BY

Y.SATYAVANI,
satya_yadlapalli@yahoo.com
Contact: 9885937442

VAAGDEVI COLLEGE OF ENGNEERING

WARANGAL
ABSTRACT

The discoveries, which have been emerged from the tender minds of young scientists in
20th century, had led too much innovative idea’s .one such idea applying the concept
of nanotechnology in the fields of nanorobots. There’re two concepts of
nanotechnology. They are position assembly &self-replication. Nanorobots are used
in various fields Nanotechnology is smaller than micro technology. It is building
with Intent and design, molecule by molecule. Nanotechnology can be created at
nanoscale to perform new and improved functions. Nanotechnology is an enabler of
accomplishment in a truly diverse mix of science and engineering fields. Scientist
Looking for building blocks to form electronics and machines that are not much
Bigger than molecules. Researches have found a way to make carbon nanowires used
In Nanoelectronics, as microscopic machine parts and in materials constructed
Molecule-by-molecule. This paper is mainly deals about nanomedicine and some of
its applications namely nanorobots and remote sensing. Nanomedicine is the
Application of nanotechnology i.e. engineering of tiny machines which is used for
the Prevention and treatment of disease in human body. Nanomedicine has potential
to Change medical science dramatically in twenty first century.

INTRODUCTION :

Nano is a Greek prefix that defines the smallest (1000 times smaller then micrometer)
natural structures. It is building with indent &design, molecule by molecule, these two
things:
1 � Incredibly advanced extremely capable nanoscale machines & computers.

2 �Ordinary size objects, using other incredibly small machines called

assemblers. Nanotechnology can be created at nanoscale & to perform new &
improved functions.

It is going to be responsible for massive changes in the way we live, the way interact with
one another & our environment.

SPECIALIZED NANOTECHNOLOGY FACILITIES & CAPABILITIES

Nanotechnology is both the means to an end-an enables of accomplishments in truly
diverse mix of science & engineering field. It is a revolution in industry that deliver wave
after wave of innovative products and services.
a. Molecular measuring machine (m^3)
Nist conceived two –dimensional co- ordinate measuring machine can measure with
nanometer level with accuracy, locations, distance and features sizes over a 50mm by
50mm area, an enormous expense in the nanotechnology world .It uses a high – precision
inferometer.

b. Pulsed inductive Micro wave Magnetometer (PIMM)

Using PIMM, nanostuctured materials are used to record data in extremely small
bits (at sizes below 160 square nm per bit), now can assess quickly the composition and
growth conditions that promote high speed response, permitting the development of
future magnetic memories that read and write data at sustained speeds in excess of 1
billions bits per second.
c. Carbon Wires expand Nano toolkit

Scientists looking for building blocks to form electronics & machines that are not
much bigger than molecules have garned a new tool, Japan have found a way to make
carbon nanowires that measure only a few carbon atoms across. CNW could eventually
be used in ultra-stronger fibers, as friction-free bearings &in space shuttle nose –cones.
Carbon nanotubes are very strongly having useful electrical properties, because they are
solid, and they should be even stronger than nanotubes. They could be used in
nanoelectronics as microscopic machine parts, and in materials constructed molecules by
molecule.
d.Nanotubes boost storage: Multiwalled carbon nanotubes to make denser, more
efficient data Storage devices. It was possible to use multiwalled carbonnanotubes tips
rather then silicon to write data on to a polymer film. Binary data is written by heating the
polymer to make indentation that represent 1s; blank space represent 0s.nanotubes tips
can be used to write more than 250 gigabytes.

NANOTECHNOLOGY AT NASA

1 �Advanced miniaturization is a key thrust area to enable new science and

exploration missions
2 �Ultra small sensors, power sources, communication, navigation, and
propulsion systems with very low mass, volume and power consumption are
needed
3 �Revolutions in electronics and computing will allow reconfigurable,
autonomous, "thinking" spacecraft
4 �Nanotechnology presents a whole new spectrum of opportunities to build
device components and systems for entirely new space architectures
5 �Networks of ultra small probes on planetary surfaces
6 �Micro-rovers that drive, hop, fly, and burrow
 7 �Collection of micro spacecraft making a variety of measurements

The Nanorover Technology Task is a technology development effort to

create very small (10-100s of grams) but scientifically capable robotic
vehicles for planetary exploration, which can easily fit within the mass
and/or volume constraints of future missions to asteroids, comets, and
Mars. The task objective is twofold:
1 • tocreate a useful rover system using current-generation
technology including mobility, computation, power, and
communications within a mass of a few hundred grams, and
2 • toadvance selected technologies which offer breakthroughs in
size reduction, mobility, or science return to enable complete
rovers to be built with a mass well under 100 grams.

Key Technology Elements

1 • Miniaturization of all rover systems including science payload
2 • Computer/electronics design for operation without thermal
enclosure and control to survive ambient temperature ranges of
-125C to +125C
3 • Miniature
actuator usage and control in thermal/vacuum
environments
4 • Mobility
and navigation in low-gravity (1/100,000 of Earth)
environments
5 • Sensing and autonomous control of rover operations
NANOELECTROMECHANICALSYSTEM:
NEMS converts mechanical energy in to electrical or optical signals and vice
versa. The principle components are mechanical elements and transducers.
Mechanical elements can be used to sense static or time-varying forces. NEMS
dissipate very little energy. NEMS extremely sensitive to external damping
Mechanisms, for building much type of sensors. It is used for wide range of sensing
applications. Small size of NEMS also implies that have a highly localized spatial
response. Driving a NEMS at Pico watt scale could cause SNR up to 10^6.
 The output of an electromechanical device is the movement of the mechanical
element. There are two main types of response: the element can simply deflect
under the applied force or its amplitude of oscillation can change (figure 3).
Detecting either type of response requires an output or readout transducer,
which is often distinct from the input one. In Coulomb's case, the readout
transducer was "optical" - he simply used his eyes to record a deflection.
Today mechanical devices contain transducers that are based on a host of physical
mechanisms involving piezoelectric and magneto motive effects, nanomagnets
and electron tunneling, as well as electrostatics and optics.

