constant acceleration for 6 seconds after starting from rest. The
distances travelled during the consecutive 2 seconds interval are in the ratio
(a) 1 : 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 2 : 3 (c) 1 : 3 : 5 (d) 1 : 5 : 9
15. The velocity-time graph of a body is given below.
v (m/s)
C
60
40
A B
20
0 time (s)
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
The maximum acceleration in m/s2 is

(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1
16. A particle has displacement of 40 m along OX in 5 s and 30 m perpendicular to OX

(parallel to OY) in the next 5 s. The magnitude of the average velocity in m/s of the particle
during the 10 s interval is
(a) 6 (b) 7 (c) 8 (d) 5
17. The velocity-time graph of a body moving along a straight line is as follows:
2
v m/s
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 time in s
1
2
The displacement of the body in 5 s is
(a) 5 m (b) 2 m (c) 4 m (d) 3 m
18. A particle is projected up an inclined as shown in figure. u

For maximum range over the inclined plane, the value of
 should be 
30°
(a) 45° (b) 15°
(c) 30° (d) 60°
19. A ball rolls off the top of a staircase with a horizontal velocity u ms–1. If the steps are h m
high and w m wide the ball will hit the edge of the nth step if
gw 2 2hu 2 2u 2 2hw 2 u 2
(a) n = (b) n = (c) n  (d) n 
2hu 2 gw 2 gw 2 h g
20. A large number of bullets are fired in all directions with the same sped v. The maximum area
on the ground on which these bullets will spread is
v 2 v 4  2v 4  2v 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
g g2 g2 g2
21. A person is standing in a stationary lift drops a coin from a certain height h. It takes time t
to reach the floor of the lift. If the lift is rising up with a uniform acceleration a, the time
taken by the coin (dropped from the same height h) to reach the floor will be
1 1

a  a 2  a 2
(a) t (b) t (c) t 1   (d) t 1  
 
g  g  g 

22. When a man moves down the inclined plane with a constant speed 5 m/s which makes an
angle of 370 with the horizontal, he finds that the rain is falling vertically downward. When
he moves up the same inclined plane with the same speed, he finds that the rain makes an
7
angle  = tan 1  with the horizontal. The speed of the rain is
8
(a) 116 m/s (b) 32 m/s (c) 5 m/s (d) 73 m/s
23. A particle is moving in straight line. The velocity v of the particle varies with time t as
v  t 2  4t , then the distance traveled by the particle in t = 0 to t = 6s (where t in second
and v is in m/s).
64 32
(a) m (b) zero (c) m (d) none
3 3
24. The graph which represents the variation of slope m of the trajectory of a projectile with
horizontal displacement s is
m m
(a) s (b)
s
m m
(c) s (d)
s
v
25. A radar observes an aeroplane moving horizontally with
a velocity v at height h from ground. Ratio of angular
acceleration to angular velocity of aeroplane, w.r.t. h
radar (in terms of v, h and ) is 
Radar
v v v v
(a) sin2  (b) cos 2 (c) cos2  (d) sin 2
h h h h

EXERCISE – III
ONE OR MORE THAN ONE CHOICE CORRECT
1. The displacement-time graph of a moving particle is a straight line. Therefore
(a) its acceleration is constant
(b) its velocity is constant
(c) its displacement is constant
(d) both its velocity and acceleration are uniform
2. A train moving with a constant speed along a straight track takes a bend in a curve with the
same speed. Due to this
(a) its velocity is changed in magnitude
(b) its velocity is not changed
(c) its speed is not changed
(d) its velocity is changed
3. A particle moving in a straight line has velocity (v) and displacement (s) related as
v  4 1  s , where velocity v is in m/s and displacement s is in metre. Then
(a) acceleration of the particle is 8 m/s2
(b) velocity of the particle at t = 2s is 20 m/s
(c) displacement of the particle at t = 2s is 24 m
(d) displacement of the particle at t = 1s is 8 m
4. A ball is thrown upward from the ground with velocity u. It is at a height 100 m at two times
t1 and t2 respectively. If g = 10 m/s2, then
u u
(a) t1 t2= 20 (b) t1 + t2= 20 (c) t 1t 2  (d) t 1  t 2 
5 5
5. The maximum horizontal range and maximum height attained by a projectile are R and H
respectively. If a constant horizontal acceleration a = g/4 is imparted to the projectile due to
wind, then
(a) its horizontal range is R (b) its horizontal range is R + H

