Department of Civil Engineering Hydraulics and Hydraulicmachines Lab Lab Manual - 15Cvl47 2016-2017
Department of Civil Engineering Hydraulics and Hydraulicmachines Lab Lab Manual - 15Cvl47 2016-2017
Department of Civil Engineering Hydraulics and Hydraulicmachines Lab Lab Manual - 15Cvl47 2016-2017
GCEM
2016-2017
CONTENTS
Syllabus I
Course objective II
Course outcome II
List of experiments V
SYLLABUS
3. Verification of Bernoulli’s
No. of Practical equation.
Hours/Week : 03 Exam Hours : 03
Total No.
4. Calibration of 0Practical
of 90 V-notch. Hours : 42 Exam Marks : 50
7. Calibration of Venturiflume.
8. Calibration of Venturimeter.
Course objectives:
Course outcomes:
2. Recommend the degree of treatment required for the water and wastewater.
Analyze the survival conditions for the microorganism and its growth.
Do’s
1. Bring observation note books, lab manuals and other necessary things for the class.
2. Use tools for mixing concrete and water
3. Check the instruments for proper working conditions while taking and returning the
same.
4. Thoroughly clean your laboratory work space at the end of the laboratory session.
5. Maintain silence and clean environment in the lab
Dont’s
1. Do not operate the machines without the permission of the staff
2. Do not put hands or head while equipment is in running condition.
3. Do not fix or remove the test specimen while the main is switch on.
4. Do not spill the concrete and aggregates on the floor.
List of Experiments
EXPT. PAGE
NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT
NO. NO.
07 Calibration of Venturiflume.
08 Calibration of Venturimeter.
COLLECTING TANK
1. INTRODUCTION
Calibration is the word used to preset the values of any instruments to its
actual measurement. Hence calibration of any item is required to measure or
determine the exact reading from unknown sources.
3. EXPERIMENTATION:
i. AIM:
ii. PROCEDURE:
iii. OBSERVATIONS:
iv. CALCULATIONS:
1. Theoretical Discharge, QTR
Where,
Where,
Where,
4. Co – efficient of discharge, Cd
Graphs:
v. RESULTS:
Experiment No. 02
1. INTRODUCTION
A Venturi Meter is a device that is used for measuring the rate of flow of
fluid through a pipeline. The basic principle on which a Venturi Meter works
is that by reducing the cross – sectional area of the flow passage, a pressure
difference is created between the inlet and throat & the measurement of the
pressure difference enables the determination of the discharge through the
pipe.
3. EXPERIMENTATION:
vi. AIM:
PROCEDURE:
1. Fill in the sump tank with clean water.
vii. OBSERVATIONS:
3 VenturiMeter
VENTURIMETER CALCULATIONS:
5. Pressure Head, H
H = (h1 + h2) x 12.6 m of water
2. Theoretical discharge, QT
Where,
H = Total head.
3. Actual Discharge, QA
Where,
4. Co – efficient of discharge, Cd
For Venturimeter:
ix. RESULTS:
For Venturimeter:
1. Co – efficient of Discharge, Cd =
Experiment No: 03
1. INTRODUCTION
An ORIFICE METER is a simple device used for measuring the discharge
through pipes.
The basic principle on which an Orifice meter works is that by reducing the
cross – sectional area of the flow passage, a pressure difference between the two
sections before and after Orifice is developed and the measure of the pressure
difference enables the determination of the discharge through the pipe. However
an Orifice meter is a cheaper arrangement for discharge measurement through
pipes and its installation requires a smaller length as compared with Venturi
Meter. As such where the space is limited, the Orifice meter may be used for the
measurement of discharge through pipes.
10. The apparatus consists of an Orifice meter and a Venturi meter made of
clear ACRYLIC fitted to specially made separate pipelines which are
interchangeable.
11. Tappings with Ball Valves are provided at appropriate positions which is
connected to a Manometer.
12. ACRYLIC Piezometer is provided to measure the height of the water
collected in the measuring tank.
13. Mercury filled Manometer made of Acrylic is provided to measure the
pressure difference.