Benefits of nanomachines
Nanomechanical devices promise to revolutionize measurements of extremely small
displacements and extremely weak forces, particularly at the molecular scale. Indeed with
surface and bulk nanomachining techniques, NEMS can now be built with masses
approaching a few attograms (10-18 g) and with cross-sections of about 10 nm The small
mass and size of NEMS gives them a number of unique attributes that offer immense
potential for new applications and fundamental measurements.

NANOMEDICINE:

Nanomedicine is the application of nanotechnology (the engineering of tiny

machines) to the prevention and treatment of disease in the human body. It has the
potential to change medical science dramatically in the 21st century.
According to Jar off, Nanotech is capable of delivering medication to the
exact location where they are needed. In addition to much fewer deaths (and
disorders) from side effects, the drug would also be more potent. The drug could also
reach nearly inaccessible places that current techniques don’t allow.
The most elementary nanomedical devices will be used to diagnose illness. Chemical
tests exist for this purpose; nanomachines could be employed to monitor the internal
chemistry of the body. Mobile nanorobots, equipped with wireless transmitters, might
circulate in the blood and lymph systems, and send out warnings when chemical
imbalances occur. Similarf
Nano machines could be planted in the nervous system to monitor pulse, brain-wave
activity, and other functions.

METHODS OF MEDICATION:
A more advanced use of nanotechnology might involve implanted devices to
dispense drugs or hormones as needed in people with chronic imbalance or deficiency
states. Heart defibrillators and pacemakers have been around for some time;
nanomedicine carries this to the next level down in terms of physical dimension, with the
potential to affect the behavior of individual cells. Ultimately, artificial antibodies,
artificial white and red blood cells, and antiviral nanorobots might be devised.
The most advanced nanomedicine involves the use of nanorobots as miniature
Surgeons. Such machines might repair damaged cells, or get inside cells and replace or
assist damaged intracellular structures. At the extreme, nanomachines might replicate
themselves, or correct genetic deficiencies by altering or replacing DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules.
NANOPROBES:
A nanoprobe can distinguish viruses by using a sensor that adheres to the coating of a
non-enveloped virus or by measuring the curvature of the membrane in enveloped viruses
(they are much smaller than cells.)
CANCER DETECTION AND TREATMENT:
Nanotechnology can be used in detection of cancer at an early stage.
Nanotechnology tools are extremely sensitive and can be used with out physically
altering the cells or tissue tests and can be run on a single small device. The cantilever is
a tool and when the cancer molecules bid to the cantilevers the cantilevers bends. from
this, the detected from which the cancer ells are detected.
 Nanotubes helps to identify DNA changes associated with cancer. Quantum dots
are tiny crystals that glow when UV light stimulates them. Latex bend filled with these
crystals can be designed to bind to specific DNA sequences and the cancer cells detected.
NANOROBOTS: MEDICINE OF THE FUTURE
"Living organisms are naturally-existing, fabulously complex systems of molecular
nanotechnology." - Dr. Gregory Fahy

The above statement raises the interesting possibility that machines constructed at
the molecular level (nanomachines) may be used to cure the human body of its various
ills. This application of nanotechnology to the field of medicine is commonly called as
nanomedicine.
Nanorobots are nanodevices that will be used for the purpose of maintaining and
protecting the human body against pathogens. They will have a diameter of about 0.5 to 3
microns and will be constructed out of parts with dimensions in the range of 1 to 100
nanometers. The main element used will be carbon in the form of diamond / fullerene
nanocomposites because of the strength and chemical inertness. Metabolizing local
glucose and oxygen for energy can do the powering of the nanorobots. Communication
with the device can be achieved by broadcast-type acoustic signaling.
A navigational network may be installed in the body, with station keeping
navigational elements providing high positional accuracy to all passing nanorobots that
interrogate them, wanting to know their location. This will enable the physician to keep
track of the various devices in the body. When the task of the nanorobots is completed,
allowing them to exfuse themselves via the usual human excretory channels can retrieve
them. They can also be removed by active scavenger systems. This feature is design-
dependent
NANOROBOT WORKING IN BLOOD VESSELS :

CONCLUSION:
 Nanotechnology has become a reality and some companies are already
implementing it. Nanotechnology is an expected future upcoming technology that
will make most products lighter, stronger, cleaner, less expensive & more precise.
Nanotechnology is an enabler of accomplishment in a truly diverse mix of science
and engineering field. Nanotechnology is going to be responsible for massive
changes in the way we live, the way we interact with one another and our
environment. NEMS are used for wide range of sensing application.
Nanomedicine is the application of nanotechnology and it has the potential to
change medical science in twenty first century. This path breaking initiative
needs a significant revolution in the existing medical technology to make this
“through in mind into a thing in hand”. Government funding in the field of
nanotechnology is around 520 million dollars a year (according to the editors of
Scientific American). Institutions like Foresight (foresight.org) and companies
like Zyvex (zyvex.com) are further advancing nanotechnology. Although the
future of medicine lies unclear, it is certain that nanotechnology will have a
significant impact. The Philosopher’s Stone can’t be seen by the naked eye.

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