Microwave New Bench Manual 2 1

Microwave Lab
Manual
.
MICROWAVE LAB MANUAL PREPARED BY DR. PRIYANKA JAIN 1
MICROWAVE LAB MANUAL PREPARED BY: DR. PRIYANKA JAIN (2018) Page 1
Microwave Test Bench
Table of Contents
1. Klystron Power Supply 3
• Technical Specifications 4
• Front Panel Control 5
2. SWR Meter 7
Technical Specifications 7
Front Panel Control 8
Operating Theory and Instructions 9
3. Experiments
Experiment 1 13
Study of the characteristics of Klystron Tube and to determine its electronic
tuning range
• Experiment 2 17
To determine the frequency & wavelength in a rectangular wave-guide
working on TE10 mode
• Experiment 3 20
To determine the Standing Wave-Ratio and Reflection Coefficient
• Experiment 4 24
To measure an unknown Impedance with Smith chart
• Experiment 5 27
Study the function of multi-hole directional coupler by measuring the
following parameters
a) Main line and Auxiliary line VSWR.
b) Coupling factor and directivity
Experiment 6 30
Study of Magic Tee
Experiment 7 33
Study of Circulator/Isolator
Experiment 8 36
Study of Attenuator (Fixed and Variable type)
Experiment 9 39
To study reflectometer principle for measuring VSWR of a load under test
Experiment 10 42
Study the voice communication by using microwave test bench.
Experiment 11 43
Study of square law behaviour of a microwave crystal detector
4. Identification of Microwave Components 45
5. Warranty 49
6. List of Accessories 51
2
Klystron Power Supply NV102

Klystron Power Supply, is a state-of the-art solid-state, regulated power supply for
operating low power Klystrons such as 2K25.
It incorporates a number of proprietary features:
1. Regulated Beam Supply and Repeller Supply voltages.
2. LED Digital metering for Beam voltage, current and Repeller voltage.
3. Compact and Reliable.
4. Modular construction for easy maintenance.
In addition to AM and FM modulation of Beam current, a provision for externally
modulating the Klystron supply with desired signal waveform has been provided.
Klystron Power supply utilizes the quality components and rugged construction. A careful
handling of the instrument will provide years of trouble free service. The equipment is
divided in two parts one is high voltage unit and other is modulation unit. It makes it user
friendly.
Technical Specifications
Beam Supply : Voltage : 240 - 420 VDC, Variable
Current : 50 mA
Regulation : 0.5 % for 10% I/P variation
Ripple : < 5m Vrms
Repeller Supply : -18V to -270V DC Variable
Regulation: 0.25%, for 10% I/P variation
Filament Supply : 6.3 VDC (adjustable on rear panel)
Over-Load Trip Current : 65mA
Modulation : AM (Square) FM (Saw-tooth)
Frequency Range 500-2000 HZ 50-150 Hz
Amplitude 0-110 Vpp 0-60 Vpp
External : Through External Modulating Signal
Display : Digital display for
1. Beam voltage
2. Beam Current
3. Repeller voltage
Modulation Slector : FM/AM/CW/Ext
3 ½ Digital Panel Meter : 2V
Meter Selector : Beam Voltage (V)/ Current (I)/ Rep. (Repeller)
Connectors : a. 5-Pin connector
b. BNC for External Modulation
Power Supply : 230 V AC ± 10%, 50Hz
Dimensions (mm) : 345 x 283 x 153
Front Panel Control
1. Power: Push button switch for supplying the power to instrument.

2. Display: for monitoring beam voltage (in volts), Repeller voltage and beam current
(mA).
Beam voltage: 240 V to 420 V DC
Repeller voltage: -18 V to -270 V DC
Beam current: 0 to 50 mA
3. Meter Select Switch: For selecting display mode in V – shows Beam voltage (volts),
I – shows Beam current (mA) & REP – shows Repeller voltage in volts.