H
(c) its maximum height is (d) its maximum height is H
2
6. Velocity-displacement graph of a particle moving in a straight v

line is as shown in the figure.
(a) magnitude of acceleration of particle is decreasing
(b) magnitude of acceleration of particle is increasing
(c) acceleration versus displacement graph is straight line
s
(d) acceleration versus displacement graph is parabola
7. Starting from rest a particle is first accelerated for time t1 with constant acceleration a1 and
then stops in time t2 with constant retardation a2. Let v1 be the average velocity in this case
and s1 the total displacement. In the second case it is accelerated for the same time t1 with
constant acceleration 2a1 and comes to rest with constant retardation a2 in time t3. If v2 is
the average velocity in this case and s2 the total displacement. Then
(a) v 2  2v 1 (b) 2v 1  v 2  4v 1 (c) s 2  2s1 (d) 2s1  s 2  4s1

8. Acceleration of a particle which is at rest at x = 0 is a  4  2x iˆ . Select the correct
alternative(s)
(a) particle further comes to rest at x = 4 (b) particle oscillates about x = 2
(c) maximum speed of particle is 4 units (d) all of the above
9. A car is moving rectilinearly on a horizontal path with acceleration a0. A person sitting
inside the car observes that an insect S is crawling up the screen with an acceleration a. If
 is the inclination of the screen with the horizontal, the acceleration of the insect.
(a) parallel to screen is a +a0 cos  (b) along the horizontal is a 0– a cos 
(c) perpendicular to screen is a0 sin  (d) perpendicular to screen is a0 tan 
10. A particle is projected from a point P with a velocity v at an angle  with horizontal. At a
certain point Q, it moves at right angles to its initial direction. Then
(a) velocity of particle at Q is v sin 
(b) velocity of particle at Q is v cot 
(c) time of flight from P to Q is (v/g) cossec 

(d) time of flight from P to Q is (v/g) sec 
11. A particle moving along a straight line with uniform acceleration has velocities 7 m/s at P
and 17 m/s at Q. R is the mid point of PQ. Then
(a) the average velocity between R and Q is 15 m/s
(b) the ratio of time to go from P to R and that from R to Q is 3 : 2
(c) the velocity at R is 10 m/s
(d) the average velocity between P and R is 10 m/s

12. River is flowing with a velocity v R  4iˆ m/s. A boat is moving with a velocity of

 
v BR   2iˆ  4 ˆj m/s relative to river. The width of the river is 100 m along y-direction.
Choose the correct alternative(s)
(a) the boat will cross the river in 25s
(b) absolute velocity of boat is 2 5 m/s
(c) drift of the boat along the river current is 50 m
(d) the boat can never cross the river.
13.

Velocity of a particle moving in a curvilinear path varies with time as v  2t iˆ  t 2 ˆj m/s.  
Here, t is in second. At t = 1s
(a) acceleration of particle is 8 m/s2
6
(b) tangential acceleration of particle is m/s2
5
2
(c) radial acceleration of particle is m/s2
5
5 5
(d) radius of curvature to the path is m
2
14. During uniform circular motion of a particle, which of the following is incorrect?
(a) distance-time graph is a straight line
(b) distance-time graph is a parabola

(c) displacement-time graph is a straight line
(d) displacement-time graph is a parabola
15. A particle is projected vertically upward and it will reach at a height from the ground in
t1 sec and time to reach the ground from that height is t2 then
g t 1  t 2 
(a) Initial velocity of projection is
2
g t 1  t 2 
(b) velocity at half of its maximum height will be
2 2
(c) maximum distance travelled by particle in vertical direction is

g
t1  t 2 2
2
(d) all of the above

EXERCISE – IV
MATCH THE FOLLOWING
Note: Each statement in column – I has one or more than one match in column –II.
1. The displacement versus time graph of a particle is as shown in figure.
C D
S B
A
O
t
Column-I Column-II
I. In path OA A. Velocity increases with time.
II. In path AB B. Magnitude of acceleration is a non-zero.
III. In path BC C. Velocity is a non-zero constant
IV. In path CD D. acceleration is zero

E. velocity is zero
Note: Each statement in column – I has only one match in column –II
2. The displacement(x) of a particle depends on time (t) as x  t 2  t 3
Column-I Column-II
2
I. The particle will return to its starting point after time A.
3

II. The particle will be at rest at time B.

III. The average velocity of particle at any time t =t0, 
taken over time from starting to t = t0 is equal to its C.
3
instantaneous velocity at time t = t0. The value of t0
is equal to

