Residential Building With Etabs

ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF A MULTISTORIED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
ABSTRACT
Shelter is one of the three basic needs of mankind. As population

Overgrowth resulting land scarcity have projected multistoried structures in a
wide picture.
New methodology of design and rapid modification of structures has

developed in last 38 years. The method which involves most efficient design
philosophy is LIMIT STATE METHOD and Its merits.the limit state method
gives the more preferable data and required necessary strata for R design of high
rise structures.designing of structures. And also the benefits data for the design of
high rise structures.
In this project we have adopted STAAD.pro software for seismic and

wind load or forces , analysis and design of a five storey residential building .the
building is located in seismic zone 1 on a site with medium soil. designing the
building for seismic loads in conformation with IS 1893(part 1):2002,wind loads
in conformation with IS 875(part 3):1987 and LIMIT STATE METHOD of
design for slabs, footings and staircase in conformation with IS 456-2000. In
addition to IS 456-2000 interaction diagrams from SP-16 have also been used.
The structure is design based on the ETABS ,and the theory of LIMIT STATE
METHOD which provide adequate strength, serviceability ,and durability besides
economy.
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CONTENTS
1. Notations
2. Introduction
3. Design of slabs
4. Analysis of structure
5. Design of beams
6. Design of columns
7. Design of footings
8. Design of staircase
9. Drawings
10. Bibliography
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NOTATIONS
A : Area
Asc : Area of steel of compression.
Ast : Area of steel in tension.
Ag : Gross sectional area.
Ac : Area of concrete.
B : Breadth of slab.
Bf : Effective width of flange
Bw : Breadth of web.
B : Breadth of beam or shorter dimension of rectangular column.
D : Over all depth of beam.
Df : Thickness of flange.
d : Eff. Depth of beam or slab.
fck : Characteristic cube compressive strength of concrete.
fy : Characteristic strength of steel.
Leff : Effective span.
Lx : Length of shorter span of slab.
Ly : Length of longer span of slab.
M : Bending moment.
Mx : B.M. along shorter span.
m : Modular ratio.
Po : Safe bearing capacity of soil.
Q : Moment of resistance constant.
Sv : Spacing of Stirrups.
S : Spacing of bars.
T : Torsional Moment.
Tv : Nominal shear stress.
Tc : Shear stress in concrete.
Tbd Design Bond stress.
Tc max : Maximum shear stress in concrete with shear reinforcement.
V : Shear force.
w : Distributed load per unit area.
W : Total load.
Xc : Critical load.
Xa : Actual neutral axis.
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Introduction
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INTRODUCTION
The objective of structural design is to plan a structure which meets the basic
requirements of structural science and those of the user. The basic requirements of
structural design are safety serviceability, durability and economy. In this project work it
is proposed to design a multistoryed residential building consisting of 4 floors. Each floor
consists of 4 flats. The building is served by one stair case.
Importance of Multistoried Buildings:
The rapid increase in population and Industrial growth and of shelter there is
considerable rise in the price of shelter there is considerable rise in the price of city land
and as the space is limited, horizontal expansion is difficult. Hence vertical expansion has
become compulsory. This has led to the conception of apartments or flats. An apartment
consists of 3 to 7 storeys and each storey may accommodate 2 to 4 tenentments. The land
and other amenities of apartments are shared by all the occupants.
As our country is in developing stage, the economy of people may permit to

acquire costly flats. Hence for low income group, LIG flats are within reach and are most
preferred.
Multi storeyed building has been broadly classified into five types
• Load bearing constructions.

• Composite Constructions.
• Framed Constructions.
• Reinforced Concrete framed Constructions.
• Steel framed Constructions.
The first method has got the limitation that it will be economical only up to 2 to 3
storeys. By means of composite constructions technique, the economy is achieved if the
number is in between 3 to 5. Any building having more than 6 storey’s has to be dealt by
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means of framed constructions building having more than 6 storeys has to be dealt by
means of framed constructions.
Advantages of Framed Constructions over other types:
1. Foundation cost will be lesser due to reduction wall thickness.
2. Considerable speed is achieved in the reaction of building.
3. Floor area will be more due to reduction in thickness of walls.
4. Greater glazing area can be obtained.
5. This type of construction permits removal or change of partition walls to suit