14. Butterfly valve is provided in the measuring tank for instant close and
release.
15. Overflow arrangement is also provided to the tanks.
16. A supply pump (Kirloskar/Sharp make) with starter is provided for
supplying the water and a supply tank is provided to store the water.
17. Vinyl sticker scale is provided for both Manometer and Piezometer for
better readability.
3. EXPERIMENTATION:
x. AIM:
xi. PROCEDURE:
1. Fill in the sump tank with clean water.
11. Keep the delivery valve closed and manometer valve at open
position.
12. Connect the power cable to 1Ph, 220V, 10 Amps with earth
connection.
13. Switch on the pump & open the delivery valve.
14. Open the corresponding Ball valve of the Venturi or Orifice meter
pipeline.
15. Adjust the flow through the control valve of the pump.
16. Open the corresponding Ball valves fitted to Venturi or Orifice
tappings.
17. Note down the differential head reading in the Manometer. (Expel
if any air is the by opening the drain cocks provided with the
Manometer.)
18. Operate the Butterfly valve to note down the collecting tank
reading against the known time and keep it open when the readings
are not taken.
19. Change the flow rate and repeat the experiment.
xii. OBSERVATIONS:
3 Orifice
4 Meter
CALCULATIONS:
1. Pressure Head, H
H = (h1 + h2) x 12.6 m of water
Where,
2. Theoretical discharge, QT
Where,
H = Total head.
3. Actual Discharge, QA
Where,
5. Co – efficient of discharge, Cd
For Orificemeter:
1. Co – efficient of Discharge, Cd =
Experiment No: 04
1. INTRODUCTION
Major losses occur due to friction. This friction may be due to viscosity
or roughness in the pipe.
a. 1" G.I
b. 3/4" G.I
c. 1/2" G.I
d. 1" PVC
and Ball valves which is connected to a Manometer.
3. EXPERIMENTATION:
i. AIM:
ii. PROCEDURE:
iii. OBSERVATIONS
iv. CALCULATIONS:
1 TOTAL HEAD, H
Where,
2. DISCHARGE, Q
Where,
3. VELOCITY, V
m/s
Where,
5. FRICTION FACTOR, F:
F = 2gHd
4LV²
Where,
V = velocity, m
d= Dia of pipe
v. RESULTS:
Experiment No: 05
1. INTRODUCTION
Bernoulli’s Theorem gives the relationship between pressure head,
velocity head and the datum. Here the attempt has been made to study the
relationship of the above said parameters using venturimeter.
3. EXPERIMENTATION:
vi. AIM:
viii. OBSERVATIONS:
ix. CALCULATIONS:
1. Discharge, QA
Where,
2. Pressure Head,
3. Velocity Head,
Where,
V= Q/a
Where,
After finding,
a. Pressure Head, h
b. Velocity head,
at different cross-section of the Venturimeter.
Put the same in the above equation for different points and verify whether all
the values obtained are same.
x. RESULTS:
xi.
Write the brief description for the obtained values.
ANNEXURE
Cross – section
Area, m²
from the inlet
1 491
2 357
3 245
4 153
5 123
6 153
7 202
8 279
9 369
10 471
Experiment No: 06
1. INTRODUCTION:
In layman’s terms, a Notch is defined as an obstruction. Notches are plates
with sharp edged openings. They are primarily used for flow measurement.
Flow of liquid occurs over these Notches. Notches are used for measuring
the flow rate of a liquid from reservoirs or tanks. The sheet of water
discharged by a notch is called “Nappe” or “Vein“.
Notches are classified as follows:
a. Based on their shape:
1. Triangular or V -Notch.
Triangular notch has an advantage of greater accuracy at reduced flow rates
compared with notches of other shapes.
An attempt has been made to show the working principle and the calibration techniques adopted
in developing the notches.
3. EXPERIMENTATION:
i. AIM:
Calibrate the given V-notch by establishing the relationship between the flow
rate and the head over notch.
II. PROCEDURE:
1. Fix the notch plate under test at the end of the approach channel in a
vertical plane with the sharp edge on the upstream side.