4. HT: Output ‘On’/‘Off’ switch.
5. Beam voltage: Adjust potentiometer, it is vary from 240 to 420 V DC.
6. Repeller voltage: Adjust potentiometer; it is vary from -10V to -270V DC.
7. 5-Pin connector :Pin 1 - 5 = Beam voltage
Pin 3 - 5 = Rep. Voltage
Pin 2 – 4 = Heater voltage
8. Ext. Mode: To provide external modulating signal.

9. FM Modulation: Frequency potentiometer controls the frequency or the sweep
modulating signal (50–150 Hz). Amplitude potentiometer controls the amplitude or
sweep modulating signal ( 0 – 60Vpp)
AM Modulation: Frequency potentiometer controls the frequency or the square wave
modulating signal (500 – 2000 Hz). Amplitude potentiometer controls the amplitude or square
wave modulating signal (0 – 110Vpp).
10. Modulation Selection switch: For selecting modulation types CW mode – No
modulation signal applied to the beam voltage. AM mode–A square wave modulating
signal is applied to the beam voltage. FM mode–A sweep modulation is applied to the
beam voltage, Ext mode–External modulating signal is accepted for modulation or
beam current through BNC connector.
11. Earphone Socket: Here we can connect a MIC to give audio signal as a modulating
signal.
Rear Panel Control

1. Ext. /Audio: If Ext selected then you can give any ext. modulating signal to EXT.
BNC given at a front panel. If Audio is selected you can connect a microphone for
giving modulating signal to Audio input socket on front panel.
2. FM O/P: For observing saw tooth signal which is used for FM.
3. Heater adjust: After unsealing the cap we can change the heater supply.
SWR Meter NV103A
The model NV 103A SWR meter is a high gain low noise, tuned voltmeter operating at
fixed frequency. It is designed for making standing wave measurement in conjunction with
a suitable detector and slotted line or wave guide section. It may be used as null detector in
bridge circuit and as fixed frequency indicator. It is calibrated to indicate directly SWR or
dB when used with square law devices such as crystal diode. It is adjusted for operation at
980Hz to 1020 Hz to avoid harmonics of the line frequency.
Technical Specifications
Display : LCD (16 X 2)
Sensitivity : 0.1V for 200 input impedance
Noise Level : Less than 0.02V
Range : 0 – 60dB in 10dB steps
Input : Un-biased low and high impedance crystal biased
crystal (200 and 200K)
Display Select : SWR 1 – 9
dB 0 – 10
Modes : Normal
Audio
PC (this mode can be used only with Gunn based bench)
Gain Control : Adjusts the reference level, variable range 0-10dB
(approximately)
Input Connector : BNC (F)
Input Frequency : 1000Hz ± 10%
Power : 230 Volts AC ± 10%, 50Hz
Dimension (mm) : 300 × 222 × 122
Front Panel Control
Figure 2
1. Power: Push button switch for supplying power to instrument.
2. Audio Output: This socket is provided for connecting headphone.
3. Mode select: This switch is given to select different modes of SWR meter. Modes are :
Normal: In this mode the 1 KHz square wave detected output is given to input of SWR
meter. All the measurement of gain and SWR should be measure in this mode. Audio:
Select this mode if the input of pin modulator is an audio signal.
PC: Select this mode if the input of PIN modulator is PC data.
(This mode can be used only with Gunn based bench)
4. Crystal: It is an input impedance selector switch for low and high inputs i.e. High
200K- Low 200.
5. SWR/dB: This switch provided to select display modes either it reads in dB power or
SWR of device.
6. Input: BNC (Female) connector for connecting signal to be measured.
7. Range Switch: A seven position attenuator minimum in 10 dB steps.
8. Gain Coarse: Control for adjustments of meter or any other convenient reading.
Gain Fine: Control for fine adjustments of meter or any other convenient reading.
9. LCD display in SWR & dB: LCD display, for measuring SWR and gain.
Rear panel Control

1. PC Interface: This is provided for connecting RS232 cable for pc communication.
2. Comparator Adjust: For PC to PC communication adjusts the potentiometer such that
output BNC should give received PC signal which is transmitted from transmitter PC.