varying requirements.
Structural Descriptions:
The building has to be four storeyed with plinth area of and served by one lift &
staircase.
The Various loads considered in the design of this building are dead load, live
load. As the height of building is not more than 1.5 times the least lateral dimension,
wind load is not taken into consideration in the design of this building. Earthquake loads
are not considered in the design of this building.
Description of Structural Analysis:
Structural analysis is a branch of physical sciences which deals with the behavior
of structures in given design conditions. Structures are defined as the systems that carry
loads, and the word behaviour is understood to be their tendency to deform, vibrate,
buckle or yield, depending upon the conditions confronting them. The results of analysis
are used to determine the deformed shape of structures and to verify their adequacies is to
carry the loads for which they are being designed.
Considering that the deformation is the summation of strains and yielding is the
excess and further considering that stress and strains are related to each other by the
modulus of elasticity ‘E’, the analysis of structures, thereby, reduces itself to the
determination of the state of strain and or stress throughout the structures. Since the stress
stresses, on the other hand, are the limiting values of internal forces, what actually
remains to be done is the evaluation of internal force in the system.
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Structural analysis along with stress analysis and design are the three basic topics
with which structural engineering is primarily concerned. All, inspite of being so inter-
related, are so distinct that they are often studied independently.
When the static equilibrium equations alone are not sufficient to analyze a
structure, the use of displacement compatibilities which rely on the physical properties, of
the structure become imperative. Whether the equilibrium equations alone are sufficient
or not, the results of analysis must always satisfy the following three conditions
1. Equilibrium
2. Compactibility
3. Boundary
Normally there are two kinds of equilibrium- static and dynamic equilibrium.
When the loads are applied on the structure in a quasilinear fashion (starting from zero
and reaching their final stage gradually), the structure will deform under these loads and
will rest in its final shape. From here on, the structure might change neither its position
nor its deformed shape. This called the static equilibrium position of the structure. To the
contrary, if loads are applied suddenly, the structure will undergo different deformation at
different times. At any particular time, any particle or any portion of structures is in
equilibrium under external loads, gravity forces, sporing forces and inertia forces act on
that portion of the structure. This is the so called dynamic equilibrium.
The compatibility principle assumes that deformation consequently displacement,

of any particular point of the structure is continuous and single valued.
The last condition specifies the way a structure is supported and is specified either
in terms of forces (nodal forces or member forces) or in terms of displacements.
Classification of Structures:
A structure in general, composed of interconnected members which, regardless of

their shape, are one, two or three dimensional. Actually, a member has always three
dimensions length, width and thickness. However, if width and thickness are small in
comparison with the length, as in the case of beams and columns such members can be
considered one dimensional or in the case of plates and shells, thickness is normally
smaller than the length and width of the member. As for the ratios between length, width
and thickness there is no clear-cut limit to them in accordance with which a member may
be entirely classified as one, two, or three dimensional. This is entirely up to the
engineer’s judgement and to the executed accuracy of the results.
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The structures can be divided into the following three categories by considering
their members as one, two or three dimensions.
1. Skeletal structures.
2. Stressed-skin structures.
3. Solid
While the structural analysis relies heavily upon the principles of statics, the stress
analysis is treated in disciplines such as strength of materials, mechanics of materials, and
theory of elasticity. Structural design on the other hand makes sure that nowhere in the
body do the stresses exceed their allowable limits. To accomplish this, it modifies the
structure and requires that the analysis be repeated all over again. The cycle then
continuous until no modification is required. According to this cycle, the goal is to design
a structure, and the structural analysis is one of the tools to achieve such a goal.
Regardless of the analysis, the output is unique and depends on the input only.
Orientation:
Orientations means setting plan of proposed building in such a manner and

direction, that the occupants of building would enjoy whatever is good and avoid
whatever is bad from natural agency such as Sun, Wind and Rain.
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According
to Hindu Orthodox
Principles, a building
should not face
SOUTH. But it is
also mentioned
that, if there is
another house
constructed in front of
this house- facing
north, then there is no
objection in having
face of house
towards SOUTH.
For good orientation,
the placement of different rooms in a house should be as follows:-
1. BEST FACING OF HOUSE TOWARDS NORTH OR WEST
2. BED ROOM - SOUTH WEST
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3. STUDY ROOM - NORTH
4. KITCHEN - EAST
5. ROOMS MOSTLY USED DURING DAY TIME - NORTH (OR) WEST
6. STAIR CASE AND CARRIAGE - WEST
7. DIRECTION OF LONGER OUTER WALLS - NORTH-SOUTH DIRECTION
8. DIRECTION OF SHORTER OUTER WALLS - WEST DIRECTION
9. SOUTH SIDE WALL - HAVE CHAJJAS (OR) VERANDAH
10. WEST SIDE WALL - CHAJJA BUT ONLY VERANDAH
11. WINDOWS - EAST AND SOUTH
12. VERANDAH - SOUTH AND WEST
Facing of the House is known from the direction of longer wall of the front
Verandah.
Principles of Planning and Designing:
The residential buildings need to be planned according to the kinds of occupants

