Answers

Chapter 1 9. a) y

1.1 Line Symmetry, pages 12–15 A’

4. a) 5

E’

C’

b) c)
-5 0 x

b) A(-3, 6), C(-2, 2), E(-5, 3) c) Yes, the original

image and the reflected image show line symmetry.
However, each individual figure does not show line
symmetry within itself.
10. Example: a)
5. a) b) y

A A’

E E’

C C’
c)

0 5 10 x

b) A(7, 6), C(6, 2), E(9, 3) c) No. The image was not
reflected and does not contain line symmetry within
itself. d) No. See explanation in 10c).
6. B, D, and E. They can be folded in two different ways y
A’’
so that they overlap exactly. Each of the other figures has
more than two lines of symmetry.
7. a) b)
-5 0 5 x
E’’

C’’

11. Example: I agree because these shapes show horizontal

8. a) b) and/or vertical line symmetry within themselves, a
horizontal or vertical translation of the shape results in line
symmetry between the original and new images. A figure
with only vertical line symmetry within itself will show line
symmetry after a horizontal translation only.

Answers • MHR 453

12. a) Yes, the flag has horizontal line symmetry. If folded b) The digital clock can show horizontal line symmetry at
from bottom to top through the middle of the horizontal 8:08, 8:38, 3:03 (not 1:01 or 10:10, etc., because of the
blue stripe, the upper and lower halves will overlap. shape of the number 1); the analogue clock can show line
b) Moving the vertical blue and white stripes to the centre symmetry at any time when the line of symmetry bisects the
of the flag would give it two lines of symmetry. angle between the hands and bisects the squares representing
13. a) one horizontal b) one vertical c) two: one the numbers or when the time is 6:00 or 12:00.
horizontal and one vertical d) four: one horizontal, one 22. y
vertical, and two oblique 4
14. Example: A’ (-4,-3) A (4,3)

0 lines 1 line 2 lines 4 lines

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 x
15. a) B, C, D, E, H, I, K, O, X
b) A, H, I, M, O, T, U, V, W, X, Y c) H, I, O, X
-2
16. a) Example: WOW W HAH H
O A
W H
b) Example: HI H c) Example: WHO W -4
B’ (-6,-4) B (6,-4)
I H
O
17. a) 0, I, 3, 8 b) Example: I00I c) Example: 80I08
70 square units
18. a)
23. y
6 A‘’

4 (5, 5)
C‘’ 2 B‘’
b) The number of equal, interior angles equals the A B B’ A’
number of lines of symmetry. c) Yes. As the number of -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 x
-2
interior angles increases, you approach a circle shape,
which is symmetrical from all angles. C -4 C’

Triangle A BC is the image created by rotating the

original triangle 90° about the origin.
24. Example: Yes, a three-dimensional object such as a cube
is symmetric because all faces and edges are of equal size.
A plane cutting the cube parallel to a face and through the
centre will create two identical rectangular prisms.
19. a) A b) Different colours mean that figure B becomes a
non-symmetric figure. c) Figure A has five lines of symmetry. 1.2 Rotation Symmetry and Transformations,
20. y pages 21–25
4. a) order of rotation = 4, angle of rotation = 90°,
2 fraction of a turn = __1 , centre of rotation is at
x = 10
4
centre of figure. b) order of rotation = 2, angle of
A B B’ A’ A‘’ B‘’
rotation = 180°, fraction of a turn = __ 1 , centre of rotation
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 x 2
is at centre of figure. c) order of rotation = 2, angle of
-2 rotation = 180°, fraction of a turn = __ 1 , centre of rotation
2
C C’ C‘’ is between 9 and 6.
-4 5. a) Yes; angle of rotation = 90° b) Yes; angle of
rotation = 120° c) Yes; angle of rotation = 180°
Triangle A BC is the result of a horizontal translation 6. a) number of lines of symmetry = 6, order of rotation = 6
20 units to the right. b) number of lines of symmetry = 2, order of rotation = 2
21. a) If the two-dot separator in the digital clock is ignored, c) number of lines of symmetry = 2, order of rotation = 2
then both clocks show line symmetry at some time.

454 MHR • Answers

7. a) number of lines of symmetry = 3, angle of b) Each image is oriented with the longer dimension
rotation = 120° b) number of lines of symmetry = 5, along the horizontal and the order of labelling
angle of rotation = 72° switches between clockwise and counter-clockwise.
8. a) y

b) Rotate the original figure 180º and join the two figures. D’ A’ 4 A D
Translate the new figure to the right so it does not
overlap. Join the two figures. Now join this new figure
with the original one on the right. 2
C’ B’ B C

-4 -2 0 2 4 6 x
9. a) 3
b) C‘’ B‘’
-2 B’‘’ C’‘’

-4
D‘’ A‘’ A’‘’ D’‘’

c) No, because the image does not show line symmetry. 13. a) order of rotation = 4, angle of rotation = 90°
10. a) Example: line symmetry: pu, pa; rotation b) No; the rotation of the design makes line symmetry
symmetry: ki, ku; impossible.
14. a) There are eight lines of symmetry; the angle
between the lines is 22.5°
11. a) Both. Lines of symmetry: the vertical black line b) order of rotation = 8, angle of rotation = 45°
with three red squares to its left and to its right in each 15. Example:
row; the horizontal black line with two red squares above
it and below it in each column. The centre of rotation
is located where the two lines of symmetry intersect.
b) Neither. There would be a vertical line of symmetry
through the noses of the centre column of faces if the
face colours on each side of the line matched each other.
c) Neither. There would be 180º rotation symmetry
16. a)
if the pink and blue dolphins were the same colour.
d) Rotation symmetry only of order 4. The centre of
rotation is at the centre of the figure.
12. a) The vertices of the images are:
E
A(-4, 1), B(-2, 1), C(-2, 5), D(-4, 5);
E
A(-1, -4), B(-1, -2), C(-5, -2), D(-5, -4);
A(4, -1), B(2, -1), C(2, -5), D(4, -5).
y b)
D’ C’

4
A D

2
B C
A’ B’

-4 -2 0 2 4 6 x
B’‘’ A’‘’
C‘’ B‘’
-2

-4
D‘’ A‘’
C’‘’ D’‘’

Answers • MHR 455

17. a) order of rotation = 5, angle of rotation = 72° 7. a) 17 cm by 9 cm by 11 cm b) The surface area with
b) order of rotation = 7, angle of rotation = 51.4° the cutout is the same as the surface area without the
c) order of rotation = 6, angle of rotation = 60° cutout (4750 cm2).
d) order of rotation = 12, angle of rotation = 30° 8. a) For one box: width = 2 cm, height = 1 cm,
18. a) Example: Some parts of the diagram appear to be depth = 3 cm b) 96 cm2 c) one box: 22 cm2; six
rotated and projected five times, whereas others (such as boxes: 132 cm2. The ratio of the surface area for the six
the interior bolts) appear four times. Depending on which combined boxes to the surface area for six separate boxes
part is chosen, the order of rotation may seem different. is 8 : 11.
b) Adding another bolt so that the total on the inside rim 9. a) 4320 cm2 b) 54 720 cm2 c) Only three surface
is five would give this diagram rotation symmetry. areas need to be calculated (shelf, side, back).
19. a) The top half of the card, along with the K symbol, 10. a) 36 cm2 b) Example: A 1 cm × 2 cm × 5 cm
is rotated 180° (rotation order 2). b) Cards are designed rectangular prism has a surface area of 34 cm2, while a
so they can be read while being held from either end. 1 cm × 1 cm × 10 cm rectangular prism has a surface
c) No; attempting to fold the card along any line does not area of 42 cm2.
result in an overlap. 11. Example: Surface area is important to consider when
20. Rachelle is correct. Although there are 20 wedges on painting a building, icing a cake, and packaging items.
the board, the alternating red and green colours must 12. a) 0.06 m. This allows rainwater to flow away
be grouped together and then rotated to reproduce the from the house, off the roof to the ground below.
image. b) 57.89 m2; You must assume that there is no bottom
21. a) H, I, N, O, S, X, Z b) 0, I, 8 c) Example: X08OI included in this calculation, all angles are 90°, the garage
22. Example: A hexagon-shaped sign, a six-sided door is to be included, and an average height of 2.4 m.
snowflake, or other object. 13. a) left mug: 286.5 cm2; right mug: 298.6 cm2
23. a) A: no symmetry because of the variation in overlap b) The left mug has better heat-retaining properties. It has less
of green and blue circles in pairs of opposite rays; surface area exposed to the air resulting in lower heat loss.
B: rotational symmetry of order 4 and line symmetry 14. 1.92 m2
b) Example: The logo of Sun Microsystems shows rotational 15. a) The object’s top and bottom faces, left and
symmetry, and UNESCO shows vertical line symmetry. right faces, and front and back faces are symmetrical.
24. a) m = 12. The letter m represents the number of b) 324.57 cm2
teeth in the gear. b) n = 16 c) 4.5 turns d) 6 turns 16. a) You must use the Pythagorean theorem three times.
(x)(m) b) 51.7 m2 c) 33 bundles of shingles for a cost of $889.35
e) ______
y = number of turnsB 17. a) The two flues are each 24 cm wide and 20 cm tall.
25. a) All of the objects have at least one example of b) 4672 cm2
line symmetry. All of Group A show multiple lines of 18. 392 cm2; To calculate the surface area of the inside of
symmetry. Only the left object in Group B does not show the box, you must assume the metal has zero thickness.
rotation symmetry. 19. a)
b) Example: A cube has many lines of symmetry because
the edges are all of equal length. 25 cm
26.
r 6 cm 6 cm
25 cm
25 cm

b)

The shape made would be a hexagon. The order of

rotation for the shape is 6.

1.3 Surface Area, pages 32–35

4. a) Estimate the total surface area of a solid, c) square cake: 1850 cm2; 8 square-cake slices:
2 × 4 × 5 rectangular prism. The total surface area of the 3270.8 cm2; round cake: 1452.3 cm2; 8 round-cake
object is 72 cm2. b) Estimate the total surface area of a slices: 2651.9 cm2; surface area increase of square
solid, cake: 1448.6 cm2; surface area increase of round cake:
4 × 4 × 6 prism. The total surface area of the object is 1200 cm2; For both cakes, the eight equal slices increase
112 cm2. the total surface area by almost double compared to the
5. a) 216 cm2 b) 256 cm2 unsliced cakes.
6. a) 12 cm2 b) 214 cm2

456 MHR • Answers

20. The rice with the small grains has a smaller surface c) P(-5, 4), Q(-2, 4), R(-2, 1), U(-4, 1),
area per grain than the rice with larger grains. This means V(-4, 3), W(-5, 3). No, the images are not related
that more rice per cup can come into contact with the hot by symmetry.
water with the smaller grains, meaning it can cook faster. y
21. Example: Elephants’ ears are very thin, but large,
giving them a large surface area. This allows more skin P ’’’ Q ’’’ P Q
4
to be exposed to air, and allows more skin to be cooled
or warmed by the air, regulating the elephant’s body V ’’’
W V
W ’’’
temperature. 2
22. 12 201.95 cm2
23. 391 m2 U ’’’ R ’’’ U R

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 x
Chapter 1 Review, pages 36–37 R’ U’ U‘’ R‘’
1. E -2
2. A W’ W‘’
3. D V‘ V‘’
4. B -4
Q‘’
Q’ P’ P‘’
5. F
6. C
7. a) 4; vertical, horizontal, two oblique
15. 35.1 cm2
b) 6; vertical, horizontal, four oblique
16. a) top: 444 cm2; bottom: 1088 cm2 b) 1244 cm2
8. a) b)
17. a) 38 cm2 b) 42 cm2 c) 72 cm2

Chapter 2
9. a) A(5, 3), B(5, 2), C(1, 2), D(1, 4), E(3, 4), F(3, 3). 2.1 Comparing and Ordering Rational Numbers,
This shows a vertical line of symmetry with the original pages 51–54
image. b) A(1, 0), B(1, -1), C(5, -1), D(5, 1),
4. a) D b) C c) A d) E e) B
E(3, 1), F(3, 0). This does not show symmetry with the
5. a) W b) Y c) Z d) V e) X
original image.
6. 8
-_ _8
10. a) order of rotation = 4; angle of rotation = 90°, 9 9
one quarter turn b) order of rotation = 8; angle of 11
- __
1
-2 __
1
2 __
11
__
rotation = 45°, one eighth turn 3 10 -1.2 1.2 10 3
11. There is an oblique line of symmetry from the top left
corner to the bottom right corner.

PP
12. a) -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
__
4
7. a) 4.1 b) -__ c) 5__ 3 d) -__ 9
5 4 8
8. -1__ 2 , -__1 , -0.1, 1__ 5 , 1.9
PP
PP

3 5 6
__
9. 1.8, __9 , -__3 , -__1 , -1
5 8 2
b) Example: The letter H in the image would make both
10. Example: a) ___ -4 b) __ 5 c) ___
-3 d) ___8
line symmetry and rotation symmetry. Other possible 10 3 4 -6
answers include A, I, M, O, T, V, W, X, and Y. -2 b) __ 4 c) -__ 5 d) ___
-7
11. Example: a) ___
13. The design has rotation symmetry only with an 6 5 4 2
order of rotation of 3. Because of the colouring and 12. a) __1 b) ___ 7 c) -__ 1 d) -2__ 1
overlapping, there is no line symmetry. 3 10 2 8
14. a) P(-2, -4), Q(-5, -4), R(-5, -1), U(-3, -1), 13. a) 4
__ b) -
5
__ c) -
7
___ d) -1__4
V(-3, -3), W(-2, -3). Yes, the two images are related 7 3 10 5
14. Example: a) 0.7 b) -0.5625 c) 0.1 d) -0.825
by rotation symmetry. b) P(2, -4), Q(5, -4),
15. Example: a) 1.6 b) -2.4 c) 0.6 d) -3.015
R(5, -1), U(3, -1), V(3, -3), W(2, -3). Yes, the two
16. Example: a) __ 1 b) ___
-1 c) -__ 3 d) _____
-21
images are related by horizontal line symmetry. 4
4 20 40
17. Example: a) 1__ 4 b) 1__ 1 c) -3 ___ 7 d) -2___
1
5 4 20 50