3. Output : Detected signal can be observed on CRO from output BNC,
Operating Theory and Instructions
Auxiliary equipment required:
For SWR measurement, following equipments is required:
1. Signal Source :
The signal source should cover the desired frequency range and be amplitude
modulated at operating frequency of the SWR meter. Generally square wave
modulation is used which reduces to a minimum the effects of harmonic and frequency
modulation. In any application, it is necessary to minimize interaction between the
oscillator and the load. In these cases, an isolation device should be used.
2. Cables or waveguides :
The cable or the wave guide used for connecting the source to a slotted match the
source impendence over the desired frequency range.
3. Slotted Section :
The slotted section should cover the desired frequency and be equipped with an
accurate scale or indicator.
4. Detector :
The detector should be square law (out put proportional to RF power input) device such
as a Barretter or a crystal diode operated at low signal level. A Barretter is reasonable
square law when used at low signal level but in general this cannot be said in all cases
with crystal diode. However the sensitivity of crystal is considerably better than with
Barretters so that crystals are widely used as detectors for SWR measurements.
5. Known loads :
Various termination are required (i.e. a fixed and a movable short circuit) to establish
reference points and to aid in calibrating the test setup.
Techniques in Measurements
Keep SWR/ dB switch at dB position.
Basically, the measurement of a standing wave ratio consists of the probe carriage at a
voltage maximum position and setting the gain to obtain a reading of 0.0dB i.e. SWR=1.0.
By keeping SWR/dB switch at SWR position we can read SWR directly. The probe
carriage is then moves along with the slotted line to a voltage minimum or gain minimum
and now note the corresponding reading at SWR position. The SWR is shown directly on
the LCD display.
But there are other cases, specially in design and development, where complete knowledge
of the terminating equipment is desired. This can be obtained by measuring SWR and
phase in the standing wave pattern.
Generally, the impedance characteristic of the load is obtained by measuring the position of
the voltage minimum. This position is compared to a shifted position of the voltage
minimum which occurs when a known load replaces the load under test at reference point
on the slotted line. The distance between these two minima is entered on a smith chart and
the reactive component is determined. For convenience the known load usually a short
circuit or shorting plate and the reference point is the load connection.
Detector probe penetration:
A general rule in slotted line work is that the penetration of a sampling probe into the line
should be held to a minimum. The power extracted by the sampling probe caused distortion
in the standing-wave pattern. This effect usually becomes greater as probe penetration is
increased and can be explained by considering the probe as and admittance shunting the
line.
Impedance in the standing-wave pattern varies along the line from maximum at a voltage
maximum to a minimum at a voltage minimum. The shunt admittance introduced by the
probe lowers these impedance this causing the measured SWR to be lower than the true
SWR and shifting both the maxima & minima from their neutral position. The shift will be
greater at a voltage maximum that at a voltage minimum.
Besides absorbing power and affecting the standing-wave pattern the probe will also cause
reflections in the line. These reflections will travel towards the signal source. If the signal
source is not matched, these reflection are re-fleeted towards the load and will cause
additional errors in low SWR measurements.
An exception to the minimum penetration rule occurs when it is desired to examine in
details a voltage minimum in a high SWR measurement. For this work, greater probe
penetration can be tolerated because the voltage minimum corresponds to low impedance
point in the line. However only at a voltage minimum you can tolerate substantial probe
penetration.
Precaution when crystal detectors used:
With unloaded crystal, select the input impedance which gives maximum sensitivity.
Usually, the XTAL 200 ohm position will give the best sensitivity. However, some crystal
diodes may given higher output in the XTAL-200 K ohms position. Maximum sensitivity is
desirable so probe penetration in the slotted line can be kept to a minimum.
Operation procedures:
Low SWR Measurements (10 and below):
a. Turn on the instrument. For a maximum stability allow approximately 5 minutes to
warm up.
b. Select Normal mode with the help of Mode select.
c. Set Crystal Switch for the type of detector that is to be used in our case it is 200ohm.
d. Connect the detector cable to the input of the SWR meter.
e. Set Gain (Coarse & Fine) controls to approximately maximum Power.
f. Set range switch on 40-db or 50-db position. Adjust probe penetration to obtain
maximum reading.
g. Peak the meter reading by adjusting the modulation frequency of the signal source.
