STRUCTURAL DESIGN

ANALYSIS Reinforced
Concrete
Buildings
This work is intended to all students of Mizan – Teppi University, Ethiopia,
Engineering Campus, most especially to my students in Construction
Technology and Management (COTM).
The contents of this stresses professional applications, as the Lecturer is a
Practicing Civil Engineer with innumerable hands on experiences in
Construction Management.
This is a comprehensive reference works that will provide students with
direct approach in Structural Analysis and keep them abreast of New
Practices and Techniques.
 THE LECTURER
Engr. Roger Salvatierra Tobias
E mail : phils.roger@gmail.com
Ethio Tel : +251919180034

Registered Civil Engineer

License Number 0036565
Professional Regulations Commission
www.prc.gov.ph

M. Sc. in Management
SLSU, Philippines

Doctor of Philosophy In Technology Management (Ph.D. – TM)

(Dissertation Agendum On Going)
Cebu City, Philippines
Ten(10) years Academe / Teaching Experiences
Philippines, Bahrain and Ethiopia
1. Construction Management (Buildings, Roads, Bridges and Water Supply)
2. Contract Administration :
Experiences on Project Implementation Based on World Bank Procurement of Works,
Goods and Services, Standards.
3. Computer Based Construction Planning, Scheduling, Quantity Surveying and
Estimates :
Knowledge on the Application of MS Project (2007 / 2010)
Knowledge on the Application of Primavera Project Planner (P3 and P6)
Knowledge on Cost Estimates Using MS Excel and Spreadsheet

More than twenty (20) years in Construction Industry :

World Bank Philippines, Dammam Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Tripoli Libya,
Riyadh KSA and KFWGerman Govt. Finance Projects.
Experiences in:
1. High Rise Buildings
2. Airports (NewTripoli International Airports in Tripoli Libya–
STRABAG, Germany)
3. Light Railway Transit structures, Manila City Philippines
4. Bridges and Waterworks (1ST LED, Dept. Of Public Works and
Highways, Philippines)

1 (Engr. Roger Salvatierra Tobias)

REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS
Reinforced concrete is concrete in which reinforcing bars or other types of reinforcement have been
integrated to improve one or more properties of the concrete.
For many years, it has been utilized as an economical construction material in one form or another in
buildings, bridges, and many other types of structures throughout the world.
The basic constituent materials—cement, sand, aggregate, water, and reinforcing bars—are widely
available and that it is possible to construct a structure using local sources of labor and materials.
Building code provisions are founded on principles that
1. do not unnecessarily increase construction costs;
2. do not restrict the use of new materials, products, or methods of construction;
3. do not give preferential treatment to particular types or classes of materials, products, or methods
of construction.
American Concrete Institute (ACI) 318 is commonly referred to as the “ACI Code” or the “Code.”
The ACI Code provides minimum requirements for the design and construction of structural concrete
members. The term “structural concrete” refers to all plain and reinforced concrete members used for
structural purposes.

Design philosophies related to reinforced concrete members have changed over the years. Until the early
1960s, the primary design method for reinforced concrete was working stress design. In this method,
members are proportioned so that the maximum elastic stresses due to service loads are
less than or equal to allowable stresses prescribed in the Code.

The strength design method was included for the first time in the 1956 edition of the Code, and it
became the preferred design method in the 1971 Code. The strength design method requires that both
strength and serviceability requirements be satisfied in the design of any reinforced concrete member. In
general, reinforced concrete members are proportioned to resist factored load effects and
to satisfy requirements for deflection and cracking.

I. Foundation Design
Foundation is the base of any structure. Without a solid foundation, the structure would not hold for long.
We have to be very cautious with the design of foundations because our entire structure rests on the
foundation. The job of a foundation is to transfer the loads of the building safely to the ground.
The strength of the foundation determines the life of the structure. As we discussed in the earlier article,
design of foundation depends on the type of soil, type of structure and its load. Higher the load bearing
capacity of the soil, the larger the load it could safely carry.
Foundations are basically divided into Shallow Foundations and Deep Foundations.
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We are going discuss the step by step guide to Column Footing Design for a shallow foundation.