Answers • MHR 457

18. a) +8.2; Example: An increase suggests a positive 12. a) 3.8 - (-2.3) b) 6.1 m
value. b) +2.9; Example: A growth suggests a positive 13. a) 85.5 m b) 19 min
value. c) -3.5; Example: Below sea level suggests a 14. a loss of $16.25
negative value. d) +32.5; Example: Earnings suggest 15. a) -8.2 °C b) 1.9 °C
a positive value. e) -14.2; Example: Below freezing 16. a) 2.2 b) Example: Use hundredths instead of tenths.
suggests a negative value. 17. 2.06 m
19. a) helium and neon b) radon and xenon 18. a) -2.37 b) 1.75
c) helium (-272.2), neon (-248.67), argon (-189.2), 19. a) loss of $1.2 million per year
krypton (-156.6), xenon (-111.9), radon (-71.0) b) profit of $3.6 million
d) radon (-61.8), xenon (-107.1), krypton (-152.3), 20. Example: If the cost of gasoline is $1.30/L, then the
argon (-185.7), neon (-245.92), helium (-268.6) difference would be $13.65.
20. a) Example: -2 is to the left of -1 on the number 21. 11 min
1 is to the left of -1___
line, so -2__ 9 and therefore, it is 22. 2080 m
5 10 23. -0.6 °C
smaller. b) Example: Since both mixed numbers are 24. a) -5.3 b) -4.4 c) 2.1 d) -2.5
between -1 and -2 on the number line, Naomi needed 25. Example: At 16:00 the temperature in Calling
to examine the positions of -__ 2 . Since -__
1 and -__ 2 is to Lake, Alberta, started decreasing at the constant rate
4 7 7 of -1.1 °C/h. At 23:00 the temperature was -19.7 °C.
1 , -1__
the left of -__ 1 is greater.
What was the temperature at 16:00? The answer is -12 °C.
4 4
21. a) 6.1 (Penticton), 5.4 (Edmonton), 3.9 (Regina), 26. 2.88
0.6 (Whitehorse), -0.1 (Yellowknife), -5.1 (Churchill), 27. a) -25.8 b) -3.3
-14.1 (Resolute) b) Yellowknife 28. a) 2.6 b) -0.35 c) -0.45
22. a) = b) > c) = d) < e) > f) > 29. a) 3.5 × (4.1 - 3.5) - 2.8 = -0.7
23. Yes. Example: Zero can be expressed as the quotient b) [2.5 + (-4.1) + (-2.3)] × (-1.1) = 4.29
of two integers as long as the dividend is zero, and the c) -5.5 - (-6.5) ÷ [2.4 + (-1.1)] = -0.5
divisor is any number except zero.
2 b) ___3 c) _____
-10 d) ___5 2.3 Problem Solving With Rational Numbers in
24. Example: a) __
5 -4 3 -4 Fraction Form, pages 68–71
25. -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, and 2
__ 1 b) 1, 1___
5. a) 0, __ 1 c) -1, ___ 5
-5 d) 0, __
26. a) 0.44 b) 0.3 c) -0.7 d) -0.66; Example: To 2 12 6 6
determine which pair is greater, write each pair of 1 1 5
1 , __
e) -__, -__ f) __
fractions in an equivalent form with the same positive 2 2 2 8
denominator and compare the numerators. -1 b) ___
6. a) 0, ___ -2 , ___ -17 d) -__
-5 c) -1, _____ 1 , ___
-1
-1 , ___ -3 , ___
-2 , ___ -5
-4 , and ___ 12 3 9 20 2 8
27. ___ -3 f) ___ -7
-1 , ___
3 3 3 3 3 e) -1, ___
28. None. Example: __ 2 and 0.__
6 are equivalent numbers.
4 2 20
3 7. a) 1, ___ 5 c) 0, ___
24 b) 6, 5__ 1
-1 d) 1, 1__
29. a) -2; Yes, any integer less than -2 also makes the 25 6 20 8
1 , -2 f) 0, ___
e) -2__ -4
statement true. b) +9; No c) -1; No d) 0; No
2 15
e) 4; Yes, 0, 1, 2, and 3 will also make the statement true. 1 b) 1, 1___
1 c) -__ 15 d) -2, -1___
1 , -___ 7
f) -1; No g) -26; No h) -1; Yes, -2, -3, -4, -5, 8. a) 0, ___
12 15 2 28 10
-6, -7, -8, -9, -10, and -11 also make the statement -1 , _____ 3
2 , __
-14 f) __
e) ___
true. 2 33 3 5
30. a) 8 b) -2 c) -3 d) 25 9. $19.50
10. He is short 6.4 m.
2.2 Problem Solving With Rational Numbers in 11. 120 jiffies
Decimal Form, pages 60–62 1 h b) 13 __
12. a) 2__ 1h
2 2
4. a) -2, -1.93 b) 2, 2.3 c) -10, -9.98 d) 6, 5.34 1 h ahead of Kathmandu.
c) Tokyo is 3 __
5. a) -2.25 b) 1.873 c) 0.736 d) -12.94 4
6. a) -9, -8.64 b) -1, -1.3 c) 36, 30.25 d) 4, 4.6 1 h ahead of St. John’s.
d) Chatham Islands are 16 __
7. a) 3.6 b) 9.556 c) -22.26 d) -1.204 e) 0.762 4
f) -0.833 e) Kathmandu, Nepal
8. a) -13.17 b) 2.8 c) -3.08 1 b) 2400 km
13. a) ___
9. a) 1.134 b) -1.4 c) -5.2 50
1 of a pizza c) 1__
14. a) Ray b) ___ 1 of a pizza
10. 38.7 °C
24 8
11. a) +7.7 °C b) +1.54 °C/h

458 MHR • Answers

 5 , 2__
15. a) 1__
1 , ___
7 b) -___
1 , 2__ 1
1 , -___
2.4 Determining Square Roots of Rational Numbers,
8 4 8 24 48 96
16. a) $108.80 b) $44.80 pages 78–81
2
17. a) Example: -__ is a repeating decimal, so she 5. Example: 12
3 6. Example: 0.55
would need to round before adding. b) Example: Find 7. a) 9, 9.61 b) 144, 156.25 c) 0.36, 0.3844
a common denominator, change each fraction to an d) 0.09, 0.0841
equivalent form with a common denominator, and then 8. a) 16 cm2, 18.49 cm2 b) 0.0016 km2, 0.001 225 km2
add the numerators. 9. a) Yes, 1 and 16 are perfect squares. b) No, 5 is not
18. 9.5 m a perfect square. c) Yes, 36 and 100 are perfect squares.
-5 b) 1___
19. a) ___ 8 d) -1__
1 c) ___ 1 d) No, 10 is not a perfect square.
4 10 13 2 10. a) No b) Yes c) No d) Yes
20.
1 1 1 11. a) 18 b) 1.7 c) 0.15 d) 45
-__ -2__ __
2 6 6 12. a) 13 m b) 0.4 mm
13. a) 6, 6.2 b) 2, 2.12 c) 0.9, 0.933 d) 0.15, 0.148
1
-__ 5
-__ 1
-1__ 14. a) 0.92 m b) 7.75 cm
6 6 2
15. 1.3 m
5 1 1 16. a) 3.16 m b) 6.16 m c) 4.2 L
-1__ __ -1__
6 2 6 17. a) $3504 b) The cost will not be the same.
c) The cost of fencing two squares each having an
21. a) ___ 9 c) -2__
4 b) ___ 1
15 20 4 area of 60 m2 is $4960.
22. a) 1 large scoop + 1 medium scoop - 1 small scoop or 18. No. Example: Each side of the picture is 22.36 cm.
2 large scoops - 1 medium scoop b) 1 large scoop This is too large for the frame that is 30 cm by 20 cm.
- 2 small scoops or 2 medium scoops - 3 small scoops 19. 2.9 cm
20. 3.8 m
23. Example: -2__ 1-
6
 = -__34 . Find the rational number 21. 27.4 m
-5 . 22. 14.1 cm
to replace . The answer is ___ 23. 12.5 cm; Assume the 384 square tiles are all the
6
24. Yes. Example: If the two rational numbers are both same size.
negative, the sum would be less. 24. a) 7.2 km b) 4.6 km c) 252.4 km
-1 + ___-5 = _____
-13 25. 35.3 cm
Example: ___
4 6 12 26. 12.2 m
1 1 1 1
__
2 [ ( )]
25. Example: a) - + -__ + -__ - -__ = -1
2 2 [ 2 ( )] 27. 4.1 cm
28. a) 2.53 s b) 3.16 s c) 1.41 s
1 1 1 1
[ (2 2 )] [
b) -__ - -__ + -__ - -__ = 0
2 ( 2 )] 29. 30 m/s greater
30. 12.3 s
1 1 1 1 1
[( ) (
2 2 )] [
c) -__ × -__ + -__ - -__ = __
2 ( 2 4 )] 31. a) 59.8 cm2 b) 34.7 cm2
1 1 1 1 32. 36 cm
( ) (
2 2 ) ( ) (
d) -__ ÷ -__ ÷ -__ ÷ -__ = 4
2 2 ) 33. 25.1 cm2
1 1 1 1 3 34. 3.6 m
[ ( 2 )] [( ) (
e) -__ + -__ + -__ × -__ = -__
2 2 2 4 )] 35. 1.8 cm by 5.4 cm
1 1 1 1 1
( ) (
2 2 ) ( ) (
f) -__ ÷ -__ ÷ -__ - -__ = -1__
2 2 2) 36. 4
-3
26. ___
8 Chapter 2 Review, pages 82–83
1
27. -__ and 2 1. OPPOSITES
2 2. RATIONAL NUMBER
3. PERFECT SQUARE
History Link, page 71 4. NON-PERFECT SQUARE
1 b) __
1 + ___
1. Example: a) __
1 c) __
1 + __ 1 d) __
1 + __ 1 + __
1 5. 3 , _____
___ -10 , ___ 82
-6 , _____
5 10 2 7 4 5 2 9 24 -6 4 -12
2. Example: A strategy is to work with factors of the 6. a) = b) < c) > d) = e) > f) >
denominator.
3. Example: a) ___
1 b) ___
1 + __ 1 c) ___
1 + __ 1 + __
1
28 4 18 6 66 6
1 + __
4. Example: a) __
1 b) ___
1 + __ 1 + ___ 1
1 + __
8 4 2 24 12 3
1 + __
c) ___ 1 + __
1
12 6 2

Answers • MHR 459

7. a) Example: Axel wrote each fraction in an equivalent 5. a) 14; 1 is the base and 4 is the exponent
form so both fractions had a common denominator of 4. b) 25; 2 is the base and 5 is the exponent
He then compared the numerators to find that -6 < -5, c) 97; 9 is the base and 7 is the exponent
so -1__ 1 < -1__ 1 . b) Example: Bree wrote -1__1 as -1.5 d) 131; 13 is the base and 1 is the exponent
2 4 2 6. a) 25 b) 27 c) 1024
and -1__ 1 as -1.25. She compared the decimal portions to 7. a) 512 b) 64 c) 1
4 8. Repeated Exponential
find that -1.5 < -1.25. c) Example: Caitlin compared Multiplication Form Value
-__2 and -__ 1 and found that -__
2 < -__1 . d) Example: 63 216
a) 6 × 6 × 6
4 4 4 4
b) 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 34 81
Caitlin’s method is preferred because it involves fewer
c) 7 × 7 72 49
computations.
d) 11 × 11 112 121
5
8. Example: -__ and ___ 5 e) 5 × 5 × 5 53 125
6 -7
9. a) -0.95 b) 1.49 c) -8.1 d) 1.3 9. No, because 43 = 64 and 34 = 81
10. a) -0.6 b) 8.1 c) -6.5 d) 5.3 10. a) 81 b) -125 c) -128
11. 1.6 °C/h 11. a) -64 b) -1 c) 2187
12. $1.3 million profit 12. Repeated Exponential
2 9 d) 4___
1 c) -1___ 7 Multiplication Form Value
13. a) -___ b) -1__ a) (-3) × (-3) × (-3) (-3)3 -27
15 8 10 12
4 b) -___
14. a) __
20 c) -12__
5 d) 1___
17 b) (-4) × (-4) (-4)2 16
9 21 6 22 c) (-1) × (-1) × (-1) (-1)3 -1
15. The quotients are the same. Example: The quotient of d) (-7) × (-7) (-7)2 49
two rational numbers with the same sign is positive. e) (-10) × (-10) × (-10) (-10)3 -1000
16. 420 h 13. No, because (-6)4 = 1296 and -64 = -1296
9
17. ___ 14. 3 × 3 × 3 = 33
10 15. a) Month Body Length (cm)
18. a) Yes, both 64 and 121 are perfect squares.
Beginning 1
b) No, 7 is not a perfect square.
1 2
c) Yes, 49 and 100 are perfect squares.
2 4
d) No, 10 is not a perfect square.
3 8
19. Example: The estimate is 14.8.
4 16
220 is between the perfect square numbers 196 and 225.
5 32
The square roots of 196 and 225 are 14 and 15. Since
6 64
220 is closer to 225, the value in the tenths place should
7 128
be close to 8 or 9.
8 256
20. 0.0225
9 512
21. a) 3.6 b) 0.224
10 1024
22. a) Example: When the number is greater than 1. The
square root of 49 is 7. b) 25 = 32 cm c) After 6 months.
b) Example: When the number is smaller than 1. The 16. 122, 25, 72, 43, 34
square root of 0.16 is 0.4. 17. 215 = 32 768
23. a) 1.5 cm; Example: One method is to find the 18. a) 32 b) (-3)2
square root of 225, and divide by 10. A second method 19. Example: Multiplication is repeated addition. For
is to divide 225 by 100, then find the square root of the example, 3 × 5 = 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3
quotient. b) 21.2 cm = 15
24. a) 2.5 cans b) 6.6 m by 6.6 m Powers are a way to represent repeated multiplication.
25. 15.7 s For example, 35 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3
= 243
20.

Chapter 3 7 cm

3
3.1 Using Exponents to Describe Numbers, V = 343 cm

pages 97–98 7 cm
4. a) 72 = 49 b) 33 = 27 c) 85 = 32 768 7 cm
d) 107 = 10 000 000 21. Example: 12 × 12, 2 × 6 × 2 × 6,
2×2×3×2×2×3

460 MHR • Answers

22. Exponential Form Value 18. a) 1; Example: 24 = 16
53
125 23 = 8
54 625 22 = 4
55 3 125 21 = 2
56 15 625 20 = 1
57 78 125 4
b) __ 16
2 = ___ and
4
2 =2
__ 4-4
58 390 625
2 4
16 24
59 1 953 125
510 9 765 625 =1 = 20
a) An even exponent has 625 as its last three digits. An Therefore, 20 = 1.
odd exponent has 125 as its last three digits. b) 625
23. Exponential Form Value 19. a) -40 = -1 because 40 = 1, so -(1) = -1 b) -1
202 b) __
2 2
31
32
3
9
20. a) ____
50 2 ( )
5
21. a) 311 b) (-4)3
33 27
34 81
22. Example: Jenny multiplied the exponents in step 2.
35 243 She should have added the exponents.
36 729 23. Example: 41 × 44, 42 × 43, 40 × 45
37 2 187 24. Example: Place 3 in the numerator and 5 in the
38 6 561 denominator.
39 19 683 25. Example: a) 813 = 274 b) 816 = 278
310 59 049 26. a) 121 b) 33
311 177 147
312 531 441
3.3 Order of Operations, pages 111–113
a) Example: The units digit follows a pattern of 3, 9, 7, 1
5. a) 128 b) 63 c) -1250 d) -12
b) Example: I predict that the units digit will be a 7. The
6. a) 4 × 24 = 64 b) 3 × (-2)3 = -24
cycle is of length 4. So, with an exponent of 63, the cycle
c) 7 × 105 = 700 000 d) -1 × 94 = -6561
would go through 15 times, with a remainder of 3. That
7. Example: a) 4 × 32 =36 b) -5 × 43 = -320
means that the units digit would be the third number in
8. a) 18 b) 70 c) 535 d) 73
the cycle, which is a 7.
9. a) -11 b) 58 c) 1 d) 44
10. a) 3(2)3 = 24, and 2(3)2 = 18, so 3(2)3 is greater by 6.
3.2 Exponent Laws, pages 106–107 b) (3 × 4)2 = 144, and 32 × 42 = 144, so the expressions
5. a) 47 = 16 384 b) 76 = 117 649 c) (-3)7 = -2187 are equal. c) 63 + 63 = 432, and (6 + 6)3 = 1728, so
6. a) 55 = 3125 b) (-6)6 = 46 656 c) 83 = 512 (6 + 6)3 is greater by 1296.
7. a) 43 × 44 = 47 b) 25 × 22 = 27 c) 94 × 97 = 911 11. In step 3, Justine should have multiplied 4 by 9. The
8. 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 39 correct answer is -27.
9. a) 52 = 25 b) 34 = 81 c) (-4)4 = 256 12. In step 1, Katarina should have squared 4 correctly to
10. a) 73 = 343 b) (-8)2 = 64 c) (-2)1 = -2 obtain 16. The correct answer is 76.
64 = 61 b) __
11. a) __ 38 = 36 c) __
5 7 = 56 13. 93 - 73 = 386 cm3
3 2 1
6 3 5 14. a) 49 b) 2401 c) 71 + 72 + 73 + 74 = 2800
7
(-5) 15. 62 - 52 = 11 cm2
12. _____2
(-5) 16. 102 - 82 = 36 cm2
(62)3 17. 1 953 125
13. ____ = 63
63 18. a) Question 2: $12 500, question 3: $50 000,
14. a) 38 = 6561 b) 74 × (-3)4 = 194 481 question 4: $200 000
54 = _____
c) __ 625 b) 6 questions c) The 8th question.
64 1296 d) 3125(40) + 3125(41) + 3125(42) + 3125(43) = 265 625
15. a) -46 = -4096 b) 34 × 44 = 20 736 c) __ 64
43 = ____ 19. a) 48 b) 3 × 24 c) Example: It represents the
53 125
number of coaches who made the first six calls.
16. [(2)2]4
d) It represents the round number of the calls.
17. Expression Repeated Multiplication Powers
e) 3 × 26 = 192 f) 5 × 23 = 40
2 × (-5) × 2 × (-5)
a) [2 × (-5)] 3
× 2 × (-5)
2 × (-5)3
3
20. 2222
b) (9 × 8)2 9×8×9×8 92 × 82
2 4 2 × __
2 × __ 2 × __
2 24
( )
c) __
3
__
3 3 3 3
__
34