Reduce probe penetration to keep reading on display.
h. Peak the meter reading by tuning the probe detector. Reduce the gain control knob or
attenuator to keep reading on display.
i. Peak the meter reading by moving the probe carriage along the line. Reduce gain
control knob or attenuator to keep reading on meter.
j. Adjust Gain controls and /or output power from the signal source to obtain exactly
0.0dB reading i.e. SWR=1.
k. Move the probe carriage along the line to obtain minimum reading in dB, without
disturbing the probe or any setting.
l. Now keep SWR/dB switch at SWR position.
m. Read SWR, Which is directly the SWR of the load?
Note:
1. If the reading at the minimum is less than -10dB on the meter then meter displays
Switch Range so we have to switch to the next higher sensitivity range(clockwise).
2. If the reading at the maximum is more than 0 dB on the meter than meter displays
Over Range so we have to switch to the next appropriate range (anticlockwise).
3. However all readings on the display in dB must be added in the range selector switch
position.
High SWR Measurements (Above 10):
When the SWR is high, probe coupling must be increased if a reading is to be obtained at
the voltage minimum. However, at the voltage maximum, this high coupling may result in
a deformation of the pattern with consequent error in reading, In addition to this error
caused by probe loading there is also a danger of error resulting from the change in detector
characteristics at higher R.F. levels.
Double Minimum Method:
In the double minimum method, it is necessary to establish the electrical distance between
the points where the output is double the minimum.
1. Repeat steps a to i in the low SWR measurement procedure.
2. Move the probe carriage along the line to obtain minimum reading and note the probe
carriage position.
3. For reference, adjust gain controls to obtain reading of 3.0dB (or any other reference
can be taken).
4. Move the probe carriage along the line to obtain a reading of 0.0dB on each side of the
minimum.
5. Record as d1 and d2 the probe carriage position at the two equal readings obtained in
step 4.
6. Short the line and measure the distance between successive minima. Twice this
distance is the guide wavelength.
The SWR can be obtained by substituting this distance into the expression.
λg
SWR = π (d1−d2)
Where g is the guide wave length d1 and d2 are the location of the twice-minimum points.
The method overcomes the effect of probe loading since the probe is always set around a
voltage minimum where larger probe loading can be tolerated however it does not
overcome the effect of detector characteristics.
Calibrated attenuator Method:
Another method for measuring high SWR's is to use a calibrated variable attenuator
between the signal source and the slotted line. Adjust the attenuator to keep the rectified
output of the crystal diode equal at the voltage minimum and voltage maximum points. The
SWR in dB is the difference in the attenuator settings.
1. Repeat steps a to i in low SWR measurements procedure.
2. Move the probe carriage along the line for a voltage minimum, adjust the attenuator to
give a convenient indication on the meter, note the attenuator setting.
3. Move the probe carriage along the line to a voltage maximum, adjust the attenuator to
obtain the same indication on the meter as established in step 2, and note the attenuator
setting,
4. The SWR may be read directly (in dB) as the difference between the first and second
readings. While this method overcomes the effect of detector variations from a square
Law characteristic, the effect of probe loading still remains. Be careful; always use
minimum probe penetration.
Location of voltage maximum or voltage minimum :
From the discussion on probe loading it has shown that it is more desirable to locate the
voltage minimum than the voltage maximum since the effect of probe loading is less at the
minimum. However, the location of voltage minimum by a single measurement,
particularly on low SWR, is usually inaccurate because of its broadness, thus making the
true minimum position hard to determine. An accurate method of locating the voltage
minimum is to obtain the position of the probe carriage at two equal output readings on
either side of the minimum and then averaging these two readings.
