AIEEE Class XI Phy Laws of Motion

P H Y S I C S
S T U D Y M A T E R I A L

LAWS OF MOTION
AIEEE

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CONTENTS
C O N T E N T S
LAWS OF MOTION
Theory
Solved Examples
Exercises
Level – I
Level – II
Level – III
Questions asked in AIEEE and other Engineering Exams
Answers
Physics : Laws of Motion NARAYANA
INSTITUTE OF CORRESPONDENCE COURSES
LAWS OF MOTION
AIEEE Syllabus
Force and inertia – Newton ’s Laws of Motion. Conservation of linear momentum and its
applications, rocket propulsion, friction – laws of friction
CONTENTS
" Inertia
" Forces INTRODUCTION

" Fundamental Forces of Force is the measure of the interaction
Nature between different bodies which are
either in contact or apart. When a force is
" Linear Momentum
applied on a body, either it changes
" Law of conservation of or tries to change the bodies position. Force
momentum is a vector quantity. Every force has a
definite direction and the result of its action
" Impulse depends on the direction and the magnitude
" Free body diagram of the force.
" Frame of Reference
" Pseudo Force
1
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NARAYANA
Physics : Laws of Motion
INERTIA
It is that property of the body by virtue of which it opposes any change in state of rest or uniform motion.
Inertia of a body is directly proportional to its mass. Inertia is of three types (i) inertia of rest (ii) inertia
of motion and (iii) inertia of direction
Examples :
! The passenger standing in a stationary motor car or trains falls back when it suddenly moves.
! The passenger standing in a moving motor car or train inclines forward when it suddenly stops.
! If a coin is placed on a card board which is placed on a tumbler, then on pulling the card board
suddenly the coil falls into the tumbler.
FORCE
A force is push or a pull.
" Since push or a pull has both magnitude and direction, so that force is a vector quantity.
" Forces occur in pairs. If object A exerts a force on object B, then B also exerts a force on A. For
example, when a bat strikes a ball the bat exerts a force on the ball, but the ball exerts a force
on the bat also.
" A force can cause an object to accelerate. If you kick a foot ball the ball’s velocity changes while
your foot is in contact with it.
" A force can deform an object. As you can see from fig. The ball when
hits the floor, is deformed by the contact force exerted on it by the
floor. The floor is deformed too, but since it is harder than the ball,
its deformation is not as noticeable.
" Property 4, that a force causes an object to be deformed is often used to measure Newton
a force this is the principle of a spring scale. 0.0
0.5
1.0
" A spring scale indicates the amount of the spring is stretched or compressed. The 1.5
2.0
magnitude of this force is proportional to the amount of the spring stretched (or 2.5
compressed), and the direction of the force is along the spring.
UNIT OF FORCE
Unit of force in SI system in Newton.
One Newton force is that force which when acted on a body of mass one kilogram produces on acceleration
of 1m/sec2.
Unit of force in C.G.S system is dyne.
One dyne force is that force which when acted on a body of mass one gram produces an acceleration
of 1cm/sec2
1 newton = 105 dynes
1 kg wt = g newton
Dimensions of force is = [M1L1T–2]
2
GRAVITATIONAL UNIT OF FORCE

In SI system, kilogram weight (kg-wt) or kilogram force (kgf)
1 kg – wt = 1 kgf = 9.8 newton.
In C.G.S system, gram-weight (gm - wt) or gram - force (gmf)
FUNDAMENTAL FORCES OF NATURE

Different forces or interactions can be divided in the following four fundamental forces on the basis of their
nature -
(a) Gravitational force or interaction
(b) Electromagnetic force or interaction
(c) Nuclear force or interaction
(d) Weak force or interaction
(A) GRAVITATIONAL FORCE

This force can be obtained from Newtons’ gravitational law.
According to Newton’s gravitational law
F ∝ m 1 m2
1
F ∝
r2
m1m2 m1m2
or F ∝ or F=G
r2 r2
In vector notation, the force acting on m2 due to m1
→ m1m 2
F=G (rˆ )
r2
G is constant which is called Gravitational constant. It is a universal constant. Its
value is m2
r
G = 6.67 × 10–11 N-m2 /kg2
m1
and dimensions are [M–1L3T–2]
The range of this force is very large.
" This force acts in between the planets and its magnitude is very large. This force also acts in
between atomic particles (e – e), (e – p), (p – p), (p – n) but its magnitude is very small.
This force is weakest among all forces in nature
" Energy particle of this force is Graviton.
" This force is important in those circumstances in which one body taking part in the interaction
is having astronomical size.
" Gravitational force of 6.67 × 10–11 newton acts between two bodies of mass 1kg each placed
at a distance 1 m apart.
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NARAYANA
" The interaction time of this force is about 10–2 sec.
" A force of 2.3 × 1020 newton acts in between the moon and the earth whereas a force of
4.054 × 10–47 newton acts in between an electron and a proton of hydrogen atom.
(B) ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE

" This force acts between charged or magnetised objects.
" The force acting between stationary or moving charges in electromagnetic force.
" Source of electrical forces are stationary and moving charges.
" Magnetic force acts only on moving charges.
" It can be attractive or repulsive.
There is repulsive force between the charges of similar nature and attractive force between the
charges of dissimilar nature.
" Coloumb’s law

F ∝ q1 q2
1 q1q2
F∝ or F ∝
r2 r2
q1q2
F = K
r2
where K is a constant which depends upon the nature of the medium. For vaccum
1
K= = 9 × 109 N − m2 / C2
4 π ∈0
∈0 is called permittivity of vacuum and its value is 8.85 × 10–12 C2/N - m2
The range of this force is also very large.
1
Electromagnetic force is 1036 times more stronger than the gravitation force but times weaker
137
than the nuclear force.
(C) NUCLEAR FORCE

" This force acts within the nucleus of an atom.
" This force acts only among protons and neutrons within the nucleus of an atom.
" This force is maximum inside the nucleus and zero outside the nucleus.
" The range of the force is very small (~ 10–15 m)
" This force is strongest force of nature
4
" Its energy particle is pion.
" The magnitude of this force can be obtained from Yukawa potential :
e −r / r0
U (r) = U = U0
r
where U0 and r0 are constants.

Nuclear force does not depend on charge i.e., it is charge independent. This force acts between
proton-proton, neutron-neutron and neutron-proton in equal strength.
(D) WEAK FORCES

" β decay in radioactive disintegration is explained by this force.
" This force is weaker in comparison to nuclear and electromagnetic forces and is 10–25 times the
nuclear force.
The range of this force is of the order of 10–15 m . The energy particle of this force is boson.
Neutron and proton in the nucleus decay due to weak forces as
1 n0 →1 p1 + β−1 + ν (Antineutrino)
1 p1 →1 n0 + β+1 + ν (Neutrino)
This force is related with the transformation of neutron to proton or proton to neutron in β decay.
The nature of weak forces is still unknown.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FORCES
S.No. Forces Nature Range Relative Energy particle

strength
1. Gravitational attractive infinite 1 graviton
2. Electromagnetic attractive infinite 1036 photon
or repulsive
3. Nuclear attractive very short 1039 pion
4. Weak unknown very short 1014 boson
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NARAYANA
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION

" First law :
Every body continues to remain in its state of rest or of uniform motion unless an external force
is applied on it i.e. If a particle is at rest, it will remain at rest and if it is moving with constant speed, it
will continue to move in the same direction with same constant speed unless an external force is applied
on it.
" First law is also called law of inertia or Galileans’ law
" First law defines force. According to it the device used for changing the state of a body or particle
is called force.
" Second law :
The rate of change of momentum of a particle is equal to the applied force and change
in momentum is in the direction of applied force, i.e.
→
→ dp
F=
dt
→ →
→ dp dv →
∴ F= =m =ma
dt dt
(a) First law can be obtained from second law.

(b) From this, law of conservation of linear momentum can be obtained, i.e.,
dp
If F = 0, then = 0
dt
∴ p = mv = constant or v = constant (since m = constant)
Examples: ! While catching a ball the cricketer moves hands backwards.

! Uses of springs and shockers in motor cars.
" Third law - To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction, i.e.,
→ →
F12 = − F21
(a) Action and reaction act on different objects but act simultaneously.
(b) This law can be obtained from second law.
(c) Real force always exists in pair known as action - reaction pairs.
Examples: ! While catching a ball the cricketer moves hands backwards.

! On firing a bullet from the gun, a jerk acts in the opposite direction.
! Launching of a rocket or motion of a jet aeroplane.
! Pulling of a horse-cart.
! Moving of a boat in the opposite direction due to jumping of man from the boat.
6
LINEAR MOMENTUM
→ → →
" The product of mass of a body (m) and velocity ( v ) is called linear momentum, i.e., p = m v
" It is a vector quantity and its direction is in the direction of velocity.
" In SI system its unit is kg-m/s and dimensions are [M1L1T–1].
" If m1 and v1 are the mass and velocity of one body and m2 and v2 are the mass and velocity of another
body, then
p1 mv
= 1 1
p 2 m2 v 2
If v1 = v2 and m1 > m2
then p1 > p2
Thus the momentum of heavier body will be greater than the momentum of lighter body.
" If p1 = p2,
then m1 v2 = m2 v2
v1 m2
or =
v 2 m1
If m1 > m2 then v2 > v1

i.e. momentum being same, the velocity of heavier body will be lesser than the velocity of lighter body
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM

If no external force is acting on a body, then its linear momentum remains conserved or constant i.e. if
F = 0, then
→
→ →
dp
= 0 or p = m v = constant
dt
IMPULSE
" The impulse of constant force is equivalent to the product of the force and the time during which the
force acts on the body.
" Impulse = (magnitude of force) time = Ft t

y
b
" If the force change with time, then the impulse = ∫
0
Fdt a
F
" It is a vector quantity its unit is newton-sec. d c x
t1 t2
" Relation between impulse and linear momentum t
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NARAYANA
→
t → t t→
dP → →
Impulse = ∫ F dt = ∫ dt = ∫ dP = Change in momentum = (m v − m u )
0 0 dt 0
If a graph is drawn between force and time, then area between (F – t) curve and time axis is equal to the
impulse.
∴ Impulse between t1 and t2 = area abcd.
FREE BODY DIAGRAM