IV. No net force will act on the particle at time t is D.
2
equal to
E. zero

3. The path of the projectile is represented by y  Px  Qx 2 , where horizontal and vertical

directions are chosen as positive x and positive y-axis respectively.
Column-I Column-II
I. Range A. P/Q
II. maximum height B. Q
III. time of flight C. P2/4Q
IV. tangent of angle of projection is 2

D. P
Qg
E. P
REASONING TYPE
Directions: Read the following questions and choose
(A) If both the statements are true and statement-2 is the correct explanation of
statement-1.
(B) If both the statements are true but statement-2 is not the correct explanation of
statement-1.
(C) If statement-1 is True and statement-2 is False.
(D) If statement-1 is False and statement-2 is True.
1. Statement-1: A body having uniform speed in circular path has a constant acceleration.
Statement-2: Direction of acceleration is always towards the centre.
(a) (A) (b) (B) (c) (C) (d) (D)
2. Statement-1: Two bodies of masses M and m (M > m) are allowed to fall from the same
height if the force of air resistance for each be the same then both the bodies will reach the
earth simultaneously.
Statement-2: Acceleration due to gravity does not depend on the mass of the body.
(a) (A) (b) (B) (c) (C) (d) (D)
3. Statement-1: During the motion, the magnitude of displacement may be equal to distance.
Statement-2: When the particle is moving on the straight line then displacement will be
equal to distance.
(a) (A) (b) (B) (c) (C) (d) (D)
4. Statement-1: Net acceleration of a particle, moving on a circle with constant tangential

acceleration, remains constant.
Statement-2: aN  ar2  aT2 , where aN is net acceleration, ar is centripetal acceleration

and aT is tangential acceleration.
(a) (A) (b) (B) (c) (C) (d) (D)
  
5. Statement-1: If v is the velocity of the particle in motion at time t, then  v dt   | v | dt
 
Statement-2:  vdt  magnitude of displacement.  v dt  distance covered.
(a) (A) (b) (B) (c) (C) (d) (D)
LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE
Two particles are moving on a circle of radius a with uniform speed v, one is moving on a
peripheral of the circle while other is oscillating on its diameter between the ends of the diameter.
Let us suppose that T is time period of one rotation for first particle and assume both will starts
from same point on circle then
1. What is the magnitude of the relative velocity at t = 0
(a) v (b) 2v (c) 2v (d) 3v
2. What will be the magnitude of the relative velocity at t = T/6
(a) v 2  3 (b) v 2  3 (c) v 4  3 (d) v 2  2
T
3. What will the magnitude of the relative velocity at t  .
3
(a) v 2  3 (b) v 2  3 (c) v 4  3 (d) v 2  2

T
4. What will be the magnitude of the relative velocity at t  .
2
(a) v (b) 2v (c) 2v (d) 3v

EXERCISE – V
SUBJECTIVE PROBLEMS
1. A train passes a station A at 40 km/hr and maintains this speed for 7 km and is then
uniformly retarded, stopping at B, which is 8.5 km from A. A second train starts from A at
the instant the first train passes and being accelerated for part of the journey and uniformly
retarded for the rest stops at B at the same time as the first train. What is the greatest
speed of the second train?
2. A particle is moving in a straight line and is observed to be at a distance ‘a’ from a marked
point initially, to be at a distance ‘b’ after an interval of n seconds, to be at a distance ‘c’
after 2n seconds and to be at a distance ‘d’ after 3n seconds. Prove that if the acceleration
c a2b
is uniform, d  a = 3(c  b) and that the acceleration is equal to .
n2
3. A particle projected with velocity u strikes at right angles a plane through the point of
projection inclined at an angle  to the horizon. Show that the height of the point struck
2u 2  sin 2  
above the horizontal plane through the point of projection is and that the
g  13sin 2  
2u
time of flight up to that instant is, t  .
g 13sin 2 
4. A particle is projected with a velocity 2 ag so that it just clears two walls of equal height
‘a’, which are at a distance 2a apart. Show that the time of passing between the walls is
2 a/g .
5. A bottle was released from rest from a height of 60 m above the ground. Simultaneously, a
stone was thrown from a point on the ground 60 m distant horizontally from the bottle, with
a velocity u at an angle of projection of , in a vertical plane containing the bottle. If the
stone strikes the bottle 3 s after the instant of projection, find the velocity u and the angle 
of projection.

6. An aeroplane flies horizontally at height h at a constant speed v. An anti-aircraft gun fires a

shell at the plane when it is vertically above the gun. Show that the minimum muzzle
velocity of the shell required to hit the plane is v 2 2gh at an angle tan-1 ( 2gh / v ) .