Working Principle of DRF Meter
The microwave signal travelling the waveguide excites the perimeter of the slot, which in
turn behaves like a radiating element towards the interior of the cavity. This is constructed
to resonate with high Q, and the effective size of the cavity is made variable by moving in
and out a piston by means of dial knob assembly. When the resonance frequency of the
cavity is equal to the frequency of the signal in the waveguide, there is a maximum energy
transfer from the waveguide to the cavity. The energy passed in the cavity does not return
to the waveguide is lost as losses within the cavity. This energy drainage at a specific
frequency appears as a sharp drop (dip) in the signal level at the end of the waveguide. It is
therefore possible to use the cylindrical cavity resonator with a variable short circuit
termination as a frequency meter by calibrating the dial indicating the position of the
piston. The various piston positions results in different cavity resonant frequencies.
Safety Precautions
This is an educational product and the microwave power used for operation is
very low approximately in the range of 5-10 mW only which is totally
harmless. Still we recommend the following precautions to be followed while
performing the experiments:
1. Do not see directly into the energized waveguide.
2. Do not touch the Klystron tube as it carries high voltage & heats up too.
3. In antenna experiment, it is recommended to not to have any metallic
reflectors near to the setup.
4. Do not touch the heat sinks on the rear panel of equipments
Experiment 1
Objective:
Study of characteristics of the Reflex Klystron Tube and to determine its electronic tuning
range
Apparatus required:
1 Klystron power supply
2 Klystron tube with Klystron mount
3 Isolator
4 Frequency meter
5 Variable attenuator
6 Detector mount
7 Wave guide stand
8 SWR meter and Oscilloscope
9 BNC cable
Theory:
The Reflex Klystron makes the use of velocity modulation to transform a continuous
electron beam into microwave power. Electrons emitted from the cathode are accelerated &
passed through the positive resonator towards negative reflector, which retards and finally,
reflects the electrons and the electrons turn back through the resonator. Suppose an rf-field
exists between the resonators the electrons traveling forward will be accelerated or
retarded, as the voltage at the resonator changes in amplitude.
Schematics Diagram of Klystron 2K25 Figure 3

The accelerated electrons leave the resonator at an increased velocity and the retarded
electrons leave at the reduced velocity. The electrons leaving the resonator will need
different time to return, due to change in velocities. As a result, returning electrons group
together in bunches, as the electron bunches pass through resonator, they interact with
voltage at resonator grids. If the bunches pass the grid at such a time that the electrons are
slowed down by the voltage then energy will be delivered to the resonator; and Klystron
will oscillate. Figure 3 shows the relationship between output power, frequency and
reflector voltages.
Square Wave modulation of the Klystron

Figure 4
The frequency is primarily determined by the dimensions of resonant cavity. Hence, by
changing the volume of resonator, mechanical tuning of klystron is possible. Also, a small
frequency change can be obtained by adjusting the reflector voltage. This is called
Electronic Tuning
The same result can be obtained, if the modulation voltage is applied on the reflector
voltage as shown in the figure
Procedure:
Carrier Wave Operation:
1. Connect the components and equipments as shown in figure
Setup for study of klystron tube Figure 5

2. Set the Variable Attenuator at no attenuation position.
3. Set the mode switch of klystron power supply to CW position, beam voltage control
knob to full anti-clock wise and reflector voltage control knob to fully clock wise
and the meter select to Beam position.
4. Set the multi-meter in DC microampere range.
5. Switch 'On' the klystron power supply & cooling fan for klystron tube.
6. Change the reflector voltage slowly and observe the reading on the multi meter. Set
the repeller voltage for maximum reading in the meter. If no reading is obtained,
change the plunger position of klystron mount and detector mount. Select the
appropriate range on multimeter.
7. Tune the plunger of klystron mount for the maximum output.
8. Rotate the knob of frequency meter slowly and stop at that position, when there is
less output current on multi-meter. Read directly the frequency between two
horizontal line and vertical line markers. If micro meter type frequency meter is
used, read micrometer frequency and find the frequency from its calibration chart.
Square Wave Operation:
1. Connect the equipments and components as shown in the figure.
Figure 6
2. Set Micrometer of variable attenuator for no attenuation.
3. Set the range switch of SWR meter at appropriate position, crystal selector switch to
200ohm impedance position, mode select to normal position.
