Reorder Paragraphs EXTRA PDF

Reorder Paragraphs 29/05/18
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01.
A. The top executives of the large, mature, publicly held companies hold
the conventional view when they stop to think of the equity owners'
welfare.
B. They assume that they're using their shareholders' resources efficiently
if the company's performance, especially ROE and earnings per share-is
good and if the shareholders don't rebel.
C. They assume that the stock market automatically penalizes any
corporation that invests its resources poorly.
D. So companies investing well grow, enriching themselves and
shareholders alike, and ensure competitiveness; companies investing
poorly shrink, resulting, perhaps, in the replacement of management.
E. In short, stock market performance and the company's financial
performance are inexorably linked.
02.
A. Take an underperforming company.
B. Add some generous helpings of debt, a few spoonfuls of management

incentives and trim all the fat.
C. Leave to cook for five years and you have a feast of profits.
D. That has been the recipe for private-equity groups during the past 200
years.
03.
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1uv7LzdYtXVnHt745L446RtHwGwXjDexe1DpWeds_UZ0/mobilebasic 30/5/18, 6O35 am

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A. In the early years of the twenty-first century the impact of immigrants
on the welfare state has become a staple of discussion among policy
makers and politicians.
B. It is also a recurrent theme in the press, from the highbrow pages of

Prospect to the populism of the Daily Mail.
C. Inevitably, these discussions focus on present-day dilemmas.
D. But the issues themselves are not new and have historical roots that go
much deeper than have been acknowledged.
04.
A. After finishing first in his pilot training class, Lindbergh took his first
job as the chief pilot of an airmail route operated by Robertson Aircraft Co.
of Lambert Field in SI. Louis, Missouri.
B. He flew the mail in a de Havilland DH-4 biplane to Springfield, Illinois,

Peoria and Chicago.
C. During his tenure on the mail route, he was renowned for delivering the
mail under any circumstances.
D. After a crash, he even salvaged bags of mail from his burning aircraft
and immediately phoned Alexander Varney, Peoria's airport manager, to
advise him to send a truck.
05.
A. Over the years, I have had the opportunities to observe and understand
the thought process behind the ads that have been flooding both the print
and the TV.
B. Although there is a huge shift in the quality of ads that we come across

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on daily basis - thanks essentially to improvement in technology - I
somehow can't help but feel that the quality of communication of the
message has become diluted.
C. There is an increasing attempt by most companies to be seen as cool

and funky.
D. Another reason could be the burgeoning number of companies, which

means an exponential increase in the number of ads that are being made.
E. Proportionally, the numbers of ads that lack in quality have gone up

exponentially as well.
06.
A. Beginning in the 1990s, foreign aid had begun to slowly improve.
B. Scrutiny by the news media shamed many developed countries into

curbing their bad practices.
C. Today, the projects of organizations like the World Bank are

meticulously inspected by watchdog groups.
D. Although the system is far from perfect, it is certainly more transparent

than it was when foreign aid routinely helped ruthless dictators stay in
power.
07.
A. Piano keys are generally made of spruce or basswood.
B. Spruce is normally used in high-quality pianos.

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C. Traditionally, the sharps (black keys) were made from ebony and the
flats (white keys) were covered with strips of ivory.
D. But since ivory-yielding species are now endangered and protected by

treaty, plastics are now almost exclusively used.
08.
A. It is wrong, however, to exaggerate the similarity between language and

other cognitive skills, because language stands apart in several ways.
B. For one thing, the use of language is universal - all normally developing
children learn to speak at least one language, and many learn more than
one.
C. By contrast, not everyone becomes proficient at complex mathematical

reasoning, few people learn to paint well, and many people cannot carry a
tune.
D. Because everyone is capable of learning to speak and understand

language, it may seem to be simple.
E. But just the opposite is true - language is one of the most complex of all
human cognitive abilities.
09.
A. In 1992 a retired engineer in San Diego contracted a rare brain disease

that wiped out his memory.
B. Every day he was asked where the kitchen was in his house, and every
day he didn't have the foggiest idea.
C. Yet whenever he was hungry he got up and propelled himself straight to

the kitchen to get something to eat.

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D. Studies of this man led scientists to a breakthrough: the part of our
brains where habits are stored has nothing to do with memory or reason.
E. It offered proof of what the US psychologist William James noticed

more than a century ago - that humans "are mere walking bundles of
habits".
10.
A. A simple way to disprove this Innateness Hypothesis, as linguists call it,

is to demonstrate that other species have the capacity to speak but for
some reason simply have not developed speech.
B. A logical candidate for such a species is the chimpanzee, which shares

98.4% of the human genetic code.
C. Chimpanzees cannot speak because, unlike humans, their vocal cords

are located higher in their throats and cannot be controlled as well as
human vocal cords.
D. It does not follow from their lack of speech, however, that chimpanzees
are incapable of language, that is, a human-like grammar.
E. Perhaps they can acquire grammar and speak if they could only use
grammar some way other than with a voice.
11.
A. Despite posting healthy profits, Volkswagen shares trade at a discount to

peers due to bad reputation among investors.
B. A disastrous capital hike, an expensive foray into truck business and

uncertainty about the reason for a share buyback has in recent years left
investors bewildered.

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C. The main problem with Volkswagen is the past.
D. Many investors have been disappointed and frightened away.
E. Volkswagen shares trade at about nine times the 2002 estimated

earnings, compared to BMW's 19 and are the second cheapest in the sector.
12.
A. Doctor Byron has long held that there is a link between diet and acne.
B. He convinced Professor Fitzgerald of the University of Hill to set up a

study into this matter.
C. Professor Fitzgerald and his team studied more than 47000 women.
D. The women were asked to fill in a questionnaire about the diet and
about their suffering from acne.
E. No link was found between acne and traditionally suspect food such as
chocolate and chips.
13.
A. Great progress was made in the field of aviation during the 1920s and
1930s, such as Charles Lindbergh's transatlantic flight in 1927, and Charles
Kingsford Smith's transpacific flight the following year.
B. One of the most successful designs of this period was the Douglas DC-3,
which became the first airliner that was profitable carrying passengers
exclusively, starting the modern era of passenger airline service.
C. By the beginning of World War II, many towns and cities had built
airports, and there were numerous qualified pilots available.

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D. The war brought many innovations to aviation, including the first jet
aircraft and the first liquid-fueled rockets.
14.
A. Paleontologists still argue about the origins of major groups, though

new fossil finds since Darwin's time have cleared up many of the
disparities in the fossil record. Even during Darwin's lifetime, some
transitional forms were found.
B. Today, many years later, many believe that evolution has progressed at
the same steady rate and that the absence of transitional forms can be
explained by Darwin's argument that there are huge gaps in the fossil
record and that transition usually occurred in one restricted locality.
C. Others, however, believe that the fossil evidence suggests that, at various
stages in the history of life, evolution progressed rapidly, in spurts, and that
major changes occurred at these points.
D. An evolving group may have reached a stage at which it had an

advantage over other groups and was able to exploit new niches in nature.
Climate change may also have produced a "spurt", as might the extinction
of other groups or species, leaving many niches vacant.
15.
A. With regard to defence, the purpose of the military is to defend the

nation and be prepared to do battle with its enemy.
B. How do you do battle with your enemy?
C. The idea is to destroy the enemy's productive capacity, and depending
upon the economic foundation, that productive capacity is different in
each case.
D. So in the agrarian era, if you need to destroy the enemy's productive

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capacity, what you want to do is bum his fields, or if you're really vicious,
salt them.
E. But in the industrial era destroying the enemy's productive capacity
means bombing the factories which are located in the cities.
F. Now in the information era, destroying the enemy's productive capacity
means destroying the information infrastructure.
16.
A. Unlike Barnes' previous books, Mother of Storms has a fairly large cast
of viewpoint characters.
B. This usually irritates me, but I didn't mind it here, and their interactions
are well-handled and informative, although occasionally in moving them
about the author's manipulations are a bit blatant.
C. They're not all necessarily good guys, either, although with the
hurricanes wrecking wholesale destruction upon the world's coastal areas,
ethical categories tend to become irrelevant.
D. But even the Evil American Corporate Magnate is a pretty likable guy.
17.
A. In most countries it is only the government, through their central banks,

who are permitted to issue currency.
B. But in Scotland three banks are still allowed to issue banknotes.
C. The first Scottish bank to do this was the Bank of Scotland.
D. When this bank was founded in 1695, Scots coinage was in shod supply
and of uncertain value, compared with English, Dutch, Flemish or French
coin.