" A diagram showing in all external forces acting on an object is called “Free body diagram” F.B.D.
" In a specific problem, first we are required to choose a body and then we find the number of forces
acting on it, and all the forces are drawn on the body, considering it as a point mass. The resulting
diagram is known as free body diagram (FBD)
" For example, if two bodies of masses m and M are in contact and a force F on M is applied from
the left fig. (a), the free body diagrams of M and m will be as shown in fig. (b) and (c)
R1 R1
F f1 f1
F M m M M
Mg mg
(a) (b) (c)
IMPORTANT POINT
" Two forces in Newton’s third law never occur in the same free-body diagram. This is
because a free-body diagram shows forces acting on a single object, and the action-
reaction pair in Newton’s third law always act on different objects.
MOTION OF BODIES IN CONTACT

Force of contact - When two bodies whose masses are m1 and m2, rest on a frictionless surface in contact
with each other, then the force with which one body presses the other body, is called force of contact.
Force of contact and acceleration produced in the bodies -
(i) When two bodies are in contact with each other
(a) The acceleration produced in both bodies will be same. If ‘a’ be the acceleration, then
force F
acceleration = or a=
mass (m1 + m 2 )
Due to contact of mass m1 and m2 let the applied force be F’ then for mass m1
F − F' = m1a a
m1
∴ F' = F − ma m2
F F’
 F  F’
= F – m1  m + m 
 1 2 a
m1
Fm2
= (m + m ) or F' = m2a F F’
1 2
= force acting on mass m2
8
(b) If a force F is applied on the body of mass m2, then in this case the acceleration will be
F
a = m +m
1 2
If due to contact of masses m1 and m2 the applied force is F " then for mass m2
a
F − F' = m2 a m1
m2
or F' = F – m2a F’ F
F’
m 2F
=F− a
(m1 + m 2 ) m2
F’ F
Fm1
= (m1 + m 2 )
or F' = m1a = force of contact acting on mass m1
(ii) If three bodies of masses m1, m2 and m3 are kept in contact with each other -
If a force F acts on mass m1 :
The acceleration produced in the system
a
m1 m3
F
a = (m + m + m ) m2
F F’ F"
1 2 3 F’ F”
If the force of contact between m1 and m2 masses is F ' , then
F – F' = m1a
F' = F – m1a
m1F
= F−
(m1 + m 2 + m3 )
(m2 + m3 )F
= (m + m + m ) = (m2 + m3) a
1 2 3
If the force of contact between the bodies of masses m2 and m3 is F " , then
F " = m3a
m 3F
= (m + m + m )
1 2 3
For the body of mass m2

F’ – F’’ = m2 a
m 2F
=
(m1 + m 2 + m 3 )
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NARAYANA
INERTIAL AND ACCELERATED FRAME OF REFERENCE

INERTIAL FRAME OF REFERENCE
" A non-accelerating frame of reference is called an inertial frame of reference. A frame of reference
moving with a constant velocity is an inertial frame of reference.
" All the fundamental laws of physics have been formulated in respect of inertial frame of reference.
" All the fundamental laws of physics can be expressed as to have the same mathematical form in
all the inertial frames of reference.
" The mechanical and optical experiments performed in an inertial frame in any direction will always
yield the same results. It is called isotropic property of the inertial frame of reference.
Examples of inertial frames of reference

! A frame of reference remaining fixed w.r.t. distance stars is an inertial frame of reference.
! A space-ship moving in outer space without spinning and with its engine cut-off is also
inertial frame of reference.
! For practical purposes, a frame of reference fixed to the earth can be considered as
an inertial frame . Strictly speaking, such a frame of reference is not an inertial frame
of reference, because the motion of earth around the sun is accelerated motion due
to its orbital and rotational motion. However, due to negligibly small effects of rotation
and orbital motion, the motion of earth may be assumed to be uniform and hence a
frame of reference fixed to it may be regarded as inertial frame of reference.
NON-INERTIAL FRAME OF REFERENCE

" An accelerating frame of reference is called a non-inertial frame of reference.
" Newton’s laws of motion are not directly applicable in non inertial frames.
Note : A rotating frame of reference is a non-inertial frame of reference, because it is also

an accelerating one due to its centripetal acceleration.
PSEUDO FORCE
" Those forces which do not actually act on the particles but appear to be acting on the particles
due to accelerated motion of frame of reference, are called pseudo forces.
" Fictitious force = –(mass of a particle × acceleration of non-inertial frame of reference with respect
to an inertial frame of reference)
Note : Pseudo force should be applied in non-inertial frames only.
Examples :
" The additional force acting in rockets or lifts moving with accelerated velocity is pseudo
force.
" If a body is placed on a rotating frame of reference (the frame of reference on earth), the
coriolis and centrifugal forces appear to be acting due to rotation of frame of reference.
They are not real forces but appear to be acting due to rotation of frame of reference.
Therefore they are pseudo forces.
10
MOTION IN A LIFT
The weight of a body is simply the force exerted by earth on the body. If body is on an accelerated platform,
the body experiences fictitious force, so the weight of the body appears changed and this new weights
is called apparent weight. Let a man of weight W = Mg be standing in a lift.
We consider the following cases :
Case (a) If the lift moving with constant velocity v upwards or downwards.
In this case there is no accelerated motion hence no pseudo force experienced
by observer O’ in side the lift.
So apparent weight W’ = Actual weight W.
Case (b) If the lift accelerated (i.e. a = constant upwards acceleration) Then net
force acting on the man are (i) weight W = Mg downward (ii) fictitious
force F0 = Ma downward
So apparent weight W’ = W + F0
or W’ = Mg + Ma
= M (g + a)
Effective gravitational acceleration g’ = g + a
Case (c) If the lift accelerated downward with accelertion a < g : Then ficitious
force F0 = Ma acts upward while weight of mass MW = Mg always
acts downward, therefore
So apparent weight W’ = W + F0
or W’ = Mg – Ma = M (g – a)
Effective graviational acceleration g’ = g – a
Special case : If a = g then W’ = 0 condition. of weightlessness
Thus, in a freely falling lift the man will experience weightlessness.
Case (d) If lift accelerates downward with acceleration a > g
Then as in Case (c)
Apparent weight W’ = M(g – a) = –M (a – g) is negative, i.e, the man
will be accelerated upward and will stay at the ceiling of the lift.
MOTION OF BODIES CONNECTED TOGETHER BY STRINGS
(A) FOR TWO BODIES

a
Suppose two bodies of masses m1 and m2 are tied together and bodies
are pulled by applying a force F on the body m2. m1 m2 F
If T is the tension produced in the string and ‘a’ is the acceleration
produced in the system, then
force F
acceleration = total mass = (m + m )
1 2
Since acceleration is same for both bodies.
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NARAYANA
∴ For the body m1,

T = m1a
For the body m2
F – T = m2 a
F
or T = F – m2a = F – m2 (m1 + m2 )
∴ Tension in the string
m1F
T=
(m1 + m2 )
(B) FOR THREE BODIES

a
If three bodies of masses m1 , m2 and m3 are tied by strings and m1 T1 T2
m2 m2 F
pulled by a force F, the acceleration produced in the system
F
a = (m + m + m )
1 2 3
For the body of mass m1,

T1 = m1a
For the body of mass m2,
T2 – T1 = m2a
For the body of mass m3
F – T2 = m3a
Solving these equations
m1F
T 1 = (m + m + m )
1 2 3
(m + m ) F
and T2 = (m + m + m )
1 2
1 2 3
= (m1 + m2) a
ROPE LYING ON A HORIZONTAL SURFACE

A uniform rope of length L which is lying on a frictionless table is pulled by applying a
constant force
Let the mass of the rope be m and its length be L. So the mass per unit length of the rope is (M/L)
L
A PT B F
T
(L – !) !
If T is the tension in the rope at a distance ! from end B and acceleration of the rope is a, then for part PB
M
F – T = mass of part PB × a = !a
L
12
For the part AP

M
T = mass of part AP × a = (L − ! ) a
L
(L − ! )
T= (F − T )
!
 !
or T = 1 −  F
 L 
PULLEY
A single fixed pulley changes the direction of force only and in general assumed to be massless and frictionless.
PULLEY-BLOCK PROBLEM
Case I
m1 = m 2 = m
Tension in the string T = mg
Acceleration ‘a’ = zero

Reaction at the pulley
R = 2T = 2mg
[Strength of support or suspension]
Case II
m1 > m 2
for mass m1, m1g – T = m1a .........(1)
for mass m2, T – m2g = m2a .........(2)
Solving, we get
 m1 − m 2 
a =  m + m  g
 1 2
(2m1m 2 )g
or T = (m + m )
1 2
4m1m 2 g
reaction at the pulley R = 2T = (m + m )
1 2
Case III
The forces acting on the system are shown in the fig.
For mass m1 : T1 – m1g = m1a ...........(1)
For mass m2 : m2g + T2 – T1 = m2a ...........(2)
For mass m3 : m3g – T2 = m3a ...........(3)
 m 2 + m 3 − m1 
Solving these equations, we get a =  m + m + m  g
 1 2 3
Putting the value of ‘a’ in equation (i) & (iii) tension, T1 & T2 can be calculated.
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NARAYANA
Case IV
(a) Without friction :
For mass m1 : T = m1a
For mass m2 : m2g – T = m2a
Solving, we get
m 2g
Acceleration a = (m + m )
1 2
m1m 2 g
T=
(m1 + m 2 )
(b) With friction :

(friction in between. surface and block)
For mass m1 : T – µm1g = m1a
For mass m2 : m2g – T = m2a
Solving we get
(m 2 − µm1) g m1m2 (1 + µ ) g
Acceleration a = or T =
(m1 + m 2 ) (m 1 + m 2 )
Case V
(m1 > m2)
m1g – T1 = m1a ...........(1)
M
T2 – m2g = m2a ...........(2)
T1 – T2 = Ma ...........(3)
Solving (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
(m1 − m2 ) g
a=
(m1 + m2 + M)
 2m2 + M   2m1 + M 
T1 = m1g   , T2 = m 2 g  
 m1 + m2 + M   m1 + m 2 + M 
Case VI
Mass suspended over a pulley from another on an inclined plane.
(a) Without friction :
For m1 : m1g – T = m1a
For m2 : T – m2g sinθ = m2a
Solving, we get
(m1 − m 2 sin θ) g
Acceleration a =
(m1 + m 2 )
m1m 2 (1 + sin θ)g

T = (m1 + m 2 )
14
(b) With friction :

For m1 : m1g – T = m1a
N = m2g cos θ
a
µN = µm2g cosθ
For m2 : T – µm2g cos θ – m2g sin θ = m2a
 m1 − m 2 (sin θ + µ cos θ) 
Acceleration a =  m1 + m 2
g
 