2. Fill the channel with water upto the crest level and adjust the hook
gauge reading to zero.
3. Adjust the by-pass valve to give maximum possible discharge without
flooding the notch.
4. Note the final hook gauge reading. This gives the head over the notch
‘H’.
5. Collect the water discharging from the notch in the measuring tank of
known dimension and measure the rise of water level ‘R’ in the
measuring tank for a known time ‘t’ sec.
6. Conditions are allowed to steady before the head and rise of water
level are recorded.
7. Lower the water level in the approach channel in stages by adjusting
the flow control valve and record the series of readings ‘H’, ‘R’ and ‘t’
at each stage.
H = h1 ~ h2
CALCULATIONS:
Where,
3. Actual Discharge, QA
Where,
4. Co-efficient of Discharge, Cd
Where,
QA = Actual Discharge.
a. V NOTCH:
m³/sec
v. RESULTS:
For V – Notch:
Experiment No: 7
1. INTRODUCTION:
In layman’s terms, a Notch is defined as an obstruction. Notches are plates
with sharp edged openings. They are primarily used for flow measurement.
Flow of liquid occurs over these Notches. Notches are used for measuring
the flow rate of a liquid from reservoirs or tanks. The sheet of water
discharged by a notch is called “Nappe” or “Vein“.
Notches are classified as follows:
a. Based on their shape:
1.Rectangular Notch.
2.Trapezoidal Notch.
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS:
7. The apparatus consists of the following notches made of
SS 304 material.
i. Notches.
8. A separate Notch tank is provided to simulate the channel flow with
quick interchangeable facilities for changing the Notches.
9. A measuring tank is provided to measure the flow rate.
10. Piezometer is provided to measure the height of the water collected in
the measuring tank.
11. Hook Gauge Arrangement made of Acrylic and SS is provided to
measure the head over the notch.
12. A Butterfly valve is provided in the measuring tank for instant close and
release.
13. Overflow arrangement is also provided to the tanks.
14. A Monobloc Centrifugal Pump (Kirloskar/Sharp make) Vinyl sticker
scale is provided for both Manometer and Piezometer for better
readability.
frame made of MS angle with all the provisions for holding the tanks
and accessories.
3. EXPERIMENTATION:
AIM: Calibrate the given Rectangular notch and Trapezoidal notch by
establishing the relationship between the flow rate and the head over notch.
4 PROCEDURE:
5 Fix the notch plate under test at the end of the approach channel in a
vertical plane with the sharp edge on the upstream side.
6 Fill the channel with water upto the crest level and adjust the hook
gauge reading to zero.
7 Adjust the by-pass valve to give maximum possible discharge without
flooding the notch.
8 Note the final hook gauge reading. This gives the head over the notch
‘H’.
9 Collect the water discharging from the notch in the measuring tank of
known dimension and measure the rise of water level ‘R’ in the
measuring tank for a known time ‘t’ sec.
10 Conditions are allowed to steady before the head and rise of water
level are recorded.
11 Lower the water level in the approach channel in stages by adjusting
the flow control valve and record the series of readings ‘H’, ‘R’ and ‘t’
at each stage.
H = h1 ~ h2
b. TRAPEZOIDAL NOTCH:
H = h1 ~ h2
CALCULATIONS:
Where,
Where,
3. Actual Discharge, QA
Where,
4. Co-efficient of Discharge, Cd
Where,
QA = Actual Discharge.
b. TRAPEZOIDAL NOTCH:
m³/sec
vii. RESULTS:
A. For Rectangular Notch:
Experiment No: 8
1. INTRODUCTION
In general, a pump may be defined as mechanical device when connected in a
pipe line, can convert the mechanical energy into hydraulic energy, thus
resulting in the flow of liquid from lower potential to higher potential.
Pumps are of major concern to most engineers and technicians. The types of
pumps vary in principle and design. The selection of the pump for any particular
application is to be done by understanding their characteristics. The most
commonly used pumps for domestic, agricultural and industrial are Centrifugal,
reciprocating, axial flow (stage pumps), air jet, diaphragm and turbine pumps.