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E. To face growth of trade it was deemed necessary to remedy this lack of
an adequate currency.
18.
A. Marquez arrived in October 1577 at the abandoned town of Santa Elena

with two ships carrying pre-fabricated posts and heavy planking.
B. He erected fort San Marcos in six days in defense against a Native

American attack such as the one that forced the abandonment of the town
a year earlier.
C. The town had flourished, nearing 400 residents, since its establishment
more than a decade earlier in 1566 by Pedro Menendez de Aviles who had
founded La Florida and St. Augustine the year before.
D. In 1571, it became the capital of La Florida.
19.
A. Jet stream, narrow, swift currents or tubes of air found at heights

ranging from 7 to 8 miles above the surface of the earth.
B. They are caused by great temperature differences between adjacent air

masses.
C. Instead of moving along a straight line, the jet stream flows in a wavelike
fashion; the waves propagate eastward (in the Northern Hemisphere) at
speeds considerably slower than the wind speed itself.
D. Since the progress of an airplane is aided or impeded depending on

whether tail winds or head winds are encountered, in the Northern
Hemisphere the jet stream is sought by eastbound aircraft, in order to gain
speed and save fuel, and avoided by westbound aircraft.

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20.
A. Researchers have developed a system that can 3-D print the basic
structure of an entire building.
B. Structure built with this system could be produced faster and less
expensively than traditional construction methods allow.
C. Even the internal structure could be modified in new ways; different

materials could be incorporated as the process goes along.
D. Ultimately, the scientist say, this approach could enable the design and
the construction of new buildings that would not be feasible with
traditional building methods.
21.
A. The communities of ants are sometimes. very large, numbering even to

500,000 individuals.
B. And it is a lesson to us that no one has ever yet seen quarrel between
any two ants belonging to the same community.
C. However, they are in hostility not only with most other insects,
including ants of different species, but even with those of the same species
if belonging to different communities.
D. I have over and over again introduced ants from one my nets into
another nest of the same species; and they were invariably attacked, seized
by a leg or an antenna, and dragged out.
E. It is evident, therefore, that the ants of each community all recognize

one another, which is very remarkable.
22.

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A. In May 2006, researchers at Yale University School of Medicine weighed
in on the issue with a review article that looked at more than 100 studies
on the health benefits of green tea.
B. They pointed to what they called an "Asian paradox," which refers to

lower rates of heart disease and cancer in Asia despite high rates of
cigarette smoking.
C. They theorized that the 1.2 liters of green tea that is consumed by many
Asians each day provides high levels of polyphenols and other
antioxidants.
D. These compounds may work in several ways to improve cardiovascular

health, including preventing blood platelets from sticking together and
improving cholesterol levels.
E. Specifically (to be more specific), green tea may prevent the oxidation of
LDL cholesterol (the "bad" type), which, in turn, can reduce the buildup of
plaque in arteries, the researchers wrote.
23.
A. A University of Canberra student has launched the nation's first father-

led literacy project, to encourage fathers to become more involved in their
children's literacy.
B. Julia Bocking's Literacy and Dads (LADS) project aims to increase the
number of fathers participating as literacy helpers in K-2 school reading
programs at Queanbeyan Primary Schools.
C. "There's no program like this in Australia," Ms Bocking said, who

devised the project as the final component of her community education
degree at the University.

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D. Having worked as a literacy tutor with teenagers, Ms Bocking saw the
need for good attitudes towards reading to be formed early on - with the
help of more male role models.
24.
A. A team of scientists has discovered two Earth-like planets in the

habitable orbit of a Sun-like star.
B. Using observations gathered by NASA's Kepler Mission, the team found

five planets orbiting a Sun-like star called Kepler-62.
C. Four of these planets are so-called super-Earths, larger than our own
planet, but smaller than even the smallest ice giant planet in our Solar
System.
D. These new super-Earths have radii of 1.3, 1.4, 1.6, and 1.9 times that of
Earth. In addition, one of the five was a roughly Mars-sized planet, half the
size of Earth.
25.
A. International date line, imaginary line on the earth's surface, generally

following the 180' meridian of longitude, where, by international
agreement, travelers change dates.
B. The date line is necessary to avoid a confusion that would otherwise

result.
C. For example, if an airplane were to travel westward with the sun, 24 hr

would elapse as it circled the globe, but it would still be the same day for
those in the airplane while it would be one day later for those on the
ground below them.

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D. The same problem would arise if two travelers journeyed in opposite
directions to a point on the opposite side of the earth, 180* of longitude
distant.
E. The apparent paradox is resolved by requiring that the traveler crossing

the date line change his date, thus bringing the travelers into agreement
when they meet.
26.
A. In his In his fascinating book Carbon Detox, George Marshall argues

that people are not persuaded by information.
B. Our views are formed by the views of the people with whom we mix. Of
the narratives that might penetrate these circles, we are more likely to
listen to those which offer us some reward.
C. He proposes that instead of arguing for sacrifice, environmentalists

should show where the rewards might lie.
D. We should emphasise the old-fashioned virtues of uniting in the face of

a crisis, of resourcefulness and community action.
27.
A. In the lobby of an internet search engine company's headquarters in

California, computer screens’ display lists of words being entered into the
company's search engine.
B. Although its says that the system is designed to filter out any scandalous
or potentially compromising queries, the fact that even a fraction of
searches can be seen by visitors to the world's biggest search company is
likely to come as a shock to internet users who think of web browsing as a
private affair.