4. Now in KPS set Mode select switch to AM- MOD position. Beam voltage control knob
to fully anticlockwise position. Reflector voltage control knob to the maximum
clockwise position. .
5. Switch ‘On’ the Klystron Power Supply, SWR meter and cooling fan.
6. Change the beam voltage knob clockwise up to 300V.
7. Keep the AM amplitude knob and AM frequency knob at the mid-position.
8. Rotate the reflector voltage knob to get reading in SWR meter.
9. Rotate the AM amplitude knob to get the maximum output in SWR meter.
10. Maximize the reading by adjusting the frequency control knob of AM.
11. If necessary, change the range switch of SWR meter if the Reading in SWR meter is
grater than 0.0db or less than -10dB in normal Mode respectively. Further the output
can also be reduced by Variable Attenuator for setting the output for any particular
position.
12. Connect oscilloscope in place of SWR Meter and observe the square wave across
detector mount.
Mode Study on Oscilloscope:
1. Set up the components and equipments as shown in figure 7.
2. Set Mode selector switch to FM-Mode position with FM amplitude and FM frequency
knob at mid position. Keep beam voltage control knob fully anticlockwise and reflector
voltage knob to fully clockwise.
Figure 7
Modes of 2k25
Figure 8
3. Keep the time/division scale of Oscilloscope around 100Hz frequency measurement
and volt/ div to lower scale.
4. Switch ‘On’ the klystron power supply and oscilloscope.
5. Set beam voltage to 300V by beam voltage control knob.
6. Keep amplitude knob of FM modulator to maximum position and rotate the reflector
voltage anti-clockwise to get modes as shown in figure 8 on the oscilloscope. The
horizontal axis represents reflector voltage axis, and vertical axis represents output
power.
7. By changing the reflector voltage and amplitude of FM modulation, any mode of
Klystron tube can be seen on an Oscilloscope.
Experiment 2
Objective:
To determine the frequency & wavelength in a rectangular waveguide working in TE 10 mode
Apparatus required:
2 Klystron tube
3 Isolator
4 Frequency meter
6 Slotted section
7 Tunable probe
8 Wave guide stand
9 SWR meter
10 Matched termination.
Theory:
Mode represents in wave guides as either
TE m, n/ TM m,n
Where
TE – Transverse electric,
TM – Transverse magnetic
m – Number of half wave length variation in broader direction.
n – Number of half wave length variation in shorter direction.
g
= (d1 − d 2 )
2
Where d1 and d2 are the distance between two successive minima/maxima It
is having highest cut off frequency hence dominant mode.
For dominant TE10 mode in rectangular wave guide o, g and c are related as below.
1 1 1
= +
0
Where
g2 c2
o is free space wave length
g is guide wave length c is
cutoff wave length
2a
For TE10 mode, λc =
m
Where m = 1 in TE10 mode and ‘a' is broad dimension of waveguide. The following
relationship can be proved
C = ¦l
Where
c = 3 x 108 m/s is velocity of light and f is frequency.
Procedure:
1. Set up the components and equipments as shown in figure.
2. Set the variable attenuator at no attenuation position.
3. Keep the control knobs of SWR Meter as below :
Range dB : 50 dB position
Crystal : At 200ohm Impedance
Mode select : Normal Position
Gain (Coarse & Fine) : Mid Position
SWR/dB : dB position
4. Keep the Control knobs of Klystron power supply as below.
Mode Select Switch : AM
Beam Voltage Knob : Fully anticlockwise
Reflector Voltage : Fully clockwise
AM-Amplitude Knob : Fully clockwise
AM-Frequency : Mid Position
Setup for study of frequency & wave length measurement

Figure 9
5. Switch on the klystron power supply, SWR meter and cooling fan.
6. Set beam voltage at 300V with the help of beam voltage knob, current around 15 to
20mA.
7. Adjust the reflector voltage to get some reading in SWR Meter.
8. Maximize the reading with AM amplitude and frequency control knob of power
supply.