Most of these pumps fall mainly into a class namely rotodynamic, reciprocating
(positive displacement) and fluid operated pumps. In a Centrifugal pump,
pressure head is developed by centrifugal action. The pump consists of an
impeller, which rotates in a casing. Fluid enters through the eye of the pump and
discharges radially outwards to the delivery pipe. Centrifugal Pumps also come
based on the type of vanes: Backward curved blades, Radial Type and Forward
Curved Type. Centrifugal pumps are commercially available as Single stage and
Multi-stage pumps.
present test rig allows the students to understand and draw the operating
characteristics at various heads, flow rates and Stages.
2. DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS
The Centrifugal Pump Test Rig comes with the following two versions along
with the standard specifications:This version has a Centrifugal pump coupled to
an AC Motor with Stepped Cone Pulley arrangement for operating the pump at
Three different speeds.
Standard Specifications:
4. EXPERIMENTATION
i. AIM:
a. Study the Performance Characteristics of the pump.
ii. PROCEDURE:
iii. OBSERVATIONS:
C
U
L
A
T
I
ONS:
1. TOTAL HEAD, H
Where,
2. DISCHARGE, Q
a. = Conversion from cm to m.
energymeter
Q = Discharge, m³/sec
H = Total Head.
m of
water
Experiment No: 09
AIM: Calibrate the given Trapezoidal weir by establishing the relationship
between the flow rate and the head over weir.
PROCEDURE:
H h
CALCULATIONS:
1. Actual Discharge :
AxR
QA = m³/ sec.
t x 100
Where,
2. Theoretical Discharge :
m³/ sec.
3. Co-efficient of Discharge:
Experiment No: 10
AIM: Calibration of the VENTURI FLUME
PROCEDURE:
Sl. Head over flume Head over flume Time taken for ‘R’
No. m rise of water
upstream in m, downstream in m, (sec)
H h
CALCULATIONS:
1. Actual Discharge :
AxR
QA = m³/ sec.
t x 100
tX100
Where,
b. = Conversion from cm to m.
2. Theoretical Discharge :
m³/ sec.
Where,
3. Co-efficient of Discharge:
Experiment No: 11
1. INTRODUCTION:
When a jet of water is directed to hit a vane of any particular shape, the
force is exerted on it by the fluid in the opposite direction. The amount of force
exerted depends on the diameter of the jet, shape of the vane and flow rate of
water. The force also depends on whether the vane is moving or stationary. The
current experiment deals with the force exerted on stationary vanes.
The following are the theoretical formulae for calculating the force for different
shapes of vanes based on the flow rate.
‘A’ =
‘ρ’ =
the jet.
2. DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS
1. The equipment has the following types of specially designed ACRYLIC
Vanes. Different Diameters of Jet sections are provided.
i. Flat
ii. Curved
2. The equipment is a closed circuit system consisting of sump tank, pump
set, jet chamber, Rotameter for flow measurement and direct analog force
indicator.
3. Water in the sump tank is pumped using a Monobloc Centrifugal pump,
which passes through an ACRYLIC Rotameter and the control valve to
the Jet.
4. The vanes are fitted to the force balancing mechanism, which is placed on
a specially built Transparent ACRYLIC chamber with digital force
indicator for direct force measurement.
5. The jets and vanes can be interchanged through this acrylic chamber .
3. EXPERIMENTATION
i. AIM:
Determine the vane coefficient for a flat vane & semicircular vane
ii. PROCEDURE:
a. Fill in the sump tank with clean water.
j. Also change the vanes and jets and repeat the experiment.
iii. OBSERVATIONS
iv. CALCULATIONS:
1. Calculation of Theoretical Force:Ft
1. Hemi – spherical Plate: Ft
2. Flat Plate: Ft
Where,
‘A’ =
where1000
termsx have
60 x their
A usual meaning.
the jet.
2. Co-efficient of impact, Ci
Ci = Fa / Fth
force indicator.
the jet.
vi. RESULTS:
Experiment No: 12
1. INTRODUCTION
Hydraulic (or Water) Turbines are the machines that use the
Energy of water (Hydro – Power) and convert it into Mechanical Energy.