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C. However, that may be changing.
D. Over the past year, a series of privacy gaffes and government attempts to
gain access to the internet user's online histories have, along with
consolidation among online search and advertising groups, thrust the
issues of internet privacy into the spotlight.
E. This presents a challenge to internet search companies, which have

built a multi-billion dollar industry out of targeted advertising based on
the information users reveal about themselves online.
28.
A. Innovation in India is as much due to entrepreneurialism as it is to IT

skills, says Arun Maria, chairman of Boston Consulting Group in India.
B. Indian businessmen have used IT to create new business models that

enable them to provide services in a more cost-effective way. This is not
something that necessarily requires expensive technical research.
C. He suggests the country's computer services industry can simply

outsource research to foreign universities if the capability is not available
locally.
D. "This way, I will have access to the best scientists in the world without
having to produce them myself," says Mr Maria.
29.
A. Markets may be good at encouraging innovation and following trends,

but they were no good at ensuring social equality.
B. These markets had become rapidly dominated by powerful enterprises

who were able to act in their own interests, against the interests of both

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workers and consumers.
C. There had already been some legislation to prevent such abuses - such
as various Factory Acts to prevent the exploitation of child workers.
D. Mill was able to see an expanded role for the State in such legislation to
protect us against powerful interests.
E. He was able to argue that the State was the only organ that was
genuinely capable of responding to social needs and social interests,
unlike markets.
30.
A. Cash transactions offer both privacy and anonymity as it does not

contain information that can be used to identify the parties nor the
transaction history.
B. Moreover, money is worth what it is because we have come to accept it.
C. The whole structure of traditional money is built on faith and so will

electronic money have to be.
D. Electronic transactions are happening in closed group networks and

Internet. Electronic commerce is one of the most important aspects of
Internet to emerge.
E. To support e-commerce, we need effective payment systems and secure

communication channels and data integrity.
31.
A. German invasion of Poland official triggered the Second World War.
B. In the beginning, Britain and France were hopeful that Poland should

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be able to defend her
borders.
C. But Polish forces could not defend a long border.
D. They lacked compact defense lines and additionally their supply lines
were also poorly protected.
E. Meanwhile, the world had woken up to the potential of atomic energy

and countries were conducting tests to exploit the same.
32.
A. Fruit and vegetable intake is important for the prevention of future

chronic disease. So it's important to know whether intakes of teens are
approaching national objectives for fruit and vegetable consumption.
B. Larson and colleagues from the University of Minnesota undertook the

study to examine whether or not teens in the state were increasing their
intake of fruits and vegetables.
C. The study gathered information about fruit and vegetable intake among
944 boys and 1,161 girls in 1999 and again in 2004.
D. Teens in middle adolescence are eating fewer fruits and vegetables than
in 1999, Larson and colleagues found.
E. This is giving us the message that we need new and enhanced efforts to
increase fruit and vegetable intake that we haven't been doing in the past.
33.
A. Fireworks and special effects, including a red "waterfall" from the bridge
base, will turn the structure

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built in 1932 into a giant Aboriginal flag shortly after the sun sets for the
last time in 2015.
B. "It's about how we're all so affected by the harbour and its surrounds,
how special it is to all of us and how it moves us," said the Welcome to
Country's creative director, Rhoda Roberts.
C. From 8:40pm, the bridge will be turned into a canvas showing the
Welcome to Country ceremony.
D. Fireworks and special effects will also turn the bridge into a giant
Aboriginal flag before the 9pm
fireworks display.
34.
A. Sepahua, a ramshackle town on the edge of Peru's Amazon jungle,

nestles in a pocket on the map where a river of the same name flows into
the Urubamba.
B. That pocket denotes a tiny patch of legally loggable land sandwiched

between four natural reserves, all rich in mahogany and accessible from
the town. "Boundaries are on maps," says a local logger, "maps are only in
Lima," the capital.
C. In 2001 the government, egged on by WWF, a green group, tried to

regulate logging in the relatively small part of the Peruvian Amazon where
this is allowed.
D. It abolished the previous system of annual contracts.
E. Instead, it auctioned 40-year concessions to areas ruled off on a map,

with the right to log 5% of the area each year. The aim was to encourage
strict management plans and sustainable extraction.
35.

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A. It is natural to be healthy, but we have wandered so far astray that
disease is the rule and good health the exception.
B. Of course, most people are well enough to attend to their work, but
nearly all are suffering from some ill, mental or physical, acute or chronic.
C. There is too much illness, too much suffering.
D. We are losing every year a vast army of individuals who are in their
productive prime.
E. The average individual is of less value to himself, to his family and to

society than he could be.
36.
A. The topography of the ocean floors is none too well known, since in
great areas the available soundings are hundreds or even thousands of
miles apart.
B. However, the floor at the Atlantic is becoming fairly well known as a

result of special surveys since 1920.
C. A broad, well-defined ridge-the Mid—Atlantic ridge— runs north and

south between Africa and the two Americas.
D. Numerous other major irregularities diversify the Atlantic floor.
E. Closely spaced soundings show that many parts of the oceanic floors are
as rugged as mountainous regions of the continents.
37.

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A. The environmental revolution has been almost three decades in the
making, and it has changed forever how companies do business.
B. In the 1960s and 1970s, corporations were in a state of denial regarding

their impact on the environment.
C. Then a series of highly visible ecological problems created a

groundswell of support for strict government regulation.
D. In the United States, Lake Erie was dead. In Europe, the Rhine was on
fire. In Japan, people were dying of mercury poisoning.
E. Today many companies have accepted their responsibility to do no

harm to the environment.
38.
A. Dietary supplements can appear to be a healthful option for treating

certain health conditions.
B. Their labels list herbs or other natural ingredients that consumers

assume are safe to take.
C. But over the past several years, regulators have detected prohibited
substances in some of these products that aren't included on the labels.
D. The drug Sibutramine is one of these substances.
E. It was once approved for weight loss but was withdrawn after concerns
arose that medication could increase the risk of heart attacks.
39.
A. Jet stream, narrow, swift currents or tubes of air found at heights

ranging from 7 to 8 mi (11.3-12.9 km) above the surface of the earth.

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B. They are caused by great temperature differences between adjacent air
masses.
C. Instead of moving along a straight line, the jet stream flows in a wavelike
fashion; the waves propagate eastward (in the Northern Hemisphere) at
speeds considerably slower than the wind speed itself.
D. Since the progress of an airplane is aided or impeded depending on

whether tail winds or head winds are encountered, in the Northern
Hemisphere the jet stream is sought by eastbound aircraft, in order to gain
speed and save fuel, and avoided by westbound aircraft.
40.
A. Many countries suffering a shortage of scholars of new energy.
B. Especially engineers about new energy.
C. With the climate change, the money distributed in energy research will
double.
D. Become an engineer not only means more opportunities in their career

but will gain more money in their research.
41.
A.In 2005, immigration policy received far more genuine attention on

Capitol Hill, and Members of Congress from both sides of the aisle are
now considering what to do about immigration policy.
B.
Their various efforts have focused on a wide variety of changes in current

policy, including improving border security, strengthening employer
verification of employment, establishing a new temporary guest worker

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program, and offering some level of amnesty to illegal immigrants
currently living in the United States.
C. At present, these proposals are working their way through the legislative
process.
D. However, to achieve results, immigration reform must be

comprehensive.
E. A lopsided, ideological approach that focuses exclusively on border

security while ignoring migrant workers (or vice versa) is bound to fail.
42.
A. Another common mistake is to ignore or rule out data which do not

support the hypothesis.
B. Ideally, the experimenter is open to the possibility that the hypothesis is

correct or incorrect.
C. Sometimes, however, a scientist may have a strong belief that the

hypothesis is true (or false), or feels internal or external pressure to get a
specific result.
D. In that case, there may be a psychological tendency to find "something

wrong", such as systematic effects, with data which do not support the
scientist's expectations, while data which do agree with those expectations
may not be checked as carefully.
E. The lesson is that all data must be handled in the same way.
43.
A. The railway is a good invention, but there were the only wooden
railways at the beginning.