Answers • MHR 461

3.4 Using Exponents to Solve Problems, pages 118–119 8. Area = 25 square units
3
3. 216 cm
9. 4 × 4 × 4 = 43 A = 25 5
4. Area of square: 142 = 196 cm2; Surface area of cube:
2 2 = 64
6(6) = 216 cm . The surface area of the cube is larger.
V = 64 cm3
5. a) 60 b) 14 580 c) 20(3n) 5
10. -34, 9, 25, 72, 43
6. a) 400 b) 1600 c) 819 200
11. a) 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5
7. a) Example: If an assumption that she needs 100 cm2
b) (-3) × (-3) × (-3) × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2
of overlap is made, she would need 12 796 cm2 of paper. 2
12. a) 23 × 22 = 25 b) 4 × 44 = 43
_______
8. 9 × 1013 joules
43
9. a) It represents the number of questions. 13. a) (-5) × (-5) × (-5) × (-5) × (-5) × (-5) ×
b) It represents the possible answers for each question. (-5) = (-5)7 b) 32 × 32 × 32 × 32 = 38
c) TTTT, TTTF, TTFT, TFTT, TTFF, TFTF, TFFT, 14. a) 63 × 43 b) 75 × (-2)5
FFFF, FFFT, FFTF, FTFF, FFTT, FTFT, FTTF, FTTT 42 b) __
24
d) 210 = 1024 15. a) __
52 74
10. 603 = 216 000 16. a) -16 b) 1 c) 243
11. a) 37.5 m b) 180 m 17. Example: a) (-2)2 + (-2)3 = -4
c) Example: b) (23)2 - 4 × 60 = 60
C 0.75 × 60 × ( 2000 ÷ 1000 ) x2 = 180. c) (-3)4 - (-3)3 + (2 × 4)2 = 172
12. a) The term “googol” was created by nine year 18. a) 47 b) 9 c) 1 d) 1___ 16
old Milton Sirotta, the nephew of the American 25
19. In step 2, the error is that Ang added 81 + 7 when he
mathematician Edward Kasner who was investigating
should have multiplied 7 and 8.
very large numbers at the time. The Latin word for “a
20. 150 m2
lot” is “googis”. Google™ possibly used that name to
21. a) 80 b) 640
suggest the enormous amount of information their search
22. a) 4.9 m b) 19.6 m c) 176.4 m
engine could be used to investigate. b) 100 zeros. c) The
time to write a googol as a whole number is the time it
would take to write a 1 followed by 100 zeros, a total of
101 digits. If two digits could be written per second, it Chapter 4 Scale Factors and Similarity
would take 101 ÷ 2 or about 51 s.
13. a) Same base, different exponent: 37 ÷ 35 = 37 − 5 4.1 Enlargements and Reductions, pages 136–138
= 32 4. a) Use a 1-cm grid b) Use a 1-cm grid
=9 instead of a 0.5 cm grid. instead of a 0.5 cm grid.
Rule: Divide the larger power by the smaller power and
evaluate. This will indicate how many times as large the
larger power is compared to the smaller power.
6 4
( )
Different base, same exponent: 64 ÷ 54 = __
5
1296
= _____
625
Rule: Divide the larger power by the smaller power,
express as a single power with a fractional base, then
evaluate. This will indicate how many times as large the 5. Use a 2-cm grid
larger power is compared to the smaller power. instead of a 0.5 cm grid.
b) 324 = (25)4 643 = (26)3 220 ÷ 218 = 22
20 18
=2 =2 =4
So 324 is four times as large as 643. France

Chapter 3 Review, pages 120–121 6. a) Use a 0.5-cm grid b) Use a 0.5-cm grid
instead of a 1 cm grid. instead of a 1 cm grid.
1. coefficient
2. exponential form
3. base
4. power
5. exponent
6. a) 23 b) (-3)4
7. a) 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 b) 6 × 6 × 6 × 6
c) (-5) × (-5) × (-5) × (-5) × (-5) × (-5) × (-5)
d) -( 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5)

462 MHR • Answers

7. a) greater than 1 b) equal to 1 c) less than 1 4.2 Scale Diagrams, pages 143–145
8. 4. a) Divide 144 by 3. b) Divide 117 by 5.2.
5. a) 13 b) 126
6. a) 1210 cm or 12.1 m b) 16 mm
7. a) 38.9 m b) 14 m
Sierra Leone 8. a) 0.15 b) 1.68
9. a) 0.02 b) 0.5
9. a) enlargement b) 100. The lens makes all dimensions 10. 0.02
of the original image appear to be enlarged by 100 times. 11. 0.04
10. Examine the font used in both posters. Mia’s font is 1
12. ___________
0.5 cm high, and Hassan’s is 0.25 cm high. Mia’s font is 16 000 000
twice the height of Hassan’s, so the scale factor is 2. 13. a) 6.3 cm b) Yes, an actual egg could have a length
11. Example: Measure the width of the sunglasses in both of approximately 6.3 cm.
images. Determine the scale factor. Then, see if the scale 1 b) The length of the footprint image is
14. a) ___
factor applies to another pair of corresponding parts (e.g. 15
the width of the mouth). approximately 3.4 cm. With the scale factor of ___1,
12. a) width = 27 cm, length = 54 cm 15
b) width = 4.5 cm, length = 9 cm the actual length of the footprint is approximately
13. waist 51 cm. c) Example: The span of a human hand to the
front back waist waist footprint could be approximately 1 : 2.1. The footprint is
front back approximately 2 times as large as a human hand span.
lower edge front back 15. 50 000
scale
factor 0.5 16. Yes, it will fit. The model will measure 2.5 m in
height, giving it a 0.5 m clearance.
lower edge 17. length = 17.4 m, height = 4.35 m
scale factor 2 18. a) 2 b) 3 c) 1.5 d) __ 1 e) __
2
3 3
lower edge 1
19. a) _____ b) 2700 cm or 27 m
1800
scale factor 3
20. a) y
14.
6
y

4
A
2

B C
x 0 D 2 4 6 x
0 -6 -4 -2

15. Example: You could reduce the image with a scale -2 F

E
1 . Then, width = 10.5 cm, height = 7.5 cm,
factor of __ -4
4
depth = 2.5 cm
-6
17. a)

b) Yes, the sides of the larger triangle are 3 times the

length of the sides of the smaller triangle. c) _1_ d) 3
3
e) Area of ABC is 4.5 square units; area of DEF is
b) 0.5 square units. f) 1: 0.1; 1: 9 g) The scale factor of
the area is 3 times larger than the scale factor of the sides
(when comparing DEF : ABC)
21. a) 2.6 m b) 5.2 m
2 b) Example: Scale factors between a
22. a) 2.5, __
5
smaller object and a larger one are often easier to use.

Answers • MHR 463

4.3 Similar Triangles, pages 150–153 18. a) x = 420.48 m b) The shadow may not reach the
4. Corresponding angles: ∠P and ∠T, ∠Q and ∠U, street level due to surrounding buildings.
∠R and ∠V. 19. a) No, the corresponding angles are not equal. The
Corresponding sides: PQ and TU, PR and TV, QR and UV. angle measures of one triangle are: 50°, 60°, and 70°. The
5. Corresponding angles: ∠A and ∠Y, ∠B and ∠W, angle measures of the other triangle are: 50°, 50°, and
∠C and ∠X. 80°. b) Yes, the triangles are similar because they both
Corresponding sides: AB and YW, BC and WX, have angle measures of 45°, 60°, and 75°.
AC and YX. 20. a) 13.3 cm and 16.0 cm b) 1 : 2.67
6. Yes, the triangles are similar because the sides are the 21. First, measure your height, and the length of the
proportional; the sides are related by a scale factor of 5. building’s shadow. After measuring your own shadow,
7. No, the triangles are not similar because the sides are find the ratio of your shadow to the building’s shadow.
not proportional. Then, divide your height by that value to find the height
8. ABC, EFG, and of the building.
L
KLM are similar. 22. ZY = 4.9 cm
23. The area is 150 cm2.
B
12.6
9 4.4 Similar Polygons, pages 157–159
8.4 F
6 3. a) Similar b) Not similar
4.2
3 4.
A 6 C E 3 G K 9 M
9. x = 56
10. x = 10
12. 2.0 m
13. 4.0 m
14. 7.68 m
15. x = 76.25 cm
16. Peter is taller. Michael is 149.3 cm tall.
Peter
Michael 5. x=4
6. x = 2.8 m
168 cm
7. No. The corresponding angles must be the same.
8. a)

Michael’s shadow
40 cm similar dissimilar
Peter’s shadow
45 cm b) The two similar hexagons are similar to the photo
because the interior angles are the same and the side
17. Example: Two buildings, A and B, stand side by side.
lengths are related by a scale factor. The two dissimilar
Building A casts a shadow of 120 m and is 60 m tall. hexagons do not have these properties.
Building B has a shadow of 60 m. Using the diagram, find 9. The side length of the game board will be 15.0 cm.
the height of Building B. 10. a) 7.5 m b) 1080º. Example: An octagon can be
A
divided into six non-overlapping triangles.
11. a) The final enlargement should be 6 times the size of
B
the original diagram. b) The corresponding angles are
60 m equal, and the dimensions are all enlarged by the same
proportion.
12. 39.3 cm
13. 14.1 cm
B’s shadow
60 m
A’s shadow
120 m

x
60 = ___
____
120 60
Building B is 30 m tall.

464 MHR • Answers

 1 b)
14. a) ___ 7.5 cm 7.5 cm 15. x=3
20 16. The polygons are not similar.
17. 10.1 cm
7.5 cm 7.5 cm
18. x = 7.2; y = 9.6
12 cm
Chapters 1–4 Review, pages 166–168
c) lengthmodel = 15 cm, widthmodel = 12 cm 1. a) b)
15. 19 250 L
16. The ratio of areas to the ratio of corresponding side
lengths in similar polygons is equal to the scale factor
comparing side lengths squared.
17. The volume ratio is the same as the side ratio cubed.
18. a) The similar polygons have 7 sides, so they are
heptagons. b) Example: Each heptagon is a reduction of
the centre heptagon, with the scale factor decreasing with 2. Example: The shape could be traced and cut out, then
distance from the centre. flipped over the dashed line and traced as the reflected
image or each point could be reflected over the dashed
Chapter 4 Review, pages 160–161 line and connected to create the shape.
1. POLYGON
2. SIMILAR
3. SCALE FACTOR
4. PROPORTION
5. a) b)

3. a) Example: There are four lines of

symmetry, 1 vertical, 1 horizontal
and 2 oblique. b) Example: 4
1 revolution
c) 90°, __
4

6. The vertical height of the drawing is 3 cm. The

enlarged egg will have a vertical height of 9 cm. 4. a) Example: Diameter of circular cake and side length
7. The vertical height of the drawing is 3 cm. The reduced of square cake are 25 cm. Height of both cakes is 10 cm.
drawing will have a vertical height of 1.5 cm. Square: 1625 cm2, circle: 1276.5 cm2
8. a) b) c) b) Example: Square: 2625 cm2, an increase of 61.5%.
Circle: 2276.3, an increase of 78.3%.

2
9. ___
13
10. a) 14 cm b) 13.9 cm
11. 8.7 cm
1
12. ___________
10 000 000
13. No. The corresponding sides are not proportional.
14. x = 10

Answers • MHR 465

5. a) y 18.
6

B 4 A

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6x

-2

C -4 D

-6

b) y
6

B 4 A 19. a) 12 b) 18.5 c) 0.414

20. x = 1
2
21. 647 km; assuming the distance on the diagram
measures 4.2 cm
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6x 22. Rectangles B and D and rectangles A and F are similar.
-2 23. a) hexagons, triangles, heptagons b) The hexagons
are similar, the triangles are similar, and the heptagons
C -4 D are similar. Example: Each triangle shares two edges with
hexagons and one edge with a heptagon. The similar
-6 shapes decrease in size with distance from the centre.

6. a) 11 250 cm2 b) 10 000 cm2, a decrease in surface

area of 1250 cm2
__
Chapter 5
3 2 , 0.6, 2.7
4 , -__
7. -2__, -0.9, -__
4 5 3
5.1 The Language of Mathematics, pages 179–182
7
8. -6___
20 5. a) 3, trinomial b) 1, monomial c) 4, polynomial
9. a) -1, -0.68 b) 4, 3.6 c) 4, 4.6 d) -1, -1.07 d) 1, monomial
e) -2, -2.03 f) -20, -22.26 g) 4, 3.41 h) 1, 1 6. a) 1, monomial b) 3, trinomial c) 1, monomial
1 b) -1__
1 , -1___ 25 , - ___
1 c) - ___ 19 d) 2, binomial
10. a) 2, 2__
5 3 15 12 12 7. a) 6x and -15 b) 7 + a + b c) 3x - y and 4c2 - cd
1 , - ___
d) - __ 3 , - ___
7 e) - ___ 5 , __
3 f) __ 17
5 g) -2, -1___ 8. a) degree 1, 2 terms b) degree 2, 2 terms
3 24 70 70 6 6 18 c) degree 2, 3 terms
1
h) 6, 6__ 9. a) degree 2, 2 terms b) degree 2, 3 terms
4 c) degree 0, 1 term
11. a) 2 cm, 1.6 cm b) 0.1 km, 0.1 km 10. a) 2 + p and 2x2 - y2
c) 0.2 mm, 0.22 mm d) 1 km, 1.01 km b) 3b2, 4st + t - 1, and 2x2 - y2
12. 6.8 m c) b d) 2 + p and 4st + t - 1
13. 417 11. a) 2x - 3 b) x2 - 2x + 1 c) -x2 + 3x - 2
14. 3 12. a) 2x2 + 4 b) -x2 - 2x - 4 c) 4
15. (-4)9, -262 144
16. 21 × 21 × 21 × 21, 34 × 74
17. a) 1600 b) 25 600

