T-SQL

About the Tutorial

T-SQL (Transact-SQL) is an extension of SQL language. This tutorial covers the
fundamental concepts of T-SQL such as its various functions, procedures, indexes, and
transactions related to the topic. Each topic is explained using examples for easy
understanding.

Audience
This tutorial is designed for those who want to learn the basics of T-SQL.

Prerequisites
To go ahead with this tutorial, familiarity with database concepts is preferred. It is good
to have SQL Server installed on your computer, as it might assist you in executing the
examples yourself and get to know how it works.

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Table of Contents
About the Tutorial .....................................................................................................................................

Audience .................................................................................................................................................. i

Prerequisites ............................................................................................................................................ i

Disclaimer & Copyright............................................................................................................................. i

Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................... ii

1. T-SQL - OVERVIEW............................................................................................................... 1

2. T-SQL SERVER - DATA TYPES ................................................................................................ 2

3. T-SQL SERVER - CREATE TABLES .......................................................................................... 5

4. T-SQL SERVER - DROP TABLES.............................................................................................. 7

5. T-SQL SERVER - INSERT STATEMENT.................................................................................... 9

6. T-SQL SERVER - SELECT STATEMENT.................................................................................. 11

7. T-SQL SERVER - UPDATE STATEMENT ................................................................................ 13

8. T-SQL SERVER - DELETE STATEMENT ................................................................................. 15

9. T-SQL SERVER - WHERE CLAUSE ........................................................................................ 17

10. T-SQL SERVER - LIKE CLAUSE ............................................................................................. 19

11. T-SQL SERVER - ORDER BY CLAUSE .................................................................................... 22

12. T-SQL SERVER - GROUP BY CLAUSE.................................................................................... 24

13. T-SQL SERVER - DISTINCT CLAUSE ..................................................................................... 26

14. T-SQL SERVER - JOINING TABLES ....................................................................................... 28

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15. T-SQL SERVER - SUB-QUERIES............................................................................................ 30

16. T-SQL SERVER - STORED PROCEDURES .............................................................................. 34

17. T-SQL SERVER - TRANSACTIONS......................................................................................... 36

Properties of Transactions .................................................................................................................... 36

COMMIT Command ............................................................................................................................... 37

ROLLBACK Command ............................................................................................................................ 38

SAVEPOINT Command........................................................................................................................... 39

SET TRANSACTION Command................................................................................................................ 40

18. T-SQL SERVER - INDEXES.................................................................................................... 41

CREATE INDEX Command ...................................................................................................................... 41

DROP INDEX Command ......................................................................................................................... 42

19. T-SQL SERVER - SQL FUNCTIONS ....................................................................................... 44

20. T-SQL SERVER - STRING FUNCTIONS .................................................................................. 45

21. T-SQL SERVER - DATE FUNCTIONS ..................................................................................... 50

22. T-SQL SERVER - NUMERIC FUNCTIONS .............................................................................. 52

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 1. T-SQL – Overview T-SQL

In 1970's the product called 'SEQUEL', structured English query language, developed by
IBM and later SEQUEL was renamed to 'SQL' which stands for Structured Query Language.

In 1986, SQL was approved by ANSI (American national Standards Institute) and in 1987,
it was approved by ISO (International Standards Organization).

SQL is a structure query language which is a common database language for all RDBMS
products. Different RDBMS product vendors have developed their own database language
by extending SQL for their own RDBMS products.

T-SQL stands for Transact Structure Query Language which is a Microsoft product and is
an extension of SQL Language.

Example
MS SQL Server - SQL\T-SQL

ORACLE - SQL\PL-SQL

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 2. T-SQL Server – Data Types T-SQL

SQL Server data type is an attribute that specifies types of data of any object. Each
column, variable and expression has related data type in SQL Server. These data types
can be used while creating tables. You can choose a particular data type for a table column
based on your requirement.

SQL Server offers seven categories including other category of data types for use.

Exact Numeric Types

Type From To

bigint -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 9,223,372,036,854,775,807

int -2,147,483,648 2,147,483,647
smallint -32,768 32,767
tinyint 0 255
bit 0 1
decimal -10^38 +1 10^38 –1
numeric -10^38 +1 10^38 –1
money -922,337,203,685,477.5808 +922,337,203,685,477.5807
smallmoney -214,748.3648 +214,748.3647

Numeric and decimal are Fixed precision and scale data types and are functionally
equivalent.

Approximate Numeric Types

Type From To

Float -1.79E + 308 1.79E + 308

Real -3.40E + 38 3.40E + 38

Date and Time Types

Type From To

datetime (3.33 milliseconds accuracy) Jan 1, 1753 Dec 31, 9999

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smalldatetime (1 minute accuracy) Jan 1, 1900 Jun 6, 2079

date (1 day accuracy. Introduced in SQL

Jan 1, 0001 Dec 31, 9999
Server 2008)

datetimeoffset (100
nanoseconds accuracy. Introduced in SQL Jan 1, 0001 Dec 31, 9999
Server 2008)

datetime2 (100 nanoseconds accuracy.

Jan 1, 0001 Dec 31, 9999
Introduced in SQL Server 2008)

time (100 nanoseconds accuracy.

00:00:00.0000000 23:59:59.9999999
Introduced in SQL Server 2008)

Character Strings

Type Description

Fixed-length non-Unicode character data with a maximum length of 8,000

char
characters.

varchar Variable-length non-Unicode data with a maximum of 8,000 characters.

Varchar Variable-length non-Unicode data with a maximum length of 231 characters

(max) (Introduced in SQL Server 2005).
Variable-length non-Unicode data with a maximum length of 2,147,483,647
text
characters.