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B. The railways can save time and money.
C. Later on, someone invented a new wagonway.
D. With the industrial development, steel railway was invented in the year
1860, which then replaced wooden railway.
44.
A. My study of the history of religion has revealed that human beings are
spiritual animals. Indeed, there is a case for arguing that Homo sapiens is
also Homo religiosus.
B. Men and women started to worship gods as soon as they became

recognisably human; they created religions at the same time as they
created works of art.
C. This was not simply because they wanted to propitiate powerful forces.
D. But these early faiths expressed the wonder and mystery that seems
always to have been an essential component of the human experience of
this beautiful yet terrifying world.
45.
A. Competence is a cluster of related abilities, commitments, knowledge,

and skills that enable a person or an organization to act effectively in a job
or situation.
B. Competence indicates sufficiency of knowledge and skills that enable

someone to act in a wide variety of situations.
C. Because each level of responsibility has its own requirements,

competence can occur in any period of a person's life or at any stage of his

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or her career.
D. When you first learn how to drive a stick shift, you very quickly learn
that you don't know how to do it is known as conscious incompetence.
E. As you practice you can start to think your way through the conscious
competence stage. As driving the stick shift becomes a habit for you,
eventually you can drive without thinking, shifting gears effortlessly while
you think about other things is known as unconscious competence.
46.
A. Personal behaviour in the workplace impacts on relationships with

colleagues, students and members of the public, and can either positively
or negatively impact on morale and productivity.
B. As a Department of Education employee it is important that your

personal behaviour upholds and demonstrates the values and principles of
our organisation.
C. It is your responsibility to be responsive to all reasonable requests made

by members of the public or the school community.
D. It is your responsibility as well to be courteous, respectful and helpful to

people at all times and avoiding all personal interest.
47.
A. Although I've lived in Sudan for the past 15 years, this was one of the few
times I felt like Sudan was truly the heart of Africa thanks to the Festival of
the Nile.
B. The festival was organized by the British Council Sudan in partnership

with Holla.

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C. A program funded by the EU, implemented and co-funded by the
British Council Sudan, bringing together youth from Sudan, Ethiopia and
South Sudan in capacity building, leadership and community
development activities representing the Horn of Africa.
D. The British Council hosts an annual arts festival in December, usually

featuring Hip Hop, Jazz, Reggae and/or R&B artists from the United
Kingdom under different themes from year to year.
48.
A. A public school in Flushing, Queens (New York), was the first public
non-charter school in America to offer students an all-vegetarian menu.
B. The all-vegetarian plan (which includes breakfast and lunch) was
launched in 2013.
C. The school's administration was able to implement an all-vegetarian
menu with the support of the Coalition for Healthy School Food.
D. This year, the Coalition also helped a second school, the Peck Slip
School in lower Manhattan (New York), become a meat-free school.
49.
A. It is now officially against the law for provisional licence holders in

NSW to use their phones in any way while driving.
B. If you get caught using a voice-activated GPS app while behind the
wheel - even if your phone is secured to a hands-free cradle - you will be
suspended from driving for three months.
C. New drivers are statistically eight times more likely to have a car
accident than full licence holders.
D. The state government is hoping to reduce this number via a blanket ban
on phone use for all P platers.

Page 24 of 55
50.
A. Through various periods of human history religious iconoclasm

connects with the prohibition of figurative representation.
B. Conception of aniconism in the ancient Near Eastern antiquity differs

from the modern one.
C. For instance there was no general ban on images as such.
D. Nonetheless, anthropomorphic cult statues were often replaced by

divine symbols.
51.
A. Byzantine Iconoclasm refers to two periods in the history of the

Byzantine Empire when the use of religious images or icons was opposed
by religious and imperial authorities within the Eastern Church and the
temporal imperial hierarchy.
B. The "First Iconoclasm", as it is sometimes called, lasted between about

726 and 787.
C. Next was between 814 and 842. According to the traditional view,
Byzantine Iconoclasm constituted a ban on religious images by Emperor
Leo III and continued under his successors.
D. It was accompanied by widespread destruction of images and

persecution of supporters of the veneration of images.
52.
A. Most people, especially for Pacific Islanders, are aware of the sea level
change which may caused by many factors, but none of them has deeper
sensation of flooding than Tuvaluan.

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B. Tuvalu, a coral country, consists of nine low-lying islands in the central
Pacific between the latitudes of 5 and 10 degrees south, has the average
elevation of 2 meters up to sea level.
C. Meanwhile, the maximum sea level recorded was 3.44m on February

28th 2006 that damaged Tuvaluan's property badly.
D. Local people called the flooding water oozes up out of the ground "King
Tide", that happened almost once or twice a year, which destroyed the
plant, polluted their fresh water, and forced them to colonize to some other
countries.
53.
A. Library classification, system of arrangement adopted by a library to

enable patrons to find its materials quickly and easily.
B. While cataloging provides information on the physical and topical

nature of the book (or other item), classification, through assignment of a
call number (consisting of class designation and author representation),
locates the item in its library setting, and, ideally, in the realm of
knowledge.
C. Arranging similar things in some order according to some principle

unites and controls information from various sources.
54.
A. There is more than one way to make rayon. The most common way —
and the one widely used for bamboo — is called the viscose process.
B. In this process, cellulose material (such as bamboo) is dissolved in a

strong solvent to make a thick, viscous solution that is forced through a
spinneret into a quenching solution where strands solidify into fiber.

Page 26 of 55
C. This is sometimes called hydrolysis alkalization or solution spinning
because the fiber is"spun" in a chemical solution.
D. The solvent used for this process is carbon disulfide, a toxic chemical
that is a known human reproductive hazard. It can endanger factory
workers and pollute the environment via air emissions and waste water.
55.
A. A few days later, Lindbergh took his first formal flying lesson in that
same machine with instructor-pilot Ira 0. Biffle, although the then 20-year-
old student pilot was never permitted to "solo" during his time at the
school because he could not afford to post a bond.
B. Which the academy President Ray Page insisted upon in the event the
novice flyer were to damage the school's only trainer in the process.
C. To both gain some needed flight experience and earn money for
additional instruction, Lindbergh left Montana in June to spend the next
few months barnstorming across Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming,
as a wing walker and parachutist with E.G. Bahl and later H.L. Lynch.
D. During this time, he also briefly held a job as an airplane mechanic in

Billings, Montana, working at the Billings Municipal Airport (later
renamed Billings Logan International Airport.
56.
A. According to the Australian Institute of Family Studies in 2014 a 11-year-

old boy was unable to live with his family, due to child abuse.
B. But upbringing in the foster care system means he has no-one to help
him. It's not his fault, yet he is being penalised for something he can't
change.