7. Two particles start simultaneously from the same point and move along two straight lines,
one with uniform velocity u and the other with constant acceleration f. Show that their
 ucos 
relative velocity is least after time   and that the least relative velocity is u sin ,
 f 
where  is the angle between the lines.
8. Two trains each having a speed of 30 km/hr are headed at each other on the same straight
track. A bird that can fly at 60 km/hr flies off one train when they are 60 km apart and
heads directly for the other train. On reaching the other train it flies directly back to the first
and so forth. Find (a) how many trips can the bird make from one train to the other before
the trains collide? (b) what is the total distance travelled by the bird?
9. A projectile is projected with a velocity u at an angle  to the horizontal, in the vertical

plane. If after time t, it is moving in a direction making an angle  with the horizontal, prove
that gt cos  = u sin (  )
10. Two seconds after the projection, a projectile is moving in a direction at 30° to the horizon.
After one more second, it is moving horizontally. Determine the magnitude and direction of
the initial velocity.

ANSWERS
EXERCISE – I
AIEEE-SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (c)
6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (d)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (a)
16. (d) 17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (a)
21. (c) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (a)
EXERCISE – II
IIT-JEE-SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (a)
6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (c)
11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (a)
16. (d) 17. (d) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (b)
21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (c) 25. (d)
EXERCISE – III
ONE OR MORE THAN ONE CHOICE CORRECT

1. (a,b) 2. (c,d) 3. (a,b,c,d) 4. (a,d) 5. (b,d)
6. (a,c) 7. (a,d) 8. (a,b) 9. (b,c) 10. (b,c)
11. (a,b,d) 12. (a,b,c) 13. (b,c,d) 14. (b,c,d) 15. (a,b)
EXERCISE – IV
MATCH THE FOLLOWING
1. I – A, B; II – C, D; III – B; IV – D, E
2. I – B; II – A, E; III – D; IV – C
3. I – A; II – C; III – D; IV – E
REASONING TYPE
1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (a)
LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (b)
EXERCISE – V
SUBJECTIVE PROBLEMS
1. 68 km/hr
5. 28.2 m/s,  = 45

8. (a) Infinity (b) 60 km
10. 2g 3 , 60


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KINEMATICS OP-MI-P-1

In the previous lesson, we examined cause of motionthe kinetics. In this

IITJEE Syllabus: Kinematics in one and two dimension (Cartesian coordinates

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1.1 DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT

Sometimes we may not be interested in the actual path of C

1.2 SPEED AND VELOCITY

Speed is a scalar quantity and in S.I. system it is measured in metre/second (m/s).

Question: A particle moves along a semicircular path of radius R =  m in time t = 1s with

(i) distance travelled

(iii) average acceleration

(i) Distance = length of path of particle = AB = R = 10 m

Change in velocity 2v 2R

Can a body have

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2. MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION

2.1 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE WITH UNIFORM VELOCITY

2.2 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE WITH UNIFORM ACCELERATION-EQUATIONS OF

Displacement during the time interval t = average velocity x t

Eliminating v from equations (8) and (9), we get

Another equation is obtained by eliminating t from equations (8) and (9)

v2 = u2 + 2aS ... (11)

Distance traversed by the particle in the nth second of its motion

The velocity at the beginning of the nth second = u + a (n – 1)

The velocity at the end of the nth second = u + an

Distance traversed during this one second

Calculus method of deriving equations of motion

The acceleration of a body is defined as

Where A is constant of integration. By the initial condition when t = 0, v = u (initial velocity),

Displacement of body for duration dt from time t to t + dt is given by

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Applying initial condition, when S = 0, v = u we get

If S1 and S2 are the displacements during n seconds and (n – 1) seconds

 Displacement in nth second

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(b) find the distance the car travels in 8.0 s.

(b) distance travelled in 8.0 s,

2.3 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF MOTION

(i) Displacement-time graph: If displacement of a body is plotted on Y-axis and time on

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If the graph obtained is parallel to time axis, y

Velocity-time graph: Similarly a graph can be y A Velocity constant (a = 0) B

line parallel to time axis, the velocity is constant f Retardation (a)

To obtain the velocity at any time t we y

dropping a perpendicular from this point on the

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Solution: We are given that for first 3s acceleration Y

The area enclosed between a-t curve and Y

Now for displacement time curve, we will Y

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2.4 VERTICAL MOTION UNDER GRAVITY

Suppose a body is projected vertically upward from a point A with velocity u.

If we take upward direction as positive B

(i) At time t, its velocity v = u  gt

(ii) At time t, its displacement from A is given by C

(v) The maximum height reached

Since, S = 0 at the point of projection,

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