and the particular category o buildings. The dwellings of the type of houses and blocks of
flats need to be planned on the basis of a family as a unit. However the number of
persons, their age and relation vary largely among the requirements in accommodation
therefore have to be provide accordingly. Parents with children, childless couples, singly
persons or widower, old couples and son on would be the kind of occupants, no hard and
fast rules or particular standards of accommodation can be laid down; however certain
desirable requirements are given here. Under normal circumstances, in addition to a
living room, dining space, kitchen, other utilities such as stores etc, and sanitary units,
provision of bedroom, dining in view of the size of family has to be made. A bedroom
when singly bedded should usually have an area of 10sq.m with a bare minimum of
9sq.m and a double room has an area of 15 to 16sq.m.
Following are the suggestions of providing number of bedrooms.
SNo. Size of family Desirable number of bedrooms
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1. A couple (alone) 2 single or1 double bedroom
2. A couple with 1 3 single or 1 double and child. 1 single
3. A couple with 2 4 single or 1 double and children 2 single
4. A couple with 3 5 single or 2 double and children 1 single.
Requirements of Parts of Buildings:
Plinth:
The plinth shall be located with respect to the ground level such that adequate
drainage of the site is assured. It shall not be less than 45 cm from the surrounding
Ground level. Every Interior courtyard shall be raised at least 15 cm above the level of
the center of the nearest street and shall be satisfactorily drained.
Living Rooms:
It is a room, which is also referred to as ‘Drawing room or Drawing Hall’ parlor
of main living room and service many varied purposes. It is a lounge for relaxing family
members, a place for reception given to an occasional guest and may even provide for
some work done by the family members. This room is the main area of contract with
visitors and should, therefore preferably be located near the entrances. An important
factor in arranging the living room is due consideration to seating accommodation of
different groups. The best way to determine the size is to make layout sketch assuming
the number of persons in the family plus two visitors. However all the time this type of
date is not available. There is practice to reckon the dwelling up to units with one or two
bed room should be as 15-16 sq m however. 18-20 sq m is considered better. If dining
space is to be provided in the living room, an additional floor area of 8 to 9sq.m is
required.
Dining Room:
In a house the floor area of a separate dining room depends on the type of
furniture and the number of persons to be served at a time. It should not be less than 14 sq
m with a minimum width of 3-3.15 m. Generally the dining tables are having 1.10m
width though occasionally 0.75 m tables are used. 60cm of table length per person should
be allowed for straight table, but when chairs are to be placed t ends, additional length of
20 cm to 30 cm is necessary at both the ends to accommodate dished behind the chairs is
0.6-75 m.
The space for dining in this why is usually provided in the kitchen itself,
except in the housed of large families and rich people. However, it is available even in
case of every small housed to operate eating and cooking it possible. The width of such
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dining room should be 2.5 m as minimum, for two rows of dinners facing each other with
sufficient about 0.6-0.7 m. But it is better to plan such rooms considering possibility in
future when table and chairs may be used.
The dining room may also serve alternative purposes such a children’s study
room, occasional sating room for ladies etc. It should be well lighted and ventilated.
Kitchens:
In every house kitchen is one of the important rooms. The primary function in
the kitchen or food preparation and service and may accommodate in addition to these,
dining, cleaning of plates and lastly but not least child-care, the cooking in sitting
position, despite good planning is most uncomfortable and laborious affair and dangerous
as well. Whenever a new kitchen is being planned it should provide for cooking in
standing position. The height shall be 2.75 m measured from the surface o floor to the
lowest point in the ceiling except that portion to accommodate floor trap of the upper
floor.
The area of kitchen where dining is provided shall not be not less than 5m 2 with
a minimum width of 0.7 m. It may be reduced to 4.5 m 2 when a separate store is
provided. A kitchen that is intended for use as a 2 dining area shall have a floor area of
7.5 m with a width of 2.1 m. It would be provided with a pantry for washing of kitchen
utensils, which shall lead directly or through a sink to a grated and tapped connection to
the waste pipe. It must have an impermeable floor, a flue a window or ventilators of
required size.
Bedrooms:
As a principle bedroom should not accommodate more than two persons. The
bedroom should be oriented in the direction of prevailing wind (particularly in summer)
and be provided with bathroom cum dressing room if possible. However the economy
does not permit this, the bedrooms, a water closets are very essential in the bedrooms
they are not only economical at initial stage but save floor space also. The planning of the
bedroom depends on its singular of overlapping activities, and required furniture. The
bedroom may also serve the purpose of Sitting room, study room etc. Bedroom should be
rectangular and in width not less than the length of the bed plus celandine of about 1.2 m
for passage and place of furniture if any. If the bed is placed sideways then the width of
bed 0.9m plus the same 2.1 m windows should be located where ever possible in the long
wall and with higher still level than in the living rooms, reaching the permissible height
for lintel level. As per municipal Bye-Laws the minimum window area required is one
tenth of the floor under-ground drainage is not available, (Where area is not with ample
the end of long wall preferably with a single shutter. In any case no Bedroom shall have
area less 10 sq m.
Bathrooms:
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Now a days it is considered Bedroom without an attached bath room is useless.