I.1 Reinforced Concrete Footings

Footing comprises of the lower end of a column, pillar or wall which i enlarged with projecting courses so
as to distribute load.
Footings shall be designed to sustain the applied loads, moments and forces and the induced reactions and
to ensure that any settlement which may occur shall be as uniform as possible and the safe bearing
capacity of soil is not exceeded.
In sloped or stepped footings, the effective cross-section in compression shall be limited by the area above
the neutral plane, and the angle of slope or depth and location of steps should be such that the design
requirements are satisfied at every section.
Here is a step-by-step guide to Column Footing Design:

Column Footing Plan and Section | Foundation Design

Step 1
Area required for footing

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Square = B = (w+w1)/P0
Where, Po = safe bearing capacity of soil
w1 = self weight of footing
w = self weight of footing
For Rectangle = b/d = B/D
A=bxd
Net upward pressure on the footing
q/p = W/A
Step 2
Bending Moment

Critical section for maximum bending moment is taken at the face of the column

For a square footing,

Mxx = q x B/8 (L – a)2
Mxx = q x L/8 (B – b)2
Myy = q x B/8 (L – a)2

Step 3
To fix the depth of the footing shall be greater of the following:
Depth from bending moment consideration
d = √(M/Qb)
where, Q = moment of required factor

Depth from shear consideration

Check for one way shear
Check for two way shear or punching shear
Critical shear for one way shear is considered at a distance ‘d’ from face of the column.
Shear force, V = qB [ ½(B – b) d]
Nominal shear stress, Tv = k . Tc

Tc = 0.16√fck

4 (Engr. Roger Salvatierra Tobias)

Step 4
Check for two way shear
Critical section for two way shear is considered at a distance at a distance d/2 from all the faces of the
column.
SF, V = q [ B2 – (b + d)2]
SF, V = q [L x B – (a + d)(b + d)]
Nominal shear stress, Tv = V/2((a+d)(b+d)d) ——- {for a rectangle

Tv = V/4((b+d)d) ——- {for a square

Tv = k . Tc
k = 0.5 + β > 1 ; [Beta β = ratio of sides of the column

Tc = 0.16√fck
Area of steel, Ast = M/((σ)stjd)

II. REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN

A column is defined as a compression member, the effective length of which exceeds three times the
least lateral dimension. Compression members whose lengths do not exceed three times the least lateral
dimension, may be made of plain concrete.

A column forms a very important component of a structure. Columns support beams which in turn support
walls and slabs. It should be realized that the failure of a column results in the collapse of the structure.
The design of a column should therefore receive importance.

Supporting the slabs is the main function of the columns… Such slabs are called Simply Supported Slabs.
Simply supported slabs could be either one way slab or a two-way slab. It depends on the dimensions of
the slab.

A column may be classified based on different criteria such as:

1. Based on shape
• Rectangle
• Square
• Circular
• Polygon
2. Based on slenderness ratio

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 • Short column, ? ? 12
• Long column, ? > 12
3. Based on type of loading
• Axially loaded column
• A column subjected to axial load and unaxial bending
• A column subjected to axial load and biaxial bending
4. Based on pattern of lateral reinforcement
• Tied columns
• Spiral columns
Minimum eccentricity
Emin > l/500 + D/30 >20
Where, l = unsupported length of column in ‘mm’
D = lateral dimensions of column
Types of Reinforcements for columns and their requirements
Longitudinal Reinforcement
• Minimum area of cross-section of longitudinal bars must be at least 0.8% of gross section area of
the column.
• Maximum area of cross-section of longitudinal bars must not exceed 6% of the gross cross-section
area of the column.
• The bars should not be less than 12mm in diameter.