466 MHR • Answers

 23. a) a represents the number of adults and c represents
13. a) b) c)
the number of children
b) $215
c) 23a + 17c
14. a) 24. 10a + 5s, where a represents the number of adults
and s represents the number of students.
25. a) 2w + s b) w represents the number of wins
and s represents the number of shoot-out losses c) 4
b) d) 28 e) Two possible records for Team B are: 8 wins,
12 shoot-out losses, and 0 losses in regulation time
(2 × 8 + 12 = 28); 10 wins, 8 shoot-out losses, and
2 losses in regulation time (2 × 10 + 8 = 28).
c)
26. a) binomial of degree 1 b) Example: 5 could be the
15. a) Example: x + 2 b) Example: 3x charge per person, 75 could be the cost of renting the
room. c) $825
27. a) Example: 2c - w, where c represents the number
of correct answers and w represents the number of wrong
answers. b) All 25 questions correct would result in a
c) Example: 9x2
maximum score of 50 points. All 25 questions wrong
would result in a minimum score of -25.
c) Number Number Number
Correct Wrong Unanswered Score
20 5 0 35
20 4 1 36
20 3 2 37
20 2 3 38
d) Example: x2 + x + y + 3 20 1 4 39
20 0 5 40
28. 2
29. a) 6x + 6 b) x + 3 = 2x c) x + 3 = 2x, subtract x
from both sides, 3 = x
16. a) Example: Both tiles share a common dimension of 30. Example: xz + 4y + 3
1 unit. b) x + 3 31. a) Example: d = st, where d represents distance, s
17. a) 6x b) 2x + 3 c) x2 + 4x represent speed, and t represents time.
18. Example: The expression x2 + 3x + 2 is a trinomial b) Part of Race Distance (km) Speed (km/h) Time (h)
of degree 2. d
swim d1 1.3 ___
1
1.3
d2
___
cycle d2 28.0
28
d3
___
19. a) 2 b) 6 c) 1 d) 2 e) -5 run d3 12.0
12
20. a) 3x2 - 2x + 1
b) Example: d2 - 5d + 2 d d d
c) ___
1
+ ___2 + ___3 d) 3.416 h, assuming that Deidra
1.3 28 12
races at her average pace e) 12.868 h

21. a) 8 + x, x represents the unknown number

b) x + 5, x represents the amount of money c) w + 4, w
represents the width of the page d) 5x + 2, x represents
the unknown number e) 3n - 21, n represents the
number of people
22. a) Example: The Riggers scored 5 more than triple
the number of goals scored by the Raiders. b) Example:
The number of coins remaining from a purse containing
10 coins after an unknown number of coins were
removed

Answers • MHR 467

5.2 Equivalent Expressions, pages 187–189 24. a) Wholesale Expression for Retail
Price ($) Retail Price Price ($)
5. a) coefficient: -3; number of variables: 1
8.00 8 + (0.4)(8) 11.20
b) coefficient: 1; number of variables: 1
12.00 12 + (0.4)(12) 16.80
c) coefficient: 0; number of variables: 0
30.00 30 + (0.4)(30) 42.00
6. a) coefficient: 4; number of variables: 1 x x + 0.4x 1.4x
b) coefficient: -1; number of variables: 3
b) Example: x + 10 + (0.4)(x + 10) = x + 10 + 0.4x + 4
c) coefficient: -8; number of variables: 2
= 1.4x + 14
7. a) x2 and xt b) -ts and xt c) 3x and 4t d) -ts
Or multiply 1.4 by x, which yields 1.4x, and multiply
4m
8. a) 2a and -7.1a b) 3m and __ 1.4 by 10, which yields 14.
3
c) -1.9 and 5; 6p2 and p2 25. a) Zip: 100 + 2p, where p represents the number
1 ab and ab of posters; Henry: 150 + p, where p represents
9. a) -2k and 104k b) __ the number of posters b) Zip: $350; Henry: $275
2
c) -5 and 5; 13d2 and d2 c) Total cost is $850. Add Zip’s price to Henry’s
10. a) -4x2 + 4x b) -3n - 1 c) -q2 - q d) c - 4 price: $500 + $350 = $850. Or add like terms:
e) 5h2 - h f) -j2 + 5j - 6 100 + 2p + 150 + p = 250 + 3p, and then substitute
11. a) -2d2 - 3d b) -y2 + 3y c) p2 + p - 2 p = 200. Simplify to $850.
d) 4m + 2 e) 3q2 - 4q f) -3w2 + 3w - 4
12. B, C, and E 5.3 Adding and Subtracting Polynomials,
13. Example: Yes. 2 m and 1 m are expressed in the pages 196–199
same unit of measurement, so they can be considered
5. C
like terms. Their sum is 3 m. 32 cm and 63 cm are
6. a) 5x - 7 b) -5a2 - a + 2 c) 10p d) 2y2 + 6y - 6
expressed in the same unit of measurement, so they can
7. a) 3x + 4 b) -n + 3 c) b2 - 1 d) a2 - a - 1
be considered like terms. Their sum is 95 cm.
8. a) -3x + 1 b) x2 - 2x - 3
14. a) Example: The amount of liquid in a can is reduced
by 3 mL. b) Example: The number of coloured markers
is 5 more than twice the number of pens.
15. a) Example: p2 + p2 - 6p + 3p + 5 - 3
b) Example: 10x2 - 13x2 + x + 4x - 10 + 6
c) r2 + r2 + 2r2 - 7q2 + 5q2 - 3qr 9. a) x - 1 b) -2x2 + 1
16. a) 10d + 3 b) 4w + 18
17. a) b) 9s + 4
s+6
3s – 2

10. a) 9x b) -5d - 6 c) 2x2 - 3x + 5

5s
11. a) -3x + 7 b) -4g2 + 4g - 2.5 c) -v2 - 8v + 1
18. a) 5n - 700, where n represents the number of
12. B
students b) $550 c) Example: estimate: 150; actual: 141
13.
19. a) 60n + 54 b) $174
60n + 54
c) 60n + 54 + _________; 90n + 81
2
20. a) 3000 + 16b b) $12 600 c) $21 d) $19
21. a) Raj combined 3x - 5x incorrectly; it should be -2x.
He also combined -8 + 9 incorrectly; it should be 1. Remove -2x2 -x.
b) -2x + 1
22. a) x + 3x + 7 + 2x - 5 b) 6x + 2
23. When y = w. Example: Assign a value to x, such as
x = 10. Substitute this value into the two expressions.
The first expression becomes y + 13. The second 14. a) -3x - 2 b) -5b2 - 9b c) -3w + 7
expression becomes w + 13. If the two expression are d) -m2 + m
equal, then y = w. 15. a) 13c - 3 b) -4r2 - 3r - 6 c) 2y2 - 7y
d) 8j2 - 4j + 8
16. a) the perimeter b) 6x c) 30; Example: The expression
in part b) was used because it involved fewer steps.

468 MHR • Answers

17. 15x + 4 b) This is a degree 2 polynomial because the term with
7x + 3 8x + 1 the highest degree (ab) has a degree of 2.
3x + 2 4x + 1 4x c) This is a degree 1 polynomial because the term with the
2x – 1 x+3 3x – 2 x+2
highest degree (y) has a degree of 1.
18. a) 399d + 160; d represents the number of days 9. a) Example: 3y - 11 b) Example: a + 2b - 7c
the backhoe is rented. b) 550d + 160 c) 949d + 160 c) m2 - 4 d) 18
d) 151d 10. a)
19. a) -x + 5 + 3x + 1 b) A: (-x + 5) - (4x - 3) = -5x + 8;
B: (3x + 1) - (4x - 3) = -x + 4
20. a) 17n + 2150 b) $12 350 c) The expression
represents the difference in the cost of printing and the
b)
cost of shipping; 13n + 1850
21. The second line should be 4p2 - p + 3 - p2 - 3p + 2,
and the result of (-p - 3p) is not -3p, so the answer
should be 3p2 - 4p + 5.
22. a) 10x - 12 b) 2a2 - a - 4 c) 5t2 - 6t + 9 11. a) x2 - 3x + 2 b) -2x2 + x c) -3x + 2
d) -2.3x + 0.4 12. a) x represents the number of video games sold
23. a) 3x2 + 5x - 3 and y represents the number of books sold. b) $104
c) 7.25d + 5c, where d represents the number of DVDs
and c represents the number of CDs
13. One term has the variable x; the other does not have
the variable x. So, the two terms cannot be like terms.
b) x2 - 5x - 3 14. a) coefficient: 8, variables: x and y, exponent: 2
b) coefficient: -1, variable: c, exponent: 2
c) There are no coefficients or variables because this term
is a constant.
15. a) 3s and -8s b) -2x2 and x2, 3xy and 3xy
24. 4x2 + 2x 16. Example: Like terms must be identical except for the
25. a) Example: Assume you also pay $0.12 for coefficients. Four sets of examples that contain at least
punctuation. For St. Mary’s High School, three like terms are:
C = (25)(0.12)(31) + (25)(0.12)(19) a) 16z, x, 2z, -z, y b) -ab, a, 4b, 6ab, -2ba
b) Example: For St. Mary’s High School, c) m, m2, -m, m3, 6m d) xy, 4yx, -11yx, 10s2, -4yx
C = (25)(0.12)(31) + (25)(0.12)(19) + (25)(17.95) 17. -x2 - 3x + 5
c) Example: C = (25)(17.95) + (25)(0.12)(n), where n
represents the number of letters.
d) (3n + 448.75) + (3n + 448.75) = 6n + 897.5
26. a) $37 b) $35 c) 7l + 5s + 38, assuming at least
one large print and at least one small print. 18. a) 4 + 3x
27. w + 23 + w + 8 + w + 23 + w + 8 = 4w + 62
28. a) (-n2 + 3600n) - (-3n2 + 8600)
= 2n2 + 3600n - 8600 b) profit; Example: Replacing n
with 20 in the expression 2n2 + 3600n - 8600 yields a
positive answer of $64 200. b) x2 + 4x + 3
29. 1004x
30. 8w + 142

Chapter 5 Review, pages 200–201

1. D 19. a) 13a + 4 b) -2b2 + 3b c) 7c + 2
2. E 20. Perimeter = 9x 4x
3. D
4. A
x–2 x+3
5. C
6. B
7. a) 4 terms, polynomial b) 2 terms, binomial 3x – 1
c) 1 term, monomial d) 3 terms, trinomial 21. a) 20 + 1.50n, where n represents the number of
8. a) This is a degree 2 polynomial because the term with hours renting the locker b) 20 + 3n, where n represents
the highest degree (6x2) has a degree of 2. the number of hours renting the tube c) 40 + 4.5n

Answers • MHR 469

22. a) 5x - 4, 3x - 2 b) Example: The processes 7. a) Term, t Value, v
are similar in that the like terms were combined. The 1 7
processes are different in that one involved addition and 2 16
the other involved subtraction. 3 25
23. Yes. Example: The opposite term of 2x2 is -2x2 and 4 34
the opposite term for -3x is 3x. 5 43
24. a) 3 b) -7 + a c) -x2 + 2x - 4 b) v = 9t - 2 c) 1105 d) 40
25. a) Example: Group together the like terms: 8. a) Each subsequent term has one additional heptagon.
(3p - p) + (4q - 5q) + (-9 + 2) = 2p - q - 7.
Another method is to change the order of the terms and
line up the polynomials vertically. 3p + 4q - 9
-p - 5q + 2
2p - q - 7 Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6
b) Example: The first method is preferred because the
terms are grouped horizontally. b) Figure Number, n Perimeter, P (cm)
26. a) 3p + 2 b) 4a2 - 7a - 7 1 12
27. 2 17
–4t – 2
–t – 4 3t – 2 3 22
t–1 2t + 3 –t + 5 4 27
28. a) 140 + 12n, where n represents the number of 5 32
6 37
people attending b) Example: Another class decides
to spend more on food and refreshments for their c) P = 5n + 7; P represents perimeter in centimetres, n
party and less on printing, decorations, and awards. represents figure number d) 67 cm e) 22
Their cost for food is $15/person and $100 for the 9. a) Term, t Value, v
other items. The sum of the costs for both classes is 1 -5
(140 + 12n) + (100 + 15n) = 240 + 27n. The difference 2 -8
of the costs is (140 + 12n) - (100 + 15n) = 40 - 3n. 3 -11
4 -14
5 -17
b) v = -3t - 2 c) -149 d) 39
Chapter 6 10. a) y = 3x + 13 b) p = 7r + 17 c) t = 2.7k - 4
d) w = -3.5f + 3
6.1 Representing Patterns, pages 217–219 11. a) s = 4t + 2, s represents number of seats,
4. a) Example: Every time an octagon is added the t represents number of tables b) 22 c) Example:
number of sides increases by 6. Substitute t = 5 into the equation and solve for s. d) 7
b) Number of Octagons, n Number of Sides, s 12. a) Number of T-Shirts, n Cost, C ($)
1 8 0 125
2 14 5 200
3 20 10 275
4 26 15 350
c) s = 6n + 2; s represents number of sides, n represents 35 650
number of octagons d) 104 e) 120 55 950
5. a) Figure Number, n Number of Circles, c b) C = 15n + 125; C represents cost, n represents
1 5 number of T-shirts. The numerical coefficient is the cost
2 8 for each additional T-shirt. c) $5795 d) 148
3 11 13. a) t = 2s - 4; t represents number of tiles,
b) Example: Three circles are added for each subsequent s represents size of frame b) 56 c) 100 cm by 100 cm
figure. c) c = 3n + 2; c represents number of circles, n
represents figure number d) 53 e) 36
6. a) Figure Number, n Number of Green Tiles, t
1 8
2 12
3 16
b) Example: Four green tiles are added for each
subsequent figure. c) t = 4n + 4; t represents number of
green tiles, n represents figure number d) 100 e) 43

470 MHR • Answers

14. a) Sighting Number, n Year, y 11. a) d Winter Temperature Drop
4
1 1758
2 1834

Temperature (ºC)
2
3 1910
4 1986 0
5 2062 2 4 6 8 t
6 2138 -2
7 2214
b) 2062 c) y = 76n + 1682; y represents year, -4
n represents sighting number d) No. By substituting
y = 2370 into the equation and solving for n, a decimal -6
Time (h)
answer results. Therefore, the comet will not appear
in 2370. b) -4.5 °C c) 12 noon
15. a) 127 b) Substitute y = 45 678 into the equation 12. a) C Trail Mix Cost
20
y = 3x + 1, and solve for x. If x is a whole number, then
45 678 is 1 more than a multiple of 3. 15
16. a) l = 4.5(n - 1); l represents length of row,

Cost ($)
n represents number of trees b) 46 trees will not be 10
evenly spaced because the number of trees has a decimal
in the answer. 5
17. a) Number of Rebounds, n Rebound Heights, h (m)
0 2 0 500 1000 1500 2000 m
1 ≈ 1.33
1__ Mass (g)
1
3
b) $19 c) 1400 g
8 ≈ 0.89
__
2 13. a) It is reasonable to interpolate and extrapolate the
9
16 ≈ 0.59
___ graph. The submarine can be underwater for a fraction
3
27 of a minute, and the graph shows a linear relationship.
32 ≈ 0.39
___ b) 3.5 min c) 160 m
4
81
64 ≈ 0.26 14. a) Yes, the graph is linear, and it is reasonable to
5 ____
243 determine the income from the number of programs
as long as the number of programs is a whole number.
b) 0.39 m c) No, this relation is not linear. The
b) $250, interpolation c) 5000
rebound heights do not decrease at a constant rate 15. a) 1 h b) 1.8 h c) 3.2 h
with each bounce. 16. a) Yes, the graph is linear, and it is reasonable to
determine the cost from the number of minutes used.
6.2 Interpreting Graphs, pages 226–230 b) $55 c) 45 min
17. a) The cost for renting four days is $280. The cost per
4. a) 14 km, interpolation b) 7 h
day is $70. Divide the cost for four days by the number
5. a) 14 b) 1.5
of days. b) 6 days
6. a) -3.5 b) -2.5
18. a) 5.3 s b) 143 m c) The skydiver is accelerating at
7. a) d Sophie’s Cycling Distance a constant rate.
70 19. a) d Vehicle Stopping Distance
Distance (km)

60
80
Stopping Distance (m)

50
40
60
30
20
40
10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 t 20
Time (h)
b) 31 km c) 3.5 h 0 20 40 60 80 s
8. a) 29 m b) 10.2 min Speed (km/h)
9. a) approximately 15.5 b) approximately 2.6
b) As the speed increases the stopping distance also increases.
10. a) 2 b) 4
c) Example: 2 m, 36 m, 80 m d) Example: 20 km/h,
65 km/h, 85 km/h e) Example: 17 m, 26 m f) The graph is
not a straight line because the rate of deceleration of the car
is different for different speeds of the car.

Answers • MHR 471

6.3 Graphing Linear Relations, pages 239–243 c) k m m
4. a) p -10 11
Ian’s Earnings 12
-5 12
40 0 13
8
5 14
30 10 15
Pay ($)

20
-10 -5 0 5 10 k
10

8. a) C = 1.75m b) approximately 2.9 kg c) Yes,

0 1 2 3 4 5 t because the values exist beyond and between the points.
Time Worked (h) However, a cost or mass value less than zero does not
b) The graph represents the equation because his pay exist.
increases at a rate of $8.25 for each hour worked. The 9. a) h = 6t b) 30 cm c) Yes, because the values exist
rate at which his pay increases is the coefficient in the beyond and between the points. However, a height or
equation. time value less than zero does not exist.
c) $66; substitute t = 8 into the equation and solve for p, 10. a) y = -4x b) y = 2.5x + 2
or use the graph to estimate his pay using extrapolation. 11. a) y = 0.5x - 1 b) x = 4
5. a) d Andrea’s Driving Distance 12. a) y = 3x - 1 b) t = 1.5r + 2
400 y t
8 6
350
Distance (km)

300
4 4
250
200
2
150 -4 -2 0 2 4 x
100
-4
50 -4 -2 0 2 4 r

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 t -8 -2
Time (h)
b) 3.5 h
c) z = -3 d) n = 0.25h
6. a) C b) B c) A
z n
7. a) x y y
4 0 4 2
6
4 1
4 2
4 3
4 -4 -2 0 2 4 f -4 -2 0 2 4 h
4 4 -4 -2
2

0 2 4 6 x 13. a) 1350 m b) 11 min c) A = 90t d) 90 m/min

14. a) t = 20 min b) T = 50 °C c) 5 °C/min
b) r 15. a) d Paul’s Driving Distance
s r
12
-2 10.5 300
Distance (km)

-1 7.5 8
0 4.5 200
1 1.5 4
2 -1.5 100

-4 -2 0 2 4 s t
0 1 2 3
-4 Time (h)
b) 220 km c) 1.8 h d) d = 110t e) 110 km/h

472 MHR • Answers

16. a) Temperature (°C) Temperature (°F) 19. a) d Cycling Distances
100
-50 -58
-40 -40
80
-30 -22

Distance (km)
-20 -4 60
-10 14 Janice’s
0 32 Distance
40
10 50 Flora’s
Distance
20 68 20
30 86
40 104
50 122 0 1 2 3 4 5 t
60 140 Time After Leaving School (h)
70 158 Time, t (h) Janice’s Distance, j (km) Flora’s Distance, f (km)
80 176 0 0 n/a
90 194 0.5 10 0
100 212 1 20 12
110 230 1.5 30 24
120 248 2 40 36
2.5 50 48
f Temperature Conversion 3 60 60
250 3.5 70 72
4 80 84
Temperature (ºF)

200 4.5 90 96
b) This is where the two lines intersect. c) At 3:00 p.m.
150
or after 3 h d) At 3:30 p.m. or after 3.5 h
100
20. a) C Cost of Music Downloads
80

50 60
Cost ($)

40 Cost of
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 c Plan A
Cost of
-50 20 Plan B
Temperature (ºC)

b) 212 °F c) This is the point where the graph intersects d

0 10 20 30 40 50 60
the y-axis. d) -40° Number of Downloads
17. a) Depth, Pressure, Scuba Diving Pressure Change Number of Cost of Plan A, Cost of Plan B,
d (m) P (kPa) P
Downloads, d A ($) B ($)
600
0 102.4
Pressure (kPa)

0 10 0
10 203.7 10 20 15
400
20 305.0 20 30 30
30 406.3 30 40 45
200
40 507.6 40 50 60
50 608.9 50 60 75
0 20 40 60 d
Depth (m) b) If you purchase fewer than 20 songs per month, Plan B
is a better deal. If you purchase more than 20 songs per
b) 250 kPa is the approximate pressure using
month, Plan A is a better deal.
interpolation c) 39.25 m d) 102.4 kPa is the air
21. a) Year, y Interest, I ($)
pressure at sea level (d = 0).
0 0
18. a) Girls’ growth appears to be linear at greater than
1 35
24 months of age. b) Girls’ growth appears to be non-
2 70
linear prior to 24 months of age. 3 105
4 140
5 175
6 210
7 245
8 280
9 315
10 350

Answers • MHR 473

b) $350 11. a) t Teacher and Student Population
I Interest Earned
500 50

Number of Teachers
400 40
Interest ($)

300 30

200 20

100 10

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 y 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 s

Year Number of Students
c) 2.85 years, 5.7 years d) approximately 14 years b) 38 teachers, 54 teachers
c) 600 students, 1100 students
Chapter 6 Review, pages 244–245 12. a) Number of Days, d Cost, C ($)
0 40
1. linear relation 1 60
2. extrapolation 2 80
3. constant 3 100
4. linear equation 4 120
5. interpolate 5 140
6. a) Figure Number, n Number of Toothpicks, T C Snowboard Rental Costs
1 4
2 7 300
Cost ($)

3 10
4 13 200
5 16
100
6 19
b) Three toothpicks or one square is added in each figure.
c) T = 3n + 1 d) 31 e) The numerical coefficient of n 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 d
is 3, and this is the number of toothpicks added in each Number of Days (d)
figure. b) $60, $180 c) A snowboard would become cheaper to
7. a) Time, t (weeks) Savings, s ($) buy after 13 days. d) Substitute the known value into the
0 56 equation and solve for the unknown value.
1 71 13. d
500
2 86
3 101
400
4 116
Distance (km)

5 131
300
b) s = 15t + 56 c) $581 d) 29.6 or 30 weeks
8. a) Pairs of Shoes Sold, s Earnings, E ($) 200
0 50
1 52 100
2 54
3 56 0
1 2 3 4 t
4 58
Time (h)
5 60
6 62 a) Example: You are driving from Toronto to Ottawa
7 64 at a speed of 105 km/h. b) Example: d = 105t
8 66 c) The numerical coefficient in this equation is 105. This
9 68 represents the speed at which the car is travelling per
10 70 hour. The constant is zero.
b) E = 2s + 50 c) $74; You can extrapolate using a
graph, or substitute and solve using the equation.
9. a) $70 b) 2800 trees
10. a) 84 kPa, 70 kPa b) 825 m, 3000 m
c) Yes, because values of air pressure and altitude both
exist beyond and between points on the graph.
474 MHR • Answers
14. a) Number of Hours, t Cost, C ($) c) 8x2
0 3.00
1 4.75
2 6.50
3 8.25
4 10.00
5 11.75
6 13.50
7 15.25
8 17.00

b) C Parking Lot Costs

15
Cost ($)

10

5
d) -8x2
0
2 4 6 8 t
Number of Hours
c) $10.00 d) 7 h e) C = 1.75t + 3

Chapter 7

7.1 Multiplying and Dividing Monomials,

6. a) 15x2
pages 260–263
3. a) (2x)(3x) = 6x2 b) (-2x)(3x) = -6x2
c) (-2x)(-3x) = 6x2
4. a) (3x)(3x) = 9x2 b) (-2x)(-2x) = 4x2
c) (2y)(x) = 2xy
5. a) 8x2

b) -6x2

b) -8x2

c) -6x2

Answers • MHR 475

d) -x2 d) -2x

7. a) 10y2 b) -18ab c) 9q2 d) 2x2 e) 6rt f) -4.5p2

8. a) 6n2 b) 28k2 c) -10w2 d) -9x2 e) -4mn f) -7t2
9. 19.5x2
10. 34.02z2 14. a) -5x
8xy
6x2 = 2x b) ____ -6x2 = -3x
11. a) ____ = 4x c) _____
3x 2y 2x
9x2 = -3x b) _____ 15xy
-6x2 = 3x c) _____
12. a) _____ = 3x
-3x -2x 5y
13. a) 4x

b) 5y
b) x

c) -3x

476 MHR • Answers

c) -4x 26. 1
27. a) 1.25x2 b) 9031.25 cm2

7.2 Multiplying Polynomials by Monomials,

pages 269–271
4. a) (3x)(2x + 4) = 6x2 + 12x
b) (4k)(3k + 3.6) = 12k2 + 14.4k
c) (k)(3.2k + 5.1) = 3.2k2 + 5.1k
5. a) (4y)(3y + 7) = 12y2 + 28y
b) (3.5f )(f + 2) = 3.5f 2 + 7f
c) (2k)(7 + 0.9k) = 14k + 1.8k2
6. a) 12.8r2 + 4r 3 a2 + 3a
b) __
2
3.2r 1 3a 6
1
–a
2
4r
d) 3x

7. a) 8x2 + 4x b) 27k2 + 9k
4x 2 6k 2

2x
4.5k

8. a) (2x)(3x + 1) = 6x2 + 2x
b) (-x)(-x - 3) = x2 + 3x
c) (3x)(-x + 2) = -3x2 + 6x
9. a) (-3x)(2x + 2) = -6x2 - 6x
15. a) 7x b) 5t c) 25t d) 4 e) 27 f) -1.5p b) (3x)(-2x - 1) = -6x2 - 3x
x
16. a) 12.4x b) 3.75 c) 3 d) -6p e) 0.25 f) __ c) (-x)(x + 4) = -x2 - 4x
3 10. a) 3x2 - 15x
2
2 2w
17. a) 33x b) 20p c) ___
4
18. a) 3x b) 6w
19. a) 3.6d
20. No, it will not fit. If x represents the width of Claire’s
space, then the length is 3x and the area is x(3x) = 3x2.
So 3x2 = 48 , and by solving the equation, x = 4. The
width of Claire’s space is 4 m. The length is then 12 m,
which is not long enough for a 12.5 m patio.
21. 4
4
22. a) __ 4
__
π b) π
23. If x represents the width of the dogsled, then the
length is 4x and the area if x(4x) = 4x2. So 4x2 = 3.2,
b) -4x2 + 6x
and by solving the equation, x ≈ 0.89. The width of
the dogsled is about 0.89 m and the length is about
3.56 m. This is just barely long and wide enough for the
equipment to fit.
24. a) 5 cm b) SA = 24xy + 40x + 30y
25. Example: They are similar because you have to divide
9 by 3 in each one. However, they differ because you get
a fraction in the quotient for one, but not the other.

Answers • MHR 477

 2
11. a) -12x2 - 6x 5. a) -x
2
- 4x = -x - 4 b) 8x
_________ + 12x
__________ = -2x - 3
x -4x
2
-3x + 15x
c) ___________ = x - 5
-3x
6. a) x - 2

b) -12x2 + 4x

b) 2x + 6

12. a) 6x2 - 2x b) 6p2 - 2.4p c) 3.5m - 6m2

d) -0.5r2 + 2r e) 16.4n - 57.4 f) 3x2 + 6xy + 12x
13. a) 8j2 - 12j b) -3.6w2 + 8.4w c) 24x - 14.4x2 7. a) -2x - 1
3
d) -__v - 7 e) 3y - 9y2 f) -64a2 - 56ab - 16a
7
14. a) 12x2 - 9x b) P = 3x + 3x + 4x - 3 + 4x - 3
P = 14x - 6
15. a) w2 - 2w b) 8 m2
16. a) 1.5w2 + 5.5w b) 420 m2
17. 16x2 + 8x
18. a) 9x2 - 12x b) 1845 m2
19. a) 16x2 + 12x b) 4x3 + 4x2
20. SA = 226.19 cm2
21. a)
2m

4m
(12n – 4) m
b) (96n - 16) m2 c) (96n - 32) m3
b) 3x - 5
7.3 Dividing Polynomials by Monomials,
pages 275−277
(6x2 + 4x) 4x2 + 6x
4. a) __________ = 3x + 2 b) ________ = 2x + 3
2x 2x
2
(6x - 3x)
c) __________ = 2x - 1
3x

478 MHR • Answers

8. a) y + 2.1 b) 6m2 - 3.1m + 12 c) 3y + 1 d) v - 0.9 6. a) 8.64xy b) -6a2
9. a) 0.9c + 1.2 b) 2x + 8y c) -0.2s - 0.3t 7. a) 3x
d) -28w2 - 14w +1
10. 2x2 + 3x
11. a) A = 12.5w2 - 5w b) l = 12.5w - 5
c) l = 2.5 m, V = 0.9 m3
12. 9x + 4
13. The length is (3x - 1) units.
14. a) s = 4.9t + v b) 24.5 m/s
15. a) 12f + 3.1 b) 2b - a + 1 c) -24x2 + 18x - 2
16. 3x + 1.5
17. x + 6 : 15x b) -5a
18. 12x + 4xy + 6y

Chapter 7 Review, pages 278–279

1. C
2. F
3. B
4. A
5. a) 15x2

8. a) 4r b) y
9. 20 cm by 80 cm
10. 2 : π
11. a) (1.3y)(3y + 5) = 3.9y2 + 6.5y
b) (1.2f)(f + 4) = 1.2f 2 + 4.8f
12. a) (3x)(2x + 4) = 6x2 + 12x
b) (2x)( -3x - 1) = -6x2 - 2x
2 p2 - __
13. a) 46x2 - 28x b) __ 1p
b) -20xy 3 2
14. 12x2 + 6x
x2 + 5x -4x2 + 12x
15. a) _______
x = x + 5 b) ___________ = 2x - 6
-2x
16. a) 6n - 1 b) 10 - 2x
17. 2x + 4
1
18. x + __
2
19. Naullaq will need 5 blocks of ice to fill the drinking
tank. The answer must be rounded up because 4 blocks
will not fill the tank and Naullaq is only cutting full
blocks.