µN
m1m 2 [1 + sin θ + µ cos θ] g
Tension T = (m1 + m 2 )
Case VII
Masses m1 & m2 are connected by a string passing over a pulley (m1 > m2)
For mass m1 :
m1g sin α – T = m1a
For mass m2 :
T – m2g sin β = m2a
g (m1 sin α − m 2 sin β)
Acceleration a =
(m1 + m 2 )
m1m 2 (sin α + sin β) g

Tension T = (m1 + m 2 )
Case VIII
m1m 2
From case (IV-a) we know that the tension T = (m + m ) g
1 2
If x is the extension in the spring, then T = kx
T m1m 2 g
x= =
k k(m1 + m 2 )
CONDITION FOR BALANCE

Let S and S’ be the weights of scale pans and a and b be the arms of the balance. As
the beam remains horizontal when pans are empty, moments about fulcrum must be
a F b
zero.
∴ Sa = S ' b ......(1) S S’
Suppose now that equal weights, W each, are put on the pans of the balance, the beam has to remain
horizontal for balance to be true
∴ taking moments about F, we have
(S + W) a = (S’ + W) b .....(2)
Using (1) or Wa = Wb or a = b i.e., arms of balance must be equal
Putting a = b, in equation (1)
We have S = S’, weights of scale pans be equal
The method of Double weighing : The true weight of a body can be determined with the help of
a false balance as follows :
(i) When arms are equal but weight of pans are unequal then the weight of body can be determined
with the help of a false balance as follows :
15
NARAYANA
Place the body having the true weight W in the lift pan & counter poise it with standard weights =
W1,
∴ (S + W) a = (S’ + W1)a or S + W = S’ + W1
S – S’ = W1 – W ....................(1)
Now place the body in the right pan and counter poise it with standard weights = W2
∴ (S + W2) a = (S’ + W) a or S + W2 = S’ + W a a
S – S’ = W – W2 .........(2)
equating R.H.S. of eqn (1) and eq. (2)
S S'
W1 + W2 W W1
W = W2 W
2
∴ true weight of body is equal to the arithmetic mean of the two apparent weights.
(ii) When the beam remains horizontal but neither arms are equal nor weights of scale pans are equal
∴ Sa = S’b .......(1)
Place the body with true weight W in the left arm and counter poise it with standard weights W1
then (S + W)a = (S’ + W1)b
Using (1) we have Wa = W1b ........(2)
Now put the body in right pan and standard weights W2 in the left arm to counter poise it.
a b
(S + W2) a = (S’ + W) b
using (1) we have W2a = Wb or Wb = W2a .......(3)
n n
Multiply eq . (2) and eq . (3), we have
S S'
W W1
W 2
ab = W1 W2 ab or W = W1W2 W2 W
Thus the true weight of the body in this case is the geometric mean of the two apparent weights.
FRICTION
When the surface of a body slides over surface of another body, each body exerts a force of friction on
the other. Such friction is parallel to the surface. The force of friction on each body is in a direction
opposite to its motion relative to the other body.
It is a self adjusting force, it can adjust its magnitude to any value between zero and the limiting
(maximum) value.
i.e. 0 ≤ f ≤ f max
The friction force acting between any two surfaces at rest with respect to each other is called the force of
static friction.
The frictional force acting between surfaces when there is relative motion with respect to each other, is
called the force of kinetic friction or sliding friction.
LAWS OF FRICTION f
The limiting force of friction is proportional to the normal
force that keeps two surface in contact with each other, (fs )
max
and is independent of the area of contact and the relative
velocities between the two surfaces in contact. fk
F
i.e. f max = µN
16
PROPERTIES OF FRICTION
1. If the body is at rest, the static frictional force f s and the external force F parallel to the surface are
equal in magnitude; and f s is directed opposite to F. If the external force F increases f s increases.
2. The maximum value of static friction is given by
( f s )max = µs N N
Where, µs = coefficient of static friction. F

N= normal reaction. (fs) max (fs) max =F
At this condition, the body is just about to move relative to the surface.
3. If external force exceeds ( f s )max , then the body slides on the surface.
Now frictional force rapidly decreases to a constant value given by
f k = µk N
v
Where µk is the co-efficient of kinetic friction.
F
fk
ANGLE OF FRICTION
At a point of rough contact, where slipping is about to occur, the two forces acting on each object are the
normal reaction N and frictional force µN . The resultant of these two forces is F and it makes an angle λ
with the normal where,
µN
tan λ = =µ N
N
F
⇒ λ = tan −1 (µ ) λ
This angle λ is called the angle of friction.

µN
ANGLE OF REPOSE
Suppose a block of mass m is placed on an inclined plane whose inclination θ can be increased or decreased.
Let µ be the co-efficient of friction between the block and the plane. At a general angle θ , Normal Reaction
is
N = mg cos θ
Limiting friction ( f s ) = µN = µmg cos θ m
and the pulling force, θ