Thus the Turbines become the Primover to run Electrical Generators to
produce electricity, Viz., Hydro Electric Power.
2. All are arranged in such a way that the whole unit works as a
recirculating water system.
3. Centrifugal pump set supplies water from Sump Tank to the
Turbine through control valve.
4. Water re - enters the Sump Tank after passing through the Turbine
unit.
5. Loading of the Turbine is achieved by a rope brake drum
connected to spring balance.
6. Provisions for measurement of Turbine speed (digital RPM
indicator), Head on Turbine (Pressure gauge) are built in on the
control panel.
7. The whole arrangement is mounted on an Aesthetically
designed sturdy frame made of MS angle with all the
provisions for holding the tanks and accessories.
3. OPERATION:
4. EXPERIMENTATION:
ii. PROCEDURE:
A. TO OBTAIN CONSTANT HEAD CHARACTERISTICS.
5. In the meantime, Note down the turbine speed, vacuum head and
Venturimeter readings for each loadings.
B. TO OBTAIN CONSTANT SPEED CHARACTERISTICS.
4. In the meantime, Note down the turbine speed, vacuum head and
Venturimeter readings for each loadings.
C. PERFORMANCE UNDER UNIT HEAD – UNIT QUANTITIES.
a) Unit Speed,
b) Unit Power,
c) Unit Discharge,
d) Specific Speed,
iii. OBSERVATIONS:
Constant Head/Speed
CALCULATIONS:
m of water
Where,
7. Discharge, Q
Where,
h = (P1 - P2) x 10
Cd = 0.95 (Constant)
Where,
W = 9810 Kg/m³
Q =Discharge in m³/s
Where,
T = Torque in N-m
Where,
5. Turbine Efficiency,
a) Unit Speed,
b) Unit Power,
c) Unit Discharge,
d) Specific Speed,
TABULAR COLUMN
RESULT:
Experiment No: 13
1. INTRODUCTION
Hydraulic (or Water) Turbines are the machines that use the Energy of water (Hydro
– Power) and convert it into Mechanical Energy. Thus the Turbines become the Primover to
run Electrical Generators to produce electricity, Viz., Hydro Electric Power.
Turbines are classified as Impulse and Reaction Types. In Impulse Turbine, the head
of the water is completely converted into a jet, which impulse the force on the Turbine. In
Reaction Turbine, it is the pressure of the flowing water, which rotates the runner of the
Turbine. Of many types of Turbine, the Pelton Wheel, most commonly used, falls into this
category of Impulse Turbine while the Francis & Kaplan fall into the category of Reaction
Turbines. Normally, Pelton Wheel requires high Heads and Low Discharge while the Francis
& Kaplan (Reaction Turbines) requires relatively low Heads and high Discharge. These
corresponding Heads and Discharges are difficult to create in a laboratory size Turbine from
the limitation of the pumps availability in the market. Nevertheless, at least the performance
characteristics could be obtained within the limited facility available in the laboratories.
Further, understating of various elements associated with any particular Turbine is possible
with this kind of facility.
3. OPERATION:
4. EXPERIMENTATION:
iv. AIM:
The experiment is conducted to:
g. Obtain Constant Head and Speed characteristics.
v. PROCEDURE:
10. Repeat the steps 4 and 5 till the maximum load the turbine can take.
11. In the meantime, Note down the turbine speed, vacuum head and Venturimeter
readings for each loadings.
C. PERFORMANCE UNDER UNIT HEAD – UNIT QUANTITIES.
b) Unit Power,
c) Unit Discharge,
d) Specific Speed,
vi. OBSERVATIONS:
Constant Head/Speed
CALCULATIONS:
m of water
Where,
10.Discharge, Q
Where,
h = (P1 - P2) x 10
Where,
W = 9810 Kg/m³
Q =Discharge in m³/s
VxI
OP = kW
T x A x 1000
Where,
V = Voltmeter reading.
I = Ammeter reading.
5. Turbine Efficiency,
e) Unit Speed,
f) Unit Power,
g) Unit Discharge,
h) Specific Speed,
TABULAR COLUMN
RESULT: