Actions On Structures, Instructions, 2016

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF FINLAND
Strength and stability of

structures
Actions on structures
1
Foreword
From 1 January 2017 onward, the Ministry of the Environment publishes in the National
Building Code of Finland the recommendations for strength and stability related to actions on
structures. The instruction contains a compilation of all the National Annexes concerning
actions on structures.
Each national annex contains the provisions from the Decree concerning national choices in
the application of standard SFS-EN 1991 concerning actions on structures and the
recommendations related to the use of the Eurocode. The beginning of the annex presents
those clauses in the standard where national choice is permitted, and where such a choice has
been made.
Helsinki, 20 December 2016
Head of the Buildings and Construction unit

Building Counsellor Teppo Lehtinen
2
Contents
National annexes to Eurocodes SFS-EN 1991
1. National Annex to standard SFS-EN 1991-1-1: Actions on structures.

Part 1-1: General actions, densities, self-weight and imposed loads for buildings 4

Part 1-2: General actions. Actions on structures exposed to fire 11

Part 1-3: General actions. Snow loads 14

Part 1-4: General actions. Wind actions 20

Part 1-5: General actions. Thermal actions 26

Part 1-6: General actions. Actions during execution 29

Part 1-7: General actions. Accidental actions 35
8. National Annex to standard SFS-EN 1991-3: Actions on structures.

Part 3: Actions induced by cranes and machinery 51
9. National Annex to standard SFS-EN 1991-4: Actions on structures.

Part 4: Actions on silos and tanks 54
3
National annexes to Eurocodes SFS-EN 1991
National Annex to standard SFS-EN 1991-1-1: Actions on structures.

Part 1-1: General actions, densities, self-weight and imposed loads for
buildings
1. Scope
Ministry of the Environment Decree (4/16) concerning national choices for densities,
self-weight and imposed loads for buildings, when applying standard SFS-EN 1991-1-1
Section 1 Scope
This Decree is applied in the selection of densities, self-weight and imposed loads for buildings and is used in conjunction
with the latest version of standard SFS-EN 1991-1-1.
Instruction
As regards standard SFS-EN 1991-1-1, the recommended values set forth in standard SFS-EN
1991-1-1 and all the annexes to standard SFS-EN 1991-1-1 are followed unless otherwise
stated in this National Annex.
National choice is permitted in the following clauses of standard SFS-EN 1991-1-1:

– 2.2(3)
– 5.2.3(1)
– 5.2.3(2)
– 5.2.3(3)
– 5.2.3(4)
– 5.2.3(5)
– 6.3.1.1(1)P (Table 6.1)
• 6.3.1.2(1)P (Table 6.2), Section 3
• 6.3.1.2(10), Section 4
• 6.3.1.2(11), Section 5
• 6.3.2.2(1)P (Table 6.4), Section 6
• 6.3.3.2(1) (Table 6.8), Section 7
– 6.3.4.2(1) (Table 6.10)
• 6.4(1) (Table 6.12), Section 8.
A national choice has been made in the clauses marked •.
4
2. Load arrangements for columns and walls
Section 2 Load arrangements for columns and walls
When determining the most unfavourable effect of imposed loads, in accordance with clause 6.2.2(1) of the standard, the
imposed load is assumed to be movable at least on the storey just above the column or the wall to be designed.
3. Values of actions for designing residential, social, commercial and

administration areas
Section 3 Values of actions for designing residential, social, commercial and administration areas
The minimum values for imposed loads on floors, balconies and stairs in buildings, clause 6.3.1.2(1)P of the standard,
are given in Table 1. The loaded area for concentrated load Qk is 50 x 50 mm2, if Qk ≤ 2.0 kN; otherwise, the loaded
area is 100 x 100 mm2.
Table 1. Imposed loads on floors, balconies and stairs in buildings, uniformly distributed load qk and concentrated load
Qk
qk
[kN/m2] Qk
Categories of loaded areas [kN]
Intermediate Stairs Balconies (stairs in brackets)
floors
Category A
Areas for domestic and 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.0 (2.0*)
residential activities
Category B
Office areas 2.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 (2.0)
Category C
Areas where people may
congregate 2.5 3.0 2.5 3.0 (2.0)
– C1 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 (2.0)
– C2 4.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 (2.0)
– C3 5.0 3.0 5.0 4.0 (2.0)
– C4 6.0 6.0 6.0 4.0 (2.0)
– C5
Category D
Shopping areas
– D1 4.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 (2.0)
– D2 5.0 6.0 5.0 7.0 (2.0)
*Stairs in blocks of flats Q = 1.5 kN

k
5
4. Reduction factor
Section 4 Reduction factor
For loaded areas in categories A to D, clause 6.3.1.2(10) of the standard, the value for the reduction factor αA,
calculated according to equation 6.1, shall be at least 0.8. For loaded areas in other categories, the reduction factor αA
is 1.0.
A reduction factor αA may be applied only to beams and slab structures, in accordance with clause 6.2.1(4) of the
standard. The reduction factor may not be applied in structures that are designed as one-way slabs or to horizontal
structures with rigid or semi-rigid connection to vertical structures. For continuing horizontal structures the loaded
area shall be calculated span by span. Joints between vertical and horizontal structures shall always be designed
without a reduction factor.
A reduction factor αA shall not be applied in accidental design situations, including fire situations.
For serviceability limit state verifications, a reduction factor αA may only be used with a characteristic combination.
The use of a reduction factor αA shall be indicated in the design documentation and the party engaging in the building
project shall be notified of this.
5. Reduction factor for storeys
Section 5 Reduction factor for storeys
A reduction factor αn may only be applied to columns and walls and their foundations, in accordance with clause
6.3.1.2(11) of the standard.
The reduction factor αn shall not be applied together with a combination factor ψ or reduction factor αA.
6
6. Values of actions on areas for storage and industrial activities
Section 6 Values of actions on areas for storage and industrial activities
For loaded storage, production and access areas under category E1, in clause 6.3.2.2(1)P of the standard, the value for
imposed loads on intermediate floors 7.5 kN/m2 and 3.0 kN/m2 for stairs shall be used. The value to be used for
concentrated load Qk on floors is 7 kN, and for stairs, it is 2.0 kN.
The reduction factors αA and αn are not applied to imposed loads on storage and production areas under categories E1
and E2.
The allowable maximum load shall be shown by a permanent sign that is appropriately located and clearly visible. The
load shall be stated on this sign in kg/m2.
7
7. Values of actions on garages and vehicle traffic areas
Section 7 Values of actions on garages and vehicle traffic areas
The values to be used for actions on garages and vehicle traffic areas, clause 6.3.3.2(1) of the standard, are given in
Table 2.
Table 2. Values of actions on garages and vehicle traffic areas
qk Qk
[kN/m2] [kN]
Category of traffic area
Intermed Stairs (stairs in
iate brackets)
floors
Category F
2.5 3.0 20 (2.0)
Gross vehicle weight: ≤ 30 kN
Category G 5.0 3.0 90 (2.0)

30 kN < gross vehicle weight ≤ 160 kN
Traffic areas designed to categories F and G shall be posted with the appropriate warning signs, in accordance with
clause 6.3.3.1(1)P of the standard.
When a warning sign is not posted, the areas shall be designed to an axle load Qk and also to an axle group load equal
to 190 kN. The axle group load is distributed evenly to all loaded areas.
Adjacent parking and roof structures shall be designed, when necessary, also to loads from fire engines and rescue
vehicles, and for a concentrated load of both hydraulic platform and extension ladder vehicles where such access is
required.
Instruction
If the structure is designed for vehicle weights higher than category G, the load to be used on the
basis of decree of the use of Vehicles on the Road (1257/1992) with amendment 407/2013
8
is a uniform load corresponding vehicle mass pursuant to decree and as point loads
bogie/axle loads corresponding to the vehicle’s mass.
8. Horizontal loads on parapets and partition walls acting as barriers
Section 8 Horizontal loads on parapets and partition walls acting as barriers
Values for horizontal loads on parapets and partition walls acting as barriers, clause 6.4(1) of the standard, are given in
Table 3. Horizontal loads on parapets are not combined with other variable loads.
Table 3. Horizontal loads on parapets and partition walls, line load qk and concentrated load Qk
Loaded area qk or Qk
Category A 0.5 kN/m
Category B 0.5 kN/m
Categories C1 to C4 1.0 kN/m

and D
Category C5 3.0 kN/m
Category E 1.0 kN/m
Category F Annex B
Category G Annex B
Parapets in categories A to E and panel parts of walls acting as parapets, as well as their fasteners, shall be designed to
the concentrated load Qk = 0.3 kN acting on a random spot. The assumed loaded area for the concentrated load is
50 mm x 50 mm. The concentrated load Qk and the line load qk do not act simultaneously.
Annex B shall be applied to parapets and barriers in close proximity to car park lanes and ramps subject to impact by a
vehicle driving at the speed allowed in the car park. For other parapets and barriers subject to impact from a vehicle that
is stopping, an equivalent static load may be used that is assumed to be at least 5 kN in category F and at least 25 kN in
category G.
Instruction
In order to prevent falling accidents, the horizontal load value for category E is the minimum
requirement in terms of personnel safety.
9
9. Annex A: Tables for the nominal density of construction materials and
the nominal density and angles of response for stored materials
Section 9 Annex A: Tables for the nominal density of construction materials and the nominal density and angles of
response for stored materials
The values to be used for the nominal density of construction materials and the nominal density and angles of response
for stored materials are those corresponding to real values.
Instruction
Unless a more detailed report is made, the values in annex A may be replaced by values
pursuant to standards EN 1992...EN 1999 or the EN product standards in case these values
are presented therein.
A volume weight of 5.0 kN/m3 is applied instead of the product standards to dry coniferous
timber or construction materials manufactured from it, such as gluelam, glued laminated
veneer lumber, veneer and laminboard.
10. Annex B: Vehicle barriers and parapets for car parks
Section 10 Annex B: Vehicle barriers and parapets for car parks
Annex B shall be used when designing structures for impact barriers.
10
Part 1-2: General actions. Actions on structures exposed to fire
1. Scope
Ministry of the Environment Decree (5/16) concerning national choices for actions on structures exposed to fire, when
applying standard SFS-EN 1991-1-2
Section 1 Scope
This Decree is applied in the selection of actions on structures exposed to fire and is used in conjunction with the latest
version of standard SFS-EN 1991-1-2.
Instruction

• 2.4(4), Note 1, Section 2
• 3.1(10), Section 3
– 3.3.1.2(1), Note 1
– 3.3.1.3(1)
– 3.3.2(2)
– 4.2.2(2)
• 4.3.1(2), Section 4.
2. Temperature analysis
Section 2 Temperature analysis
Instead of the method in Annex F, the National Building Code of Finland concerning fire safety in buildings shall be applied
to the equivalent time of fire exposure.
11
Instruction
Temperature analysis
2.4(4) Note 1
The specific period of time pursuant to clause 2.4(4), Note 1 of the standard is determined
according to the National Building Code of Finland’s part discussing the fire safety of
buildings.
2.4(4) Note 2
As regards the fire resistance period pursuant to clause 2.4(4), Note 2 of the standard, the
regulations and guidelines concerning the assumed development of the fire issued in the
National Building Code of Finland’s section on the fire safety of buildings are followed.
3. Thermal loads to be used in temperature analysis
Section 3 Thermal loads to be used in temperature analysis
When a building is designed and constructed in compliance with the fire classes and numerical values given in the
regulations and guidelines of the National Building Code of Finland concerning fire safety in buildings, a temperature-time
curve of a standard fire in accordance with clause 3.2.1(1) of the standard shall be used. When a building is designed and
constructed based on design fire scenarios covering the likely situations in the building, natural fire models or other
nominal temperature-time curves may be used.
Instruction
General rules
3.1(10)
The note to clause 3.1(10) provides the opportunity to regulate the use of the nominal
temperature/time curves pursuant to clause 3.2 or the natural fire models pursuant to
clause 3.3. The designer may select the practice to be used in each case.
12
4. Combination rules for actions
Section 4 Combination rules for actions
The representative value of the variable action shall be taken as the quasi-permanent value ψ2.1 Q1 during fire exposure,
in accordance with clause 4.3.1(2) of the standard. The frequent value ψ1.1 Q1 shall be used however for snow, ice and
wind loads, in compliance with the national choices set out in standard SFS-EN 1990.
5. Annex E: Fire load densities
Section 5 Annex E — Fire load densities
Only E.4 Rate of heat release Q of Annex E may be applied.
6. Annex F: Equivalent time of fire exposure

6 § Annex F — Equivalent time of fire exposure
Annex F is not applied.
13
Part 1-3: General actions. Snow loads
1. Scope
Ministry of the Environment Decree (6/16)

concerning national choices for snow loads, when applying standard SFS-EN 1991-1-3
Section 1 Scope
This Decree is applied in the selection of snow loads and is used in conjunction with the latest version of standard SFS-EN
1991-1-3.
2. Snow load on the ground
Instruction

– 1.1(2)
– 1.1(3)
– 1.1(4)
– 2(3)
– 2(4)
– 3.3(1), Note 2
– 3.3(2)
– 3.3(3), Note 2
– 4.1(1), Note 2
– 4.1(2), Note 1
– 4.2(1)
– 4.3(1)
– 5.2(2)
– 5.2(5), Note 2
– 5.2(6)
• 5.2(7), Section 3
– 5.2(8)
– 5.3.1(1)
– Note of Table 5.2
– 5.3.2(2)
– 5.3.3(4)
– 5.3.4(3)
• 5.3.4(4), Section 4
– 5.3.5(1), Note 1
– 5.3.4(1), Note 2
• 5.3.5(3), Section 5
14
• 5.3.6(1), Note 1, Section 6
• 5.3.6(1), Note 2, Section 6
– 5.3.6(3)
• 6.2(2), Section 7
• 6.3(1), Section 8
• 6.3(2), Section 8
• A(1) (Table A1), Section 9.

Section 2 Snow load on the ground
The characteristic values for snow load on the ground, in accordance with clause 4.1(1) of the standard, are given in
Figure 1. The values given in the figure are minimum values.
Figure 1. Characteristic values for snow load on the ground, in units of kN/m2. If the construction site is located in an
area where the value is not constant, the intermediate values are obtained by linear interpolation in proportion to
distances from the closest curves.
15
3. Snow load on roofs

Section 3 Snow load on roofs
For different topography, the value of exposure coefficients given in table 5.1 clause 5.2(7) of the standard shall be
used. For large roofs, where the smaller horizontal dimension of the roof is 50 m or more, and the topography is
windswept, the value of the exposure coefficient shall be at least 1.
For different topographies, where the smaller horizontal dimension of the roof is at least 50 m, the exposure
coefficient shall be increased based on the smaller horizontal dimension and side ratio, according to the factors in
Table 1.
Table 1. Factors to be used for increasing the exposure coefficient for snow load on roofs, where the smaller horizontal
dimension is at least 50 m.
Smaller Ratio of larger to smaller dimension

dimension (m)
1 2
50 1.0 1.1
75 1.1 1.2
100 1.2 1.25
In determining the snow load, in accordance with clause 5.2(8) of the standard, when the thermal insulating properties
of the roof structure are insignificant, the thermal coefficient Ct may be reduced on the basis of a more exact study.
The value to be used for snow load s, however, is at least 0.5 kN/m2.
Instruction
The removal of snow from the roof or the redistribution of snow, clause 5.2(5) of the
standard, is taken into account by designing the roof with the appropriate load
arrangements. When dimensioning continuous structures, the uneven removal of snow
from a roof is taken into account by means of a load arrangement where the snow load varies
between 50% and 100% in different fields.
Load arrangements
5.2(7)
The values of the wind protection coefficient Ce are set forth in Table 2. If the smaller
dimension of the roof is larger than 50 m, the values in the table will be multiplied by the
coefficients in Table 1.
16
Table 2. Values for the roof wind protection coefficient Ce
Topography Ce
Windswept 0.8 (1.0, if the smaller dimension > 50 m)
Normal 1.0
Sheltered 1.2
Windswept topography: flat unobstructed areas exposed on all sides without or with
little shelter afforded by terrain, higher construction works or trees.
Normal topography: areas where there is no significant removal of snow by wind at the
construction work due to terrain, other construction works or trees.
Sheltered topography: areas in which the construction work being considered is
significantly lower than the surrounding terrain or surrounded by high trees and/or
surrounded by higher construction works.
4. Multi-span roofs

Section 4 Multi-span roofs
When the slope of the roof is greater than 60° as given in clause 5.3.4(4) of the standard, the value μ3 = 1.6 shall be used.
5. Cylindrical roofs

Section 5 Cylindrical roofs
For cylindrical roofs in clause 5.3.5(3) of the standard, the drifted snow load arrangement to be used is shown in Figure 2,
Case (ii).
Figure 2. Snow load shape coefficients for cylindrical roofs.
Instruction
In Figure 2, Case (ii), the snow load starts from the vertex of the arched roof.
17
6. Roof abutting and close to taller construction works

Section 6 Roof abutting and close to taller construction works
The range of the snow load shape coefficient due to wind μw, in clause 5.3.6(1) of the standard is:
0.8 ≤ μw ≤ 2.5, if the area of the lower roof is ≥ 6 m2;

0.8 ≤ μw ≤ 1.5, if the area of the lower roof is 2 m2; or
μw = 0.8, if the area of the lower roof is ≤ 1 m2.
Intermediate upper values for factor μw are obtained by linear interpolation when the area of the lower roof is less
than 6 m2.
The range of drift length ls is 2 m ≤ ls ≤ 6 m.
7. Drifting at projections and obstructions

Section 7 Drifting at projections and obstructions
The range of drift length ls, given in clause 6.2(2) of the standard, is 2 m ≤ ls ≤ 6 m.
Instruction
The effect of snow overhanging the edge of the roof, clauses 6.3(1) and 6.3(2) of the
standard, does not usually need to be considered.
18
8. Annex A: Design situations and load arrangements to be used for different
locations

Section 8 Annex A: Design situations and load arrangements to be used for different locations
For Annex A, only normal conditions according to clause 3.2(1) of the standard are applied, with the value μi CeCt sk to be
used in persistent/transient design situations for non-drifted and drifted snow.
The exceptional conditions Case B1, Case B2 and Case B3 do not apply to Finland.
9. Annex B: Snow load shape coefficients for exceptional snow drifts

Section 9 Annex B: Snow load shape coefficients for exceptional snow drifts
Annex B is not applied.
10. Annex C: European ground snow load maps

Section 10 Annex C: European ground snow load maps
Annex C is not applied.
19
Part 1-4: General actions. Wind actions
1. Scope

concerning national choices for wind actions, when applying standard SFS-EN 1991-1-4
Section 1 Scope
This Decree is applied in the selection of wind actions on structures and is used in conjunction with the latest version of
standard SFS-EN 1991-1-4.
Instruction
The Non-Contradictory Complementary Information (NCCI) is presented in italics in the

instructions.

– 1.5(2)
– 4.1(1)
• 4.2(1)P, Note 2, Section 2
– 4.2(2)P, Note 1
– 4.2(2)P, Note 2
– 4.2(2)P, Note 3
– 4.2(2)P, Note 5
– 4.3.1(1), Note 1
– 4.3.1(1), Note 2
• 4.3.2(1), Section 3
– 4.3.2(2)
• 4.3.3(1), Section 4
– 4.3.4(1)
– 4.3.5(1)
– 4.4(1), Note 2
– 4.5(1), Note 1
– 5.3(5)
– 6.1(1)
– 6.3.1(1), Note 3
20
– 6.3.2(1)
– 7.1.2(2)
– 7.1.3(1)
– 7.2.1(1), Note 2
• 7.2.2(1), Section 6
• 7.2.2(2), Note 1, Section 6
– 7.2.3(2)
– 7.2.3(4)
– 7.2.4(1)
– 7.2.4(3)
– 7.2.5(1)
– 7.2.5(3)
– 7.2.6(1)
– 7.2.6(3)
– 7.2.8(1)
– 7.2.9(2)
– 7.2.10(3), Note 1
– 7.2.10(3), Note 2
– 7.3(6)
– 7.4.1(1)
– 7.4.3(2)
– 7.6(1), Note 1
– 7.7(1), Note 1
– 7.8(1)
– 7.9.2(2)
– 7.9.3(1), Table 7.14
– 7.10(1), Note 1
– 7.11(1), Note 2
– 7.13(1)
– 7.13(2)
– 8.1(1), Note 1
– 8.1(1), Note 2
– 8.1(4)
– 8.1(5)
– 8.2(1), Note 1
– 8.3(1)
– 8.3.1(2)
– 8.3.2(1)
– 8.3.3(1), Note 1
– 8.3.4(1)
– 8.4.2(1), Note 1
– 8.4.2(1), Note 2
21
• A.2(1) Section 7
– E.1.3.3(1)
• E.1.5.1(1), Note 1, Section 8
– E.1.5.1(1), Note 2
– E.1.5.1(3)
– E.1.5.2.6(1), Note 1
– E.1.5.3(2), Note 1
– E.1.5.3(4)
– E.1.5.3(6)
– E.3(2).
Instruction
Scope
1.1(10)
Persistent thermal surface inversion occurs in the northern part of Finland every winter. This
phenomenon is occasionally also met in other parts of the country. A stratified flow
condition may arise during thermal inversion such that high wind velocities prevail above a
layer of moderate or no wind. Therefore, additional guidance is given later for the
orography factor (clause 4.3.2) and for the calculation of the cross wind amplitude due to
vortex shedding (clause E.1.5).
The effect of thermal surface inversion can be seen in the wind speeds that correspond to a
return period of 50 years.
2. Basic values

Section 2 Basic values
In Finland, the fundamental value of the basic wind velocity vb,0 is 21 m/s, in accordance with clause 4.2(1)P of the
standard. This value applies to the entire country, including sea and mountain areas.
Instruction
When used together with the orography factor co(z) and the other instructions provided in
standard SFS-EN 1991-1-4, the selected basic value will lead to wind load values that are
conservative in the entire country, including mountainous areas. For sea areas, however, an
adjustment pursuant to section 3 is required in the value of the terrain factor.
22
3. Terrain roughness

Section 3 Terrain roughness
When determining the roughness factor, cr(z), for terrain category 0, the terrain factor is taken as kr = 0.18, instead of the
value derived from Equation 4.5.
Instruction
Wind velocity in sea areas would be underestimated if Equation (4.5) were used to obtain
the terrain factor. Therefore, the value of kr = 0.18 arising from statistical data is used for
the terrain factor in sea areas.
4. Peak velocity pressure

Section 4 Peak velocity pressure
The value of the air density ρ is the recommended value 1.25 kg/m3, in accordance with clause 4.5(1) of the standard.
When designing slender special structures, the value of the air density shall be calculated at the altitude and temperature
relevant to the site and load conditions concerned.
Instruction
Note 2 for clause 4.5(1) of the standard
The air density is obtained from the expression:
ρ = 353/T * e-0.00012 H
where
ρ is the air density (kg/m3) at the load condition concerned
T is the absolute air density (K) at the load condition concerned
H is the altitude (m) above the sea level at the site
23
5. Pressure and force coefficients for vertical walls of rectangular plan
buildings

Section 5 Pressure and force coefficients for vertical walls of rectangular plan buildings
The reference heights, ze, for leeward walls and sidewalls, clause 7.2.2(1) of the standard, shall be calculated as for
windward walls.
For the values of external pressure coefficients, clause 7.2.2(2) of the standard, when h/d is greater than 5, the values of
coefficients cpe,10 and cpe,1 in row h/d = 5 in Table 7.1 of the standard shall be used.
6. Annex A: Terrain effects

Section 6 Annex A: Terrain effects
For the transition between terrain categories, Procedure 1 under clause A.2(1) in Annex A to the standard shall be
followed.
Instruction
The recommended values of the upwind distance can be redefined if reliable data is
available on the wind speeds in the transitional area between two terrain categories.
The procedure 1 described in Annex A.2 is the preferred method to deal with the transition
between terrain categories. In coastal city areas, however, the application of this method
may lead to sudden and large discrepancies in the design of wind actions on adjacent
buildings. In such conditions, the concept of the displacement height described in Annex A.5
of standard SFS-EN 1991-1-4 can be applied. The transitional area of the terrain categories
can also be specified by using reliable measured data on wind velocities.
7. Annex E: Vortex shedding and aeroelastic instabilities

Section 7 Annex E: Vortex shedding and aeroelastic instabilities
A stratified flow condition is possible in most parts of the country. Therefore, of the approaches given in Annex E, clause
E.1.5.1(1) of the standard, the approach given in clause E.1.5.3 shall be used.
24
Instruction
Vortex shedding occurs when vortices are shed alternately on opposite sides of the
structure. This causes a variable load that is perpendicular to the direction of the wind. The
structure may begin to vibrate if the frequency of the shedding of the vortices is the same as
the natural frequency of the structure.
The dynamic excitation due to vortex shedding may be amplified if the wind flow is laminar.
These kinds of conditions that promote large amplitude vibrations have been met in Central
Europe. Laminar wind flows are typical in conditions of temperature inversion, which is
common in Finland. The calculation method presented in annex E.1.5.3 takes account of this
amplification. However, the method presented in annex 1.5.2 does not have this
characteristic. Therefore, the method described in E.1.5.3 is preferred in Finland.
25
Part 1-5: General actions. Thermal actions
1. Scope

concerning national choices for thermal actions, when applying standard SFS-EN 1991-1-5
Section 1 Scope
This Decree is applied when selecting thermal actions and is used together with the latest version of standard SFS-EN
1991-1-5.
Instruction

• 5.3(2) (Tables 5.1, 5.2 and 5.3), Section 2, Section 3
– 6.1.1(1), Note 2
– 6.1.2(2)
– 6.1.3.1(4)
– 6.1.3.2(1)P
– 6.1.3.3(3), Note 2
– 6.1.4(3)
– 6.1.4.1(1)
– 6.1.4.2(1), Note 1
– 6.1.4.3(1)
– 6.1.4.4(1)
– 6.1.5(1), Note 1
– 6.1.6(1)
– 6.2.1(1)P
– 6.2.2(1)
– 6.2.2(2), Note 1
– 7.2.1(1)P
– 7.5(3), Note 1
– 7.5(4)
• A.1(1), Note 1, Section 4
• A.1(3) Section 4
– A.2(2), Note 1
26
– B(1) (Tables B.1, B.2 and B.3).
2. Indicative temperatures of the inner environment

Section 2 Indicative temperatures of the inner environment
T1= 25 ºC (summer) and T2= 23 ºC (winter) are used as temperature values in accordance with the values in Table 5.1 of
clause 5.3(2) of the standard.
3. Indicative temperatures for buildings above ground level

Section 3 Indicative temperatures for buildings above ground level
The values in Table 5.2 of clause 5.3(2) of the standard for indicative temperatures for buildings above ground level
shall apply as follows.
The temperature values specified in the isotherm maps in Figures 1 and 2 are used for maximum shade air
temperature (Tmax) and minimum shade air temperature (Tmin).
For values of solar radiation effects T3, T4 and T5, T3 = 5 ºC, T4 = 10 ºC and T5 =15 ºC are used for structural elements
facing north and east.
The following values are used for structural elements facing south and west or for horizontal structural elements:
1) T3 = 10 °C, T4 = 20 °C and T5 = 30 °C for structures with a large outer insulation mass (e.g. concrete sandwich
structures); or
2) T3 = 18 °C, T4 = 30 °C and T5 = 42 °C for structures with a small outer insulation mass (e.g. sandwich structure with a
sheet metal surface).
When the absorption factor has been determined, the temperature may be selected on the basis of the absorption
factor, regardless of the surface colour.
4. Indicative temperatures for underground parts of buildings

Section 4 Indicative temperatures for underground parts of buildings
For indicative temperatures for underground parts of buildings, the values in Table 5.3 of clause 5.3(2) of the standard
shall be applied, where T6 = 6 °C, T7 = 4 °C, T8 = -7 °C and T9 = -4 °C.
27
5. Isotherms of minimum and maximum shade air temperatures

Section 5 Isotherms of minimum and maximum shade air temperatures
Data on annual minimum and annual maximum shade air temperature, in accordance with A.1(1) of the standard,
are given in Figures 1 and 2.
Figure 1. Isotherms of the minimum shade air temperature (°C). Considerable local deviations may occur depending on
the topography and the built environment.
Figure 2. Isotherms of the maximum shade air temperature (°C). Considerable local deviations may occur depending
on the topography and the built environment.
The minimum shade air temperatures represent values with an annual probability of falling below of 0.02, and the
maximum shade air temperatures represent values with an annual probability of being exceeded of 0.02.’
The values of shade air temperature may be adjusted for height above sea level by subtracting 0.5°C per 100 m of height
for minimum shade air temperatures and 1.0°C per 100 m of height for maximum shade air temperatures.
Unless other information is available, the value of 10°C is used for the initial temperature T0, as specified in A.1(3) of
Annex A to the standard.
28
Part 1-6: General actions. Execution-time actions
1. Scope
Ministry of the Environment Decree (9/16) concerning national choices for actions during execution, when applying
standard SFS-EN 1991-1-6
1. Scope (Ministry of the Environment Decree xx/2016, Section 1)
Section 1 Scope
This Decree is applied in the selection of actions during execution and is used in conjunction with the latest version of
standard SFS-EN 1991-1-6.
Instruction
The Non-Contradictory Complementary Information (NCCI) is presented in italics in the

instructions.

– 1.1(3)
• 3.1(1)P, Section 3
• 3.1(7), Section 3
• 3.3(2), Section 5
• 3.3(6), Section 5
– 4.9(6), Note 2
• 4.10(1)P, Section 6
• 4.11.1(2) (Table 4.1), Note 1, Section 7
• 4.11.1(2) (Table 4.1), Note 3, Section 7
– 4.11.2(1), Note 2
• 4.12(1)P, Note 2, Section 8
• 4.12(2), Section 8
• 4.12(3), Section 8
– 4.13(2)
• A1.1(1), Note 2, Section 9
• A1.3(2) Section 9
29
– A2.3(1), Note 1
– A2.4(2)
– A2.4(3)
– A2.5(2)
– A2.5(3).
2. Construction loads

concerning national choices for actions during execution, when applying standard SFS-EN 1991-1-6
Section 2 Construction loads
The limits of the area where construction loads may be moved shall be marked in the plans, in accordance with clause
2.2(4) of the standard, when the magnitude of the actions is significant in terms of the structure.
Instruction
Significant loads may be caused by, for example, heavy equipment, heavy moving machinery,
storage of goods or demolition waste, filling and excavation work, supporting moulds for
upper floors and casting work.
30
3. Design situations to be verified

Section 3 Design situations to be verified
The design situation for wind actions during exceptional weather conditions shall be interpreted as an accidental design
situation, in accordance with clause 3.1(1)P of the standard.
There are no recommended values for return periods in clause 3.1(5) of the standard for the determination of
characteristic values of variable actions during execution regarding the nominal duration of a design situation lasting no
more than three days.
In the determination of the characteristic values of variable actions, in accordance with clause 3.1(5) of the standard, a
nominal duration of three days, to be chosen for short execution phases, corresponds to the extent in time of reliable
meteorological predictions for the location of the construction site. In such a case, the magnitude of the action shall be
chosen according to the meteorological predictions. The minimum value to be used for the fundamental value of the
basic wind velocity is 10 m/s.
The fundamental value of the basic wind velocity vb,0 during the execution for a nominal duration of up to three months is
18 m/s, in accordance with clause 3.1(5) of the standard, and this may be applied in the entire country, including sea and
mountain areas.
For the combination of snow loads and wind actions, in accordance with clause 3.1(7) of the standard, no reductions are
allowed if the snow loads and wind actions that are used are less than in persistent design situations.
Instruction
In the determination of snow load during the execution, the seasonal variation, length of
the execution phase and removal of snow may be taken into account. However, when the
snow load can occur, the minimum value of the load s should be at least 0.5 kN/m2. The
load s is the load on the roof or on the structure. During the execution, when the snow load
is affecting the floors and not the roof, the load may be taken as uniformly distributed and
e.g. drifting due to obstacles need not to be taken into account.
Instruction
The peak velocity pressure during the execution for a nominal duration of up to three months
is 75% of the value for the persistent design situation. For the wind load, this corresponds to
a 5-year return period.
31
4. Imperfections and restraint actions

Section 4 Imperfections and restraint actions
For a persistent design situation during execution, in accordance with clause 3.1(8) of the standard, the imperfections in
the geometry of the structure and of structural members shall be those imperfections due to normal use of the
completed structure.
The imperfections to be defined, however, shall be determined on a project-by-project basis when the execution includes
stages where a structure or a structural member has an imposed load in a different position or location than when the
structure or the structural member is in the final state.
The imperfections caused by restraint actions and their deflections during erection work shall be taken into consideration.
The imperfections caused by deflections in auxiliary construction works shall be taken into account if they differ from the
imperfections of the persistent design situation.
5. Serviceability limit states

Section 5 Serviceability limit states
Any deformation during execution shall not cause damage to adjacent structures nor to the surface materials of the
structural members, in accordance with clause 3.3(2) of the standard. The deformation during execution can, however,
be greater than the allowed deformation for the completed structure if the deformation is reversible when the actions
due to execution are removed.
The design situation during execution, compared to the persistent design situation, shall not cause larger crack widths
in the structure and the cracking shall not reduce the stiffness of the structure, if this has not been taken into
consideration in the persistent design situation.
Auxiliary construction works shall be designed so that the tolerances of the completed structure are not exceeded, in
accordance with clause 3.3(6) of the standard.
6. Actions due to atmospheric icing

Section 6 Actions due to atmospheric icing
Actions due to atmospheric icing shall be determined on a project-by-project basis, in accordance with clause 4.10(1)P
of the standard.
Instruction
The determination of ice loads is presented in the standards EN 1993-3 and ISO 12494.
32
7. Construction loads

Section 7 Construction loads
When considering construction loads, clause 4.11.1(1), Note 1 of the standard, the characteristic value of load qca,k is
1.0 kN/m2. The characteristic value of load qca,k for precast slabs before grouting is 0.5 kN/m2.
The characteristic values of loads qcb and Fcb for the actions caused by the temporary storage of material are determined
on a project-by-project basis, in accordance with clause 4.11.1(1), Note 3 of the standard.
8. Accidental actions

Section 8 Accidental actions
The dynamic amplification factor in accidental design situations is 2, in accordance with clause 4.12(1)P, Note 2 of the
standard.
The dynamic effects, clause 4.12(2) of the standard, are determined on a project-by-project basis. Actions due to
equipment falling or the dropping of equipment are taken into account where there is an exceptionally demanding work
stage or structure, and where the equipment falling or the dropping of equipment will cause a disproportionately large
amount of damage in relation to the initial incident.
Structures shall be designed to take into account a human impact load as an accidental action, when stumbling could lead
to a person falling or when the structure under consideration has to prevent the fall of a person.
The design values of the human impact force to be used in the accidental design situation, clause 4.12(3) of the standard,
are:
1) 2.5 kN applied over an area of 200 mm x 200 mm; this design value takes into account a situation where a possible
stumble does not lead to a person falling due to the collapse of the structure; or
2) 10.0 kN applied over an area of 300 mm x 300 mm or the action is applied to fastening points for safety devices. This is
to verify the design of protective structures, and the resistance of the fastenings, that will prevent the fall of a person.
Instruction
The design of fixed fastening points for safetylines on roofs
Roof accessories and roof safety products to which persons working on roofs will fasten their
safetylines are designed for the load caused by the falling of a person.
The durability of the fitting or rooftop safety product and its fastening and substructure are
verified by means of either testing or computational analysis. Testing is performed by means
of a drop test pursuant to clause 8.2 of standard SFS-EN 516. The computational analysis is
33
performed in an accidental situation by using a design value of Ad = 10 kN for the accidental
action, acting in an arbitrary direction at the roof surface level at the height of the lifeline
fastening point. The analysis does not need to account for other variable actions that may
impact at the same time.
If the rooftop safety products are CE labelled and designed for the fastening of a safetyline,
only the durability of the substructure needs to be verified.
The design of fixed fastening points for lifelines during the installation of the load bearing
system
The fastening points for safetylines required during installation are designed for the load
caused by a falling person.
The durability of the fastening point and substructure may be verified by means of either
testing or computational analysis. Testing is performed by means of a drop test pursuant to
clause 8.2 of standard SFS-EN 516. The computational analysis is performed in an accidental
situation by using a design value of Ad = 10 kN for the accidental action, acting at the
safetyline fastening point in the direction of the lifeline at the moment of falling. The analysis
does not need to account for other variable actions that may impact at the same time.
Design of removable and transferable fastening points
Removable and transferable fastening points are covered by the directive on personal
protective equipment, and the requirements for the fastening point are set forth in standard
SFS-EN 795.
9. Annex A: Supplementary rules for buildings

Section 9 Annex A: Supplementary rules for buildings
For ultimate limit state verifications, in clause A1.1(1), Note 2 of the standard, the recommended value to be used for the
combination factor ψ0 for the variable action due to construction loads is 1.0, and the recommended value for the quasi-
permanent combination factor ψ2 for the variable action is 0.3.
The characteristic value of equivalent horizontal forces, clause A1.3(2) of the standard, is 3% of the vertical loads from the
most unfavourable combination of actions. A lower value can be used if skewness of the vertical action during the
execution can be estimated.
When casting concrete, it shall be assumed that a variable horizontal point load acts in a random direction on the surface
level of cast concrete, with a characteristic value of 1.5 kN.
34
Part 1-7: General actions. Accidental actions
1. Scope

concerning national choices for accidental actions, when applying standard SFS-EN 1991-1-7
Section 1 Scope
This Decree is applied in the selection of accidental actions and is used in conjunction with the latest version of standard
SFS-EN 1991-1-7.
Instruction

• 2(2), Section 2
– 3.2(1), Note 3
• 3.3(2), Note 3, Sections 6 and 7
– 3.4(1), Note 4, Section 5
– 3.4(2)
– 4.1(1), Note 1
– 4.1(1), Note 3
• 4.3.1(1), Note 1, Section 8
• 4.3.1(1), Note 2, Section 8
• 4.3.1(1), Note 3, Section 8
• 4.3.1(2), Section 8
– 4.3.1(3)
• 4.3.2(1), Note 1
• 4.3.2(1), Note 3
– 4.3.2(1), Note 4
– 4.3.2(2)
– 4.3.2(3)
• 4.4(1), Section 8
– 4.5(1)
– 4.5.1.2(1), Note 1
– 4.5.1.2(1), Note 2
35
– 4.5.1.4(1)
– 4.5.1.4(2)
– 4.5.1.4(3)
– 4.5.1.4(4)
• 4.5.1.4(5), Section 8
• 4.5.1.5(1), Section 8
– 4.5.2(1)
– 4.5.2(4)
– 4.6.1(3), Note 1
– 4.6.2(1)
– 4.6.2(2)
– 4.6.2(3), Note 1
– 4.6.2(4)
– 4.6.3(1)
– 4.6.3(3)
– 4.6.3(4)P
– 4.6.3(5), Note 1
– 5.3(1)P
– A.4(1), Note 1.
2. Accidental action

Section 2 Accidental action
An accidental action, clause 2(2) of the standard, is considered a fixed action in those cases where the load is evenly
distributed on the entire structure.
36
3. Accidental design situations

Section 3 Accidental design situations
The designer of a structure shall devise a strategy such that neither the whole building nor a significant part of it will
collapse if localised failure is sustained.
The adoption of this strategy shall provide a building with sufficient robustness to not succumb to various types of
unspecified accidental actions.
The minimum period that a structure needs to remain intact following an accident should be that period needed to
facilitate the safe evacuation and rescue of personnel from the building and its surroundings. Buildings used for handling
hazardous materials, for providing essential services or for national security reasons may need to remain intact for longer
periods.
The party engaging the building project is not permitted, without the consent of the relevant authorities, in accordance
with clause 3.1(2), Note 4 of the standard, to agree to the use of lower values for accidental actions in individual projects
other than those given in SFS-EN 1991-1-7 and in this Decree.
4. Accidental design situations – strategies for limiting the extent of

localised failure

Section 4 Accidental design situations — strategies for limiting the extent of localised failure
The acceptable limit of ‘localised failure’, in accordance with clause 3.3(2), Note 2 of the standard, depends on the type
of building:
1) In multi-storey buildings, the localised failure may not exceed 15% of the floor area or 100 m2/storey. The failure may
occur in two adjacent storeys; or
2) If a column is damaged in hall-type buildings, the acceptable limit of localised failure is the length of the main girders
supported by the column, multiplied by two times the distance between the main girders. If the main girders are on the
external wall line, the acceptable limit of localised failure is the combined length of the main girders, multiplied by the
distance between the main girders.
If the main girder of a hall-type building is an arch or similar structure that does not have separate columns, the extent
of localised failure may be the length of the main girder, multiplied by two times the distance between the main girders.
If the main girder is on the external wall line, the acceptable limit of localised failure is the length of the main girder,
multiplied by the distance between the main girders.
If load-bearing walls form the vertical frame of a hall-type building, the localised failure may not exceed the length of the
horizontal structures supported by the wall, multiplied by 2H, where H is the height of the load-bearing wall.
In hall-type buildings, the failure may occur on one storey only.
37
Instruction
Multi-storey buildings
a) Plan b) Cross-section
(A) Localised damage (B) Notationally removed column
Figure 1. Acceptable limit of localised damage in multi-storey buildings
In multi-storey buildings, localised damage (initial collapse) will easily lead to a continuous
collapse. If the extent of localised damage cannot be reliably assessed, localised damage
cannot be allowed. In this case, the building shall be designed pursuant to section 6, using
either tying systems or alternative load transfer routes.
Hall-type buildings
(A) Localised damage (B) Notationally removed column
Figure 2. Acceptable limit of localised damage in hall-type buildings, two-span hall used as
an example
38
5. Accidental design situations – use of consequences classes

Section 5 Accidental design situations — use of consequences classes
In the testing of accidental design situations to verify that a building or structure can remain intact, the Ministry of the
Environment Decree concerning national choices for consequences classes, in accordance with standard SFS-EN 1990,
shall apply. For the strategies for accidental design situations, in accordance with clause 3.4(1) of SFS-EN 1991-1-7,
consequences classes CC2 and CC3 are divided into subclasses a and b based on the size of buildings and structures. The
possible consequences are greater in subclass b than in subclass a.
Instruction
In an accidental limit state, the consequences class selected for the building pursuant to the
national annex to standard SFS-EN 1990 is divided into subclasses for the selection of the
principle of operation laid down in item 3.4(1) of the standard as follows:
1) Consequences class CC1 includes 1- and 2-storey buildings which are only occasionally
occupied by people, such as warehouses.
2) Consequences class CC2 subclass a, lower group, includes buildings with a maximum of
four aboveground floors or whose height from the ground is a maximum of 16 m.
However, residential buildings with a maximum of two aboveground floors may be
designed pursuant to consequences class 1 in an accidental limit state.
3) Consequences class CC2 subclass b, upper group, includes all other buildings and
structures that are not in consequences classes 1, 2a or 3.
4) Consequences class CC3 subclass a includes residential buildings, office buildings,
commercial buildings with 9–15 storeys and other buildings with 9–15 storeys with a
similar intended use and load bearing system. The number of storeys includes any
basement storeys.
5) Consequences class CC3 subclass b includes
a) other buildings with more than 8 storeys, including a possible basement
b) concert halls, theatres, sports and exhibitions halls and spectator galleries
c) heavily loaded buildings or buildings with large spans that are often occupied by a large
number of people
d) special structures according to a case-by-case assessment
39
6. Principles for ensuring the robustness of a building

Section 6 Principles for ensuring the robustness of a building
Sufficient robustness for a multi-storey building shall be ensured, in accordance with clause 3.3(2), Note 3 of the
standard, by applying three-dimensional tying for additional integrity or designing alternative load transfer path.
The tying system shall be designed to increase the robustness and integrity of a building in the event of higher damage
consequences.
Alternative load paths shall be designed so that a localised failure does not exceed the limits given in section 4.
When an alternative load path cannot be found or when such a method would lead to unreasonable structural solutions
with regard to technical functionality, a method of designing key elements in accordance with clause 3.3(2)(a) of the
standard may be used, thus considerably increasing the robustness of the building.
In the designing of key elements, in accordance with clause 3.3(2), Note 1 of the standard, accidental action Ad shall be
determined by carrying out a risk assessment and the grounds for the values used shall be included and recorded in the
design documentation. Alternatively, the values recommended in the standard may be used.
For buildings in consequences class CC3b, a systematic risk assessment of the building shall be undertaken, taking into
account both foreseeable and unforeseeable hazards. If accidental actions can be determined by the risk assessment,
they shall be taken into consideration in the design. Accidental actions include linear loads, concentrated loads, weight
loads, deformations or deformation forces.
Instruction
Design of tying systems and calculating tying forces in different consequences classes.
Buildings in consequences class CC1:

Provided that a building has been designed and constructed in accordance with the rules
given in SFS-EN 1990...SFS-EN 1999 for satisfying the requirements of normal design
situation, no further specific consideration is necessary with regard to accidental actions
from unidentified causes.
Buildings in consequences class CC2a:

In addition to the operating principles concerning consequences class CC1, horizontal ties
shall be used in class CC2a buildings pursuant to clause 1.1 or horizontal structures shall be
anchored to walls pursuant to clause 1.2.
Buildings in consequences class CC2b:

In addition to the operating principles concerning consequences class CC1, horizontal
structures shall use horizontal ties pursuant to clause 1.1, vertical ties shall be used in all load
40
bearing columns and walls pursuant to clause 2, and vertical structures shall be bound to
horizontal structures pursuant to clause 1.2.
Buildings in consequences class CC3a:

In addition to the operating principles concerning consequences class CC1, horizontal
structures shall use horizontal ties pursuant to clause 1.1, vertical ties shall be used in all load
bearing columns and walls pursuant to clause 2, and vertical structures shall be bound to
horizontal structures pursuant to clause 1.2.
Buildings in consequences class CC3b:

In addition to the operating principles concerning consequences class CC1, a systematic risk
assessment of the building should be undertaken in order to account for both foreseeable
and unforeseeable hazards. Regardless of the results of the risk assessment, the building shall
meet the requirements of consequences class CC3a.
Those parts of the building where the notional removal of a column or a load-bearing wall
section pursuant to the definition in clause 3 would cause a horizontal structure that contains
horizontal ties to act as an overhang that is the height of the horizontal structure shall also
be inspected. If such a notional removal of a structural member results in damage that
exceeds the acceptable limit, the structure marked for notional removal shall be considered
a key structural member in the risk assessment.
1. Horizontal ties
1.1 Peripheral and internal ties
Horizontal peripheral and internal ties shall be provided around the perimeter of each floor
and roof level and internally in two right angle directions. The ties shall be continuous and
be arranged as closely as practicable to the edges of floors and lines of columns and walls.
At least 30% of the ties shall be located in the immediate vicinity of the grid lines of the
columns and the walls.
The ties shall have such deformation capacity that they can act as a replacement load
transfer structure or as part of a replacement load transfer structure.
Horizontal ties may comprise timber sections, steel or aluminium sections, reinforcement
in concrete structures, or steel mesh reinforcement and and prefabricated reinforcing
products made of sheet metal for composite slabs (if directly connected to the steel beams
with shear connectors). The ties may consist of a combination of the above types.
Each continuous tie, including its end connections, should be capable of sustaining a design
tensile force for the accidental limit state, equal to the following values:
41
Consequences classes CC2a and CC2b
The tie forces T are based on the characteristic value of the permanent actions gk for the
horizontal structure.
Peripheral and internal ties:
When the characteristic value of the permanent actions for the horizontal structure is
gk ≥ 3.0 kN/m2:
Ti = s ⋅ 20kN / m (1)
The minimum value for the tie force T is 70 kN for peripheral ties. If the internal ties must
be centred on the supporting line, the minimum value of the tie force, 70 kN, will also be
applied to internal ties (e.g. internal ties at the element end seams).
When the characteristic value of the permanent actions for the horizontal structure is
gk ≤ 2.0 kN/m2:
Ti = s ⋅ 3kN / m (2)
The minimum value for the tie force T is 10 kN for peripheral ties. If the internal ties must
be centred on the supporting line, the minimum value of the tie force, 10 kN, will also be
applied to internal ties (e.g. internal ties at the element end seams).
where:
s is, for internal ties, the distance between ties from centre to centre, and for peripheral
ties, the distance between the peripheral tie and the closest internal tie divided by two
plus the distance to the edge of the building (see Fig. 3).
When the characteristic value gk of the permanent actions for the horizontal structure is
between 2.0 and 3.0 kN/m2, the values for the tie forces can be obtained by interpolation.
Tie forces:
T1: s1= (L1+L2)/2 T2: s2=L3+L2/2 T3: s3=(L4+L5)/2 T4: s4=L6+L5/2
Figure 3. Determination of the distance s when calculating horizontal tie forces
42
The tie forces T are based on the characteristic value of the permanent actions gk for the
horizontal structure. In consequences classes CC3a and CC3b, the characteristic value for
the permanent actions gk is usually greater than 3.0 kN/m2. If, however, the characteristic
value of the permanent actions gk is smaller than this value, the tie forces may be defined
on a project basis.
Peripheral and internal ties:

When the characteristic value of the permanent actions for the horizontal structure is gk ≥
3.0 kN/m2:
Ft ⋅ 0,8 ⋅ ( g k + ∑ψ i qk ) z
=Ti ⋅ s but at least T=
i Ft ⋅ s (3)
kN 5m
6 2
m
where:
Ft is 48 kN/m or (16 + 2.1 ns) kN/m, whichever is smaller
gk is the characteristic value of the permanent actions for the horizontal structure. If
several variable actions act on the horizontal structure, the variable actions acting
across the calculation width s are added together by applying the combination rules
for an accidental limit state.
ψi is the combination factor for a variable action during an accidental limit state (ψ1 or ψ2
depending on the action)
qk is the characteristic value of the variable action for the horizontal structure
s is, for internal ties, the distance between ties from centre to centre, and for peripheral
ties, the distance between the peripheral tie and the closest internal tie divided by two
plus the distance to the edge of the building (see Fig. 3)
ns is the number of storeys in the entire building
z is the distance between column or wall centre lines in the direction of the tie, or if the
tie is in the direction of a load-bearing wall, it is the nominal length of the section
marked for notional removal defined in clause 4 divided by two (z is the assumed safe
value of half of the span when utilising catenary action, see Fig. 4).
43
a)
Tie forces in a framed structure: T1 and T2: z = max(L4,L5) T3 and T4: z = max(L1,L2,
L3)
b)
Tie forces in a load-bearing wall construction:

T1 and T2: z = L4/2, where L4 the nominal length of the load-bearing wall section
(see clause 3):
T3 and T4: z = max(L1,L2, L3)
Figure 4. Determination of the distance z when calculating horizontal tie forces
Structural members used for sustaining actions other than accidental actions may be
utilised as the above ties.
1.2 Horizontal ties to columns and walls
Edge columns and walls shall be tied to every floor and roof. The tie forces are based on the
characteristic value of the permanent actions gk for the horizontal structure. The ties should
be capable of sustaining the following forces in accidental limit state:
44
kN
=
Ftie 20 ⋅ s when the characteristic value of the permanent actions for the horizontal
m
structure is gk ≥ 3.0 kN/m2 (4)
kN
=
Ftie 3 ⋅ s when the characteristic value of the permanent actions for the horizontal
m
structure is gk ≤ 2.0 kN/m2 (5)
but no more than Ftie = 150kN
where:
s is the calculation width of the tie force, which is measured from centre to centre of the
clear distance of vertical structures or to the edge of the building when the vertical
structures are located in the outer corner (see Fig. 5).
When the characteristic value gk of the permanent actions for the horizontal structure is
between 2.0 and 3.0 kN/m2, the values for the tie forces can be obtained by interpolation.
The tie forces are based on the characteristic value of the permanent actions gk for the
horizontal structure. If the characteristic value of the permanent actions of the horizontal
structure is gk ≥ 3.0 kN/m2, the below equation (6) may be applied. If the characteristic
value of the permanent actions gk is smaller than this value, the tie forces may be defined
on a project basis.
h
Ftie =⋅
Ft ⋅ s , but no more than Ftie =2 ⋅ Ft ⋅ s (6)
2,5m
where:
Ft is 48 kN/m or (16 + 2.1 ns) kN/m, whichever is smaller
h is the storey height
s is the calculation width of the tie force, which is measured from centre to centre of the
clear distance of vertical structures or to the edge of the building when the vertical
structures are located in the outer corner (see Fig. 5).
ns is the number of storeys in the entire building
45
Tie forces:
Ftie1: s1=(L1+L2)/2 Ftie2: s2=L3+L2/2 Ftie3: s3=(L4+L5)/2
Ftie4: s4=L6+L5/2 Ftie5: s5=L8+L7/2
Figure 5. Determination of the calculation width s for the tie force when calculating the tie
force of the walls and columns (the wall ties may be placed along the entire length of the
wall)
Corner columns are tied in both directions.

Peripheral or internal ties may be used for tying columns if the reinforcement is anchored
to the columns.
2. Vertical ties
Each column and wall shall be supplied with continuous vertical ties from the foundations
to the roof level.
The columns and walls carrying vertical actions shall be capable of resisting an accidental
design tensile force equal to the largest design vertical permanent and variable load
reaction applied to the column from any one storey. The tensile force is anchored to the
upper floor.
The vertical ties in a load-bearing wall structure may be placed at the element seams or
distributed along the length of the wall; the outermost vertical ties are located at a distance
of at most 3 m from the free-standing end of the wall.
3. Nominal section of a load-bearing wall
The nominal section of a load-bearing wall is the distance between vertical structural
members that act as horizontal support, however at most 2.25H, where H is the storey
height in metres.
46
Instruction
Design of alternative load transfer routes
Alternative load transfer routes are designed for the design loads of an accidental situation.
In the design of an alternative load transfer route, it is thought that a column, a joist
supporting a column, a joint between a column and a joist, or a section of a load-bearing wall
pursuant to the definition of clause 3 in the instruction concerning tying systems (one at a
time on each floor of the building) is removed from the building.
Instruction
Definition of key components of building structure
The vertical structures of the building shall mainly be designed as non-key components of
building structure. The procedure for a key component may only be used if an alternative
load transfer route cannot be formed. Typically, such places may be columns located at the
outer corners of the building, for example. Not all vertical structures in a building can be
considered key components of building structure.
A key component of building structure is tied to a horizontal structure in a manner

corresponding to the accidental action Ad in order to allow the horizontal structure to
transfer the force to the bracing structures.
When assessing the force transferred through the components, the ultimate strength of the
components and their fastenings is taken into account.
7. Principles for ensuring the robustness of a hall-type building

Section 7 Principles for ensuring the robustness of a hall-type building
Sufficient robustness of a hall-type building, in accordance with clause 3.3(2), Note 3 of the standard, shall be ensured so that a
localised failure does not exceed the limits given in section 4. Localised failure is limited by means of structural measures.
For buildings in consequences class CC3b, a systematic risk assessment of the building should be undertaken, thereby taking into
account both foreseeable and unforeseeable hazards. If accidental actions can be specified by risk assessment, they shall be taken
into consideration. Accidental actions include linear loads, concentrated loads, weight loads, deformations or deformation forces.
47
Instruction
Localised damage can be limited by means of one of the following actions:

− designing alternative load transfer routes
− increasing the static indeterminacy of the structure and ensuring the toughness
of the structural joints
− by using a sufficient number of bracing structures on the roofs and walls
− by ensuring that the stability of the main supports is retained even after localised
damage
− by designing secondary structures in a manner that prevents them from expanding the
collapsed area
48
8. Impact on supporting substructures

Section 8 Impact on supporting substructures
The values given in Table 1 for actions due to impact shall be complied with, in accordance with clause 4.3.1(1) of the
standard. The values given in the table do not apply to areas that are not accessible to vehicles.
The design forces for building structures given in Table 1 for the category of traffic may be multiplied by a reduction
factor taken from Figure 1 as a function of distance d and the maximum permitted speed of the vehicle ν0, provided that
the maximum speed limit is less than 80 km/h. Distance d is measured from the structural member to the centreline of
the nearest trafficked lane. The design forces shall meet, at the least, the requirements for the category of traffic
courtyards and parking garages in Table 1. The values for the reduction factors for speeds between 40 km/h and 80 km/h
can be obtained by linear interpolation. The reduction factors given in Figure 1 can be applied when the downward slope
between the centreline of the nearest trafficked lane and the point of impact, measured perpendicularly to the lane, is
no more than 1:5. The effect of slopes steeper than this and the effect of upward slopes, as well as the effect of rails and
other measures to avoid impact, shall be specified for the individual project, in accordance with clause 4.3.1(1), Note 2
of the standard.
Table 1. Indicative equivalent static design forces due to vehicular impact on supporting structures over or adjacent to
roadways.
Force Fdxa Force

Category of traffic [kN] Fdya
[kN]
Motorways, country roads and main roads with a maximum speed limit of v ≥ 80 1100 550
km/h
Streets and main roads with a maximum speed limit of 50 km/h ≤ v < 80 km/h 825 410
Streets and main roads with a maximum speed limit of v < 50 km/h 550 275
Courtyards and parking garages that are:

accessible to passenger cars and delivery vansb 25 25
accessibleb to lorriesc 75 75
a x = direction of normal travel, y = perpendicular to the direction of normal travel.

b If the horizontal distance from the structure to the edge of the courtyard area planned for vehicular traffic
is at least 2.0 m, it is not necessary to design the structure for vehicular impact.
c The term ‘lorries’ refers to vehicles with a maximum gross weight of more than 3.5 tonnes.
When distance d is so great that the reduction factor obtained from Figure 1 is zero, it is not necessary to design for
actions due to vehicular impact.
It is not necessary to consider actions due to vehicular impact on structures in consequences class CC1, in accordance
with clause 4.3.1(1), Note 3 of the standard.
49
Figure 1. Reduction factor for design forces for building structures in the category of traffic Roads in urban area.
A reduction factor rF is not applied to the category of traffic Courtyards and parking garages, in accordance with clause
4.3.2(1), Note 3 of the standard.
In determining the value of force F for accidental actions due to impact from forklift trucks, in accordance with clause
4.4(1) of the standard, W is the sum of the net weight and hoisting load of a loaded truck, unless a more accurate method
is applied. Force F is applied at a height of 0.75 m above floor level.
Table 2. Indicative equivalent static design forces for building structures due to impact on superstructures.
Equivalent static
Category of traffic design force Fdx a
[kN]
Motorways, country roads and main 500
roads
Country roads in rural area 375
Roads in urban area 250
Courtyards and parking garages 75
a x = direction of normal travel.
The horizontal static equivalent design forces parallel or transverse to the railway due to impact caused by the derailing
of rail traffic running under or adjacent to a Class A structure, in accordance with clause 4.5.1.4(5) of the standard, can
be reduced so that Fdx = Fdy = 0, when d > 20 m. In other cases, the values are determined for the individual project. When
distance d is greater than 5 m, no requirements are specified for Class B structures, in accordance with clause 4.5.1.5(1)
of the standard. In other cases, the values are determined for the individual project.
9. Annex A: Design for consequences of localised failure in buildings from

an unspecified cause

Section 9 Annex A: Design for consequences of localised failure in buildings from an unspecified cause
Annex A is not applied.
50
National Annex to standard SFS-EN 1991-3: Actions on structures.
Part 3: Actions induced by cranes and machinery
1. Scope

concerning national choices for actions induced by cranes and machinery, when applying standard SFS-EN 1991-3
Section 1 Scope
This Decree is applied in the selection of actions induced by cranes and machinery and is used in conjunction with the
latest version of standard SFS-EN 1991-3.
Instruction
As regards standard SFS-EN 1991-3, the recommended values set forth in standard SFS-EN
1991-3 and all the annexes to standard SFS-EN 1991-3 are followed unless otherwise stated
in this National Annex.
National choice is permitted in the following clauses of standard SFS-EN 1991-3:

• 2.1(2), Section 2
• 2.5.2.1(2)
– 2.5.3(2)
– 2.7.3(3), Note 2
• A.2.2(1), Section 3
• A.2.2(2), Section 3
• A.2.3(1), .
2. Actions induced by hoists and cranes on runway beams

Section 2 Actions induced by hoists and cranes on runway beams
Where the crane supplier is known at the time of design of crane runway beams, in accordance with clause 2.1(2) of
the standard, the wheel loads specified by the crane manufacturer shall be primarily used for actions induced on
runways. The actions should be given as static values without partial safety factors. The actions shall be classified as
permanent actions and variable and accidental actions. The dynamic factors for different actions shall be reported. For
designing the building frame, the simultaneous actions on different crane runways shall be reported. For the purpose
of fatigue analysis, the rate of planned load accumulation of all cranes running on crane runways shall be reported.
51
Instruction
Vertical actions
2.5.2.1(2)
The recommended value is adopted for the eccentricity of the wheel load presented in
clause 2.5.2.1(2) of the standard. For fatigue analysis, the lower value for eccentricity can
be used in particular cases, when the eccentricity tolerance of the rail relative to web and
any possible inaccuracies of the crane wheels are taken into account in its determination.
For the value of the eccentricity of the rail relative to web, Δ = 5 mm is adopted when the
thickness of the web tw ≤ 10 mm and Δ = 0.5 tw ,, when tw > 10 mm. The inaccuracies of the
crane wheels should be determined together with the crane supplier. If the inaccuracies are
not determined, the recommended value e = 0.25 br is adopted.
3. Annex A: Basis of design — supplementary clauses to EN 1990 for

runway beams loaded by cranes

Section 3 Annex A: Basis of design — supplementary clauses to EN 1990 for runway beams loaded by cranes
The partial safety factors given in Table 1 shall be applied to crane actions in accordance with clause A.2.2(1) of the
standard. The values given in the table shall also be applied when designing load-bearing structures carrying crane runway
beams.
Table 1. Design values of crane actions (STR/GEO)
Persistent and transient design situations Eq.6.10a Eq.6.10b

Permanent Unfavourable 1.35KFIGkj,sup 1.15KFIGkj,sup
actions
Favourable 1.0Gkj,inf 1.0Gkj,inf
1.35KFI Qk,1
Crane action is the leading variable action
1.35KFI ψ0,iQk,i
Crane action is an accompanying variable action
The values γGsup = 1.1 and γGinf = 0.9, set out in the Ministry of the Environment Decree concerning national choices for
standard SFS-EN 1990, shall be applied to the partial safety factors in accordance with clause A.2.2(2) of the standard.
Instruction
A.2.2(1)
As regards other actions, the Decree of the Ministry of the Environment concerning the
national choices for standard SFS-EN 1990 shall be followed.
52
A.2.3(1)
The recommended values presented in clause A.2.3(1) are adopted for the combination
factors of crane actions. The values are also used when designing crane supporting
structures. For structural fire design, only the permanent crane actions are taken into
account. It is not necessary to dimension crane runways for fire actions, unless otherwise
stated in project specifications. In the project specification, special attention shall be paid
to the rescue routes and attack routes for the fire brigade, for which the crane runway may
have to be locally dimensioned for fire actions.
53
National Annex to standard SFS-EN 1991-4: Actions on structures.
Part 4: Actions on silos and tanks
1. Scope

concerning national choices for loads on silos and tanks, when applying standard SFS-EN 1991-4
Section 1 Scope
This Decree is applied in the selection of loads on silos and tanks and is used in conjunction with the latest version of
standard SFS-EN 1991-4.
Instruction
As regards standard SFS-EN 1991-4, the recommended values set forth in standard SFS-EN
1991-4 and all the annexes to standard SFS-EN 1991-4 are followed unless otherwise stated
in this National Annex.
National choice is permitted in the following clauses of standard SFS-EN 1991-4:

– 2.5(5), Note 1
– 3.6(2)
– 5.2.4.3.1(3)
– 5.4.1(3), Note 1
– 5.4.1(4)
– A.4(3)
– B.2.14(1).
54
2. Annex A to the standard: Basis of design – supplementary paragraphs to
EN 1990 for silos and tanks

Section 2 Annex A to the standard: Basis of design – supplementary paragraphs to EN 1990 for silos and tanks
Annex A provides supplementary guidance applicable to actions on silos concerning partial factors and on combinations
of actions on silos:
1) The combination factors given in Annex A, Tables A.1, A.2, A.3, A.4 and A.5 are not applicable. The combination factors
shall be selected in accordance with Annex A and Annex B and shall comply with the Ministry of the Environment Decree
concerning national choices for the basis of structural design, when applying standard SFS-EN 1990;
2) for actions on silos, in accordance with clause A.2.1(1) of the standard, the value of the partial safety factor is γF=1.5.
With regard to other actions in the design of silos, the Ministry of the Environment Decree concerning national choices
for the basis of structural design, when applying standard SFS-EN 1990, shall be complied with; and
3) in design situations and action combinations for Action Assessment Classes 2 and 3 for actions on silos, in accordance
with clause A.4 of the standard, the value of the combination factor ψ0 shall be 1.0, the value of the frequent combination
factor ψ1 shall be 0.9, and the value of the quasi-permanent combination factor ψ2 shall be 0.8.
3. Annex B to the standard: Actions, partial factors and combinations of

actions on tanks

Section 3 Annex B to the standard: Actions, partial factors and combinations of actions on tanks
Annex B provides supplementary guidance applicable to actions on tanks concerning partial factors and on combinations
of actions on tanks:
1) the party engaging the building project shall specify the accidental actions to be considered, in accordance with clause
B.2.14 of the standard;
2) during operation, the value of the partial factor for the liquid induced loads and the actions on the tank due to weight
γF is 1.35, in accordance with clause B.3(2) of the standard. The values in Annex A, clause A.2.1(2), are not applied; or
3) for the liquid induced loads and the actions on the tank due to weight, the value of the combination factor ψ0 shall be
1.0, the value of the frequent combination factor ψ1 shall be 0.9, and the value of the quasi-permanent combination
factor ψ2 shall be 0.8.
55

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NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF FINLAND

Strength and stability of

Helsinki, 20 December 2016

Head of the Buildings and Construction unit

1. National Annex to standard SFS-EN 1991-1-1: Actions on structures.

2. National Annex to standard SFS-EN 1991-1-2: Actions on structures.

3. National Annex to standard SFS-EN 1991-1-3: Actions on structures.

4. National Annex to standard SFS-EN 1991-1-4: Actions on structures.

5. National Annex to standard SFS-EN 1991-1-5: Actions on structures.

6. National Annex to standard SFS-EN 1991-1-6: Actions on structures.

7. National Annex to standard SFS-EN 1991-1-7: Actions on structures.

8. National Annex to standard SFS-EN 1991-3: Actions on structures.

9. National Annex to standard SFS-EN 1991-4: Actions on structures.

National Annex to standard SFS-EN 1991-1-1: Actions on structures.

National choice is permitted in the following clauses of standard SFS-EN 1991-1-1:

A national choice has been made in the clauses marked •.

3. Values of actions for designing residential, social, commercial and

*Stairs in blocks of flats Q = 1.5 kN

5. Reduction factor for storeys

Table 2. Values of actions on garages and vehicle traffic areas

Category G 5.0 3.0 90 (2.0)

8. Horizontal loads on parapets and partition walls acting as barriers

Category A 0.5 kN/m

Category B 0.5 kN/m

Categories C1 to C4 1.0 kN/m

Category C5 3.0 kN/m

Category E 1.0 kN/m

10. Annex B: Vehicle barriers and parapets for car parks

Annex B shall be used when designing structures for impact barriers.

National choice is permitted in the following clauses of standard SFS-EN 1991-1-2:

3. Thermal loads to be used in temperature analysis

5. Annex E: Fire load densities

Only E.4 Rate of heat release Q of Annex E may be applied.

6. Annex F: Equivalent time of fire exposure

Annex F is not applied.

Ministry of the Environment Decree (6/16)

2. Snow load on the ground

National choice is permitted in the following clauses of standard SFS-EN 1991-1-3:

A national choice has been made in the clauses marked •.

Ministry of the Environment Decree (6/16)

Ministry of the Environment Decree (6/16)

Smaller Ratio of larger to smaller dimension

Ministry of the Environment Decree (6/16)

Ministry of the Environment Decree (6/16)

Figure 2. Snow load shape coefficients for cylindrical roofs.

Ministry of the Environment Decree (6/16)

0.8 ≤ μw ≤ 2.5, if the area of the lower roof is ≥ 6 m2;

The range of drift length ls is 2 m ≤ ls ≤ 6 m.

7. Drifting at projections and obstructions

Ministry of the Environment Decree (6/16)

Ministry of the Environment Decree (6/16)

9. Annex B: Snow load shape coefficients for exceptional snow drifts

Ministry of the Environment Decree (6/16)

Annex B is not applied.

10. Annex C: European ground snow load maps

Ministry of the Environment Decree (6/16)

Annex C is not applied.

Ministry of the Environment Decree (7/16)