Page 27 of 55
C. He went to two schools while he was in foster care and one was Barr
Beacon School, formerly Barr Beacon Language College, is a mixed
comprehensive for foster children.
D. Children like him involved with child protective services were shown to
have consistently low average math and reading standardized test scores.
E. One of the recommendations was to send him to his relatives who were
willing to take care until he was 18. This resulted a positive outcome in
academic achievement.
57.
A. Understanding the origin and evolution of main-belt comets asteroids

orbiting between Mars and Jupiter that show comet-like activity is a crucial
element in our understanding of the formation and evolution of the whole
Solar System.
B. Among the questions main-belt comets can help to answer is how water
came to Earth.
C. Since only a few objects of this type are known, 288P presents itself as
an extremely important system for future studies.
D. The various features of 288P wide separation of the two components,

near-equal component size, high eccentricity and comet-like activity also
make it unique among the few known wide asteroid binaries in the Solar
System.
58.
A. Normally in Delhi, September is a month of almost equatorial fertility,

and the lands seems refreshed and newly-washed.
B. But in the year of our arrival, after a parching summer, the monsoon

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rains had lasted for only three weeks.
C. As a result, dust was everywhere. The city's trees and flowers all looked
as if they had been lightly sprinkled with talcum powder.
D. Nevertheless, the air was still sticky with damp-heat, and it was in a
cloud of perspiration that we began to unpack.
59.
A. A reaction that needs some type of energy to make it go is said to be

endothermic. It takes in energy.
B. For example, the sherbet you used for the chapter problem on page 25 is
a mixture of baking soda and citric acid.
C. When it is mixed with water in your mouth an endothermic reaction

occurs, taking heat energy from your mouth and making it feel cooler.
D. Another example of an endothermic reaction is seen with the cold

packs used by athletes to treat injuries. These packs usually consist of a
plastic bag containing ammonium nitrate dissolves in the water.
E. This process is endothermic taking heat energy from the surroundings

and cooling the injured part of your body. In this way the cold pack acts
like an ice pack.
60.
A. In general, there is a tendency to underestimate how long it takes to

discuss and resolve an issue on which two people initially have different
views.
B. The reason is that achieving agreement requires people to accept the

reality of views different from their own and to accept change or
compromise.

Page 29 of 55
C. It is not just a matter of putting forward a set of facts and expecting the
other person immediately to accept the logic of the exposition.
D. They (and probably you) have to be persuaded and helped to feel

comfortable about the outcome that is eventually agreed.
E. People need time to make this adjustment in attitude and react badly to
any attempt to rush them into an agreement.
61.
A. While watching elephants in the Samburu National Reserve in

northern Kenya, I noticed one that walked very slowly.
B. Elephant expert Iain Douglas-Hamilton told me that this female

elephant, Baby, had been crippled for years, but the other members of the
herd never left her.
C. They would walk a while and then stop and look around to see where
she was.
D. Depending on how she was doing, they would either wait or go on.
E. Sometimes the matriarch even fed Baby.
62.
A. Most people, especially for Pacific Islanders, are aware of the sea level
change which may caused by many factors, but no of them has deeper
sensation of flooding than Tuvaluan.
B. Tuvalu, a coral country, consists of nine low-lying islands in the central

Pacific between the latitudes of 5 and 10 degrees south, has the average
elevation of 2 meters up to sea level.

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C. Meanwhile, the maximum sea level recorded was 3.44m on February
28th 2006 that damaged Tuvaluan's property badly.
D. Local people called the flooding water oozes up out of the ground "King
Tide", that happened almost once or twice a year, which destroyed the
plant, polluted their fresh water, and forced them to colonize to some other
countries.
63.
A. Wal-Mart's core shoppers are running out of money much faster than a
year ago due to rising gasoline prices, and the retail giant is worried, CEO
Mike Duke said Wednesday.
B. ”We're seeing core consumers under a lot of pressure," Duke said at an

event in New York. "There's no doubt that rising fuel prices are having an
impact."
C. Wal-Mart shoppers, many of whom live paycheck to paycheck, typically

shop in bulk at the beginning of the month when their paychecks come in.
D.Lately, they're "running out of money" at a faster clip, he said.
64.
A. It was there that Rosa Parks, an African American woman, refused to

vacate her seat in the middle of the bus so that a white man could sit in her
place.
B. She was arrested for her civil disobedience.
C. Parks' arrest, a coordinated tactic meant to spark a grassroots movement,

succeeded in catalyzing the Montgomery bus boycott.
D. Parks was chosen by King as the face for his campaign because of Parks'

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good standing with the community, her employment and her marital
status.
E. Earlier in 1955, Claudette Colvin, a 15-year old African American girl,

had been arrested for the same crime; however, King and his civil rights
compatriots did not feel that she would serve as an effective face for their
civil rights campaign.
65.
A. Australia used to have a generous immigration policy for refugees

fleeing violence and conflict.
B. We took even more than our share of refugees on a population-weighted

basic.
C. With the election of a new administration, all refugees were subject to

detention while waiting for a decision on their application.
D. At the same time, a raft of changes was introduced to alter Australia's

migration law and policy.
E. The rate of refugee arrivals has indeed slowed; but, as some argue, at the
expense of our human rights reputation.
66.
A. A review is a survey of what you have covered.
B. It is a review of what you are supposed to accomplish not what you are
going to do.
C. Rereading is an important part of the review process.
D. Reread with the idea that you are measuring what you have gained from

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the process.
67.
A. For as long as I can remember, there has been a map in the ticket hall of
Piccadilly Circus tube station supposedly showing night and day across
the time zones of the world.
B. This is somewhat surprising given the London Underground’s historic

difficulty in grasping the concept of punctuality.
C. But the map has always fascinated me, and still does, even though it
now seems very primitive.
D. This is because it chops the world up equally by longitude, without

regard to the reality of either political divisions or the changing seasons.
68.
A. Early in 1938, Mário de Andrade, the municipal secretary of culture

here, dispatched a four-member Folklore Research Mission to the
northeastern hinterlands of Brazil on a similar mission.
B. His intention was to record as much music as possible as quickly as

possible, before encroaching influences like radio and cinema began
transforming the region’s distinctive culture.
C.Traveling by truck, horse and donkey, they recorded whoever and

whatever seemed to be interesting: piano carriers, cowboys, beggars,
voodoo priests, quarry workers, fishermen, dance troupes and even
children at play.
D. But the Brazilian mission’s collection ended up languishing in vaults

here.

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69.
A. In language learning, there is a distinction between ―competenceǁ and

―performanceǁ. Competence is a state of the speaker's mind - what he or
she knows.
B. Separate from actual performance - what he or she does while

producing or comprehending language. In other words, competence is put
to use through performance.
C. An analogy can be made to the Highway Code for driving. Drivers know
the Code and have indeed been tested on it to obtain a driving license.
D. In actual driving, however, the driver has to relate the Code to a

continuous flow of changing circumstances, and may even break it from
time to time.
E. Knowing the Highway Code is not the same as driving.
70.
A. Education scholars generally agree that mayors can help failing

districts, but they are starting to utter warnings.
B. Last summer the editors of the Harvard Educational Review warned

that mayoral control can reduce parents' influence on schools.
C. And they pointed to Mr Bloomberg's aggressive style as an example of

what not to do.
D. All this must be weighed up by the New York state legislature in 2009,
when mayoral control is up for renewal—or scrapping.
71.

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A. False memories are constructed by combining actual memories with the
content of suggestions received from others.
B. During the process, individuals may forget the source of the

information. This is a classic example of source confusion, in which the
content and the source become dissociated.
C. Of course, because we can implant false childhood memories in some

individuals in no way implies that all memories that arise after suggestion
are necessarily false.
D. Put another way, although experimental work on the creation of false

memories may raise doubt about the validity of long-buried memories,
such as repeated trauma, it in no way disproves them.
72.
A. My study of the history of religion has revealed that human beings are
spiritual animals. Indeed, there is a case for arguing that Homo sapiens is
also Homo religious.
B. Men and women started to worship gods as soon as they became

recognisably human; they created religions at the same time as they
created works of art.
C. This was not simply because they wanted to propitiate powerful forces
D. But these early faiths expressed the wonder and mystery that seems
always to have been an essential component of the human experience of
this beautiful yet terrifying world
73.
A. In 2005, immigration policy received far more genuine attention on

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Capitol Hill, and Members of Congress from both sides of the aisle are
now considering what to do about immigration policy.
B. Their various efforts have focused on a wide variety of changes in

current policy, including improving border security, strengthening
employer verification of employment, establishing a new temporary guest
worker program, and offering some level of amnesty to illegal immigrants
currently living in the United States.
C. At present, these proposals are working their way through the legislative
process.
D.However, to achieve results, immigration reform must be

comprehensive.
E. A lopsided, ideological approach that focuses exclusively on border

security while ignoring migrant workers (or vice versa) is bound to fail.
74.
A. Although experts like journalists are expected to be unbiased they

invariably share the system biases of the disciplines and cultures in which
they work.
B. Journalists try to be fair and objective by presenting all sides of a

particular issue.
C. Practically speaking, however, it is about as easy to present all sides of

an issue as it is to invite candidates from all political parties to a
presidential debate.
D. Some perspectives ultimately are not included.
75.