F = mg sin θ
There is a critical value of angle θ, called angle of repose ( α ) at which pulling force and limiting
friction are equal. Now if θ is further increased, the pulling force becomes more than the limiting
friction f s and the block starts sliding.
Thus, ( f s )max =F at θ=α
⇒ µmg cos α = mg sin α
⇒ µ = tan α
17
NARAYANA
⇒ α = tan−1 (µ )
Here, we see that angle of friction (λ ) is numerically equal to the angle of repose.
i.e. λ=α
POINTS TO REMEMBER
! A system is said to be isolated, when no external forces are acting on the system. For such a
system, linear momentum remains constant.
! No external force is required to move a body uniformly, provided there is no friction. External force
is required to stop a moving body; to change the speed of the body and also to change the direction
of motion of the body.
# # #
! For a body of mass m, moving with velocity v , its momentum p = m v . As m is constant during
# #
dv #
motion, we can write, force F = m = ma , where a# is the instantaneous acceleration.
dt
! When a body moves with high velocity, very near to the velocity of light, m varies considerably with
# # # dp#
velocity. In such a case, we can not write F = ma , but the relation F = is valid.
dt
! To find the acceleration of the body, note all the forces acting on a body under consideration and
# # #
then find the vector sum of all the forces F and finally use F = ma .
! If a body is in equilibrium, then it does not mean that no force acts on the body, but it simply means
that the net force (resultant of any number of forces) acting on the body is zero. Further, for
equilibrium, a body need not necesarily be at rest. A body in uniform motion along a straight line
is also in equilibrium.
! An accelerated motion of a body is always due to a force. It can occur in two ways.
(i) Due to change in its speed only : In this situation, the force must act on the body either in the
direction of its motion or opposite to its direction of motion.
(ii) Due to change in direction only : In this situation, the force must act perpendicular to the
direction of motion of the body. Such a force makes the body move along a circular path.
! Action and Reaction are always equal and opposite and act on two different bodies.
! The forces of interaction between bodies forming a system are called internal forces. The resultant
of internal forces is zero due to action and reaction. These forces do not cause any motion in the
system.
The forces exerted on bodies of a given system by bodies situated outside are called external
forces.
The external forces cause the motion or change in the system.
! The coefficient of limiting friction is slightly greater than the coefficient of kinetic friction.
!!
18
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example - 1 The position x of a body of mass 2 kg varies with time t as
x = (2t2 + 3t – 4) m
Force acting on the body is -
(1) 4N (2) 8N
(3) 2N (4) 16 N
2
Solution : x = (2t + 3t – 4) m
dx
Velocity v = = (4t + 3) m/s
dt
d2 x
Acceleration f = = 4 m/s2
dt 2
Force = mass × acceleration
= 2 × 4 = 8N
Answer is (2)
Example - 2 A body of mass 2kg moving with a speed of 100 m/s hits a wall and rebounds with the
same speed. If the contact time is (1/50)s, the force applied on the wall is
(1) 104N (2) 2 × 104 N
(3) 4N (4) 8N
Solution : Initial momentum of the body = mv
= 2 × 100 = 200 N-s
Final momentum = –200 N-s
Change of momentum of the body
= –200 – (200) = – 400 m/s
Momentum given to the wall = +400 N-s
1
Time = s
50
∴ Momentum given per second
400
= 2 × 10 4 N = Force applied on the wall
1/ 50
Answer is (2)
19
NARAYANA
Example - 3 For a motion in a straight line the force-time graph is shown in figure. The parts of the
curve are circular. The momentum gained in the time interval t = 0 to t = 8s, in N-s will
be
F(N)
(1) zero (2) 4π
+2
(3) –2π (4) 6π t(s)
t2 0
2 4 6 8
Solution : The total momentum gained = ∫ Fdt
t1 -2
= Area between F-t curve and time axis.
= zero, because the area in negative direction is equal to the area in positive direction.
Answer is (1)
Example - 4 A cricket ball of mass 150 gm moves at a speed of 12 m/s and after hitting by the bat
it is deflected back at the speed of 20 m/sec. If the bat and the ball remained in contact
for 0.02 sec then calculate the impulse and average force exerted on the ball by the bat.
[Assume the ball always moves normal to the bat].
Solution : According to the problem the change in momentum of the ball
∆p = pf – pi = m (v – u) = 150 × 10–3 [20 – (–12)] = 4.8
∴ impulse = change in momentum = 4.8 N-s
∆p 4.80
and Fav = = = 240 N
∆t 0.02
Example - 5 A cricket ball is deflected by a batsman at 45º without changing its speed which is 54
km/hr. If the mass of the ball is 0.15 kg, then what is the impulse given to ball?
→ →
Solution : Initial momentum pi in component form is pi = î (mu sin 22.5) − ĵ (mu cos 22.5º)
→
Similarly the final momentum is p f = î (mu sin 22.5) + ĵ (mu cos 22.5º)
→ →
∴ p f − pi = (2 mu cos 22.5º) î
→ →
So the magnitude of impulse = | p f − pi |
54 × 103
= 2 × 0.15 × × cos 22.5º = 4.15 N
3600
Example - 6 Two blocks of mass m = 2kg and M = 5kg are in contact on a frictionless table. A horizontal
force F = (35 N) is applied to m. Find the force of contact between the block, will the force
of contact remain same if F is applied to m ?
Solution : As the blocks are rigid under the action of a force F, both will move with same acceleration
F 35
a = = = 5 m/sec2
m+M 2+5
20
a
Now as the mass of larger block is M and its acceleration a,
F M
m
so force of contact = action on it
a
or fm = Ma = 5 × 5 = 25 N a
fM
If the force is applied to M then its action on m will be F fm M
m
fm = ma = 2 × 5 = 10 N
From this problem, it is clear that acceleration does not depends on the fact that whether
the force is applied to m or M, but force of contact does.
Example - 7 Three blocks of masses m1 = 1 kg, m2 = 1.5 kg and m3 = 2kg are in contact with each
other on a friction less surface as shown in fig. find (a) horizontal force F needed to push
the block as on unit with an acceleration of 4 m/sec2 (b) The resultant force on each block
and (c) The magnitude of contact force between blocks.
Solution : (a) F = (m1 + m2 + m3) a
or F = (1 + 1.5 + 2) × 4
= 4.5 × 4 = 18 N
(b) for m1 resultant force F – f1 = m1a
= 1 × 4
or F – f1 = 4N ....... (1)
for m2 resultant force f1 – f2 = m2 a
or = 1.5 × 4 = 6
or f1 – f2 = 6N .......(2)
and resultant force on m3, f2 = m3a
= 2 × 4
or f2 = 8 N ......(3)
(c) Contact force between, m2 and m3 = f2 = 8N
from equation (2) and equation (3)
f1 = f2 + 6 = 8 + 6 = 14N
Example - 8 The mass of an elevator (lift) is 500 kg. Calculate the tension in the cable of the elevator
when the elevator is (i) stationary, (ii) ascending with an acceleration of 2.0 ms–2, (iii) descending
with the same acceleration. (g = 9.8 N kg–1)
Solution : The gravity - force on the elevator is mg = 500 × 9.8 = 4900 N
When the elevator is stationary (acceleration is zero), the net force on it will be zero (fig.a)
that is,
T – mg = 0 T
or T = mg = 4900 N T T
Elevator
When the elevator is accelerated upward, the net force on it will
be in the upward direction. Therefore, the tension T will be greater
than the gravity force mg (fig.b). According to Newton’s second law,
the net force (T – mg) will be equal to mass m × acceleration a.
That is, mg mg mg
T – mg = ma (a) (b) (c)
or T = mg + ma = 4900 + 500 × 2.0 = 5900 N
When the elevator is accelerated downward, net force will be in the downward direction
21
NARAYANA
and the tension T will be less than mg (fig.c) Again by Newton’s law, we have
mg – T = ma
or T = mg – ma = 4900 – 500 × 2.0 = 3900 N
Example - 9 An elevator and its load weight a total of 1600 !b. Find the tension T in the supporting
cable when the elevator, originally moving downward at 20 fts–1 is brought to rest with constant
acceleration in a distance of 50 ft.
Solution : The elevator moving downward stops after a distance of 50 ft. Therefore, by the formula
v2 = u2 + 2as,
we have
02 = 202 + 2a × 50
∴ a = –4ft s–2
Let T be the tension in the cable. Then, we have
T = m (g – a)
Here m = 1600 !b. In FPS system, g = 32 ft s–2
57600
∴ T = 1600 {32 – (–4)} = 57600 poundals = = 1800 !b. wt.
32
Example - 10 A lift of mass 2000 kg is supported by thick steel ropes. If the maximum upward acceleration
of the lift be 1.2 ms–2 and the breaking stress for the ropes be 2.8 × 108 N m–2, what should
be the minimum diameter of the ropes? (g = 9.8 ms–2)
Solution : When the lift is accelerated upward, the tension T in the rope is greater than the gravity-
force mg. If the acceleration of the lift be a, then by Newton’s law, we have
T – mg = ma
or T = mg + ma = m (g + a)
Mass of the lift m = 2000 kg and maximum acceleration a = 1.2 ms–2. Hence maximum
tension in the rope is
T = 2000 (9.8 + 1.2) = 22, 000 N.
If r be the radius of the rope, then the stress will be T/πr2
T
∴ = 2.8 × 108 Nm–2 (given)
πr 2
T 22000 1
or r2 = 8 = 8 =
π × (2.8 × 10 ) (22 / 7) × (2.8 × 10 ) 4 × 10 4
1
∴ r = = 0.005 m.
200
Example - 11 A lift is going up, the total mass of the lift and the passenger is 1500 kg. The variation
in speed of lift is as shown in fig. What will be the tension in the rope pulling the lift at
(i) 1 sec, (ii) 6 sec, (iii) 11 sec.
Solution : A slope of v – t curve gives acceleration
∴ At, t = 1 sec v
3.6 m/s
3.6 − 0
a = = 1.8 m/s2
2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
t
22
lift is moving up
∴ T = m (g + a) = 1500 (9.8 + 1.8) = 17400 N
at t = 6 sec a = 0
∴ T = mg = 1500 × 9.8 = 14700 N
0 − 3.6
at t = 11 sec a = = –1.8 m/s2 lift is moving down.
2
∴ T = mg (g – a) = 1500 (9.8 – 1.8) = 12000 N
Example - 12 A lift is moving upwards with acceleration a0. An inclined plane is placed in this lift. What
is the time taken by a body of mass m in sliding down from the top of this plane to the
bottom (If length of the base of the plane is ! and angle is θ)
Solution : As the lift is moving up so the apparent weight of the body is m (g + a0) and its component
along the plane is m (g + a0) sin θ due to which the acceleration down the plane is
(g + a0) sin θ
length of inclined plane AB = !/cosθ using a0
1
s = ut + at2 and u = 0, a = (g + a0) sin θ A
2 m
! 1 B θ C
= (g + a0) sinθ t2
cos θ 2 !
2!
∴ t=
(g + a 0 ) sin θ cos θ
Example - 13 Two bodies whose masses are m1 = 50 kg and m2 = 150 kg are tied by a light string and
are placed on a friction less horizontal surface. When m1 is pulled by a force F, an acceleration
of 5 ms–2is produced in both the bodies. Calculate the value of F. What is the tension in
the string?
F
m1 m2
Solution : The force F is pulling both the bodies together. Hence

if the acceleration produced in the direction of force be
a, then by newton’s law of motion, we have F T T
m1 m2
(net) force = mass × acceleration
F = (m1 + m2) × a = (50 + 150) × 5 ms-2 = 1000 N
To determine the tension in the string, we have to consider the force acting on the bodies
separately. When m1 is pulled by the force F, then m1 pulls m2 through the string by a
force T. This force is the tension in the string which acts on m2 in the forward direction
(see fig) m2 also pulls m1 by the same (reactionary) force T. Hence the tension T of the
string acts on m1 in the backward direction.
Thus, a ‘net’ force F – T acts on m1 in the forward direction. Hence,by Newton’s law applied
for m1 alone, we have
F – T = m 1a
or T = F – m1 a = 1000 – (50 × 5) = 750 N
23
NARAYANA
We can determine T also by applying Newton’s law for the motion of m2 alone. On m2 there
is a net force T in the forward direction
∴ T = m2a = 150 × 5 = 750 N
Example - 14 The masses m1, m2 and m3 of the three bodies shown in fig. are 5, 2, 3
kg respectively. Calculate the values of the tension T1, T2 and T3 when (a)
the whole system is going upward with an accelerating of 2ms–2, (b) the
whole system is stationary (g = 9.8 ms–2) T1
Solution : (a) All the three bodies m1 , m2 and m3 are moving upward together. The
force pulling the system upward is T1 and the downward gravity-force
is (m1 + m2 + m3) g. Hence the net force on the system is T1 – (m1 m1
+ m2 + m3) g. According to Newton’s second law, this force is equal
to total mass × acceleration. If a be the acceleration of the system T2
in the upward direction, then
T1 = (m1 + m2 + m3) g = (m1 + m2 + m3) a
or T1 – (5 + 2 + 3) × 9.8 = (5 + 2 + 3) × 2 m1
∴ T1 = 20 + 98 = 118 N
T3
The force pulling m2 and m3 in the upward direction is T2 and the gravity-
force on them is (m2 + m3) g. Hence the net force in the upward direction
is T2 – (m2 + m3) g . Again, by Netwon’s law, we have
m1
T2 – (m2 + m3) g = (m2 + m3)g
T2 – (2 + 3) × 9.8 = (2 + 3) × 2
T2 = 10 + 49 = 59 N
The net force on m3 in the upward direction is T3 – m3g.
Hence by Newton’s law, we have
T3 – m3g = m3a
or T3 – 3 × 9.8 = 3 × 2
∴ T3 = 6.0 + 29.4 = 35.4 N
(b) If the whole system is stationary (or moving with uniform velocity), then
a = 0. Hence from equation. (i), (ii) and (iii), we have
T1 = (m1 + m2 + m3) g = 10 × 9.8 = 98 N
T2 = (m2 + m3) g = 5 × 9.8 = 49 N
T3 = m3 g = 3 × 9.8 = 29.4 N
Example - 15 Two blocks of masses 2.9 kg and 1.9 kg are suspended from a rigid support S by two
inextensible wires each of length 1 m. The upper wire has negligible mass and the lower
wire has a uniform mass of 0.2 kg m–1. The whole system of blocks, wires and support
have an upward acceleration of 0.2 ms–2. Acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 ms–2. (i) Find
the tension at the mid-point of the lower wire. (ii) Find the tension at the mid-point of the
upper wire.
Solution : Suppose, the tension at the point A is TA. Then
TA – mg = ma S
or TA = m (a + g) B
where m = 1.9 kg + mass of the wire of length 2.9 kg
C
1
AD = 1.9 + × 0.2 = 2.0 kg A
2
D 1.9 kg
24
∴ TA = 2.0 × (0.2 + 9.8 ) = 20 N
(ii) Suppose, the tension at the point B is TB, then
TB = M (a + g)
where M = 2.9 kg + 1.9 kg + mass of the wire CD = 2.9 + 1.9 + 0.2 = 5.0 kg
∴ TB = 5.0 × (0.2 + 9.8) = 50 N
Example - A bucket of mass 25kg is raised by a 50 kg man in two different ways as shown in fig.
What is the action on the floor by the man in the two cases? If the floor yields to a normal
force of 700 N, which mode should the man adopt to lift the bucket without the floor yielding?
Solution : Here, mass of the bucket, m = 25 kg
mass of the man, M = 50 kg
Force applied to lift the bucket, F = mg = 25 × 9.8 = 245 N
Weight of the man, Mg = 50 × 9.8 = 490 N
fig (a) When the bucket is raised by the man by applying
force F in upward direction, reaction equal and opposite
to F will act on the floor in addition to the weight of the
man.
Therefore, action on the floor = Mg + F = 490 + 245 = 735 N
Since the floor yields to a normal force of 700 N, So man

should not adopt this mode to lift the bucket
Fig. (b) When the bucket is raised by the man by appling force F
over the rope (passed over the pulley) in downward direction, reaction
equal and opposite to F will act on the floor.
Therefore, action on the floor = Mg – F = 490 – 245 = 245 N

The mode (b) should be adopted by the man to lift the bucket.
Example - 17 The pulley arrangement of figures (a) and (b) are indentical.
The mass of the rope is negligible. In figure (a) the mass
m is lifted by attaching a mass 2 m to the other end of
the rope. In figure (b) mass m is lifted up by pulling the
other end of the rope with a constant downward force
F = 2mg.
The ratio of acceleration in the two cases will be m 2m m F=2mg
(1) 1 : 1 (2) 1 : 3 (a) (b)
(3) 3 : 1 (4) 1 : 2
Solution : Let in the case shown in figure (a), then tension in the string be T and acceleration produced
is a, then
T – mg = ma .........(1)
and 2mg – T = 2ma .........(2)
From equation (1) and (2)
25
NARAYANA
g
a =
3
Let in the case shown in figure (b), the tension in the string be T’ and acceleration be a’, then
T’ – mg = ma’ .........(3)
T’ – 2mg = 0 .........(4)
from equation (3) and (4)
a’ = g
a g/3 1
∴ = =
a' g 3
∴ Answer is (2)
Example - 18 A body of mass 10 kg is placed on a horizontal smooth
table. A string is tied with it which passes over a frictionless m1 = 10 kg
pulley. The other end of the string is tied with a body of
mass 5 kg. When the bodies move, the acceleration
produced in them, is
(1) 9.8 m/s2 (2) 4.8 m/s2
m2 = 5 kg
(3) 4.25 m/s2 (4) 3.27 m/s2
Solution : Due to gravitational force 5g acting on the body of mass 5kg. both bodies move. Let the
acceleration produced in the system be a, then
m2g = (m1 + m2) a
m2 g 5g g 9.8
a = = =
(m1 + m 2 ) (5 + 10 ) = 3 3
= 3.27 m/s2
∴ Answer is (4)
Example - 19 The following figure shows a painter in a platform suspended along the building.
When the painter pulls the rope the force exerted on the floor is 450 N
while the weight of the painter is 1000N. If the weight of the platform is
250 N, the acceleration produced in the platform will be (g = 10 m/s2)
(1) 4 m/s2 (2) 2 m/s2
(3) 5 m/s2 (4) 6 m/s2
1000
Solution : Let the acceleration be a and mass of the painter = 100 kg. If the pull applied to
10
the rope by the painter is F, then the rope will also apply same amount of force. From
Newton’s law
F + 450 – 1000 = 100a
or F – 550 = 100a ........(1)
250
Mass of platform = = 25 kg
10
∴ F – 450 – 250 = 25 a
or F – 700 = 25a
26
from equation (1) and (2)

a = 2m/s2
∴ Answer is (2)
Example - 20 In the following figure, if the table and pulley are frictionless and strings are weightless,
then the acceleration of the system will be -
(1) 3.2 m/s2 (2) 2.5 m/s2
(3) 1.8 m/s2 (4) 1.4 m/s2
Solution : From the figure,
m2g – T2 = m2a ........(1)
T1 – m1g = m1a ........(2)
or T2 – T1 = Ma ........(3)
solving (1) , (2) and (3)
a = 1.4 m/s2
Example - 21 Two 2kg weights are suspended from a spring balance as
shown in figure. The reading in the scale of the spring balance
will be -
(1) zero (2) 4 kg-wt
(3) 2 kg-wt (4) 1 kg-wt
Solution : Spring balance is rest therefore tensions will be same in both strings. Let it be T. Since
the weights are also at rest. So T = 2g = 2kg-wt. Here one weight, acts as a support of
another weight.
∴ Answer is (3)
Example - 22 A triangular block of mass M with angles 30º, 60º and 90º rests
with its 30º – 90º side on a horizontal smooth table. A cubical block
of mass m is placed on 30º – 60º side of the block. With what 60º m
acceleration should M be moved relative to stationary table so that
the mass m remains stationary relative to the triangular block?
M
(1) 5.66 m/s2 (2) 4.32 m/s2
90º 30º
(3) 9.8 m/s2 (4) 4.9 m/s2
Solution : Acceleration of the block of mass m along the inclined plane in downward direction
g
= g sin θ = g sin 30º sin
30 o
If the block m is to remain stationary, then
g sin 30° = a cos 30º 60º m
a
30º
or a = g sin 30 º = g tan 30 º
cos 30 º M a cos 30o
90º 30º
1 9.8
= 9.8 × =
3 1.732
= 5.66 m/s2
∴ Answer is (1)
Example - 23 A cube having mass m and side a is placed on horizontal
F
surface as shown in the figure. A horizontal force F is acting m
a 3/4a
perpendicular to one of the surface, the force is at a point
mg a/2
at a height of 3a/4 from the base. The minimum force required
that the cube turns about one of its edges is O
(1) (3/2) mg (2) mg
(3) (2/3) mg (4) 3/4 mg
27
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NARAYANA
Solution : The cube will turn about an edge O if the torque at O satisfies the following condition
2
F (3/4) a > mg a/2 or F > mg
3
∴ F minimum = (2/3) mg
m
Hence the answer is (3)
Example - 24 What should be the value of m’ (mass of suspended T
M
block) so as to prevent the smaller block m from
sliding over the triangular block of mass M. All θ T
surfaces are friction less and the string a
and pulley are light. m'
m+M cot θ − 1
(1) m' = (2) m' =
cot θ − 1 m+M
m+M M−m
(3) m' = (4) m' =
tan θ − 1 cot θ − 1
Solution : Writing force equations
m’a = m’g – T ...........(1)
-a cosθ
T = (m + M) a ...........(2)
m’ a = m’g – (m + M) a
a
∴ a (m’ + m + M) = m’g θ
m' g g sinθ
or a = a= ...........(3) g
m'+m + M θ
For the block having mass m, not to slide it is necessary that
a cos θ = g sin θ
m' g
cos θ = g sin θ
m'+m + M
∴ m’ = (m’ + m + M) tanθ
or m’ (1 – tanθ) = (m + M) tanθ
(m + M) tan θ m+M
m' = =
1 − tan θ cot θ − 1
Example - 25 A mass of 400 kg is suspended by two ropes from points A and B on the roof and the
wall. The tension in rope OA is .
(1) 200 kg weight (2) 300 kg weight
(3) 400 kg weight (4) 600 kg weight
28
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Solution : On resolving tension T 1, the horizontal and vertical

components for T1 are 45º B
T
T1 sin 45º = Mg = 400 × g
and T1 cos45º = T2 T1
400 × g
tan45º = T2 A O
T2
∴ T2 = 400 g = 400 kg wt. 400kg
Example - 26 A rod AB whose length is 13m rests on two perpendicular surfaces as shown in the figure
and starts sliding. At a particular time end B is at a distance of 12 m from vertical surface
and its velocity is 10 m/s. What is the velocity of A at this time :
(1) 10 m/s (upwards) (2) 24 m/s (upwards)
(3) 24 m/s (downwards) (4) 10 m/s (horizontal)
Solution : If length of rod is ! and at any time the coordinates of A and B are (0, y) and (x, 0) then
!2 = x2 + y2 now when Differentiating with respect to time
dx dy
0 = 2x + 2y
dt dt
dy x dx A
∴ =−
dt y dt
13 m
 dy  dx 10 m/s
or  dt  = VA , dt = VB
 
B O
x 12 m
VA = − y VB
or VB = 10 m/s, x = 12 and y = 5
VA = –12/5 × 10 = –24 m/s negative (–) sign indicates that velocity VA is downwards,
Example - 27 A block of weight 100 N lying on a horizontal surface just
begins to move when a horizontal force of 25 N acts on it. N
Determine the coefficient of static friction.
Solution : F = 25 N
µs N
As the 25 N force brings the block the point of sliding, the
frictional force = µs N.
w = 100 N
from free body diagram : N = 100
µs N = 25 ⇒ µs = 0.25
Example - 28 A 5 kg block slides down a plane inclined at 30o to the horizontal. Find
(a) the acceleration of the block if the plane is frictionless
(b) the acceleration if the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.2.
Solution :
29
NARAYANA
(a) The only force causing acceleration is mg sin30°

mg sin 30o = ma
a = g sin 30o,
a = g/2 ⇒ 4.9 m/s2
(b) Here friction force (µN) acts opposite to mg sin30°
N = mg cos 30o
mg sin 30o −µk N = ma
a = g sin 30o - −µk g cos 30°
a = 3.20 m/s2
Example - 29 Find the time required by a block to come to rest from a speed of 10 m/s moving on a
horizontal surface where µk = 0.2. What is the distance covered before stopping ?
Solution : If the block is moving towards right and slowing down, the force of friction and hence acceleration
is directed towards left.
force µmg
a= =− = −µg
mass m
Now u = 10 m / s , v = 0
v = u + at
0 = 10 − µk gt
Let displacement = s
v 2 − u 2 02 − 102
s= = = 25.5m
2a 2 ( −µg )
Example - 30 A block of mass m is placed on another block of mass M

m
lying on a smooth horizontal surface. The coefficient of
M
static friction between m and M is µs . What is the maximum
force that can be applied to M so that the blocks remain
at rest relative to each other ?
Solution : Draw the free body diagrams of blocks at the moment when F is at its maximum value and m
is just about to slide relative to M. N
Frictional force between m and M = µ s N m
µsN
(N = normal reaction between the blocks) mg
Due to the friction force, M will try to drag m towards right and hence
frictional force will act on m towards right.
Let a = acceleration of each block (as they move together)
R = normal reaction between M and surface.
From free body diagram of m :
N = mg
30
µ s N = ma ...(i)
From free body diagram of M : N
µsN
N + Mg = R Fmax
M
Fmax − µ s N = Ma ...(ii)
Mg
Combining these two equations(i) and (ii), we get R
Fmax = µ s ( m + M ) g
Hence, µ s ( m + M ) g is the critical value of force F.
If F is greater than this critical value, m begins to slip relative to M and their accelerations will
be different.
If F is smaller than this critical value, m and M move together, with same acceleration, i.e.
without any relative motion.
31
NARAYANA
EXERCISES
LEVEL - I
1 Which of the following relations is wrong -
→ →
→ dr d2r
(1) F = m (2) F = m 2
dt
→
dt
→ dv m( v − u)
(3) F = m (4) F =
dt t
2 A passenger in a uniformly moving train throws a ball upwards. The ball will return -
(1) in the passenger’s hand (2) by the side of the passenger
(3) in front of the passenger in direction of motion
(4) Behind the passenger in the direction opposite to the motion of train
3 A force of 10 N is applied to a mass of 10gm for 10 seconds. The change of momentum in kgm/sec units
will be-
(1) 10 (2) 100
(3) 1000 (4) 0.01
4 A ball moving with a velocity 20 m/sec has a mass of 50 gm. If collides against a wall normally and
is rebounded normally with the same speed. If the time of impact of the ball and the wall is 40 milli
seconds, the average force exerted on the wall in dynes is -
(1) zero (2) 1.25 × 107
7
(3) 2.5 × 10 (4) 5 × 106
5 A boy holds a hydrogen filled balloon with a string. He is sitting in a train moving with uniform velocity
on a straight track. The string is vertical. On applying brakes the balloon will -
(1) be thrown forward (2) be thrown backward
(3) remain vertical (4) fall downwards
6 Which of the following statements is false -
(1) the mass of two bodies will be same if they exhibit same inertia
(2) the weight of a body at the centre of the earth is zero
(3) if a ball is thrown vertically upwards by a man sitting in a uniformly moving car, then the ball will fall
behind the man
(4) the mass of a body remains constant at all places.
7 The correct statement in the following is -
(1) a body can have acceleration even if its velocity is zero
(2) if the velocity of the body be zero, it will necessarily have acceleration
(3) if the speed of a body is constant its acceleration also will be constant
(4) a body moving with a variable speed has zero acceleration
8 What will be the angle between two forces of equal magnitude, if the magnitude of resultant force
is equal to any one of the two -
(1) 0º (2) 60º
(3) 90º (4) 120º
9 A beaker filled with liquid is placed in the pan of a spring balance. If you dip your finger in it, the
reading of the balance will be -
(1) increased (2) unchanged
(3) decreased
(4) may increase or decrease according to the nature of liquid
10 A body of mass m is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity v,. It reaches to a height h and returns
after t seconds. Then, the total change in its momentum is -
(1) zero (2) mv
(3) mgt (4) mght
32
11 A body is in equilibrium under the action of three forces on it. For this it is necessary that the three
forces
(1) are in or should be in a straight line
(2) should pass through the same point and do not lie in the same plane
(3) should pass through the same point and lie in the same plane
(4) should be mutually perpendicular to each other and pass through a common point
12 Newton’s third law of motion gives -
(1) definition of force (2) magnitude of force
(3) explanation of the force (4) none of these
13 Wrong → relation
→ is - → →
(1) F = ma (2) a = dv / dt
→ →
(3) F = dp / dt (4) → →
F = mv
14 Newton’s third law of motion implies that action and reaction are equal and opposite and -
(1) act on the same object
(2) act on two different objects under mutual inter actions
(3) act on two different objects, not inter acting mutually
(4) act only on different objects when they collide
15 A machine gun fires bullets of 50 gm at the speed of 1000 m/sec. If an average force of 200 N is
exerted on the gunner, the maximum number of bullets fired per minute is -
(1) 240 (2) 120
(3) 60 (4) 30
16 The Newton’s laws of motion are valid in -
(1) inertial frames (2) non-inertial frames
(3) rotating frames (4) accelerated frames
17 Swimming is possible owing to be -
(1) First law of motion (2) Second law of motion
(3) Third law of motion (4) Newton’s law of gravitation
18 A body floats in liquid contained in beaker. If the whole system (shown in fig.) falls
under gravity then the up-thrust on the body is -
(1) 2mg (2) zero
(3) mg (4) less than mg
19 Ratio of weight of a man in a stationary lift & weight of a man in a lift moving down-ward with an
acceleration a is 3 : 2 then acceleration of lift is -
(1) g/3 (2) g/2
(3) g (4) 2g
20 A body of mass 2kg has an initial velocity of 3 m/s along OE and it is subjected to a foce of 4 newtons
in a direction perpendicular to OE. The distance of body from O after 4 seconds will be -
(1) 12 metres (2) 20 metres
21 When a horse pulls a cart then the force with which horse moves forward is applied by -
(1) cart on horse (2) earth on horse
(3) earth on cart (4) horse on earth
22 A ball of mass 200 gm moving with velocity of 20 m/s a player catches it. If time taken to catch
the ball is 0.5 sec then force applied on players hands will be -
(1) 8N (2) 4N
(3) 2N (4) 0N
23 A lift is moving upwards with acceleration 3.675 m/s2 then weight at a person will be -
(1) up to 37.5 % less (2) up to 37.5% more
(3) up to 17.5 % more (4) remain same
24 A man is at rest in the middle of a pond a perfectly smooth ice. He can get himself to the shore
by making use of Newton’s -
(1) first law (2) second law
(3) third law (4) all the laws
25 A body is suspended by a string connected on ceiling of a lift. When lift accelerates
then tension in string found to be doubled then acceleration will be -
(1) 4.9 m/s2 (2) 9.8 m/s2
2
(3) 19.6 m/s (4) 2.45 m/s2
33
NARAYANA
LEVEL - II
1 A block of mass M is pulled with a rope on a frictionless surface. If a force P is applied at the free
end of the rope, the force exerted by the rope on the block will be (mass of rope is m) -
Pm PM
(1) (2)
(M + m) (M + m)
P P
(3) (4)
M−m M(M + m)
2 In a U-tube the liquid levels are equal in the state of equilibrium. If the U-tube is taken to the right
with an accelerated motion, the liquid level -
(1) will be higher in arm A than in arm B
(2) will bel lower in arm A than in arm B A B
(3) will remain equal in both the arm
(4) A gap will be created between the liquid in two arms
3 A parrot is sitting on the floor of a closed glass cage which is in a boy’s hand. If the parrot starts
flying with a constant speed, the boy will feel the weight of the cage as -
(1) unchanged (2) reduced
(3) increased (4) Nothing can be said
4 Under the action of external forces a particle can remain stationary when -
(1) a constant force is applied to the particle (2) a variable force is applied on the particle
(3) at least three forces be applied on the particle (4) The vector sum of the applied force is zero
5 A retarding force to stop a train has a specific magnitude. If the speed of the train is doubled, how
far will this retarding force stop the train at -
(1) equal distance (2) 4 times the earlier distance
(3) 8 times the earlier distance (4) a twice the earlier distance
6 1 gm weight is equal to -
(1) 980 dynes (2) 98 dyne
(3) 9.8 dyne (4) 0.98 dyne
7 A simple pendulum is suspended vertically from the ceiling of a car. If the car is moving with an
acceleration of 0.49 m/sec2, the string of the simple pendulum will make an angle with the vertical
whose magnitude will be -
(1) 0º (2) tan–1 (0.05)
(3) tan–1 (1/ 2 ) (4) tan–1 ( 3 )

8 A railway carriage is moving on a horizontal track with an acceleration ‘a’. A passenger sitting in the
carriage drops a stone. The acceleration of the stone relative to rail track will be -
(1) a (2) g
2 2 1/2
(3) (a + g ) (4) zero
9 As shown in figure two forces are acting on a body. If its mass is 5kg,
the value of acceleration generated is - 4N
(1) 2 m/sec2 (2) 3 m/sec2 90º
(3) 1 m/sec2 (4) 4 m/sec2 3N
10 You are on a frictionless horizontal plane. How can you get off if no horizontal force is exerted by
pushing against the surface -
(1) by jumping (2) by spitting or sneezing
(3) by rolling your body on the surface (4) by running on the plane
11 A heavy block of mass m is supported by a string C from the ceiling as shown in
c
the figure. Another string D is attached to its bottom. If D is given a sudden jerk,
m
then -
(1) string C will break (2) string D will break
D
34
(3) Both C and D will break (4) None of the string will break
12 A car running at 30 km/hr stops after travelling 8m distance on applying brakes. If same type of car
is running at 60 km/hr it stops after travelling how much distance on applying brakes -
13 Two masses 10 kg and 20 kg are connected with a massless spring as shown
in the figure. A force of 200 N is acting on the mass 20 kg. When the acceleration 10kg 20kg
of 10 kg mass is 12m/s2, the acceleration of 20 kg mass is -
(1) 12 m/sec2 (2) 4 m/sec2
(3) 10 m/sec2 (4) zero
14 Three block are connected as shown in fig., on a horizontal frictionless
table and pulled to the right with a force T3 = 60 N. If m1 = 10 kg.
T1 T2 T3
m2 = 20 kg. m3 = 30 kg. the tension T2 is - m3
m1 m2
(1) 10 N (2) 20 N
(3) 30 N (4) 60 N
15 In the following figure, two blocks on m1 = 2kg and m2 = 1kg are
m1=2kg
in contact with a frictionless table. A horizontal force F = 3N is applied m2=1kg
to mass m1, the contact force between m1 and m2 will be - F
F’
F’
(1) 1N (2) 2N
(3) 3N (4) zero
16 Two blocks are connected by a cord passing over a small frictionless
pulley and resting on frictionless planes as shown in the figure. The g 50
0k kg
acceleration of the blocks is - 10
(1) 0.33 m/s2 (2) 0.66 m/s2 37º 53º
(3) 1 m/s2 (4) 1.33 m/s2
17 Two masses are suspended vertically on a pulley their acceleration is -
m1 m2
(1) m g (2) m g
2 1
m1
 m 2 − m1   m1 + m 2 
(3)  m + m  g (4)  m − m  g m2
 1 2  2 1
18 Two blocks of mass m1 & m2 connected with a light spring, placed on a frictionless table. They are
left after pulling, with same force then the ratio of acceleration produced in them -
m1 m2
(1) m (2) m
2 1
m1 − m 2 4m1m2
(3) m + m (4)
1 2 (m1 + m 2 )2
19 A rope of length L is pulled by a constant force F. What is the tension in the rope at a distance
x from the end where the force is applied -
Fx FL
(1) (2)
L−x L−x
FL F(L − x)
(3) (4)
x L
35
NARAYANA
20 A weight W is tied to two strings passing over the frictionless pulleys A and B
as shown in the figure. If weights P and Q move downwards with speed V, the θ θ
weight W at any instant rises with the speed - A B
(1) V cosθ (2) 2V cosθ P Q
(3) V/cosθ (4) 2V/cosθ W
21 A body of weight W1 is suspended by a chain of weight W2 from ceiling of a room. With how much
force ceiling pulls the chain -
(1) W1 (2) W2
(3) W1 + W2 (4) W1 + W2/2
22 A person says that he measured acceleration of a particle non-zero, while any force is not acting
on particle then -
(1) he is telling false
(2) speed of his clock may be slow
(3) His metre scale may be longer than standard scale
(4) It may be non-inertial frame of reference
23 As shown in the figure two masses is 15 kg each are suspended through
two strings tied to a spring balance after passing over frictionless pulleys.
The reading of the balance will be -
(1) zero (2) 15 kg 15kg 15kg
(3) 30 kg (4) 7.5 kg
24 In fig a uniform rod of 3kg & length 30 cm is shown. String shown A
in figure are being pulled with constant forces of 20 N & 30 N. What
will be the acceleration of rod -
(1) 2 m/s2 (2) 3m/s2
(3) 4 m/s2 (4) 6 m/s2 20N 32N
25 A force F is applied on free end of a string such mass of 18 kg remain stationary

value of F will be -
(1) 180 N (2) 90 N
F
(3) 60 N (4) 30 N
18kg
36
LEVEL - III
1 Two forces (8 î + 10 ĵ ) N and ( 4 î + 8 ĵ ) N are acting on a body of mass 6kg then acceleration produced
in the body in m/s2 will be -
(1) (3 î + 2 ĵ ) (2) 12 î + 18 ĵ
1
(3) ( î + ĵ ) (4) 2 î + 3 ĵ
3
2 A block of mass M placed on a smooth horizontal surface is pulled by a constant
force F acting at an angle θ with the horizontal. The acceleration produced in the
F
block is a. Then -
(1) If a ≤ g/tanθ, the acceleration is along the horizontal direction M θ
(2) If a ≤ g/tanθ, the normal reaction is N = M (g – a tanθ)

(3) The acceleration a will not be parallel to the applied force F.
(4) all of the above
3 Two objects A and B each of mass m are connected by a light inextensible string. A
They are restricted to move on a frictionless ring of radius R in a vertical plane
T T
(as shown in fig). The objects are released from rest at the position shown. Then, 45º
B
the tension in the cord just after release is -
(1) zero (2) mg
(3) 2 mg (4) mg/ 2
4 In the arrangement shown in figure m1 = 8kg, m2 = 2kg and spring constant

K = 1600 N/m. All surfaces are smooth then -
m1
(1) Tension in string, T = 17.2N
(2) Tension in string, T = 15.68 N
(3) Extension in spring is 9.8 mm m2
(4) Extension in spring is 12 mm

5 A metallic sphere is suspended on stationary wall with the help of
a spring. Forces as shown in the fig. are acting on the sphere. Which T
statement/statements in following is true - N
(a) N + T + W = 0 (b) T2 = N2 + W2
(c) T = N + W (d) N = W tanθ W
(1) a, b, c (2) b, c, d
(3) a, b, d (4) a, b, c, d
F
6 A chain has five rings. The mass of each ring is 0.1 kg. This chain is pulled upwards
by a force F producing an acceleration of 2.50 m/s2 in the chain. Then the force of 1
2
action (reaction) on the joint of second and third ring from the top is - 3
(1) 0.25 N (2) 1.23 N 4
5
(3) 3.69 N (4) 6.15 N
37
NARAYANA
7 A machine-gun of mass M fires n bullets per second. The mass of each bullet is m and speed is
v. Force acting on the machine-gum is -
mn
(1) (2) mnv
v
mv vn
(3) (4)
n m v=5m/s
8 Force are acting on a body according to fig. If body is moving horizontally at a 300N M P
constant speed of 5 m/s then value of P and S respectively will be -
(1) 0N, 0N (2) 300 N, 200 N S S
2000N
(3) 300 N, 1000 N (4) 2000 N, 300 N
9 A & B are two particles of mass m each, are kept stationary as shown in fig. by applying a horizontal
force F = mg on B then -
(a) tan β = 2 tan α (b) 2T1 = 5T2 α
T1
A
(c) T1 2 = T2 5 (d) none of these β T2
B F=mg
(1) a, b (2) b, c
(3) c, d (4) a, c
10 In fig. speed of each particle after 4 sec. - T

T
(1) 0.872 m/s (2) 8.72 m/s a A
(3) 0.218 m/s (4) 2.18 m/s a
11g B
11 Linear momentum of P of a body performing one dimensional motion is changing

according to P = at3 + bt where a and b are positive constants then net force acting 11.5g
on the body is proportional to -
(1) t2 (2) a constant
(3) t (4) 1/t
12 Two monkey A & B are of masses M and m respectively (M > m). They are holding a rope which
is passing through a stationary smooth pulley.They moves on rope such that upward acceleration
of B becomes double of downward acceleration of A then tension in the rope will be -
4Mmg 3Mmg
(1) (2)
2M + m (M + 2m)
3Mmg 3Mmg
(3) (4)
2(M + m) (M + m)
13 Block B is moving towards right with constant velocity v0. Velocity of block A with respect to block
B is (Assume all pulleys and strings are ideal)
(1) v0/2 left (2) v0/2 right A B v0
(3) 3/2v0 right (4) 3/2v0 left

14 If masses are released from the position shown in fig. then speed of mass m1
just before to collide on floor will be
(1) [2m1gd/(m1+m2)]1/2 (2) [2(m1–m2)gd/(m1+m2)]1/2 m1>m2

(3) [2(m1–m2)gd/m1] 1/2
(4) none of these m2 d
38
15 A frictionless pulley of negligible weight is suspended from a spring balance as shown

in fig. Masses of 1kg and 5 kg are tied to the ends of string which passes over the
pulley. The masses move due to gravity. The reading of the balance will be
(1) more than 6 kg (2) 6 kg 1kg
(3) less than 3 kg
5kg
(4) less than 6kg and more than 3kg
16 Two bodies A and B are thrown upwards simultaneously with same speed. Mass of A is more than
that of B. If same constant resistive force is applied on both bodies by air then -
(1) Both bodies will reach up to same height
(2) A will reach up to more height than B
(3) B will reach upto more height than A
(4) Any one of above three may be possible, it depends on initial speed of both bodies
17 In the arrangement shown in fig. friction between block & table is
negligible. If F is pulling force and m1 & m2 are known masses then m2
tension in string will be - F
m1
(1) m1F/(m1 + m2) (2) 2m1F/(m1 + m2)
(3) 2m1F/(4m1 + m2) (4) none of these

18 A person is standing on a floor of lift, releases a coin. Coin reaches on floor in time t1 if lift is stationary.
and coin reaches on floor in time t2 if lift is moving with uniform velocity -
(1) t1 = t2
(2) t1 < t2
(3) t1 > t2
(4) t1 < t2 or t1 > t2 depends on lift on moving downwards or upwards
19 A smooth wedge is kept in a chamber. Chamber is suspended close to earth surface. A block B
is kept on top of wedge. It takes time T to slip over length of wedge. If block is kept on top of wedge
& suddenly string breaks then at this time block -
(1) will take more time than T to slip over wedge (2) will take less than T to slip over wedge
(3) will remain on top of wedge (4) will fall away from wedge
20 A particle is seen from reference frame s1 & s2. Reference frame s2 is moving with acceleration a
with respect to reference frame s1. Assuming F1 & F2 are pseudo force on particle, while we see from
frames s1 & s2 respectively. Which of following is not possible -
(1) F1 = 0, F2 ≠ 0 (2) F1 ≠ 0, F2 ≠ 0
(3) F1 ≠ 0, F2 = 0 (4) F1 = 0, F2 = 0
21 Two bodies A & B of mass mA & mB are connected by a string as shown in fig. If they are accelerated
upwards then ratio of tension T1 : T2 -
T1
(1) (mA + mB)/mB (2) (mA + mB)/mA A mA
m A + mB m A − mB T2
(3) m − m (4) m + m A mB
A B A B
22 If downward acceleration is given to the system in the figure of the privisous questino then ratio in
string T1 : T2 is -
(1) (mA + mB)/mB (2) (mA + mB)/mA
m A + mB
(3) m − m (4) none of these
A B
39
NARAYANA
23 When same force is applied on n different bodies then accelerations produced in them are respectively
1 1 1 1
1, , , ,...... (all in m/s2). If all these bodies are joined together & same force is applied then
2 3 4 n
acceleration will be -
n 2
(1) (2)
2 n[n + 1]
n2 n 2 (n + 1)
(3) (4)
2 2
24 On a rod of length L & mass m how much tension will be at a distance y from F1 when two dissimilar
forces F1 & F2 (F2 < F1) are applied on the rod -
y
C B A
 y y M F −F 
(1) F11 −  + F2   y+ 1 2  F2 T T F1
(2)
 L  L L  M 
L
 y y M  F1 + F2 
(3) F11 +  + F2   (4) y 
 L  L L  M 
25 A 50 kg mass is on an inclined plane at one end of a massless string
T
passing through a smooth pulley of inclined plane and at other end T
of the string a 40 kg mass is suspended as shown in fig. distance
B
travelled by 50 kg mass in 4 sec. will be (angle of inclination of plane
is 30º) - 40g mgsinθ
mg
(1) 13.04 m (2) 1.63 m θ
(3) 1.304 m (4) 16.3 m
40
QUESTIONS ASKED IN VARIOUS EXAMS
1 An elevator weighing 6000 kg is pulled upwards by a cable with an acceleration of 5 ms–1 . Taking
g to be 10 ms–2. Then the tension in the cable is [Manipal MEE-1995]
(1) 6000 N (2) 9000 N
(3) 60000 N (4) 90000 N
2 A boy having a mass equal to 40 kilograms is standing in an elevator. The force felt by the feet of
the boy will be greatest when the elevator (g = 9.8 metre/sec2) [MP PMT-1995]
(1) Stands still
(2) Moves downwards at a constant velocity of 4 metre/sec.
(3) Accelerates downward with an acceleration equal to 4 metres/sec2
(4) Acelerates upward with an acceleration equal to 4 metres/sec2
3 A vehcile of 100 kg is moving with a velocity of 5 m/sec. To stop it in 1/10 sec. The required force
in opposite direction is - [MP PET-1995]
(1) 5000 Newton (2) 500 Newton
(3) 50 Newton (4) 1000 Newton
4 n bullets per sec. each of mass m moving with velocity v strike normally on a wall. The collision
is elastic then force on wall is - [RPMT-1995]
(1) zero (2) mnv
(3) 2 mnv (4) 4 mnv
5 A cold soft drink is kept on the balance. When the cap is open, then the weight - [AFMC-1996]
(1) increases (2) decreases
(3) first increases then decreases (4) remains same
6 When a horse pulls the tonga, the tonga moves forward due to - [RPET-1996]
(1) Force exerted by horse in forward diretion
(2) Reaction of the tonga
(3) Reaction of the hindimbs of the horse on the gound
(4) None of the above
7 The engine of a car produces acceleration 4m/s2 in the car. If this car pulls another car of same mass.
What will be the acceleration produced - [RPET-1996]
(1) 1 m/s2 (2) 1.5 m/s2
(3) 2 m/s2 (4) 4 m/s2
8 A light string passes over a frictionless pulley. To one of its ends a mass of 6 kg is attached and
to its other end a mass of 10 kg is attached. The tension in the string will be - [RPET-1996]
(1) 50 N
(2) 75 N
(3) 100 N
(4) 150 N
6kg
10kg
→
9 A force vector applied on a mass is represented as F = 6 î − 8 ĵ + 10k̂ and accelerates with 1 m/
s2 . What will be the mass of the body - [CPMT-1996]
(1) 10 2 kg (2) 2 10 kg
(3) 10 kg (4) 20 kg
41
NARAYANA
10 A block of mass 2kg is joined to a body of mass 1kg. Block is placed on a horizontal table and the
string moves over a pulley, which is at the edge of the table. Mass of 1kg is suspended by the string.
If table is frictionless then acceleration of block and tension in string are respectively -
[RPET-1997]
2 2
(1) 4.38 m/s , 6.54 N (2) 4.38 m/s , 9.86 N
2
(3) 3.27 m/s , 6.54 N (4) 3.27 m/s2, 9.86 N
11 A force of 6N acts on a body at rest of mass 1kg . During this time, the body attains a velocity of
30 m/s. The time for which the force acts on the body is - [CPMT-1997]
(1) 10 sec. (2) 8 sec.
(3) 7 sec. (4) 5 sec.
12 A bullet is fired from a gun. The force on the bullet is given by F = 600 – 2 × 105 t, where F is in
N and t in sec. The force on bullet becomes zero as soon as it leaves barrel. What is average impulse
imparted to bullet- [CPMT-1998]
(1) 9 Ns (2) zero
(3) 0.9 Ns (4) 1.8 Ns
13 The value of force constant between the applied elastic force F & displacement will be -
[RPMT-1998]
1 Y
(1) 3 (2)
3
F
1 3 30º
(3) (4) x
2 2 O x
14 If a ladder is not in equillibrium against a smooth vertical wall, then it can be made in equillibrium
by - [CPMT-1998]
(1) increasing the angle of inclination (2) decreasing the angle of inclination
(3) increasing the legngh of the ladder (4) decreasing the length of the ladder
15 A bird is sitting in a large closed cage which is placed on a spring balance. It records a weight of
25 N. The bird (mass = 0.5 kg) flies upward in the cage with an acceleration of 2 m/s2. The spring
balance will now reacord a weight of - [MP PMT-1999]
(1) 24 N (2) 25 N
(3) 26 N (4) 27 N
16 A truck of mass 500 kg moving with constant speed 10 m/s. If sand is dropped into the truck at the
constant rate 10 kg/minute, the force required to maintain the motion with constant velocity is
[RPET-1999]
5 5
(1) N (2) N
3 4
7 3
(3) N (4) N
5 2
17 A uniform thick rope of length 5 m is kept on frictionless surface and a force of 5N is applied to one
of its end. Find tension in the rope at 1m from this end -
[RPET-2000]
(1) 1N (2) 3N
(3) 4N (4) 5N
42
18 A man slips on a frictionless inclined plane leaving a bag from the same height to the ground. If the
velocities of the man and bag are vM & vB respectively on reaching the ground, lthen -
[CPMT-2000]
(1) vB > vM (2) vB < vM
(3) vB = vM (4) vB & vM con’t be related
19 The pulleys and strings shown in fig. are smooth and of negligible mass.
For the system to remain in equailibrium, the angle θ should be -
[IIT screening-2001]
(1) 0º (2) 30º
(3) 45º (4) 60º
20 A string of negligbile mass going over a clamped pulley of mass m
supports a block of mass M as shown in figure. The force on the pulley
by the clamp is given by -
[IIT sereening-2001]
(1) 2 Mg (2) 2 mg
  (M + m)2 + M2  g
2 2
(3)  (M + m) + m  g (4)  
 
21 A golf ball of mass 0.05 kg placed on a tee, is struck by a golf club. The speed of the golf ball as
it leaves the tee is 100 m/s, the time of contact between them is 0.02 s. If the force decreases to
zero linearly with time, then the force at the beginning of the contact is - [CBSE-2001]
(1) 500 N (2) 250 N
(3) 200 N (4) 100 N
→
22 A force F = 6 t 2 î + 4 t ĵ , is acting on a particle of mass 3kg then what will be velocity of particle at
t = 3 sec. if at t = 0, particle is at rest - [CPMT-2002]
(1) 18 î + 6 ĵ (2) 18 î + 12 ĵ
(3) 12 î + 6 ĵ (4) None

23 A monkey of mass 20 kg is holding a vertical rope. The rope will not break when a mass of 25 kg
is suspeneded from it but will break if the mass exceeds 25 kg. What is the maximum acceleration
with which the monkey can climb up along the rope (g = 10 m/s2) [CPMT-2003]
(1) 2.5 m/s2 (2) 5 m/s2
(3) 10 m/s2 (4) 25 m/s2
24. A ball of mass 0.2 kg is thrown vertically upwards by applying a force by hand. If the hand moves 0.2 m
while applying the force and the ball goes upto 2 m height further, find the magnitude of the force.
Consider g = 10 m/s2 [AIEEE - 2006]
(1) 22 N (2) 4 N
(3) 16 N (4) 20 N
25. A 2kg block slides on a horizontal floor with a speed of 4 m/s. It strikes a uncompressed spring, and
compresses it till the block is motionless. The kinetic friction force is 15 N and spring constant is
10,000 N/m. The spring compresses by [AIEEE- 2007]
(1) 5.5 cm (2) 2.5 cm
(3) 11.0 cm (4) 8.5 cm
43
NARAYANA
ANSWERS
EXERCISES
LEVEL - I
1. (1) 2. (1) 3. (2) 4. (4) 5. (2)
6. (3) 7. (1) 8. (4) 9. (1) 10. (3)
11. (3) 12. (3) 13. (4) 14. (2) 15. (1)
16. (1) 17. (3) 18. (2) 19. (1) 20. (2)
21. (2) 22. (1) 23. (2) 24. (3) 25. (2)
LEVEL - II
1. (2) 2. (1) 3. (1) 4. (4) 5. (2)
6. (1) 7. (1) 8. (2) 9. (3) 10. (2)
11. (2) 12. (4) 13. (2) 14. (3) 15. (1)
16. (4) 17. (3) 18. (2) 19. (4) 20. (3)
21. (3) 22. (4) 23. (2) 24. (3) 25. (2)
LEVEL - III
1. (4) 2. (4) 3. (4) 4. (1) 5. (3)
6. (3) 7. (2) 8. (3) 9. (4) 10. (1)
11. (1) 12. (2) 13. (2) 14. (2) 15. (2)
16. (2) 17. (3) 18. (1) 19. (3) 20. (4)
21. (1) 22. (1) 23. (2) 24. (1) 25. (1)
QUESTIONS ASKED IN VARIOUS EXAMS

1. (4) 2. (4) 3. (1) 4. (3) 5. (3)
6. (3) 7. (3) 8. (2) 9. (1) 10. (3)
11. (4) 12. (3) 13. (2) 14. (1) 15. (3)
16. (1) 17. (3) 18. (3) 19. (3) 20. (4)
21. (1) 22. (1) 23. (1) 24. (1) 25. (1)
44

AIEEE Class XI Phy Laws of Motion

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THE NARAYANA TEAM

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THE NARAYANA TEAM

Questions asked in AIEEE and other Engineering Exams

" Forces INTRODUCTION

" Frame of Reference

" Pseudo Force

compressed), and the direction of the force is along the spring.

GRAVITATIONAL UNIT OF FORCE

FUNDAMENTAL FORCES OF NATURE

(A) GRAVITATIONAL FORCE

" Energy particle of this force is Graviton.

" The interaction time of this force is about 10–2 sec.

(B) ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE

" Source of electrical forces are stationary and moving charges.

" Magnetic force acts only on moving charges.

" It can be attractive or repulsive.

" Coloumb’s law

∈0 is called permittivity of vacuum and its value is 8.85 × 10–12 C2/N - m2

The range of this force is also very large.

(C) NUCLEAR FORCE

" The range of the force is very small (~ 10–15 m)

" This force is strongest force of nature

" Its energy particle is pion.

where U0 and r0 are constants.

(D) WEAK FORCES

Neutron and proton in the nucleus decay due to weak forces as

The nature of weak forces is still unknown.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FORCES

S.No. Forces Nature Range Relative Energy particle

2. Electromagnetic attractive infinite 1036 photon

3. Nuclear attractive very short 1039 pion

4. Weak unknown very short 1014 boson

NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION

(a) First law can be obtained from second law.

Examples: ! While catching a ball the cricketer moves hands backwards.

Examples: ! While catching a ball the cricketer moves hands backwards.

! Launching of a rocket or motion of a jet aeroplane.

" It is a vector quantity and its direction is in the direction of velocity.

" In SI system its unit is kg-m/s and dimensions are [M1L1T–1].

If m1 > m2 then v2 > v1

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM

" Impulse = (magnitude of force) time = Ft t

FREE BODY DIAGRAM

MOTION OF BODIES IN CONTACT

or F' = m1a = force of contact acting on mass m1

If the force of contact between m1 and m2 masses is F ' , then

For the body of mass m2

INERTIAL AND ACCELERATED FRAME OF REFERENCE

Examples of inertial frames of reference

NON-INERTIAL FRAME OF REFERENCE

Note : A rotating frame of reference is a non-inertial frame of reference, because it is also

Note : Pseudo force should be applied in non-inertial frames only.

MOTION OF BODIES CONNECTED TOGETHER BY STRINGS

(A) FOR TWO BODIES

Since acceleration is same for both bodies.

∴ For the body m1,

(B) FOR THREE BODIES