RX 18-20

EXPT 18 – 20 EMULSIONS
SUSPENSIONS & EMULSIONS • Liquid preparations containing a mixture of oil and water that is rendered
 Two Phased System homogenously by the addition of an emulsifying agent
o Dispersed phase or discontinuous phase • The emulsifying agent ensures that the dispersed phase is finely distributed
 Dispersed particles or droplets throughout the dispersion medium as small globules
 Particle size may vary from large to colloidal particles • TWO TYPES
o Dispersion medium or continuous phase o O/W – oil (dispersed phase) is dispersed through water
 Must be homogenous for at least the period between shaking the (continuous phase) = common for oral preparations
container and removing the desired or required amount o W/O – vice versa = common for external preparations
 Must bear the auxiliary label “Shake well”
Factors that determine the emulsion type:
SUSPENSIONS 1. Emulsifying agent
 Liquid preparation that consist of solution dispersed throughout a liquid - surfactant that concentrate at the interface of 2 immiscible phases;
phase in which the particles are not soluble reduce the interfacial tension between the immiscible phases; provide
 Liquid preparation can be made as solutions, suspension or emulsions a barrier around the droplet
depending on the physical state and solubility properties of the active 2. Phase ratio- Relative amount of oil and water
ingredient 3. Order of mixing- the phase that is being added, usually by portions tends
o Oral Solution-For drugs that is soluble in water or co-solvent to be the internal phase
o Emulsion- active ingredient is an immiscible liquid
o Suspension- drug is an insoluble soluble PHYSICAL INSTABILITIES
 Desirable Properties  Coalescence- merging of smaller droplet with larger droplet;
1. Fine, Uniform sized particle- gives optimal dissolution and adsorption  Cracking – eventually separation of phases
2. Uniform dispersion of the particle in the liquid vehicle  Creaming- migration of droplets on top/bottom of emulsion
o ensures uniform mixture & uniform dose
o wetting agent can be used – improves the ability of water to wet
hydrophobic powder (ex. Na Lauryl sulfate)
3. Slow setting of particle (slow sedimentation rate)
o fine, uniform size of particle
o ↑ density of the liquid
o adds viscosity- inducing agents/ suspending agents
o Example; Acacia, tragacanth, Na CMC, CMC
4. Ease of Redispersionwhen the product is shaken
o Solid should not form a hand “cake” on the bottom of the bottle
when the preparation is allowed to stand
18A: MAGNESIUM CARBONATE SUSPENSION

Orig Amt Reqd Amt
Menthol 2g 600 mg
Eucalyptus oil 10 mL 3 mL
Light MgCO3 7g 2.1 g
Water, to make 100 mL 30 mL
Mitte 100 mL
Sig. Place 1 tsp to 1 pint of hot water and inhale the vapor for 5 min
Desired Properties of Liquid Emulsion
Procedure
1. Fine droplet
1. Dissolve menthol in eucalyptus oil
2. Slow aggregation of the droplets and creaming of the product
2. Triturate MgCO3 into the mixture (in a separate container, add water to
3. Ease of redispersion when shaken
MgCO3 and triturate to a smooth paste
3. Qs ad water to 30 mL
METHOD OF PREPARATION
1. Continental or Dry Gum Method
Remarks
Menthol – freely soluble in volatile oil -1˚emulsion/nucleus 4:2:1 (O:W:EA)
Light magnesium carbonate – absorbs volatile oil; diffusible solid A. Triturate acacia or other Emulsifying agent with oil
2 TYPES OF SOLID B. Add water (added all at once) THEN triturate immediately, rapidly and
• Diffusable solid – not soluble in solvent; readily dispersed upon shaking continuously until the 1˚ emulsion that form is creamy white & produces
• Indiffusable solid – not soluble in solvent; doesn’t dispersed easily; requires a cracking sound (3 minutes)
used of suspending agent
2. English or Wet Gum Method
18B: PHENACETIN SUSPENSION
Orig Amt ReqdAmt -1˚ emulsion 4:2:1 (O:W:EA)
A. Triturate emulsifying agent with water- mucilage
Phenacetin 3g 1g
B. Add oil (added slowly in portions). Triturate
Caffeine 1g 0.33 g
Orange syrup 12 mL 4 mL
3. Bottle or Forbes Method 3:2:1 or 2:2:1 (O:W:EA)
Water, to make 90 mL 30 mL
M ft mixt -
Useful for extemporaneous preparation of emulsion from volatile oils
Sig. one tisp bid or oleageneous substance of lower viscosity
* 2% ACACIA = 0.6 g for 30 mL A. 1 part emulsifying agent + 2 parts oil- thoroughly shaken in capped
container
PROCEDURE B. Add water in portions- the mixture being thoroughly shaken after each
1. Triturate phenacetin in mortar addition
2. Add caffeine and acacia and orange syrup
3. Add ¾ vehicle and triturate to form smooth paste 4. Nascent Soap/ In situ soap Method
4. Qs ad water to final volume Calcium Soap (W/O emulsion) olive oil + water
A. Soap Emulsion 1:1
REMARKS B. The emulsifying agent is the Ca++ salt of the free fatty acids which is
1. Phenacetin: indiffusible solid; analgesic formed from the combination of 2 entities
2. Caffeine: diffusible; mild CNS stimulant
3. Orange syrup: flavorant
19: OIL OF TURPENTINE EMULSION
Orig Amt Reqd Amt
Oil of Turpentine (0.861g/mL) 8g 4.65 mL
Tragacanth 1g 1.33 g
Syrup 15mL 7.5 mL
Purified water, qs ad 60mL 30 mL
M. ft. emulsion
Sig. 1 tbsp bid
Procedure: Forbes/ Bottle Method (O:W:EA 3:2:1) – (4.65mL: 3.1mL:1.6g)

1. Oil + emulsifying agent in portion with intermittent agitation
2. Add 2.7 mL of water
3. Add syrup in portions with mixing
4. Qs ad water to final volume
Remarks:
1. Oil of turpentine: stimulant; diuretic; anthelmintic; carminative; expectorant
2. Tragacanth: emulsifying agent
3. Syrup: Sweetener
20: ZINC OXIDE - CALAMINE EMULSION

Orig Amt ReqdAmt
Zinc oxide 8g 4g
Calamine 8g 4g
Olive oil 30 mL 15 mL
Lime water 30 mL 15 mL
M
Sig. Apply to affected area OD
Procedure: Nascent Soap

1. Triturate Zinc oxide and calamine
2. Add olive oil in portion with trituration to form slummy
3. Add lime water in portions with trituration
Remarks
1. Zinc oxide: astringent, protective, antiseptic
2. Calamine: antipruritic
3. Olive oil: Emollient
4. Lime water: protective (gastric antacid)

RX 18-20

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EXPT 18 – 20 EMULSIONS

18A: MAGNESIUM CARBONATE SUSPENSION

Procedure: Forbes/ Bottle Method (O:W:EA 3:2:1) – (4.65mL: 3.1mL:1.6g)

20: ZINC OXIDE - CALAMINE EMULSION

Procedure: Nascent Soap

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