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A. Roads of rails called Wagonways were being used in Germany as early
as 1550.
B. These primitive railed roads consisted of wooden rails over which

horse-drawn wagons or carts moved with greater ease than over dirt roads.
Wagonways were the beginnings of modern railroads.
C. By 1776, iron had replaced the wood in the rails and wheels on the carts.
D. In 1789, Englishman, William Jessup designed the first wagons with

flanged wheels.
E. The flange was a groove that allowed the wheels to better grip the rail,
this was an important design that carried over to later locomotives.
76.
A. This site contains a comprehensive listing of the works of Norbert Elias,

a German sociologist.
B. The site lists not only his published books and articles but also
manuscripts and oral communications, in a variety of media and including
reprints and translations.
C. The material has been catalogued, cross-referenced and organized by

date.
D. There is, however, no search facility.
77.
A. Anyone wanting to get to the top of international business, medicine or

academia (but possibly not sport) needs to be able to speak English to a
pretty high level.

Page 37 of 55
B. Equally, any native English speaker wanting to deal with these new high
achievers needs to know how to talk without baffling them.
C. Because so many English-speakers today are monoglots, they have little

idea how difficult it is to master another language.
D. Many think the best way to make foreigners understand is to be chatty

and informal.
E. This may seem friendly but, as it probably involves using colloquial

expressions (“shall we crack on then?”), it makes comprehension harder.
78.
A. Understanding the origin and evolution of main-belt comets —

asteroids orbiting between Mars and Jupiter that show comet-like activity
— is a crucial element in our understanding of the formation and
evolution of the whole Solar System.
B. Among the questions main-belt comets can help to answer is how water
came to Earth.
C. Since only a few objects of this type are known, 288P presents itself as
an extremely important system for future studies.
D. The various features of 288P — wide separation of the two components,

near-equal component size, high eccentricity and comet-like activity —
also make it unique among the few known wide asteroid binaries in the
Solar System.
79.
A. The extinct animal has been described through re-examination of a

specimen that's been in a museum collection since 1951.

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B. Researchers think it is a relative of the endangered South Asian river
dolphin, offering clues to the evolutionary history of modern species.
C. The findings have been published in the journal open access Peer J.
D. The fossil, a partial skull about 22cm (9ins) long, was discovered in
southeastern Alaska by geologist Donald J Miller in 1961.
E. It then spent decades in the collection of the Smithsonian Museum of

Natural History in Washington DC.
80.
A. De-industrialisation causes problems in economies unable to absorb

the workers released by manufacturing.
B. But those who would tackle this by subsidies or trade barriers are
missing the point.
C. As manufacturing continues to shrink in an economy, overall growth

will increasingly depend on boosting productivity in services.
D. Policy should therefore focus on removing obstacles (such as trade

barriers and regulation), to such productivity growth, and creating a labour
market in which workers can move freely from factory employment to
services.
E. Protection and subsidies push just the wrong way.
81.
A. Ideally, the brand name you choose should be one that doesn’t require
translation
B. In other words, one that’s simple, easy to pronounce and has no

Page 39 of 55
inherent meaning.
C. So a made-up word or a compound word can be a good idea – such as

Tesco or Pepsi.
D. However, if your brand name reflects a key benefit of your service, such
as ‘Budget Car Rental’ then you may want to consider translating it for
other markets, though multiple brand names will require more effort to
manage.
82.
A. Karl Marx is arguably the most famous political philosopher of all time,
but he was also one of the great foreign correspondents of the nineteenth
century.
B. Drawing on his eleven- year tenure at the New York Tribune (which
began in 1852), this completely new collection presents Marx's writings on
an abundance of topics, from issues of class and state to world affairs.
C. Particularly moving pieces highlight social inequality and starvation in

Britain, while others explore his groundbreaking views on the slave and
opium trades.
D. Throughout, Marx's fresh perspective on nineteenth-century events

reveals a social consciousness that remains inspiring to this day.
83.
A. Americans bought far fewer new homes last month, according to

government data released on Wednesday that showed sales fell at the
fastest rate in 13 years.
B. House prices also eased as the median cost of a new home fell 2.1 per

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cent from a year ago to $239,800.
C. The pace of sales fell to 937,000 from a rate of 1.1m the previous month,
while inventories of unsold homes stood at 537,000.
D. The biggest drop was in the west, where sales fell 37 per cent to an
annual rate of 166,000.
E. Stephen Stanley, chief economist at RBS Greenwich Capital, said:

"Builders will probably have to continue to work off bloated stocks of
finished homes for most of 2007."
F. However, the Federal Reserve views the overhang of unsold homes as

cause for concern but remains cautiously optimistic the sector is
stabilising and will not derail the economy
84.
A. A person or company located in New South Wales may not supply by

wholesales any substance which is for their therapeutic use and included
in Schedule 2 of the Poisons List.
B. Unless they are licensed or authorised to do so under the Poisons and

Therapeutic Goods Regulation 2002, no one may supply these Schedule 2
substances.
C. Additionally, wholesales have an obligation to ensure that the persons

or companies they supply are licensed or authorised, to obtain, use, supply
or possess the substance.
D. Any breach of these regulations will result in immediate termination

employment
85.

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A. Historical records, coins, and other date-bearing objects can help - if
they exist. But even prehistoric sites contain records - written in nature's
hand.
B. The series of strata in an archaeological dig enables an excavator to date

recovered objects relatively, if not absolutely.
C. However, when archaeologists want know the absolute date of a site,

they can often go beyond simple stratigraphy.
D. For example, tree rings, Dendrochronology (literally, ―tree timeǁ) dates

wooden artefacts by matching their ring patterns to known records, which,
in some areas of the world, span several thousand years.
86.
A. For as long as I can remember, there has been a map in the ticket hall of
Piccadilly Circus tube station, supposedly showing night and day across
the time zones of the world.
B. This is somewhat surprising, given the London Underground's historic

difficulty in grasping the concept of punctuality.
C. But the map has always fascinated me, and still does, even though it
now seems very primitive .
D. This is because it chops the world up equally by longitude , without

regard to the reality of either political divisions or the changing seasons.
87.
A. The finest asset any child can have is a happy home.
B. Such environment will enable him to develop strength and stability of

character thereby teaching him to face the future without fear or undue

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anxiety.
C. It also will give him something worthwhile to live for.
D. If he fails, it may have been due to troubles in his home, his school or
unsympathetic and hostile relative.
E. If he exhibits good judgement in later years, much of the credit must go

to those who trained him.
88.
A. Most computer users develop disorders because they ignore warnings

like tingling fingers, a numb hand or a sore shoulder.
B. They keep pointing and dragging until tendons chafe and scar tissue
forms, along with bad habits that are almost impossible to change.
C. Thus begins the search for relief: painkillers, ice, yoga, herbs, even
surgery
D. But cures are elusive, because repetitive stress injuries present a bag of
pills that often defy easy diagnosis.
89.
A. The general impressions that skilled negotiators seem to convey is they

are people who keep their cards close to their chest and do not reveal their
feelings.
B. Feelings are in themselves not observable and Huthwaite's researchers

could not measure them directly.
C. Hence, they used a surrogate method- they countered the number of

times that the negotiators talked about their feelings or motives.

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D. The results showed that contrary to the general impressions, skilled
negotiators are more likely to give information about internal events than
are average negotiators.
E. This contrasts sharply with the amount of information given about

external events such as facts, clarifications and general expressions of
opinion.
90.
A. Embryonic stem cells are valued by scientists because the cells'

descendant can turn into any other sort of body cell.
B. These stem cells have been found in tissues such as the brain, bone
marrow, blood, blood vessels, skeletal muscles, skin, and the liver.
C. They might thus be used as treatments for diseases that require the
replacement of a particular, lost cell type.
D. Some example cited for a possible treatment using these cells are
diabetes, motor neuron disease and Parkinson's disease.
91.
A. The town of Liberal is said to have been named for an early settler
famous among travellers for being free with drinking water.
B. Liberal is conservative in a moderate Midwestern kind of way. It is also

changing fast. Its big National Beef Packing plant relies on Hispanic
migrants. Four-fifths of the children in Liberal’s public-school system are
Hispanic.
C. This should make the town receptive to Democrats, but Mr Trump

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easily won the county of which it forms part.
D. Liberal’s mayor, Joe Denoyer, was raised in a Democratic family near

Chicago and moved to Liberal in search of work.
E. Mr Denoyer voted for Mr Trump, though he thinks it unlikely that the

president will keep his promises.
92.
A. A requirement of humanities 104 is to write a persuasive paper on a

topic of your choice.
B. The topic you choose should be supported by a range of sources.
C. The source should be cited under APA guidelines, and the final draft
should be written in APA styles.
D. The final draft is due one week before the final exam.
93.
A. I lived in Master Hugh's family for seven years.
B. During this time, I succeeded in learning to read and write.
C. In accomplishing this, I was compelled to resort to various stratagems.
D. I had no regular teacher.
E. Mrs. Hugh, who had kindly consented to instruct me, had, in

compliance with the advice and direction of her husband, not only ceased
to instruct, but had set her face against my being instructed by anyone else.
94.

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A. The Canadian Institute for Neutron Scattering will be holding the
eleventh neutron summer school at Chalk River on May 8 – 13, 2011
B. The lectures are aimed at beginning graduate students who have a wide
variety of backgrounds in the sciences, such as physics, chemistry,
materials science, structural biology, mineralogy.
C. The theory will be presented in a way that should be understood by

people in any of these fields.
D. For more information, see the Canadian Institute for Neutron

Scattering's Neutron Summer School.
95.
A. University of Otago Centre for International Health co-directors

Professor Philip Hill and Professor John Crump share a view that global
health is a multidisciplinary activity.
B. In their work – from Tanzania to the Gambia, from Myanmar to

Indonesia and beyond – they tap into a wide range of expertise from across
the University, including clinicians, microbiologists and molecular
microbiologists, public health experts, economists and mathematicians.
C. They have also forged relationships and collaborations with research

and aid agencies around the world.
D. For the past seven years Professor Philip Hill has been part of a
collaborative tuberculosis research project in Indonesia, with the
University of Padjadjaran in Bandung, West Java.
96.
A. Researchers surveyed more than 2000 young about their eating habits

Page 46 of 55
in 1999.
B. When they surveyed the same group five years later, most of the
teenagers were eating fewer fruits and vegetables.
C. The study which appears in the February issue of the American journal
of Preventive medicine, looked at eating habits among adolescents in
junior high and high school in Minnesota.
D. The researchers, led by Nicole I. Larson of University of Minnesota

School of Public Health, found two dips in the intake of fruits and
vegetables during the teenage years
97.
A. In the lobby of Google's headquarters in Mountain View, California,

computer screens display lists of the words being entered into the
company's search engine.
B. Although Google says the system is designed to filter out any scandalous
or potentially compromising queries, the fact that even a fraction of
searches can be seen by visitors to the world's biggest search company is
likely to come as a shock to internet users who think of web browsing as a
private affair.
C. That may be changing.
D. Over the past year, a series of privacy gaffes and government attempts to
gain access to internet users' online histories have, along with
consolidation among online search and advertising groups, thrust the
issue of internet privacy into the spotlight.
E. This presents a challenge to Google and other internet search

companies, which have built a multi-billion dollar industry out of targeted

Page 47 of 55
advertising based on the information users reveal about themselves online.
98.
A. After World War II, especially in North America, there was a boom in
general aviation, both private and commercial, as thousands of pilots were
released from military service and many inexpensive war-surplus
transport and training aircraft became available.
B. Manufacturers such as Cessna, Piper, and Beechcraft expanded

production to provide light aircraft for the new middle-class market.
C. By the 1950s, the development of civil jets grew, beginning with the de
Havilland Comet, though the first widely used passenger jet was the
Boeing 707, because it was much more economical than other aircraft at
that time.
D. At the same time, turboprop propulsion began to appear for smaller

commuter planes, making it possible to serve small-volume routes in a
much wider range of weather conditions.
99.
A.The earth is losing its forests. Presently, trees cover about 30 percent of
the earth's surface, but they are being destroyed at an alarming rate,
especially in the tropics.
B. Timber harvesting is a major reason for the destruction of the forests.
C.Trees are used for building houses, making furniture, and providing
pulp for paper products, such as newspapers and magazines.
D. At least 40 hectares of rainforest are being felled every minute, mostly

Page 48 of 55
in order to extract the valuable timber.
E. Another way that man is destroying the world's forests is by burning

them down. In the Amazon, for example, rainforests are being burnt down
at a rate of 20 hectares a minutes.
100.
A. Innovation is about doing what delights the customer, not just satisfying
the customer.
B. It's giving the customer something they didn't expect. They can't ask for
it because they can't know what it is before it is created.
C. Once it has been invented, customers can't imagine ever having lived
without it.
D. But you can't invent revolutionary products in a conservative

environment.
E. You have to let people think and act outside their corporate ―boxesǁ.
You have to create an atmosphere of innovation.
101.
A. It is a matter of deep regret and concern that the sports administrators

often cause more harm to the image of the country than sportsmen and
sportswomen do through their dismal performances.
B. In the case of sports persons, there is room for some sympathy, but the
apathy of the administrators, which has even led to sanctions from
international bodies, is unpardonable.
C. A case in the point is the hefty penalty of US $10,000 slapped on the

Indian Body-Building Federation for not fulfilling its commitment for

Page 49 of 55
holding the Asian Championships in Mumbai in October.
D. The potential exchanges between the officials of IBBF and the

Maharashtra Body-Building Association has all the trappings of a drama
we are accustomed to.
102.
A. Science and technology have had a major impact on society, and their
impact is growing. By drastically changing our means of communication,
the way we work, our housing, clothes, and food, our methods of
transportation
B. But it has also placed us in the unique position of being able to destroy
ourselves.
C. A new study suggests that doing things that require thinking—like

talking on a cell phone—could in fact be stealing your attention away from
the road.
D. This evidence suggests that it's the mental drain of the cell phone
conversation, and not simply holding or operating the cell phone, that
impairs driving skills.
103.
A. The "Festival in The Desert" is a celebration of the musical heritage of

the Touareg, a fiercely independent nomadic people.
B. It is held annually near Essakane, an oasis some 40 miles north-west of

Timbuktu, the ancient city on the Niger River.
C. Reaching it tests endurance, with miles of impermanent sand tracks to

negotiate.

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D. The reward of navigating this rough terrain comes in the form of a
three-day feast of music and dance.
104.
A. All animals have a strong exploratory urge, but for some it is more
crucial than others.
B.It depends on how specialized they have become during the course of
evolution.
C. If they have put all their effort into the perfection of one survival trick,
they do not bother so much with the general complexities of the world
around them.
D. So long as the anteater has its ants and the koala bear is gum leaves,
then they are satisfied and the living is easy.
F. The non-specialists, however, the opportunists of the animal world, can

never afford to relax.
105.
A. I think we should be wary of the reporting of science - it is often over-

dramatized in order to secure an audience - but not of science itself.
B. While there may be the extremely rare example of scientific dishonesty

(which will be seized upon by the news organisations), the role of science
within modern society remains valuable.
C.All development will have a distaff side, but mobile phones can save
lives: a 999 call from a remote location on a dark night.
D. In other words I firmly believe that the development of science and the
extension of understanding is a public good.

Page 51 of 55
E. I would not wish us to go back to the dark ages.
106.
A. Recycling electronic waste such as old computers, TVs, and monitors is

a daunting challenge considering how much technology we all use today.
B. The challenge didn't deter IU students, who persuaded the IT Services

department to launch its Electronic Waste Collection Days program.
C. On numerous dates throughout the year, students, faculty, and staff can
drop off their old equipment to be completely recycled nothing ends up in
a landfill.
D. Collection days netted more than 650,000 pounds of waste in 2010.
107.
A. It is a truism to say that in 21st century society science and technology

are important.
B. Human existence in the developed world is entirely dependent on some

fairly recent developments in science and technology.
C. Whether this is good or bad is, of course, up for argument,
D. But the fact that science underlies our lives, our health, our work, our
communications, our entertainment and our transport is undeniable.
108.
A. Motivation is something that everyone needs. However, this is easier

said than done.
B. Motivation is a complicated internal situation that people have. It

Page 52 of 55
cannot be observed directly, but it can affect their behavior.
C. The job of a manager in a workplace is to get things done through

employees.
D. To do this, the manager should be able to motivate employees.
109.
A. Decades ago, we connected computers and got today’s powerful

Internet.
B. However, it has only been over the last few years that we have started to
connect everyday objects using machine-to-machine (M2M) technologies
to create the Internet of Things.
C. But what does this really mean to you, your company, and your country?
D. What are the possibilities it offers, and the threats it poses?
110.
A. Conferences have played a key role in guiding the work of the UN since
its inception.
B. These conferences have turned into a high-profile level in need to

resolve security issues and make progress in every aspect of human
development.
C.The Summits involve Heads of states and governments and other high-
profile world leaders from intergovernmental and non-governmental
organizations.
D. UN Conference venues are designated United Nations territory and

governed by the rules and regulations of the international body.

Page 53 of 55
111.
A. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have long been

intrigued by games, and not just as a way of avoiding work.
B. Games provide an ideal setting to explore important elements of the

design of cleverer machines, such as pattern recognition, learning and
planning.
C. Ever since the stunning victory of Deep Blue, a program running on an

IBM supercomputer, over Gary Kasparov, then world chess champion, in
1997, it has been clear that computers would dominate that particular
game.
D. Today, though, they are pressing the attack on every front.
112.
A. The global market for electrical and electronic equipment continues to

expand, while the lifespan of many products becomes shorter.
B. The current global production of E-waste is estimated to be 20025

million tonnes per year, with most E-waste being produced in Europe, the
United States and Australasia.
C. In Europe e-waste is increasing at three to five percent a year, almost

three times faster than the total waste stream.
D. Consequently, large amounts of “e-waste” are constantly generated

worldwide, posing an increasing global challenge for their disposal.
113.
A. A consequence of a settled existence is that it permits one to store food

surpluses,since storage would be pointless if one didn't remain nearby to

Page 54 of 55
guard the stored food.
B. So, while some nomadic hunter-gatherers may occasionally bag more

food than they can consume in a few days, such a bonanza is of little use to
them because they cannot protect it.
C. But stored food is essential for feeding non-food-producing specialists,

and certainly for supporting whole towns of them.
D. Hence nomadic hunter- gatherer societies have few or no such full-time

specialists,who instead first appear in sedentary societies

Page 55 of 55

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A. Take an underperforming company.

B. Add some generous helpings of debt, a few spoonfuls of management

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B. It is also a recurrent theme in the press, from the highbrow pages of

C. Inevitably, these discussions focus on present-day dilemmas.

B. He flew the mail in a de Havilland DH-4 biplane to Springfield, Illinois,

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C. There is an increasing attempt by most companies to be seen as cool

D. Another reason could be the burgeoning number of companies, which

E. Proportionally, the numbers of ads that lack in quality have gone up

A. Beginning in the 1990s, foreign aid had begun to slowly improve.

B. Scrutiny by the news media shamed many developed countries into

C. Today, the projects of organizations like the World Bank are

D. Although the system is far from perfect, it is certainly more transparent

A. Piano keys are generally made of spruce or basswood.

B. Spruce is normally used in high-quality pianos.

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D. But since ivory-yielding species are now endangered and protected by

A. It is wrong, however, to exaggerate the similarity between language and

C. By contrast, not everyone becomes proficient at complex mathematical

D. Because everyone is capable of learning to speak and understand

A. In 1992 a retired engineer in San Diego contracted a rare brain disease

C. Yet whenever he was hungry he got up and propelled himself straight to

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E. It oﬀered proof of what the US psychologist William James noticed

A. A simple way to disprove this Innateness Hypothesis, as linguists call it,

B. A logical candidate for such a species is the chimpanzee, which shares

C. Chimpanzees cannot speak because, unlike humans, their vocal cords

A. Despite posting healthy profits, Volkswagen shares trade at a discount to

B. A disastrous capital hike, an expensive foray into truck business and

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D. Many investors have been disappointed and frightened away.

E. Volkswagen shares trade at about nine times the 2002 estimated

B. He convinced Professor Fitzgerald of the University of Hill to set up a

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A. Paleontologists still argue about the origins of major groups, though

D. An evolving group may have reached a stage at which it had an

A. With regard to defence, the purpose of the military is to defend the

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A. In most countries it is only the government, through their central banks,

B. But in Scotland three banks are still allowed to issue banknotes.

C. The first Scottish bank to do this was the Bank of Scotland.

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A. Marquez arrived in October 1577 at the abandoned town of Santa Elena

B. He erected fort San Marcos in six days in defense against a Native

D. In 1571, it became the capital of La Florida.

A. Jet stream, narrow, swift currents or tubes of air found at heights

B. They are caused by great temperature diﬀerences between adjacent air

D. Since the progress of an airplane is aided or impeded depending on

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C. Even the internal structure could be modified in new ways; diﬀerent

A. The communities of ants are sometimes. very large, numbering even to

E. It is evident, therefore, that the ants of each community all recognize

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B. They pointed to what they called an "Asian paradox," which refers to

D. These compounds may work in several ways to improve cardiovascular

A. A University of Canberra student has launched the nation's first father-