However the economy may not permit such provision and single Bath room should
provide with equal access for all Bedroom size 1.45 m X 1.2 m.
If not water boiler is to be accommodated inside the Bathroom 0.6 m
additional length is required besides special provisions for drought and ventilation a
Bathroom containing hot water boiler should have preferably a size of 1.5 m X 2.4 m.
Bathroom should consists of glazed tiles or polished flag stones, side walls should have
aligning of flag stones for a height of 0.9-1.2 m a door for Bathroom should not be less
than 0.65 m clear, it should have a single shutter and hung in such a way, that when open
shall screen the place when the actual bath is taken.
No room containing water closets shall be used for any purpose except as a
lavatory ad no such room shall be open directly into any kitchen or cooking space by a
door, window or other opening.
i It shall have minimum headroom of 2.2 m.
ii A ledge or tank in a habitable room shall not cover more than 25% of the area of
the floor on which it is constructed and shall not interfere with the ventilation of
the room under any circumstances.
Mezzanine Floor:
It shall have minimum headroom of 2.2 m. The minimum size of mezzanine
floor if used as a living room shall be 9.5 m. The aggregate area in the building shall not
exceed 1/3 of plinth. It should be provided with standards of livings room such as
lighting, ventilation and shall not be divided into smaller compartment nor shall be used
as a kitchen.
Store Room:
The height shall not be less than 2.2 m.
Garage:
The height of garage shall not be less than 2.4 m.
Private garage: A minimum of 2.5 X 5 m.
Public garage: It depends on the number of vehicles parked.
Basements:
The basement shall not be used for residential purpose. However there can be
used for storage of household and other goods of ordinarily combustible material, strong
rooms, and bank cellar, air-conditioning equipment, other machines and parking spaces.
The basement shall be minimum 2.4 m height from the floor to undersides of roof
slab. Adequate ventilation is a must, the minimum height of the ceiling of any basement
shall be 0.9 m minimum and a maximum of 1.2 m above Ground level drainage should be
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taken care off also seepage from underground and the access ground level should be
taken care off.
Parapet:
Parapet walls & handrails provided on edges o roof terraces, balcony, verandah
etc. shall not be less than 1.05 m and not more than 1.2 m in height room the finished
floor level.
Cabins:
The size shall not be less than 3 m2. The clear passage within the divided space of
any floor shall not be less than 0.75 m and the distance from the farthest points place in
cabin to any exit shall not be more than 18.5 m.
Boundary Walls:
The requirements of walls are as follows:-
i The maximum height of compound wall shall be 1.5 m above the center live o the
front street. Compound wall up to 2.4 m height may be permitted if the top 0.9 m
is open type construction of design.
ii In case of a corner plot the height is 0.75 m for a length, 10 m on front & sides and
the balanced height of 0.75 m if it may be in accordance with (a)
Stair Case:
The minimum widths of staircase are:
a) Residential buildings 1.0 m
b) Residential hostel building 1.5 m
c) Assembly building 1.5 m
d) Education buildings 1.5 m
e) Institutional building 2.0 m
f) All other buildings 1.5 m
The minimum width of treat without nosing shall be 25 cm for residential building
and 30 cm for other buildings.
The maximum height or riser shall be 19 cm for residential building and 15 cm for
other buildings and there shall be limited to 15 per flight. The minimum head room in a
passage shall be 2.2 m.
Roofs:
The roof of a building shall be so constructed of framed as to permit affective
drainage of rain-water therefore by means of sufficient rainwater pipes of adequate size,
thus preventing dampness. The rainwater popes may be connected to drain or sewer tat &
termite proof.
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Sun-shades:
It is the sloping (or) structural horizontal overhang which is usually provided over
openings in exterior walls. Their purpose is to provide protection from sun and rain.
Lighting & Ventilation:

These should have provisions for admission of light % air such as window &
ventilators, opening directly to external air or into an open verandah with a maximum
width of 2.4 m. notwithstanding the area of opening the minimum aggregate area of such
openings excluding doors and inclusive of frames.
a) 1/10th of floor area for day hot climate.
b) 1/6th of floor area for wet hot climate.
c) 1/8th of floor area for intermediate climate.
d) 1/12th of floor area for cold climate.
Colour Architecture:
The building may be structurally stable. But it is the colour, the perception o
which is attributed to human eye at first sight. The most important and predominate
factor that acts an interior decoration is the coloring scheme of walls and ceiling. Colour
creates a dramatic bold background. A dull cold room can suddenly become warm and
gay (Light hearted cheerful), simply by using red (or) orange colour.
For rectangular building, a length: width ratio of 1.2:1-1:5:1 is to be generally
followed. A room, with length longer than 1.5 times the breadth will give tunnel effect
and hence should be avoided. Similarly a small room with large ceiling height will
produce a cavernous effect. Hence room should be will proportioned.
However, at times it may not be possible to satisfy all these measurements, If,
due to any reason, it necessities to adopt for wrong proportional to length : width : height,
the resulting bad effects can be minimized by adopting suitable co lour architecture to
individual rooms according to their purpose as Bed room, living room, study room etc.
Architecture is a visuals art. For vision, light is essential whether it is direct (or)
indirect, natural (or) artificial.
Approval of plan:
The approval of plan means the acceptance of local authority of the following
requirements only:
Arrangement of stairs, lifts, corridors, doors, windows and parking
i Height of building and its various storey’s.
ii Minimum requirements with respect to areas of rooms.
iii Minimum requirements with respect to areas of rooms.
iv Minimum requirements of sanitary facility.
v Permissible built up area
vi Permissible F.S.I (floor space Index)
vii Permissible open space & set-back
viii Permissible use of buildings
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ix Provisions for light & ventilation
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Structural design is an art and science of designing serviceable and durable
structures with economy and elegance. The entire process of structural planning and
design requires not only imagination and conceptual thinking but also sound knowledge
of science and structural engineering, knowledge of practical aspects such as relevant
design codes and bye-laws backed up by ample experience in tuition and judgement.
Construction is an ultimate objective. An engineer is key person for successful
completion of any kind of project undertaken. Hence he should adopt all means to reduce
cost of project to minimum, without unduly reducing the serviceability aspect of the
project.
An engineering structure is an assembly of members for elements transferring the
load and providing a form, space, enclosure and or a cover to serve the desired function.
The objective of structural design is to plan a structure which meets the basic
requirements such as serviceability, safety, durability, economy, aesthetic beauty,
feasibility, practicability and acceptability.
Purpose of structural design:

The purpose of structural design is, providing a safe structure with user’s
requirements. The design should evolve a structural solution for safety and serviceability
throughout the design life, which gives the greatest overall economy for the first cost and
for maintenance cost. Satisfactory design must ensure the achievement an acceptable
probability that the specified life of a structure is not curtailed permanently due to
attainment of an unsatisfactory serviceability condition called “LIMIT STATE”. The
acceptable probability should be chosen in such a way that a satisfactory balance is
achieved between the cost of a possible structure and serviceability failure.
Advantages of Limit State Method:

It is a concept including some constants which are arrived at, after a series of
experimentation and also out of experience of many senior engineers, architects etc.
Limit states are concerned with structural safety and serviceability and covers all forms
of failure. A structure could be rendered unit in many ways and these factors are
conveniently grouped into main categories.
a) ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE: Collapse of the structure due to normal or severe

loading on the occurrence of catastrophic events like earthquakes etc.
b) SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE: Deflection, cracking and vibration.
c) OTHER LIMIT STATES: Fatigue, durability, fire resistance, lighting etc.

It is often possible that a given structure is required to satisfy one or more limit
states simultaneously. The usual approach then is to design on the basis of the most
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critical limit states and check for the other limit states. Many times, satisfying one of one
limit state would satisfy other limit states. For e.g., a structure is designed to keep the
limit states for cracking within acceptable value, the limit for durability is also
simultaneously satisfied.
The concept of limit state provides a rational approach taking into account,
variations in material strength and loads. This is in fact a rationalization of the ultimate
load.
Four reasons to justify the design of structures by limit state method are:
i Concept of separate partial safety factors of loads of different combinations
in the two limits state methods.
ii Concept of separate partial safety factors of materials depending on their
quality control during preparation. Thus, γm for concrete is 1.5 and the
same for steel is 1.15. This is more logical than one arbitrary value in the
name of safety factor.
iii A structure designed by employing limit state method of collapse and
checked for other limit states will ensure the strength and stability
requirements at the collapse under the design loads and also deflection and
cracking at the limit state of serviceability. This will help to achieve the
structure with acceptable probabilities that the structure will not become
unfit for the use for which it is intended.
iv The stress block represents in a more realistic manner when the structure is
at the collapsing stage (limit state of collapse) subjected to design loads.
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Analysis
&Design of
Slabs
(One-way & Two-way slabs)
Page 18
SLABS
General:
A Slab is a flat, two dimensional planar, structural element having thickness small
compared to its other two directions. It provides a working flat surface of covering shelter
in buildings. It supports mainly transverse loads and transfers them to supports primarily
by bending action in one or more directions. The R.C.C. slab is essentially a bending
moment, like a beam, though it differs from beam with respect to following:
i The bending is in more than one vertical plane.
ii The slab is designed as a strip of 1m wide.
iii Shear stresses are usually low and shear reinforcement is not provided. However it
is critical in flat slabs.
iv Distribution steel is provided right angles to main flexural reinforcement to take
care of temperature and shrinkage stresses.
Method of Analysis:
The behaviour and strength of slab depends upon, the shape and geometry (span),
support and boundary conditions, loading level (service load, ultimate load) the state
stress (elastic, in elastic, plastic).
It may be noted that analysis of slabs is extremely difficult due to number of
variables stated above with the result that rigorous or extract method are not available and
therefore analytical, semi empirical methods are developed (IS 456-2000) allow design
based on experimental investigations.
Classifications of Slabs:
Slabs are classified on the basis of the following:
1. Shape (rectangular, circular & other shapes).
2. Support and boundary conditions (single span) slab known as one slabs, slabs
supported on 4 edges known as two way slab, overhanging or cantilever slabs,
simply supported slabs, slabs fixed or continuous at one or both ends.
3. Type of support: simply supported on walls, slab cast monolithically with the
supporting beams, slabs supported directly on columns (flat slabs).
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4. Spanning direction: simply supported slabs, slabs fixed or continuous at one or