Answers • MHR 479

Chapters 5–7 Review, pages 284–286 8. a) Week Savings ($)
1. a) Perimeter = 2(x + 1) + 2(x + 3) 0 112
b) Area = x2 + 4x + 3 1 137
2. a) 3c + 4 2 162
3 187
4 212
Step 1
5 237
b) s = 112 + 25w, where s is Monika’s savings and w is
the number of weeks. c) 13.52 weeks or 3.38 months
Step 2
9. a) $515 b) 3.2 h c) $605
10. a) E Total Earnings
4000

Earnings ($)
Step 3

2000

b) -x
0 10 000 20 000 30 000 s
Sales ($)
Step 1
b) $17 500 c) $35 000 d) $22 500
11. a) Example: C Cost of Cellphone
4
Talk Time
Step 2

Cost ($)
Step 3
2
2
c) 3g + g + 5
1

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 t
Time (h)
A cell phone company charges $0.50 for every 0.25 h of
talk-time purchased. b) C = 2t, where C is the cost of
talk-time and t is the talk-time purchased, in hours.
c) $6.50
12. a) 12x2 b) -10y2 c) -0.5s2 d) 2t2
13. a) 8.4x b) -6h c) 3n d) –4p
14. a) 2x 1 A1 + A2 = 6x2 + 3x
3. a) 7m - 2 b) 4w2 + w + 4 c) 7y2 - 9y - 2.5
4. a) -3z - 2 b) -d2 - 6cd + 6d - 5 c) 2(-x2 + 2xy)
5. a) Example: I = 10c + 8h + 3p, where I represents 3x A1 A2
the shop’s income, c represents the number of comic
books sold, h represents the number of hardcover books
sold and p represents the number of paperback books
sold. b) $221 c) Example: 70 comic books, 3 hardcover 2x + 1
books, 2 paperback books or 3 comic books, 5 hardcover
b) 5w 3 A1 + A2 = 7.5w2 + 4.5w
books, 10 paperback books.
6. 10(n + 4)
1.5w A1 A2
7. a) Starting with 4 tiles, add 4 tiles for each new figure
b) t = 4n, where t is the number of tiles and n is the
figure number. c) 32
5w + 3
15. w(2w + 3)
16. a) 3g + 2 b) -2x + y c) -(3f 2 - 20) d) 48n + 16
17. 2x - 1

480 MHR • Answers

Chapter 8 29. a) There are 54 coins in the jar.
b) There are 19 dimes.
x a
8.1 Solving Equations: ax = b, ̲a̲ = b, ̲x̲ = b, 30. The cyclist’s speed is 21 km/h.
pages 301–303 x
8.2 Solving Equations: ax + b = c, ̲̲
a + b = c,
4. 3x = 0.27, x = 0.09
pages 311–313
3
5. x = ___
16 5. x = 0.20
6. x = 0.12
_3
4 N A D N A D N A D
A
N A D
A 2 00
25

A
C

AN D

9
A A A
2009

A
Cents

A
C

C
2009 2009 2009 10 CENTS
10 CENTS 10 CENTS 10 CENTS C
+ 2009
CA =
0 _1 1 2009
CA 2009
CA 2009
CA
NADA
2009
CA
NADA A 2 00
25

AN D
NADA NADA NADA

9
2009 2009 2009

A
2 CA
NADA
CA
NADA
CA
NADA 2009
Cents
CA 2009
CA
NADA
x NADA C

4x 7 c) n = -3 d) r = __
7. a) y = 0.25 b) d = __ 1
8 5
3 c) d = __
5 b) x = -___
8. a) h = ___
12
9 d) g = -___
6. a) v = -___
5 24 16 8 7
12 9. a) x = -2.1 b) r = 6.984
5
-_ 10. a) n = -0.037 b) k = -1.512
6
11. a) v = -0.116 b) x = 3.2
-1 0 12. a) d = 55.5 b) a = 14.3
13. four toppings
v
14. 168 km
2v 15. $35
4 or 0.8 16. a) $2206 b) $7600
b) x = __
5 17. 11.6 m
A 2 00
25 A 200 A 2 00 A 2 00
18. 4.82 cm
AN D

9
A

Cents 25 25 25
AN D

AN D

AN D
9

A 2 00
19. 332.7 mm
A

Cents Cents Cents EN

25
AN D

C T
9

CENT
C
Cents CENT
A

=
S
5

C C C
S
5

N A D N A D

20. 112 cm or 1.12 m, 138 cm or 1.38 m

S
5

A A
A

A
C

C
2009 2009
2009
2009 10 CENTS 2009 10 CENTS
21. 101 mm
22. 5 h
16
c) a = -___ d) x = _3_
15 23. Sharifa. It will only take 7 weeks for her to save
2
3 c) n = __
12 b) y = -__ 7 d) w = ___
7 enough money.
7. a) x = ___
5 5 8 16 24. 3.75 min
8. a) x = -0.625 b) e = 1.65 25. 108.2 million km
9. a) h = 14.76 b) c = 3.2 x + 1 = __
26. a) Example: __ x + 1 = -1
4 b) Example: ___
10. a) a = -0.2 b) m = 0.75 2 3 0.4
11. a) n = 2.85 b) x = 0.55 27. Example: John is 2.5 years older than twice his
12. a) d = 318.75 km b) t = 1.6 h brother’s age. John is 12.5 years old. How old is his
13. 0.05n = 2.00, n = 40 brother?
14. s = 6.45 cm 2b + 2.5 = 12.5, b = 5
15. d is greater than zero because the value of -_5_ is John’s brother is 5 years old.
d 14 1
negative. Therefore, d must be positive. 28. a) w = -___ b) x = -__
16. d = 17.4 cm 3 9
29. a) y = -1.14 b) s = 8.28
17. n = 6, hexagon
16 c) h = -1.408 d) y = -2
30. a) x = 0.5 b) n = ___
18. 214 students did not buy the yearbook.
3
19. A score of 25 would give a mark of 100%. 31. x = -0.85
20. The Yukon Territory covers 4.8% of Canada. 32. 500 m
21. Her net monthly income is $2500.
22. The team scored 110 points together.
8.3 Solving Equations: a(x + b) = c, pages 319–321
23. The sale price was $999.96.
24. They expect to attract about 111 new volunteers. 5. 3(x + 0.05) = 0.60, x = 0.15
25. The side length is 8.3 cm. 6. a) x = 2.3 b) c = 3.45 c) a = -5.7 d) r = 0.3
7. a) u = 11.36 b) m = -3.93 c) v = 1.68 d) x = 3.41
26. a) x = _3_ b) z = 3.24 c) y = _6_ d) f = -0.495 5 2 d) g = ___
19 c) w = -__ 13
5 5 8. a) n = -__ b) x = ___
27. a) t = -0.51 b) h = -0.78 2 2 9 4
3 5 d) g = -__
1 c) y = __ 4 1 17 13 15
9. a) y = -__ b) q = -___ c) e = -___ d) p = ___
28. a) x = -__ b) t = __ 5 2 2 4
8 3 4 3

Answers • MHR 481

10. a) x = 3.4 b) k = -63.6 c) q = -2.27 22. The speed of the current is 7.07 km/h.
d) a = -5.9 23. a) Yes. When the distributive property is applied to
11. a) q = 1.1 b) y = 0.071 c) n = -2.18 d) p = 0 both sides of the expression, the result is two identical
12. x = -1.7 expressions. b) Yes. When the distributive property is
13. a) 3(x + 1.05) = 9.83, x = 2.2 applied to both sides of the expression, the result is two
14. x = 6.76 identical expressions.
15. 3.3 °C 24. Example: My dad always tells the same story about
16. d = -0.45 how hard he worked when he first came to Canada. He
17. $2.99 said he worked after school as a server in a restaurant
18. $37.50 earning $x/h. One day, he worked 3.5 h and had
19. $6.40/skin $1.2 in tips. Another day, he worked 4 h and had
20. a) h = 7.8 cm b) a = 1.3 m $0.90 in tips. Both days, he earned the same amount of
21. 15.6 cm money. How much was my dad getting per hour?
22. 15 years old 25. Example: One video store charges a $5 annual
23. a) x = -2.3 b) y = 4.9 c) f = 2.8 d) t = -8.98 membership fee and $4 per movie. Another store charges
24. a) d = -16.8 b) r = 3.5 c) g = 1.6 d) h = -18 no membership fee, but $5 per movie. How many movies
25. The longer side is 0.5 units and the shorter side per year would you have to rent for the cost to be the
is 0.25 units. same at both stores? Let m represent the number of
26. -15 movies. 4m + 5 = 5m, m = 5 movies.
27. 1 h 27.6 min 26. a) x = 17.5 b) y = -30 c) d = 2.2 d) j = 1.5
4
28. a) n = __ 4
__ 27. a) a = 1.125 b) s = 9 c) q = -3 d) z = -1.25
x + 3 b) n = x + 3
28. k = 10 -x
_______
c) Divide first, because it involves fewer steps. 3
29. n = -1.2
8.4 Solving Equations: ax = b + cx, ax + b = cx + d, 1 b) y = -__
30. a) x = ___
1
a(bx + c) = d(ex + f), pages 326–329 14 3

4. 3x + 0.15 = 2x + 0.30, x = 0.15

Chapter 8 Review, pages 330–331
5. x = $0.55
1. D, B, A, C, C
A
N A D
A
N A D
A
N A D
A 2 00
25
A 2 00
25 2. opposite operation
A

AN D ANAD

AN D ANAD
C

10 CENTS
2009
10 CENTS
2009
10 CENTS
2009
Cents Cents
CENT CENT CENT = A 2 00
25
C A 2 00
25
C 3. distributive property
9

9
A

Cents Cents
S

S
5

2009 2009 2009

C C 4. x = -0.8
-0.40
6
6. a) x = 6.4 b) y = 3 c) a = -0.8 d) g = __
7 -1 0
3
4 b) w = -2.2 c) p = 4.25 d) e = ___
7. a) n = __
3 10 _x _x
2 2
e) d = -18
x
8. a) k = 0.5 b) p = -21 c) u = 3 d) h = -__
5
1
5. a) d = -___ b) y = 8.04 c) h = -17.5 d) u = 1.9
2 10
9. a) r = -2.55 b) c = 0.4 c) k = 8 d) p = ___11
6. a) w = -4.7 b) k = 9.0
3
5 7. a) m = 43.3 g b) v = 12.5 cm3
10. a) q = 0.22 b) x = -5 c) y = 0.75 d) x = __ 8. 60 goals
2
11. a) s = -0.4 b) g = 7.8 c) x = 6 d) m = -2 1
9. x = __
12. a) c = -3.36 b) n = 3.38 c) x = 1.39 d) a = -0.17 3
13. a) 19 nickels b) $1.90 _3
4
14. 5 weeks
15. Rectangle A: 2.5 units by 3.1 units; 0 1
Rectangle B: 0.1 units by 5.5 units
x 1
16. a) x = 1.4 b) The perimeter of each triangle is __
12
23.3 units.
17. 33 min 2x
18. Each rectangle has an area of 13.68 square units.
19. a) 17.5 min b) 1.3125 km
20. f = 180 cm 10. a) She should have divided by -3. b) g = 3
21. 12 movies/year

482 MHR • Answers

11. a) t = -14.56 b) x = 9.5 c) r = __
20
4 d) v = -___ 12. a)
3 7 10.4 10.7 11.0
12. $34.95 b)
13. 58.6 Earth days -5 -6
7 c)
14. a) e = -6.7 b) r = 1.5 c) h = -21.1 d) q = __ -1 0
8
15. m = -1.97 d)
4 5
16. k = 3.225 m 13. a)
17. $21.75 12 17
18. a) n = 15 b) f = 1.75 c) g = -1.6 d) h = -60 b)
-5 0
11
e) v = -___ c)
6 1 2 3 4
19. a) a = 1.9 b) P = 25.2 units d)
20. w = 7.5 cm -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0
14. a)

-10 -9 -8 -7 -6
Chapter 9 b) Example: The values of -10.0 and -9.8 are both less
than -9.3, so they are not possible values. Conversely,
9.1 Representing Inequalities, pages 347–349 -9.0 is larger than -9.3 so it is a possible value.
5. a) Example: x ≥ 3 b) Example: x < 7 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6
c) Example: x ≤ -13 d) Example: x > -1.5 15. a) The value is greater than or equal to 20, and
6. a) Yes; 4 is greater than 3. less than or equal to 27; 20 ≤ x and x ≤ 27 b) The
value is less than 2, and greater than -6; -6 < x and
0 3 6
x < 2 c) The value is less than -8, and greater than or
4 equal to -9.2; -9.2 ≤ x and x < -8
b) No; 4 is not less than 4. 16. a) m ≥ 18 000 b) t ≤ 8 c) d > 700
17. a)
0 3 6 1000 1500 2000
4 b) x ≥ 1500
c) Yes; 4 is greater than -9. 18. a) Paul will beat the record if he finishes the race in
less than 41.5 s. b) t < 41.5
-10 -4 2
19. a) Example: A school environmental awareness club
4 hopes to recycle at least 650 cans each month.
d) Yes; 4 is greater than or equal to 4. b)
600 650 700
0 3 6 c) c ≥ 650
4 20. a) m ≤ 10.75 b)
10.00 11.00
7. a) Example: All values greater than or equal to 8.
21. a) Shanelle will have to pay more insurance if the
Three possible values are 11, 15, and 22.
distance between her home and workplace is farther than
b) Example: All values less than -12. Three possible
15 km. b)
values are -14, -21.5, and -100. 13 15 17
c) Example: All values less than or equal to 6.4. Three 22. a)
possible values are 1, 3, and 6.4. 3 4 5 20 30 40 30 50 70
b) w ≤ 4; s ≤ 30; m ≥ 50
d) Example: All values that exceed -12.7. Three possible
23. a) x = 6 b) Since the only possible value for x that
values are -11, 0, and 33.
satisfies both inequalities is 6, there will be a single solid
8. a)
12 32 52 dot on the number line at 6.
b) p ≥ 32 24. 50 < s ≤ 80
9. a) All values greater than 4. b) All values less than or 25. a) All values greater than 4 and less than 7
equal to -2. c) All values greater than or equal to -13.
10. a) Example: x < 12.7 or 12.7 > x 4 7
b) All values less than 4
b) Example: y > 4.65 or 4.65 < y
c) Example: y ≤ -24.3 or -24.3 ≥ y 4 7
11. a) c) All values greater than 7
0 3 6
b) 4 7
9 12 15
d) All values less than 4 and greater than 7
c)
-23 -19 -15
d) 4 7
-6 -4 -2 0

Answers • MHR 483

 s ≥ 120; s ≥ 600. She will have to spend at least
22. __
9.2 Solving Single-Step Inequalities, pages 357–359
5
5. a) x ≥ 29 b) -7 < x c) x > -13.8 d) 35 ≤ x $600 to get at least 120 points.
6. a) y ≥ 9 b) -14.5 < y c) y ≤ -4 d) y > 6.25 23. a) 115d ≥ 1000; 4d ≤ 50 b) d ≥ 8.70; d ≤ 12.5
7. a) x > 150 b) x ≤ 36 c) 2.4 ≥ x d) x > -30 c) Chris can build between 9 and 12 doghouses and stay
8. a)–c) No, the inequality is not changed because there within his guidelines.
is no multiplication or division by a negative number. 5
24. x > -__
d) Yes, the direction of the inequality is changed because 6
there is division by a negative number. 25.
-15 -11
e) Yes, the direction of the inequality is changed because
26. The mass of the energy bar must be between 66.67 g
there is multiplication by a negative number. and 76.92 g.
f) No, the inequality is not changed because there is no
27. a) x ≤ 5 b) x ≥ 5
multiplication or division by a negative number. 28. a) -14 ≤ x and x ≤ -1 b) -1 < x and x < 6
9. a) yes b) yes c) yes d) no 3
5 ≥ x and x > -__
10. a) yes b) no c) no d) yes c) __
2 2
11. a) yes b) no c) yes d) yes
12. a) yes b) No; the correct answer is x > -16, not x > 16. 9.3 Solving Multi-Step Inequalities, pages 365–367
13. a) No; the correct solution is -9 ≥ x, not -11 ≥ x.
b) yes 3. a) x < 11 b) x > -20 c) 50 ≤ x
14. a) 85f ≤ 1400 b) f ≤ 16.47 c) No, the boundary 1
4. a) y ≤ 10.4 b) -2.1 > y c) y > -108 d) x ≤ 3__
5
value is not a positive integer, which is required when 5. a) Check the boundary value: 3(8) + 11 = 35.
discussing the number of fence__ sections. Check another number in the solution set,
15. a) 6w > 50 b) w > 8.3. Megan must win 9 or more
x = 10: 3(10) + 11 = 41. Since 41 is greater than 35,
races to move up to the next racing category. c) No, the the solution is correct. b) Solve the inequality:
number of races won will be a non-negative integer. 24 - 5x - 24 > 39 - 24. Finally, simplify
16. a) Example: Three solutions are -6, -20.2, and -10. -5x < ___ 15 to get the solution, x < -3.
_____
Three non-solutions are 0, -4, and 8.6. -5 -5
b) Example: Three solutions are 0, -2, and 5.5. Three 9
6. a) x < 6 b) x ≥ 11 c) x < -__ d) x > 39
non-solutions are -11, -8, and -16. 8
17. Example: The inequality sign is reversed because each 7. a) y < 2 b) y ≤ 10 c) y > ___ 28 d) y ≥ 3
side was divided by a negative number, -5. 9
18. a) Example: The single sharpening cost is about 8. a) Example: Let j represent the number of jerseys;
$6. When this is divided by 48, the answer is 8. So, if 40j + 80 < 50j b) Example: Let n represent the number
the skates need to be sharpened more than 8 times, the of text messages sent in one month; 0.12n < 0.05n + 15
monthly charge would be a better option. 9. a) 0.05p + 10 > 0.04p + 15 b) John will have to
b) 5.75s > 49; s > 8.52. It would be better to take deliver more than 500 papers to make the Advance the
advantage of the monthly special if the skates were better offer.
sharpened more than 8 times. The estimate and solution 10. a) Example: ABC Rentals would be a better deal
to the inequality are the same. __ if you travel less than 200 km per day (30 ÷ 0.15).
19. a) 0.03p ≥ 250; p ≥ 8333.3. The owner would need b) 0.14k + 25 < 55 c) ABC Rentals will be the better
to make a profit of at least $8333.33 in order to donate option if Kim travels less than 214.3 km per day.
at least $250 to the local 11. Kevin’s weekly sales must be at least $4000 for Dollar
__ charity. b) Example: Check the
boundary point, 8333.3, and then check Deal to pay more.
__ that both sides
of the inequality are equal: 0.03(8333.3) = 250. Check a 12. Print Express would be the better option if more than
number that is larger than the boundary value (9000) and 236 yearbooks are ordered.
see that it is a solution: 0.03(9000) = 270. Since 270 is 13. The member’s plan is a better deal when 22 or more
larger than 250, then 9000 is a solution to the inequality. buckets of balls are used per month.
20. 0.084k ≤ 57; k ≤ 678.57; They can travel no more 14. Molly must sell at least 72 candles in order to make
than 678.57 km, assuming the car consumes the average a profit.
amount of fuel. 15. The first tank will contain less water after
21. a) Natalie must run 8 laps in order to complete the 3 minutes have passed.
27___
3200-m distance: 3200 ÷ 400 = 8. The total time of 11
16. a) Example: Estimate: 20 min b) Rob will be closer
9 min 23 s is equivalent to 563 s: 9 × 60 + 23 = 563.
to the top after 17.14 min have passed.
The expression 8x represents her total time, where x is
17. x < 5.2;
her average time per lap. Consequently, her total time 5 6
must be less than the current record of 563 s: 8x < 563. 18.
b) x < 70.375 2 3 4 5

484 MHR • Answers

19. Lauren can cut 34, 35, or 36 lawns per month and 18. a) x < 45 b) 7.5 > x c) x ≥ -1 d) x < -20
stay within her guidelines. 9
e) 1.4 ≤ x f) x < -__
20. a) Ella is correct when x > 0. 8
b) Ella is incorrect when x ≤ 0. Example: Ella is correct 19. The maximum number of people that can attend the
when x = 2, but she is incorrect when x = -11.2. banquet is 64.
21. 9 ≥ x and x ≥ -2 20. Greg would need to purchase at least 201 tracks per
22. x > 0 month to make Plan A the better option.

Chapter 9 Review, pages 368–369

1. inequality Chapter 10
2. graphically; algebraically
3. open circle 10.1 Exploring Angles in a Circle, pages 382–385
4. solution 3. ADB and AEB are inscribed angles that are subtended
5. boundary point by the same arc as the central ACB. The measure of ACB
6. closed circle is 82°. Therefore, ADB and AEB have measures that
7. a) Example: Savings ≤ 40% are half the measure of ACB. Half of 82 is 41. So, the
b) Example: Free shipping for purchases ≥ $500 measure of ADB is 41° and the measure of AEB is 41°.
c) Example: Number of items on sale > 80 4. a) 23°. Example: The inscribed angles subtended by
8. a) Example: The bicycle must be at least 6.8 kg in the same arc of a circle are equal. b) 46° Example: A
mass. central angle is twice the measure of an inscribed angle
subtended by the same arc.
6 7
b) Example: The bicycle must be less than or equal to 5. 30°
30°
185 cm.
C
180 190
60°
9. a) x > 13; A number greater than 13.
b) x ≤ 8.6. A number less than or equal to 8.6.
10. a)
-8 -4 0 6. a) 90°. Example: ∠ABD is an inscribed angle subtended
b) by the diameter of the circle. b) 8 cm
0 7
c) 7. a) 90° b) 11.3 cm
9 10 Example: Since CFG is a right triangle, by the
d) Pythagorean relationship,
-2 -1 0
11. Example: 82 + 82 = FG2
64 + 64 = FG2
Linear Inequality One Solution Value One Non-solution Value
128 = FG2
____
r > -4 3 -10
√128 = FG
0≤s≤7 3.4 11
9.5 > t 8 22 11.3 ≈ FG
8. Example: Jacob could place his flashlight anywhere on
5
v ≤ -__ -2 0
4 the major arc MN.
12. a) d > -3 b) 5.4 < a c) -33 ≥ b d) c < -16
13. a) No, the solution is incorrect. The boundary value M
of 8 is correct but the direction is incorrect. C 30°
N
b) The solution is correct. 15°
14. a) 14.5t ≥ 600 b) Tim must work at least 41.4 h per
week to achieve his goal.
15. Danielle can buy a maximum of 13 scoops of ice
9. Example: In the diagram, X is the ideal location.
cream and stay within her budget.
16. No, the solution is incorrect. The boundary value is
correct but the direction is incorrect.
17. a) Yes, the solution is correct. b) Example: First, 22°
X C 44°
check that the boundary value creates an equation. Then,
check a solution value in the original inequality and see if
it results in a true inequality statement.

Answers • MHR 485

10. a) 76°. Example: ∠ACD is a central angle subtended 6. Example: Hannah should draw any two chords
by the same arc as the inscribed angle ∠ABD. Its measure on the circle. She should then locate and draw the
is twice the inscribed angle’s measure. b) ACD is an perpendicular bisectors of each chord. The intersection of
isosceles triangle because the sides AC and DC are radii the perpendicular bisectors is the centre of the trampoline.
of the same circle and are therefore equal.
c) 52°. Subtract the measure of ∠ACD, 76°, from 180°
and divide by 2. O
11. a) 130° b) 65°. FCE is an isosceles triangle since
sides FC and EC are radii of the same circle. Therefore,
the measure of ∠ECF = 180° - 2(25°) = 130°. ∠EGF
is an inscribed angle subtended by the same arc as the
central angle ∠EGF and is therefore one half its measure. 7. 30 m. Example: Find the length of EB by using the
12. a) 15° b) 24° c) 48° d) 30° Pythagorean relationship.
13. a) 56° b) 90° c) a right triangle d) 90° 82 + EB2 = 172
14. No. Example: Neither ADB or ACB are right 64 + EB2 = 289
triangles. The Pythagorean relationship can only be used EB2 = 225
____
with right triangles. EB = √225
15. a) x = 45°, y = 45° b) x = 60°, y = 120° EB = 15
c) x = 15°, y = 30° d) x = 35°, y = 45° Double the length of EB to obtain the length of AB.
16. In the diagram, find M 2(15) = 30. The length of AB is 30 m.
the measure of ∠PMQ. 8. 16 cm
9. a) 5.2 b) 5.6
10. 7 cm
O Q 11. 16 cm2
12. 24 mm

P
17. The measure of ∠ACE = 28° D C
and the measure of ∠ABE = 14°. 14°
25 mm
C
A B
F
E D 7 mm
E
13. Example: Locate and draw the perpendicular bisectors
of any two sides of the octagon. The point where the
18. a) x = 25°, y = 50° b) x = 95°, y = 55° two perpendicular bisectors intersect is the centre of the
19. 14.14 cm octagon.
20. a) 9° b) 17°
21. a) 180° ÷ 2 = 90° b) 180° - 90° - 27° = 63°
c) 63°. ∠AEG is opposite ∠BEH and therefore equal.
d) 60° e) 120°

10.2 Exploring Chord Properties, pages 389–393

4. 9 cm. Example: Since ACE is a right triangle, by the 14. Example: Draw any two chords. Locate and draw
Pythagorean relationship, the perpendicular bisectors of the two chords. The point
122 + CE2 = 152 of intersection of the two perpendicular bisectors is
144 + CE2 = 225 the centre of the circle. Measure the distance from the
CE2 = 81___ centre of the circle to the endpoint of any chord. If the
CE = √81 measurement is 8 cm, his diagram was accurate.
CE = 9 15. a) 90°. An inscribed angle that subtends a diameter
5. 8.1 mm. Example: Draw radius HC to form a right has a measure of 90°. b) 12 cm. ADE is a right
triangle. By the Pythagorean relationship, triangle. By using the Pythagorean relationship,
42 + 72 = CH2 162 + AD2 = 202
16 + 49 = CH2 256 + AD2 = 400
65 = CH2 AD2 = 144 ____
___
√65 = CH AD = √144
8.1 ≈ CH AD = 12

486 MHR • Answers

c) 5.6 cm. DFE is a right triangle. By using the d) 90°. Since segment JH is tangent to the circle at point
Pythagorean relationship, H, it is perpendicular to the radius CH.
152 + DF2 = 162 e) 70°. Since triangle CJH is a right triangle and
225 + DF2 = 256 ∠JCH = 20°, 180° - 90° - 20° = 70°.
DF2 = 31___ 5. a) 8 m. Since triangle ABD is a right triangle, by using
DF = √31 the Pythagorean relationship,
DF ≈ 5.6 62 + BD2 = 102
d) 11.2 cm. The length of BD = twice the length of DF. 36 + BD2 = 100
BD = 2DF BD2 = 64___
BD = 2(5.6) BD = √64
= 11.2 BD = 8
16. a) 65°. ∠HMP subtends the same arc as the central b) 4 m. Since chord BE is the same measure as a radius
angle that has a measure of 130°. Therefore, the measure and the diameter is 8 m, the measure of chord BE is 4 m.
of ∠HMP is half of 130°. b) 90°. Segment CJ is the c) 90°. ∠BED is a right angle because it is an inscribed
perpendicular bisector of chord MP. Therefore ∠HEM is angle subtending a diameter.
90°. c) 25°. ∠HEM is 90°. Therefore, HME is a right d) 7 m. Since DEB is a right triangle, by using the
triangle, so 180° - 90° - 65° = 25°. Pythagorean relationship,
d) 25°. ∠MPJ is an inscribed angle subtending the same 42 + DE2 = 82
arc as the inscribed angle of 25°. e) 50°. ∠HCP and 16 + DE2 = 64
∠PCE are supplementary angles. f) 40°. CEP is a right DE2 = 48___
triangle, so 180° - 90° - 50° = 40°. DE = √48
17. 1.2 m DE ≈ 7
18. Example: Gavyn made two mistakes. The first mistake 6. a) 10 mm. The diameter is twice the measure of the
is that the diagram is labelled incorrectly: segment AC radius. b) Yes. Since inscribed angle ∠GJH subtends the
should be labelled as 13 cm. The second mistake is that diameter GH, it is therefore a right angle. c) 8.7 mm.
segment AC is the hypotenuse, not a leg. So, by the Since GHJ is a right triangle, by using the Pythagorean
Pythagorean relationship, EC2 + AE2 = AC2. The correct relationship,
length of AB is 24 cm. 52 + HJ2 = 102
19. 15.6 mm 25 + HJ2 = 100
20. a) If a bisector of a chord passes through the centre HJ2 = 75___
of a circle, then the bisector is perpendicular to the chord. HJ = √75
b) 22° and 68° HJ ≈ 8.7
21. Since the bisectors of chords AB and DE pass through d) 90°. Since segment FG is tangent to the circle at
the centres of their respective circles, the bisectors are point G and segment CG is a radius of the circle, angle
perpendicular to chords AB and DE. Two line segments FGH = 90°.
perpendicular to the same segment are parallel. e) 12.2 mm. Since FGH is a right triangle, by using the
Pythagorean relationship,
10.3 Tangents to a Circle, pages 399–403 72 + 102 = FH2
49 + 100 = FH2
3. a) 90°. ∠BDC is 90° because segment AB is
149 = FH2
____
tangent to the circle at point D and segment DC is
√149 = FH
a radius. b) 150°. ∠DCB = 30° because triangle
12.2 ≈ FH
DBC is a right triangle and 180° - 90° - 60° = 30°.
7. 16.8 m, 11.8 m
Since ∠DCB and ∠DCE are supplementary angles,
8. a) 17 m b) 12 cm
∠DEC = 180° - 30° = 150° c) CDE is an isosceles
9. a) 35° b) 164°
triangle since two sides are radii of the circle and are
10. a) Rectangle. Example: It is a rectangle because
therefore equal. d) 15°. ∠DEC is an inscribed angle
opposite sides are equal and all angles are 90°.
subtending the same arc as central angle ∠DCB, which
b) 30 cm
is 30°. Therefore, ∠DEC = __ 1 the measure of ∠DCB.
2
4. a) CGL is an isosceles triangle since two sides are
radii of the circle and are therefore equal. b) 160°. Since
CGL is isosceles, 180° - 10° - 10° = 160°.
c) 20°. Since ∠JCH is a central angle subtending the same
arc as ∠JGC, which is 10°, the measure of ∠JCH is twice
the measure of ∠JGC.

Answers • MHR 487

11. 8.4 cm. Since ABD is a right triangle, by using the 16. Example: The four congruent circles represent
Pythagorean relationship, watered regions of the square field. The circles are tangent
4.22 + 7.32 = DB2 to the sides of the square. If the area of the field is
17.64 + 53.29 = DB2 400 m2, what is the area of the field that is not watered?
70.93 = DB2
______
√70.93 = DB
8.4 ≈ DB
B

4.2 cm
Answer: The side length of the square is the square root
D A of the area of the square, or 20 m. The radius of each
7.3 cm
circle is 5 m. To find the area of the unwatered region,
subtract the area of the four circles from the area of the
square field.
12. a) 90°. Since segment AD is tangent to the circle at 400 - 4πr2 ≈ 400 - 314.16
point D and DB is a diameter, a right angle is formed ≈ 85.8
at the point of tangency. b) 45°. Since ADB is an The area of the unwatered region is 85.8 m2
isosceles right triangle, (180° - 90°) ÷ 2 = 45°. 17. 96 cm
c) 45°. ∠DFE is an inscribed angle subtending the same 18. B has coordinates (6, 2). C has coordinates (4, 6).
arc as inscribed angle, ∠DBA which is 45°. 19.
13. a) 90°. Since line l is tangent to the circle at point H
and CH is a radius, a right angle is formed. b) 90°. Since
chord JK is parallel to line l and line l is perpendicular to
segment CH, segment JK is perpendicular to segment CH.
c) 8.5 cm. Since a line passing through the centre of a
circle that is perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord.
d) 3.2 cm. Since CGJ is a right triangle, by using the
Pythagorean relationship,
8.52 + CG2 = 9.12 20. 146 cm
72.25 + CG2 = 82.81 21. 17.6 cm
CG2 = 10.56 22. 43.6 cm
______
CG = √10.56
CG ≈ 3.2 Chapter 10 Review, pages 404–405
14. x = 11, ∠JGH = 53° 1. radius
15. 40°. Example: The inscribed angle of 85° subtends 2. inscribed angle
the same arc as a central angle. Therefore, the measure 3. chord
of the central angle is twice the measure of the inscribed 4. perpendicular bisector
angle, or 170°. One of the angles of the right triangle has 5. a) 24° b) 48°
a measure of 360° - 170° - 140° = 50°. 6. x = 48°, y = 48°
So, 180° - 90° - 50° = 40°. 7. No, the central angle inscribed by the same arc as the
inscribed angle has a measure that is twice as large.
8. 18°
9. 90°
10. 28°
11. Example: The perpendicular bisector of a chord
passes through the centre of the circle.
12. Example: She should have found the perpendicular
bisector of her string and the perpendicular bisector of a
second string. The intersection of the two perpendicular
bisectors would be the location of the centre of the table.

488 MHR • Answers

13. 48 m. Since ACB is a right triangle, by using the 5. Example: a) No bias. b) The bias is asking only
Pythagorean relationship, owners of boarding horses and using the negative
102 + AB2 = 262 word “annoying”. Rewrite: “Where should the stable
100 + AB2 = 676 be located?” c) The bias is asking only riders and
AB2 = 576____ including “on the site of the stable.” Rewrite: “Where
AB = √576 should a public park be built?”
AB = 24 6. Example: a) The influencing factor is the use of
The radius is 24 m. The diameter AE is twice the radius, language. The respondent may not prefer either of the
or 48 m. two choices. Rewrite: “What soda do you prefer?”
14. Example: Two chords should be drawn. Then the b) The influencing factor is asking the opposition
perpendicular bisector of each chord should be drawn. party member. Rewrite: “Who do you think is the best
The intersection of the two perpendicular bisectors is prime minister in Canadian history?” c) The person
the centre of the circle. Next, find the measure from the responding may be confused by the question. Rewrite:
centre to a point on the circle. This distance is the radius, “Do your appliances and tools need any maintenance?
which would be used to find the circumference. If yes, do you know about the Hands-On-Repair
15. 6.3 cm Company?” d) This is private information. Students
16. 133° may not know their parents’ income. No suggestion for
17. 6 mm a rewrite.
18. The horizontal distance was 131 m. The variable, d, 7. Example: a) “Which riding trails would you support
represents the horizontal distance. closing?” b) “Who is your favourite male movie
d star?” c) “What is the cheapest way to travel a long
distance?”
50 m 8. Example: a) “What sport do you like to watch?”
140 m
b) “What is your favourite flavour of ice cream?”
c) “Do you use the Internet to watch TV? If yes, what
shows do you watch most often online?”
9. Example: a) “What juice flavour is your favourite?”
or “Which of the following is your favourite juice
19. a) 90°. The line that is tangent to a circle at a flavour? a) apple, b) orange, c) pineapple, d) grapefruit,
point of tangency is perpendicular to the radius at e) other”
that point. b) 42°. CEF is a right triangle, so b) “What is your favourite shirt colour?” or “Which of
180° - 90° - 48° = 42° c) 138°. ∠ECD and ∠ECF the following is your favourite shirt colour? a) yellow,
are supplementary angles, so 180° - 42° = 138°. b) black, c) white, d) red, e) other”
d) 21°. DEC is an isosceles triangle, so c) “What kind of diet do you support?” or “Which
∠DEC = (180° - 138°) ÷ 2 = 21°. type of diet do you support? a) natural food, b) high
e) 69°. ∠AED + ∠DEC + ∠CEF = 180°, so protein, c) low carbohydrates, d) low fat, e) other”
180° - 90° - 21° = 69°. 10. Example: a) Ask people ages 13 to 19; “What
f) 21°. ∠EDB is an inscribed angle that subtends the sport do you like best?” b) Ask cell-phone owners;
same arc as the central angle ∠ECF, which is 42°, and is “What is most important consideration when buying a
therefore one half its measure. cell phone?” c) Ask people who use a media source;
20. a) 42° b) 48° “What media source do you trust the most?”
11. Example: a) “Have you tried Crystal Juice? If yes,
would you consider buying it as your regular juice?”
Chapter 11 b) “Do you use cough medicines? If yes, which brands
do you use?” c) “If you were hiking in the bush and
11.1 Factors Affecting Data Collection, pages 419–421 came across a moose, what would you do?” d) “Do
you have Internet access? If yes, how satisfied are you
4. Example: a) The responses would be biased. The soccer with the level of service you receive?”
team would have no interest in uniforms for the volleyball 12. Example: a) The use of “expensive store” in the
team. b) The responses would be biased. Truck drivers question makes the question biased. Rewrite: “Where
would probably respond that they prefer to drive have you purchased clothing items within the past
trucks. c) The cost of the survey would be high and may year?” b) Asking members of the golf club makes the
outweigh the benefits of the study. d) The influencing question biased. Rewrite: “Are you in favour of the
factor is use of language. The positive descriptions of proposed highway?”
“most sturdy” and “expertly designed” could prompt
them to choose Invincible Bikes.

Answers • MHR 489

13. Example: a) Biased question: “Do you prefer mindless 7. Example: a) Ask people listening to the show
computer games or mind stimulating board games like to volunteer to phone-in their opinions. This is a
chess?” Rewrite: “What kind of games do you prefer voluntary response sample. b) Take a random
to play?” sample by assigning each school a number, and have
14. Example: a) Question 1: “Would you consider a random number generator select 25 numbers.
going on an Arctic adventure tour? If yes, what c) Take a convenience sample by asking the first 50
activities would appeal to you?” Question 2: “If you teenagers who enter the mall on a Saturday. d) Take a
were going on an Arctic adventure tour, which of the convenience sample by asking the first 50 people who
following activities would interest you? a) dogsledding, enter a coffee shop downtown.
b) white-water rafting, c) mountain climbing, d) big 8. Example: a) Population; there are not that many
game hunting” Question 3: “Have you ever gone on hospitals. b) Sample; it would be too costly and time-
a trip to the Arctic? If yes, what activities did you consuming to ask all grade 9 students. c) Population;
participate in?” all parachutes should be tested because their use
c) The use of language is the influencing factor that involves life or death. d) Sample; it would be too
creates the bias. The words “mindless” and “mind costly and time-consuming to test all bike tires.
stimulating” could sway a participant’s answer to the 9. Adults represent 50% of the population, teens
survey question. represent 20% of the population, and children represent
15. Example: If the source of the poll is a political 30% of the population. Kristi could stratify by asking
party, the survey question may contain influencing 5 adults, 2 teens, and 3 children.
factors that would affect the outcome. 10. a) The population is the students of the school.
b) The sample is students who use the cafeteria.
11.2 Collecting Data, pages 427–429 c) For the first question, yes, students who use the
cafeteria would have an opinion about paint colours for
4. Example: a) The population would be people who
the walls. For the second question, no, students who
listen to rock bands. Since this population size could be
do not use the cafeteria should also be included in the
quite large, a sample would be the most time- and cost-
survey regarding the use of the cafeteria for graduation.
effective. b) The population would be this year’s grade
d) No, he should not use the same sample for each
9 students. A sample or population could be used,
question. Even though both questions refer to the
depending on the number of grade 9 students.
cafeteria, the two questions are unrelated. Students who
c) The population would be customers of the store who
use the cafeteria would have an opinion about paint
buy soccer shirts. A sample or population could be
colours for the walls. But students who do not use the
used, depending on the number of customers.
cafeteria should be included in the survey regarding the
d) The population would be people who use shampoo.
use of the cafeteria for graduation.
Since most people use shampoo, the population would
11. a) Yes, there is a bias in Enzo’s sample. The bias is
be too large. A sample would be more appropriate.
surveying people at a baseball game regarding spending
5. Example: a) The population would be people who
the budget on baseball equipment.
use the Internet at home. Since the population would
b) A random sample of ten students from each class
be very large, a sample would be less time-consuming
would reflect the overall opinion of the students.
and more cost-effective. b) The population would be
12. There could be 20 different responses from either
people associated with the school. A sample would
method. The sample is too small to yield a conclusive
be less time-consuming. c) The population would be
result. If Anita uses a stratified sample that is larger,
customers of an electronics store who use the repairs
then her method would be better due to more people
and service department. A sample or population could
being involved. Also, the stratified sample would ensure
be used, depending on the number of customers.
that all departments are represented.
d) The population would be people with special needs.
13. Example: She must have enough friends to make a
A sample would be appropriate. It would be difficult to
large sample. Her friends’ families must represent the
find and ask all people with special needs.
population of Canadian households.
6. Example: a) Voluntary response; place an ad in the
14. Example: a) Yes; ___12 is 24%, so 24% of the people in
newspaper asking people to respond. b) Stratified;
50
count the number of people in different categories of the survey are allergic to dogs. No; The fact that none of
people associated with the school: students, parents, the 50 people surveyed are allergic to hedgehogs does not
and staff. Ask a proportional number of people from mean that no people are allergic to hedgehogs.
each group. c) Systematic; ask every 10th repair/service b) “Are you allergic to any animals? If yes, what animal
customer. d) Voluntary response; place an ad in the are you allergic to?” There may be other animals that are
newspaper asking people with special needs to respond. not on the list that people are allergic to. Some people
may not have allergies to any animals.

490 MHR • Answers

16. Example: a) The survey assumes everyone surveyed 15. a) The theoretical probability of giving birth to a girl
is aware of what the fire department is doing. Rewrite: 1 . So, the theoretical probability of having three girls
is __
“Have you had the fire department perform a service 2
for you? If yes, how would you rate the service?” 1 × __
is __ 1 × __
1 = __
1 . b) 0% c) The theoretical probability
b) Influencing factors: Who was asked? When were 2 2 2 8
is 12.5% or __ 1 and the experimental probability is 0%.
they asked? How were they asked? It could have been a
8
convenience sample that asked people who lived around
d) No, both the theoretical and experimental probabilities
the fire station. It may have been a voluntary response
are very low. e) Assumption: The probability that a
sample, where people were asked to mail in a response
newly-born child is a boy is 50%.
to a survey question that was placed in their mailbox.
16. a) Example: Yes, the sample was random
A random, stratified, or systematic survey would reflect
and sufficiently large. b) 25% c) 1509 students
opinions more accurately.
d) Assumption: The proportion in the general population
is the same as the proportion in the sample.
11.3 Probability in Society, pages 435–439
4. He assumed that the random sample was large Chapter 11 Review, pages 444–445
enough to represent the entire population of light bulbs.
1. H
5. If the sample is accurate, 4080 toothpicks would be
2. C
damaged. Assumption: The sample was random and
3. E
large enough to represent the population of toothpicks.
4. A
6. a) Yes, only vegetarians were sampled. Assuming that
5. G
there are non-vegetarians in the school population, the
6. D
supervisor made a false prediction.
7. B
b) Example: Ask a larger sample of students, stratifying
8. I
vegetarian and non-vegetarian students.
9. F
7. a) The prediction may be correct, but a larger sample
10. Example: a) The wording is an influencing
would be more accurate. b) Use a larger sample.
factor. The use of the word “increased” will tend to
8. a) 10 people b) The theoretical probability is 33 __ 1 %.
make people respond negatively. b) The wording is
3
This assumes each of the three candidates has the same confusing, “What is store-bought bread?” c) The
chance of winning. c) The experimental probability of sample is biased. Only juice drinkers are asked the
1 %. survey question.
53% is greater than the theoretical probability of 33 __ 11. Example: a) The influencing factor is the use of
3
d) If the winner receives the greatest number of votes language. The question assumes that respondents like
and the poll represents the population of voters, cheesecake. Rewrite: “Do you like cheesecake? If yes,
Candidate A will win. what is your favourite flavour?” b) The influencing
9. a) 20% b) Assumption: Each movie type has the factor is a bias by stating that “everyone loves the
same chance of being selected. c) 20% Rockets.” Rewrite: “Do you like rock music? If yes,
d) The probabilities are the same. e) 600 movies who is your favourite rock group?” c) The influencing
10. a) 6.5 b) 7 c) 6 d) The samples are close factor is ethics, assuming respondents download music
indicators because they were off by 0.5 from the mean from the Internet. Rewrite: “Do you download music
of all ten judges. from the Internet? If yes, what music did you download
11. a) The sample is too small, so it may not represent in the past month?”
the population of grade 9 students who work part-time. 12. Example: a) The population is teens in Canada.
It could be biased. b) No, since the sample could be Take a stratified sample by categorizing teens by where
biased. they live: rural, city, small town. b) The population
12. The experimental probability of having a boy is is students in your school. Take a random sample by
48.7%. Since this is slightly less than the theoretical systematically choosing every 10th student from an
probability of 50%, the results confirm the article’s alphabetical list. c) The population is the gas station
claim. retailers in the community. Take a random sample by
14. a) John used theoretical probability assuming that placing the name of each retailer in a box, and drawing
each vehicle has an equal chance of passing the bus ten names.
stop. Cathy used an experimental probability method
based on her past experience. b) John’s prediction was
20%. Cathy’s was 40%. The experimental probability
was about 13%. John was closer.
c) 105 trucks.

Answers • MHR 491

13. a) This is a convenience sample. This sample may 2. 3.4 m
not typify the average mall shopper. b) This is a type 3. $3.49
of stratified sample. But unless the population of each 4. 2.5 h
province or territory is the same, selecting 20 youths 5. 21
from each group is not a proportional selection. c) This 6. a) x ≤ 17 b) -6.6 ≤ x < -5
is a convenience sample. Selecting employees from one 7. a) x < -6
store location may not typify the average employee of a
fast-food chain. -8 -7 -6 -5
14. Example: a) A stratified sample of the doctors, b) 2.4 < x
nurses, and hospital administrators would be
representative of the hospital’s needs. b) A 1 2 3
systematic sample of every 10th customer who buys
8. a) 8 ≤ x b) 1.3 million < x c) x ≤ 3.7% d) x ≤ 10%
a sundae would give a representative random sample.
9. a) x < 8.8
15. a) convenience b) stratified c) systematic
16. a) Approximately 304 trout b) Assumptions: All 6 7 8 9
fish are equally easy to catch. None of the fish died
and none were born. The stream is a closed system b) x > -__
8
and the fish cannot “escape” into a lake or ocean. 5
c) Example: Wait less time, but long enough to ensure 10 5 0 _5
- __ -_
a thorough mixing of the fish. Perhaps four or five 5 5 5
days would give more accurate results.
c) -50 ≤ x
17. Example: a) No. Her sample is biased since all
the sample members were also members of her class.
-50 -40 -30
b) She could take a systematic sample by obtaining
an alphabetical list of all the grade 9 students and d) 12 ≤ x
asking every 10th student on the list.
18. Assumption: The sample represents the 12 13 14 15
population of grade 9 students.
Group 1: I agree with this statement because only 10. a) 4.5 ≤ x b) 20 < x c) 13 > x d) -9 ≤ x
12.5% indicated they spent the most money on 11. More than approximately 9.29 t
clothes. 12. a) 145t ≤ 800 b) 5.5 or fewer hours
Group 2: I disagree with this statement because 13. after 40 h
only 27% chose cell phones. Cell phones are more 14. ∠DEB = 47°, ∠DCB = 94°
expensive than many other forms of entertainment. 15. CE = 5.4 cm
This may lead students to spend more money on 16. EF = 48 mm
them, but they could attend movies or buy music 17. 138 cm
more often. 18. Example: a) The wording leads the respondents to
Group 3: I agree with this statement because 27% of 500 choose cards. Rewrite: “Do you play cards?”
is 135. b) People surveyed may not drink milk. Rewrite: “Do
Group 4: I disagree with this statement because less you drink milk? If yes, what type do you prefer to
than half of the sample spent money on these items. drink?”
19. Example: a) The population is students.
Chapters 8–11 Review, pages 450–452 b) A convenience sample could be used, in which you
1 ask your friends. A systematic sample could be used,
1. a) x < 1, since 8 times x is less than 8. x = ___
20 in which you obtain an alphabetical list of students in
b) x > 1, since x divided by 9 is close to 1, x your school, and ask every 10th student on the list.
must be close to 9. x = 7.5 c) x > 1, since 7 divided by
x is less than 1, x must be greater than 7. x = 28
d) x < 1, since for x to fit into 1 almost 3 times, x must
2
be less than 1. x = __
5

492 MHR • Answers

20. E
Example:
l a) Th
The population
l i is i the
h audience
di off the
h
talk show. A voluntary sample of people watching the
show could be used. b) The population is the people
in the book store. The author could use a random
sample by asking the first 50 people who enter the
store.
c) The population is the students of the school. The
sample could be a systematic sample of every 20th
student on the school roster.
21. Example: a) The population is department
managers and sales associates. b) The sampling
method is random. c) Yes; there is a random sample
of 20 stores, a random sample of 40 departments, and
a random sample of department managers and sales
associates.
22. Example: a) Since the grade 9 students were the
only ones sampled, they assumed they knew what
the elementary students would want to eat for the
barbecue. b) A stratified sample would work best.
Group the school by grades, and take a proportional
sample of each grade.
23. a) 50% b) The assumption is that there is an equal
chance of each answer being either correct or incorrect.
c) Example: Flipping a coin could be used to model this
experiment. e) An experiment of only ten trials may
not be enough to accurately predict the outcome.

Answers • MHR 493