• Minimum number of longitudinal bars must be four in rectangular column and 6 in circular column.
• Spacing of longitudinal bars measures along the periphery of a column should not exceed 300mm.
Transverse reinforcement
• It may be in the form of lateral ties or spirals.
• The diameter of the lateral ties should not be less than 1/4th of the diameter of the largest
longitudinal bar and in no case less than 6mm.
The pitch of lateral ties should not exceed
• Least lateral dimension
• 16 x diameter of longitudinal bars (small)
• 300mm
Helical Reinforcement

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The diameter of helical bars should not be less than 1/4th the diameter of largest longitudinal and not less
than 6mm.
The pitch should not exceed (if helical reinforcement is allowed);
• 75mm
• 1/6th of the core diameter of the column
Pitch should not be less than,
• 25mm
• 3 x diameter of helical bar
Pitch should not exceed (if helical reinforcement is not allowed)
Least lateral dimension
• 16 x diameter of longitudinal bar (smaller)
• 300mm

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7 (Engr. Roger Salvatierra Tobias)

 III. REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
RC beams are cast in cement concrete reinforced with steel bars. Beams take up compressive and add rigidity
to the structure.
Beams generally carry vertical gravitational forces but can also be used to carry horizontal loads (i.e., loads
due to an earthquake or wind). The loads carried by a beam are transferred to columns, walls, or girders,
which then transfer the force to adjacent structural compression members. In Light frame
construction the joists rest on the beam.
A beam bends under bending moment, resulting in a small curvature. At the outer face (tensile face) of the
curvature the concrete experiences tensile stress, while at the inner face (compressive face) it experiences
compressive stress.
A singly reinforced beam is one in which the concrete element is only reinforced near the tensile face and
the reinforcement, called tension steel, is designed to resist the tension.
A doubly reinforced beam is one in which besides the tensile reinforcement the concrete element is also
reinforced near the compressive face to help the concrete resist compression. The latter reinforcement is
called compression steel. When the compression zone of a concrete is inadequate to resist the compressive
moment (positive moment), extra reinforcement has to be provided if the architect limits the dimensions of
the section.
An under-reinforced beam is one in which the tension capacity of the tensile reinforcement is smaller than
the combined compression capacity of the concrete and the compression steel (under-reinforced at tensile
face). When the reinforced concrete element is subject to increasing bending moment, the tension steel
yields while the concrete does not reach its ultimate failure condition. As the tension steel yields and
stretches, an "under-reinforced" concrete also yields in a ductile manner, exhibiting a large deformation and
warning before its ultimate failure. In this case the yield stress of the steel governs the design.
An over-reinforced beam is one in which the tension capacity of the tension steel is greater than the
combined compression capacity of the concrete and the compression steel (over-reinforced at tensile face).
So the "over-reinforced concrete" beam fails by crushing of the compressive-zone concrete and before the
tension zone steel yields, which does not provide any warning before failure as the failure is instantaneous.
A balanced-reinforced beam is one in which both the compressive and tensile zones reach yielding at the
same imposed load on the beam, and the concrete will crush and the tensile steel will yield at the same time.
This design criterion is however as risky as over-reinforced concrete, because failure is sudden as the
concrete crushes at the same time of the tensile steel yields, which gives a very little warning of distress in
tension failure.

8 (Engr. Roger Salvatierra Tobias)

Types of beam construction and RCC design of Doubly reinforced beam…
RC beam construction is of two types:
• Singly reinforced beam
• Doubly reinforced beam
Singly reinforced beam
A singly reinforced beam is a beam provided with longitudinal reinforcement in the tension zone only.
Doubly reinforced beam
• Beams reinforced with steel in compression and tension zones are called doubly reinforced beams.
This type of beam will be found necessary when due to head room consideration or architectural
consideration the depth of the beam is restricted.
• The beam with its limited depth, if reinforced on the tension side only, may not have enough
moment of resistance, to resist the bending moment.
• By increasing the quantity of steel in the tension zone, the moment of resistance cannot be
increased indefinitely. Usually, the moment of resistance can be increased by not more than 25%
over the balanced moment of resistance, by making the beam over-reinforced on the tension side.
• Hence, in order to further increase the moment of resistance of a beam section of unlimited
dimensions, a doubly reinforced beam is provided.
Besides, this doubly reinforced beam is also used in the following circumstances:
• The external live loads may alternate i.e. may occur on either face of the member.
For example:

• A pile may be lifted in such a manner that the tension and compression zones may alternate.

9 (Engr. Roger Salvatierra Tobias)

 • The loading may be eccentric and the eccentricity of the load may change from one side of the axis
to another side.
• The member may be subjected to a shock or impact or accidental lateral thrust.
Design procedure for doubly reinforced beam
Step 1
Determine the limiting moment of resistance for the given c/s (Mu lim) using the equation for singly
reinforced beam
Mulim = 0.87.fy.Ast1.d [1 – 0.42Xumax]
Or
Balanced section

Ast1 = (0.36.fck.b.Xumax)/(0.87fy)
Step 2
If factored moment Mu > Mulim, then doubly reinforced beam is required to be designed for additional
moment.
Mu – Mulim = fsc.Asc (d – d’) [fsc value from page no. 70]
Step 3
Additional area of tension steel Ast2
Ast2 =Asc.fsc/0.87fy
Step 4
Total tension steel Ast, Ast = Ast1 + Ast2

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IV. RC Staircase Design

RCC Structures are nothing but reinforced concrete structures. RCC structure is composed of building
components such as Footings, Columns, Beams, Slabs, Staircase etc.
These components are reinforced with steel that give stability to the structure. Staircase is one such
important component in a RCC structure.

10 (Engr. Roger Salvatierra Tobias)

In this article, we will discuss different types of staircases and study the dog-legged reinforced cement
concrete staircase design.
Stairs
Stairs consist of steps arranged in a series for purpose of giving access to different floors of a building.
Since a stair is often the only means of communication between the various floors of a building, the
location of the stair requires good and careful consideration.
In a residential house, the staircase may be provided near the main entrance.
In a public building, the stairs must be from the main entrance itself and located centrally, to provide quick
accessibility to the principal apartments.
All staircases should be adequately lighted and properly ventilated.
Various types of Staircases

• Straight stairs

• Dog-legged stairs

• Open newel stair

• Geometrical stair

RCC Dog-legged Staircase design

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In this type of staircase, the succeeding flights rise in opposite directions. The two flights in plan are not
separated by a well. A landing is provided corresponding to the level at which the direction of the flight
changes.

Procedure for Dog-legged Staircase design

Based on the direction along which a stair slab span, the stairs maybe classified into the following two
types.
1. Stairs spanning horizontally
2. Stairs spanning vertically
Stairs spanning horizontally
These stairs are supported at each side by walls. Stringer beams or at one side by wall or at the other side
by a beam.
Loads
• Dead load of a step = ½ x T x R x 25
• Dead load of waist slab = b x t x 25
• Live load = LL (KN/m2)
• Floor finish = assume 0.5 KN/m
Stairs spanning Longitudinally
In this, stairs spanning longitudinally, the beam is supported ay top and at the bottom of flights.
Loads
• Self weight of a step = 1 x R/2 x 25
• Self weight of waist slab = 1 x t x 25
• Self weight of plan = 1 x t x 25[(R2 + T2)/T]
• Live load = LL (KN/m2)
• Floor finish = assume 0.5 KN/m
For the efficient design of an RCC stair, we have to first analyze the various loads that are going to be
imposed on the stair.
The load calculations will help us determine, how much strength is required to carry the load. The strength
bearing capacity of a staircase is determined on the amount of steel and concrete used.
The ratio of steel to concrete has to be as per standards. Steel in the staircase will take the tension
imposed on it and the concrete takes up the compression.

12 (Engr. Roger Salvatierra Tobias)

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V. SIMPLY SUPPORTED SLABS

Simply Supported Slabs Are Supported On Columns
Simply supported slabs don’t give adequate provision to resist torsion at corner to prevent corner
from lifting.
The maximum bending moment will be given if the slabs are restrained. But atleast 50% of the
tension reinforcement provided at the mid span should extend to the support. The remaining 50%
should extend to within 0.1Lx or Ly at the support as appropriate.
RC Slab Design depends on the on the dimensions of the slab after which the slab is termed as a
one-way slab or a two-way slab…
In the design of RC Slab structures, Column Design and Beam Design are to be done before we
start with RCC Slab Design…
Basic Rules followed in the design of simply supported Slab :

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PRACTICAL ANALYSIS / CALCULATIONS

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SEISMIC DESIGN

Total Dimension of building: Given Data: From NSCP

Width = 5.10 mts S= 1.00

Length = 7.00 mts I= 1.00

Unit wt. of concrete = 24.00 Kn/m^3 Rw = 10.00

hn = 3.30 mts Z= 0.40

h1 = 0.00 mts Ct = 0.08

h2 = 3.30 mts

Weight Level2 = 0.00 Kn

Weight Level1 = 171.36 Kn

Total weight = 171.36 Kn

Compute Base Shear:

V = (ZIC/Rw)Wt

= 26.54 Kn

C = (1.25S)/(T^2/3)

= 3.87

T = Ct(hn^0.75)

= 0.18 < 0.70 sec

Eccentricty:

e = 0.35

Mt = 0.35 Kn.m

Compute Level Forces

LEVEL Wx hx Wxhx Fx

2.00 0.00 3.30 0.00 0.00

1.00 171.36 3.30 565.49 26.54

ΣWh 565.49 26.54

Distribution of Lateral forces

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FRAME R R/ΣR d d^2 Rd^2 (MtRd^2)/dΣRd^2 Direct + Torsion

16 (Engr. Roger Salvatierra Tobias)
DESIGN OF SQUARE FOOTING

f'c = 21.0000 Mpa Width "L1" = ? mm

fy = 228.0000 Mpa length "L2" = ? mm

Dead load = 10.0000 KN Depth "d" = ? mts

Live load = 25.0000 KN Es = 200000.0000

Allow. soil = 250.0000 Kpa Wt. Soil = 15.6000 Kn/m^3

Pressure
Unit wt. of = 23.5000 Kpa Column Width = 300.0000 mm
concrete "b"
Column depth = 300.0000 mm
"d"
Solution:

Initial Estimate of Footing Depth:

Area of = (Ll+Dl)/Allow. Soil Pressure

Footing
= 0.1400 m^2

Depth = 20%(Length) + 75mm concrete covering

= 75.0280 mm Say
adopt
= 350.0000 mm

Effective Soil Bearing Capacity

qe = qe-Σφh

= 250.0000 Kpa

Dimension of footing:

17 (Engr. Roger Salvatierra Tobias)

Area of footing = Unfactored load/qe

= 0.1400 m^2

Footing Dimesion = 0.3742 x 0.3742 SAY

= 0.9000 x 0.9000 mts

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Depth of Footing:

qu = Factored Load / Area of Footing

18 (Engr. Roger Salvatierra Tobias)

 = 0.0698 Mpa

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Vu = 62.7778 *( 300.00 - d)

b/2 = 150.0000 mm

(L1)/2-b/2)-d = 300.0000 - d The

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ФVc = 1/6sqrt(f'c)bwd

Vc = 584.2784 d

Therefore :

Depth = 7.5571 say

8.3071

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Required Steel Area:

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Mu = 30.3750 Kn.m

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Ru = 4.9622 Mpa

ρ = 0.85f'c/fy(1-SQRT(1-2Ru/0.85f'c)

= 0.0783

19 (Engr. Roger Salvatierra Tobias)

 0.0261

ρmin = 1.4/fy

= 0.0061

ρmax = 0.75ρb

= 0.0362

ρb = 0.85βf'c/fy(600/600+fy) Use ρ = 0.0061

= 0.0482

As = ρbd

= 41.4887 mm^2

Using 16 mm dia.
Bar:
N16 = As/Ab

= 0.2065 say 8 pcs

Development Length:

lb = .02Abfy/sqrt(f'c)

= 199.9700 mm or

lb = .06dbfy

= 218.8800 mm

therefore use ld = 218.8800 mm

Furnished ld = 225.0000 > 199.9700 OK

20 (Engr. Roger Salvatierra Tobias)

Verify if dowels of column bars extension are necessary:

Actual bearing Strenght:

Pu = 1.4Dl + 1.7Ll

= 56.5000 Kn

Permissible Bearing Strenght:

Ф0.85f'cA1 = 1124550.00

= 1124.5500 Kn

But this may be multiplied by SQRT(Aftg/Ac) <=2

= 0.9000

Permissioble Bearing Strenght:

= 1012.0950 > 56.5000 (No Need)

THEREFORE ADOPT:

0.9 X 0.9 FOOTINGWITH EFFECTIVE DEPTH TO TOP BARS OF 365MM,

WITH 8 PCS.16MM DIA REBARS ON BOTHWAYS AND AT LEAST 2
COLUMN BARS MUST BE EXTENDED INTO THE FOOTING

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22 (Engr. Roger Salvatierra Tobias)
23 (Engr. Roger Salvatierra Tobias)
DESIGN / INVESTIGATION OF COLUMN

Give n:

f'c = 21.0000 Mpa

fy = 228.0000 Mpa

De a d loa d = 10.0000 KN

depth
Live loa d = 25.0000 KN

Ba r dia me te r = 16.0000 mm

width

Solve Ex te rna l a x ia l loa d "P"

Pu = 1.4Dl+1.7Ll

= 56.5 Kn

FROM NSCP CODE:

Pu = Ф 0.80[0.85f'c(Ag-Ast)+FyAst]

W he re Ф =0.70

Ast = 0.02 Ag

56.5 = 0.70*0.80[0.85f'c(Ag-Ast)+FyAst]

Ag = 4575.0173 mm^2 17.85

0.357

TRY: 4.56

W idth"b"= 300.0000 mm

De pth "d"= 15.2501 sa y 22.053

= 300.0000 mm

Ast = 91.500347 mm^2

Numbe r of Ba rs = 0.4553162 sa y

= 4.0000 pcs

Che ck for ma x imum ste e l ra tio:

Actua l Ast = 803.84

Actua l Ag = 90000

ρg = Ast/Ag

= 0.0089316 < 0.02 OK

Spa cing of Tie s Adopt:

3 @ 75 mm

3 @ 100 mm

re st @ 200 mm
24 (Engr. Roger Salvatierra Tobias)
DESIGN OF
REINF. CONC.
BEAM

Given:
f'c = 21.0000 Mpa Width "b" = 200.0000 mm
fy = 228.0000 Mpa Depth "d" = 300.0000 mm
Dead load = 3.5000 Kpa L = 4.4000 mts
Live load = 2.4000 Kpa Es = 200000.0000
Meq = 12.0000 Kn-m

Solution:

Wu = 1.4Dl+1.7Ll
Wu = 8.9800 Kn/m

Compute "-" Compute "+"

Moment @ Moment @
support support
-Mdl = 1/12(Wdl*L^2) +Mdl = 1/24(Wdl*L^2)
Kn-
= 5.6467 Kn-m = 2.8233 m

-Mll = 1/12(Wll*L^2) +Mll = 1/24(Wll*L^2)

Kn-
= 3.8720 Kn-m = 1.9360 m

Mu = 1.4Mdl+1.5Mll Mu = 1.4Mdl+1.5Mll
Kn-
= 13.7133 Kn-m = 6.8567 m

Compute Design
Moment (Md)
a.) Md = 1.4Mdl+1.7Mll
= 31.2180 Kn-m

0.75(1.4Mdl+1.7Mll+
b.) Md = 1.87Meq)
= 40.2435 Kn-m

c.) Md = 0.90Mdl+1.43Meq
= 20.6448 Kn-m

Therefore Adopt:
Md = 40.2435 Kn-m

Check if Singly
Reinforced or
not:
Mumax = ФAsmaxFy(d-a/2) Asmax = ρmaxbd
mm
= 2169.9800 ^2
a = (AsmaxFy)/(0.85f'cb) ρmax = 0.75ρb
= 138.5870 = 0.0362
25 (Engr. Roger Salvatierra Tobias)
 0.85βf'c/fy(600/
ρb = 600+fy)
= 0.0482