both ends.
5. Use (roof slab, floor slab, wall slab, foundation slab etc).
6. Sectional configuration: solid slab, ribbed plate, waffle plate, stiffened plate,
corrugate plate, folded plate). Solid slab is a flat horizontal plate without ribs or
stiffness). This is the most common type of slab.
Selection of suitable method for design of slab and classification of slabs for this
project:
I.S code method which is described in Annex-D of the code IS 456-2000 is
selected because of its simplicity and adaptability. Limit state method is used for design
of slabs. Clause 24.4, 37.1.2 of IS code states, for analysis of slabs spanning in two
directions at right angles yield line theory or any other acceptable method may be used.
Alternatively the provisions given in Annex- D may be followed.
The slabs are classified according to boundary conditions, ratio of Ly/Lx, loading
and span.
Assumptions in Design:
1. Using partial safety factors for loads in accordance with clause 36.4 of IS-456-
2000 as γf = 1.5γ
2. Partial safety factor for material in accordance with clause 36.4.2 is IS-456-2000 is
taken as 1.5 for concrete & 1.15 for steel.
3. Using partial safety factors in accordance with clause 36.4 of IS-456-2000
combination of load.
D.L. + L.L. (1.5)
D.L. + L.L. + W.L (1.2)
4. Density of material used in accordance with Ref (IS) 875-1987:

MATERIAL Density
Plain concrete 24 kN/m3
Reinforced 25 kN/m3
Flooring material (c.m) 20 kN/m3
Brick masonry 19 kN/m3
Fly ash 5 kN/m3
5. Live Loads:
Live load on slabs 2 kN/m2
Live load on passage 3 kN/m2
Live load on stairs 3 kN/m2
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Design Constants:
Using M20 & Fe415 grade of concrete & steel
fck (Characteristics strength for M20) = 20 N/mm2
fy (Characteristics strength for steel) = 415 N/mm2
Load on slabs:
 Dead load:
Self-weight of slab: This load acts as UDL and is calculated after assuming the
1m wide square strip & suitable thickness by stiffness consideration.
Floor finish load: This load also acts as UDL and is calculated after assuming
suitable intensity over 1m wide strips.
 Live load:
This is the temporary load on its intensity depends on type & occupancy of
building. As per IS: 875 - Part IV, the intensity of live load for this project is
taken as 2.5 kN/m2
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Design Of One Way Slab (S1)
Preliminary Data
Short span Lx = 0.88 m 0.88 m

Long span Ly = 4.29 m
Clear cover to the reinforcement d1 = 20 mm
Diameter of the bar used ø = 8 mm
Aspect ratio Ly / Lx = 4.29 / 0.88 4.29m
= 4.875
Hence the slab is to be designed as one way slab.
Assume thickness of slab as 120mm.
Calculation of Loads
Live Load = 2 kN / m2
Weight of slab = 0.12x1x1x25 = 3.0 kN / m2
Weight of flooring = 0.05x1x1x20 = 1.0 kN / m2
Weight of partition wall = 1kN / m2
Total Dead Load = 5.0 kN / m2
Total Load = 7.0 kN/ m2
Total Factored Load Wu = 1.5 × 7.0 = 10.5 kN / m2
Effective length L eff = 0.88 m
Maximum Bending Moment M = WuL2/12
= 10.5X0.88 2/12 = 0.6776Knm
Factored Bending Moment = 1.5 x 0.6776 = 1.01 kNm
Depth of slab required d = √(M/0.138fckb)