Unicode Character Strings

Type Description

nchar Fixed-length Unicode data with a maximum length of 4,000 characters.

nvarchar Variable-length Unicode data with a maximum length of 4,000 characters.

Nvarchar Variable-length Unicode data with a maximum length of 230 characters

(max) (Introduced in SQL Server 2005).

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Variable-length Unicode data with a maximum length of 1,073,741,823

ntext
characters.

Binary Strings

Type Description

binary Fixed-length binary data with a maximum length of 8,000 bytes.

varbinary Variable-length binary data with a maximum length of 8,000 bytes.

Variable-length binary data with a maximum length of 231 bytes
varbinary(max)
(Introduced in SQL Server 2005).
Variable-length binary data with a maximum length of
image
2,147,483,647 bytes.

Other Data Types

 sql_variant: Stores values of various SQL Server-supported data types, except
text, ntext, and timestamp.

 timestamp: Stores a database-wide unique number that gets updated every time
a row gets updated.
 uniqueidentifier: Stores a globally unique identifier (GUID).

 xml: Stores XML data. You can store XML instances in a column or a variable
(Introduced in SQL Server 2005).

 cursor: A reference to a cursor.

 table: Stores a result set for later processing.

 hierarchyid: A variable length, system data type used to represent position in a

hierarchy (Introduced in SQL Server 2008).

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 3. T-SQL Server – Create Tables T-SQL

Creating a basic table involves naming the table and defining its columns and each
column's data type.

The SQL Server CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a new table.

Syntax
Following is the basic syntax of CREATE TABLE statement:

CREATE TABLE table_name(

column1 datatype,
column2 datatype,
column3 datatype,
.....
columnN datatype,
PRIMARY KEY( one or more columns ));

CREATE TABLE is the keyword telling the database system what you want to do. In this
case, you want to create a new table. The unique name or identifier for the table follows
the CREATE TABLE statement. Then in brackets comes the list defining each column in the
table and what sort of data type it is. The syntax becomes clearer to understand with the
following example.

A copy of an existing table can be created using a combination of the CREATE TABLE
statement and the SELECT statement. You can check complete details at Create Table
Using another Table.

Example
In this example, let’s create a CUSTOMERS table with ID as primary key and NOT NULL
are the constraints showing that these fields cannot be NULL while creating records in this
table:

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS(

ID INT NOT NULL,
NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL,
AGE INT NOT NULL,
ADDRESS CHAR (25) ,
SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2),
PRIMARY KEY (ID));

You can verify if your table has been created successfully by looking at the message
displayed by the SQL server, otherwise you can use the following command:
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exec sp_columns CUSTOMERS

The above command produces the following output.

TABLE_QUALIFIER TABLE_OWNER TABLE_NAME COLUMN_NAME DATA_TYPE

TYPE_NAME PRECISION LENGTH SCALE RADIX NULLABLE REMARKS
COLUMN_DEF SQL_DATA_TYPE SQL_DATETIME_SUB CHAR_OCTET_LENGTH
ORDINAL_POSITION IS_NULLABLE SS_DATA_TYPE

TestDB dbo CUSTOMERS ID 4 int 10 4 0 10 0

NULL NULL 4 NULL NULL 1 NO 56

TestDB dbo CUSTOMERS NAME 12 varchar 20 20 NULL

NULL 0 NULL NULL 12 NULL 20 2 NO 39

TestDB dbo CUSTOMERS AGE 4 int 10 4 0 10 0

NULL NULL 4 NULL NULL 3 NO 56

TestDB dbo CUSTOMERS ADDRESS 1 char 25 25 NULL

NULL 1 NULL NULL 1 NULL 25 4 YES 39

TestDB dbo CUSTOMERS SALARY 3 decimal 18 20 2 10

1 NULL NULL 3 NULL NULL 5 YES 106

You can now see that CUSTOMERS table is available in your database which you can use
to store required information related to customers.

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 4. T-SQL Server – Drop Tables T-SQL

The SQL Server DROP TABLE statement is used to remove a table definition and all data,
indexes, triggers, constraints, and permission specifications for that table.

Note: You have to be careful while using this command because once a table is deleted
then all the information available in the table would also be lost forever.

Syntax
Following is the basic syntax of DROP TABLE statement:

DROP TABLE table_name;

Example
Let us first verify CUSTOMERS table and then we will delete it from the database:

Exec sp_columns CUSTOMERS;

The above command shows the following table.

TABLE_QUALIFIER TABLE_OWNER TABLE_NAME COLUMN_NAME DATA_TYPE

TYPE_NAME PRECISION LENGTH SCALE RADIX NULLABLE REMARKS
COLUMN_DEF SQL_DATA_TYPE SQL_DATETIME_SUB CHAR_OCTET_LENGTH
ORDINAL_POSITION IS_NULLABLE SS_DATA_TYPE

TestDB dbo CUSTOMERS ID 4 int 10 4 0 10 0

NULL NULL 4 NULL NULL 1 NO 56
TestDB dbo CUSTOMERS NAME 12 varchar 20 20 NULL
NULL 0 NULL NULL 12 NULL 20 2 NO 39
TestDB dbo CUSTOMERS AGE 4 int 10 4 0 10 0
NULL NULL 4 NULL NULL 3 NO 56

TestDB dbo CUSTOMERS ADDRESS 1 char 25 25 NULL

NULL 1 NULL NULL 1 NULL 25 4 YES 39

TestDB dbo CUSTOMERS SALARY 3 decimal 18 20 2 10

1 NULL NULL 3 NULL NULL 5 YES 106

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CUSTOMERS table is available in the database, so let us drop it. Following is the command
for the same.

DROP TABLE CUSTOMERS;

Command(s) completed successfully.

With the above command, you will not get any rows.

Exec sp_columns CUSTOMERS;

No rows\data will be displayed

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