Therefore the
beam is
40.24 Singly
Mumax = 102.7290 > 35 Reinforced
(If Mumax >
Md)
Compute Area of
Reinforcement:
Mu = ФRubd^2

Solve for Ru:

Ф = 0.9000
b = 200.0000
d = 300.0000
Ru = 2.4842 Mpa

Solve for ρ:
0.85f'c/fy(1-SQRT(1-
ρ = 2Ru/0.85f'c)
= 0.0118

ρmin = 1.4/fy
= 0.0061
ρmax = 0.0362

As = 0.0066bd
As = 396.0000 mm^2

1
Using 6 mm dia. Bar:
N16 = As/Ab
= 1.9705 say 4 pcs

Check Actual
Strain:
Єy = fy/Es c = a/β
= 0.0011 = 60.3973

Asactfy/(0.85*f'c
Єs = (0.003(d-c))/c a = b)
= 0.0119 = 51.3377

There
steel
yield
Єs > Єy first

Check Web
Reinforcement

(Ф(1/6)(f'c^0.5)*b*d)/
ФVc/2 = 2
= 19.4759 Kn
26 (Engr. Roger Salvatierra Tobias)
 Vueff = 0.5WuL-Wud
= 17.0620

ФVc/2 > Vueff

Still
provide Minimum
Shear
Reinforcement

Therefore Adopt the following cross-section

AT LEFT AT RIGHT AT
SUPPORT SUPPORT MIDSPAN

400 mm
200

TOP BARS 16 MM DIA REBARS

4 2 2

BOTTOM BARS 16 MM DIA REBARS

2 2 4

27 (Engr. Roger Salvatierra Tobias)

DESIGN OF CONCRETE SLAB

SLAB (S-1) LONG SPAN DIRECTION SHORT SPAN DIRECTION

(-)Mc (+)Ms (+)Md (-)Mc (+)Ms (+)Md

Two-way
Dl Ll Dl Ll

L 5.0000 2.5000

m=la/lb 2.0000

COEFFICIENT 0.0330 0.0200 0.0280 0.0610 0.0230 0.0300

DL kn/m 2.0000 2.0000

LL kn/m 2.4000 2.4000

Wu=1.4Dl+1.7Ll 6.8800 6.8800

L^2 (m) 25.0000 6.2500

1.4Dl 3.4400 0.9890

M=cwl^2

1.7Ll 4.8160 1.2900

Mu 5.6760 8.2560 2.7520 2.6230 2.2790 0.7597

Thickness "t" mm 100.0000

Eff. Depth "d" mm 74.0000 74.0000

f'c 21.0000 21.0000

fy 228.0000 228.0000

ω -0.05656 -0.08365 -0.02694 -0.02566 -0.02225 -0.00735

ρact 0.0052 0.0077 0.0025 0.0024 0.0020 0.0007

ρmin=1.4fy 0.0061 0.0061

ρmax 0.0362 0.0362

use "ρ" 0.0062 0.0062 0.0062 0.0061 0.0061 0.0061

As=ρbd 620.0000 620.0000 620.0000 610.0000 610.0000 610.0000

Bar diameter "db" mm 12.0000 12.0000

Middle Strip 182.3226 182.3226 182.3226 182.3226 185.3115 185.3115 185.3115 185.3115
Spacing

Column Strip 273.4839 273.4839 273.4839 273.4839 277.9672 277.9672 277.9672 277.9672

Code=3t 300.0000 300.0000

Middle Strip 150.0000 150.0000 150.0000 150.0000 150.0000 150.0000 150.0000 150.0000
Use (mm)
Column Strip 150.0000 150.0000 150.0000 150.0000 150.0000 150.0000 150.0000 150.0000

Therefore Adopt:
100 mm thk slab with 10 mm diameter
Rebars spaced at 100 mm on centers
bothways

28 (Engr. Roger Salvatierra Tobias)

Recommended Resources for further study

1. Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, by author S. K. Garg, published by Standard

Publishers (931 pages)

29 (Engr. Roger Salvatierra Tobias)