= √(1.01x106/(0.138x20x1000)) = 19.12mm
Total depth required
dreqd = 19.12 + 20 + 8/2 = 43.12 mm
As dreqd < dprov (100 mm), the section is SAFE
Adopt overall depth = 120 mm
Area of Steel Required
Page 22
Ast = 0.5fckbd/fy[1-√(1-4.6M/bd2fck)]
= 0.5x20x1000x100/415[1-√(1-4.6x1.01x106/1000x1002x20)]
= 28.15mm2
As per clause 26.5.2.1,min Ast= 0.12% bD
= 0.12 × 1000 × 120 = 144 mm2
Spacing of 8 mm diameter bars is given by
S= (ast /Ast)1000 = 3.14x8x8x1000/4x144 = 349.06mm
As per clause 26.3.3 b, spacing < least of the following:
1. 3 × effective depth = 3×100 = 300 mm
2. 300 mm
Provide 8 mm diameter (main steel) at an equal spacing of 250 mm c/c.
Distribution reinforcement:
Assume 8mm dia bars
a st 3.14 x 8 x 8 x 1000
A st = x 1000 = = 201.06 mm 2
s main 4 x 250
a st 3.14 x 8 x 8 x 1000
s dist = x 1000 = = 250 mm
A st 4 x 201.06
As per clause 26.3.3b, spacing < least of the following;
1. 3 × effective depth = 3 × 100 = 250 mm
2. 300 mm
Provide 8 mm diameter bars (distribution steel) at an equal spacing of 250 mm c/c.
Therefore to have uniformity of spacing & also to abide by the clause of code,
provide 8 mm diameter HYSD Bars as main steel at 250 mm c/c & 8 mm diameter
distribution steel at 250 mm c/c.
Check for Shear

Wu L x 10.5 x 0.88
Shear force Vu = = = 3.08 kN
3 3
V 3.08 x 10 3
Nominal Shear Force Tv = u = = 0.0308 N/mm 2
bd' 1000 x 100
Ast x 100 201.06 x 100

Percentage of Steel Pt % = = = 0.20 %
bd' 1000 x 100
Tc = 0.32
Tc’ = k x Tc = 1.3 x 0.32 = 0.416 N/mm2
Page 23
Tv < Tc’/2 (SAFE)
Check for Development Length
1000 x 3.14 x 8x8

Area of steel provided A st = = 201.06 mm 2
4 x 250
Moment of Resistance
 f y A st   415 x 201.06 
M r = 0.87 f y A st d'−  = 0.87 x 415 x 201.06 100 −
 f ck b   20 x 1000 
= 6.95 kNm
0.87 f y φ 0.87 x 415 x 8

Development length required L d, reqd = = = 376.09 mm
4Tbd 4 x (1.6 x 1.2)
M1 6.95 x 106
Development length provided Ld, prov = + L0 = + 100 = 2356.5 mm
Vu 3.08 x 103
Ld,prov > Ld,reqd(SAFE)
Page 24
Design Of Two Way Slab (S2)
Preliminary Data
Short span Lx = 2.14 m 2.14 m
Long span Ly = 4.00 m
Clear cover to the reinforcement d1 = 20 mm
Diameter of the bar used ø = 8 mm
Aspect ratio Ly / Lx = 1.86 4.0m
Hence the slab is to be designed as two way slab.

Assume thickness of slab as 120mm
Calculation of Loads
Live Load = 2 kN / m2
Weight of slab = 0.12x1x1x25 = 3.0 kN / m2
Weight of flooring = 0.05x1x1x20 = 1.0 kN / m2
Weight of partition wall = 1kN / m2
Total Dead Load = 5.0 kN / m2
Total Load = 7.0 kN/ m2
Total Factored Load Wu = 1.5 × 7.0 = 10.5 kN / m2
Bending Moment Coefficients (from table 26)

αx(+) = 0.087 αx(- ) = 0.068
αy(+) = 0.035 αy(-) = 0.047
Calculation of Design Moments

Negative BM at Support Mux = 0.087×10.5×2.412 = 5.30 kNm
Muy = 0.047×10.5×2.412 = 2.86 kNm
Positive BM at Mid Span Mux = 0.0656×10.5×2.412 = 4.0 kNm
Muy = 0.035×10.5×2.412 = 2.134 kNm
Design Bending Moment Mu max = 5.30 × 106 N mm
Page 25
Depth Required From Maximum Moment Criteria

Effective depth required
deff = √(Mumax/(0.138fckb))
= √(5.3x106/(0.138x20x1000)) = 43.82mm
Total depth required, dreqd = 43.82 + 20 + 8/2 = 67.82 mm
As dreqd < dprov (120 mm), the section is SAFE
Adopt overall depth = 120 mm.
Area of Steel Required

M =0.87 f y A st (d −0.42 f ck bd 2 /A st )
Ast required for -ve Moment at Supports,

Astx = 151.56 mm2 Asty = 80.60 mm2
Ast required for +ve Moment at Mid Span,
Astx =113.51 mm2 Asty = 59.878 mm2
As per clause 26.5.2.1, Ast > 0.12% bD
Ast = 0.12×1000×120 = 144 mm2
Spacing of 10mm diameter bars
S = (ast /Ast) 1000
Sx = 250 mm Sy = 250 mm
Provide 8 mm diameter HYSD Bars as main steel at 250 mm c/c
Distribution reinforcement:
Provide 8 mm diameter bars (distribution steel) at 250 mm c/c.
Therefore to have uniformity of spacing & also to abide by the clause of code,
provide 8 mm diameter HYSD Bars as main steel at 250 mm c/c & 8 mm diameter
distribution steel at 250 mm c/c.
Check for Shear

Wu L x 10.5 x 2.41
Shear force Vu = = = 8.435 kN
3 3
Vu 8.435 x 103
Nominal Shear Force Tv = = = 0.0843 N /mm 2
bd' 1000 x 100
Ast x 100 201.2 x 100
Percentage of Steel Pt % = = = 0.20%
bd' 1000 x 100
Tc = 0.32
Tc’ = k x Tc = 1.3 x 0.32 = 0.416.
T v < Tc’/2 (SAFE)
Page 26
Check for Development Length

Area of steel provided
Ast = (1000x3.14x8x8)/(4x250) = 200.96mm2
Moment of Resistance Mr = 0.87fyAst[d’-(fyAst/fckb)]
= 0.87x415x200.96[75-(415x200.96/(20x1000))]
= 6.96 KNm
Development length required
0.87 f y φ 0.87 x 415 x 8
Ld, reqd = = = 376.09 mm
4Tbd 4 x (1.6 x 1.2)
Development length provided
Ld,prov = 1.3 M1/Vu +L0
= 1.3(6.96x106)/(4.217x103) + 100
= 2245 mm
Ld,prov > Ld,reqd (SAFE)
Page 27

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ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF A MULTISTORIED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

Shelter is one of the three basic needs of mankind. As population

New methodology of design and rapid modification of structures has

In this project we have adopted STAAD.pro software for seismic and

Importance of Multistoried Buildings:

As our country is in developing stage, the economy of people may permit to

• Load bearing constructions.

Advantages of Framed Constructions over other types:

1. Foundation cost will be lesser due to reduction wall thickness.

2. Considerable speed is achieved in the reaction of building.

3. Floor area will be more due to reduction in thickness of walls.

4. Greater glazing area can be obtained.

5. This type of construction permits removal or change of partition walls to suit

Description of Structural Analysis:

The compatibility principle assumes that deformation consequently displacement,

A structure in general, composed of interconnected members which, regardless of

Orientations means setting plan of proposed building in such a manner and

1. BEST FACING OF HOUSE TOWARDS NORTH OR WEST

2. BED ROOM - SOUTH WEST

3. STUDY ROOM - NORTH

5. ROOMS MOSTLY USED DURING DAY TIME - NORTH (OR) WEST

6. STAIR CASE AND CARRIAGE - WEST

7. DIRECTION OF LONGER OUTER WALLS - NORTH-SOUTH DIRECTION

8. DIRECTION OF SHORTER OUTER WALLS - WEST DIRECTION

9. SOUTH SIDE WALL - HAVE CHAJJAS (OR) VERANDAH

10. WEST SIDE WALL - CHAJJA BUT ONLY VERANDAH

11. WINDOWS - EAST AND SOUTH

12. VERANDAH - SOUTH AND WEST

Principles of Planning and Designing:

The residential buildings need to be planned according to the kinds of occupants

Following are the suggestions of providing number of bedrooms.

SNo. Size of family Desirable number of bedrooms

1. A couple (alone) 2 single or1 double bedroom

2. A couple with 1 3 single or 1 double and child. 1 single

3. A couple with 2 4 single or 1 double and children 2 single

4. A couple with 3 5 single or 2 double and children 1 single.

Requirements of Parts of Buildings:

Now a days it is considered Bedroom without an attached bath room is useless.

Lighting & Ventilation:

ix Provisions for light & ventilation

Purpose of structural design:

Advantages of Limit State Method:

a) ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE: Collapse of the structure due to normal or severe

b) SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE: Deflection, cracking and vibration.

c) OTHER LIMIT STATES: Fatigue, durability, fire resistance, lighting etc.

4. Spanning direction: simply supported slabs, slabs fixed or continuous at one or

4. Density of material used in accordance with Ref (IS) 875-1987:

Design Of One Way Slab (S1)

Short span Lx = 0.88 m 0.88 m

Depth of slab required d = √(M/0.138fckb)

Area of Steel Required

As per clause 26.3.3b, spacing < least of the following;

1. 3 × effective depth = 3 × 100 = 250 mm

Provide 8 mm diameter bars (distribution steel) at an equal spacing of 250 mm c/c.

Check for Shear

Ast x 100 201.06 x 100

Tv < Tc’/2 (SAFE)

Check for Development Length