9. Tune the plunger of klystron mount for maximum reading.
10. Tune the reflector voltage knob for maximum reading on SWR meter.
11. Tune the probe for maximum reading in SWR meter.
12. Tune the frequency meter to get a 'dip' on SWR meter and note down the frequency
directly from frequency meter and detune the DRF
13. Move the tunable probe along with the slotted line to get the reading in SWR meter.
Move the tunable probe to a minimum reading position. To get accurate reading, it is
necessary to increase the SWR meter range dB switch to higher position, record the
probe position i.e. d1
14. Move the probe to next minimum position and record the probe position again i.e. d2.
15. Calculate the guide wavelength as twice the distance between two successive
minimum positions obtained as above.
16. Measure the wave-guide inner broad dimension 'a' which will be around 22.86 mm
for X band and Calculate
For TE10 mode

17. Calculate the frequency by following equation:
f= c =c 1 + 1
2 2
λ0 λg λc
Where
c =3 x 108 meter/sec. i.e. velocity of light.
18. Verify with frequency obtained by frequency meter.
19. Above experiment can be verified at different frequencies.
Experiment 3
Objective:
To determine the Standing Wave-Ratio and Reflection Coefficient
Apparatus required:
2 Klystron tube
3 SWR meter
4 Isolator
5 Frequency meter
7 Slotted line
8 Tunable probe
9 Wave guide stand
10 Matched Termination
11 BNC cable
12 S-S tuner
Theory:
It is a ratio of maximum voltage to minimum voltage along a transmission line is called
SWR, as ratio of maximum to minimum current. SWR is measure of mismatch between
load and line.
The electromagnetic field at any point of transmission line may be considered as the sum of
two traveling waves: the 'Incident Wave' propagates from generator and the reflected wave
propagates towards the generator. The reflected wave is set up by reflection of incident
wave from a discontinuity on the line or from the load impedance. The magnitude and
phase of reflected wave depends upon amplitude and phase of .the reflecting impedance.
The superposition of two traveling waves, gives rise to standing wave along with the line.
The maximum field strength is found where two waves are in phase and minimum where
the line adds in opposite phase. The distance between two successive minimum (and
maximum) is half the guide wavelength on the line. The ratio of electrical field strength of
reflected and incident wave is called reflection between maximum and minimum field
strength along the line.
Figure 10
Hence SWR denoted by S is
E
S= max
E
min
E +E
= I r
EI−Er
Where
EI = Incident Voltage
Er = Reflected Voltage
Reflection Coefficient, ρ is
Er Z−Z0
=E =
I Z+Z0
Where
Z is the impedance at a point on line,
Zo is characteristic Impedance.
The above equation gives following equation
= S −1
S +1
Setup for SWR measurement

Figure 11
Procedure:
1. Set up the equipment as shown in the figure.
2. Keep variable attenuator at no attenuation position.
Crystal : 200 ohm
Mode Switch : Normal Position
Gain (Coarse & Fine) : Mid Position
SWR/dB switch : dB position
4. Keep the control knobs of klystron power supply as below:

Beam Voltage Knob : Fully Anticlockwise
Reflector Voltage Knob : Fully clockwise
AM Frequency & amplitude Knob : Mid Position
5. Switch ‘On’ the klystron power supply, SWR meter and cooling fan.
6. Set the beam voltage at 300V.
7. Rotate the reflector voltage knob to get reading in SWR Meter.
8. Tune the output by tuning the reflector voltage, amplitude and frequency of AM
modulation.
9. Tune for Maximum reading by tuning the plunger of Klystron Mount. Then tune for
maximum reading by tuning the probe.
10. If necessary change the range dB switch, variable attenuator position and gain control
knob to get reading in the SWR meter.
11. Move the probe along with slotted line, the reading will change.
a. Measurement of low and medium SWR
i. For low SWR set the S.S. tuner probe for no penetration position.
ii. Move the probe along with slotted line to get maximum reading in SWR
Meter in dB.
iii. Adjust the SWR Meter gain control knob or variable attenuator until the
meter indicates 0.0dB in normal modes. SWR for 0.0dB is 1.0 by keeping
switch at SWR we can read it directly.
iv. Keep all the Control knobs as it is, move the probe to next minimum gain
position.
v. Keep SWR /dB switch at SWR position.
vi. Read the SWR from display and record it.
vii. Repeat the above step for change of S.S. Tuner probe penetration & record
the corresponding SWR.
viii. If the SWR is grater than 10dB, then you have to use the following
procedure.
b. Measurement of High SWR (Double Minimum Method)
i. Set the depth of S.S. Tuner slightly more for maximum SWR.
ii. Move the probe along with Slotted line until a minimum is indicated.
iii. Adjust the SWR meter gain control knob and variable attenuator to obtain a
reading of 3 dB (or any other reference) at SWR Meter.
iv. Move the probe to the left on slotted line until maximum reading is obtained
i.e. '0' dB (or power should be increased by 3 dB). Note and record the probe
position on slotted line. Let it be d1.
v. Repeat the step 3 and 4 and then move the probe right along with slotted line
until maximum reading is obtained in normal dB mode i.e upto 0dB. Let it be
d2.
vi. Measure the distance between two successive minima position. Twice of this
distance is wave guide length g.
vii. Calculate SWR by following equation.

λ
g
SWR = π(d − d )
1 2
For different SWR, calculate the refection coefficient.
Experiment 4
Objective:
To measure an unknown Impedance with Smith chart
Apparatus required:
1 Klystron Tube 2K25
3 Klystron Mount
4 Isolator
5 Frequency meter
7 Slotted Line
8 Tunable Probe
9 SWR meter
10 Wave guide stand
11 S.S. Tuner
12 Matched Termination.
Theory:
The impedance at any point of a transmission line can be written in the form R + jX. For
comparison SWR can be calculated as
1+R
S=
1−R
Reflection Coefficient
Z−Z
R= 0
Z+Z0
Where
Zo = Characteristics impedance of w/g at operating frequency
Z = Load impedance at any point.
The measurement is performed in following way:
The unknown device is connected to the slotted line and the SWR = So and the position of
one minima is determined. Then unknown device is replaced by movable short to the
slotted line. Two successive minima positions are noted. The twice of the difference
between minima position will be guide-wave length. One of the minima is used as
reference for Impedance measurement. Find the difference of reference minima and
minima position obtained from unknown load. Let it be’d’. Take a Smith chart taking '1' as
center; draw a circle of radius equal to So. Mark a point on circumference of chart towards
load side at a distance equal to d/g. Join the center with this point. Find the point where it
cut the drawn circle. The coordination of this point this will show the normalized
impedance of load.
Setup for Impedance measurement
Figure 12
Procedure:
1. Set up the equipments as shown in the figure 12.
2. Set the variable attenuator at no attenuation position.
3. Connect S.S. tuner and matched termination after slotted line.
Crystal : 200 ohm
Mode Switch : Normal Position
Gain (Course & Fine) : Mid Position
SWR/dB switch : dB Position
5. Keep the Control knobs of Klystron power supply as below :
Beam Voltage Knob : Fully anticlockwise
Reflector Voltage : Fully clockwise
AM-Amplitude : Fully Clockwise
AM-Frequency Knob : Mid Position
6. Switch "On' the Klystron power supply, SWR meter and cooling Fan.
7. Set beam voltage at 300V with help of beam voltage knob.
8. Adjust the reflector voltage to get some reading in SWR Meter.
9. Tune the frequency meter knob to get dip on the SWR scale, and note down the
frequency directly from frequency meter. Now you can detune the meter from dip
position.
10. Measure the guide wavelength λg as previous experiment
λg = 2 (d1- d2)
11. Keep the depth of pin of S.S. Tuner to around 3-4mm and lock it.
12. Move the probe along with slotted line to get maximum reading.
13. Adjust SWR meter gain control knob and variable attenuator unit such that the meter
indicates 1.0 on the normal upper SWR scale.
14. Move the probe to next minima point.
15. Select SWR/dB switch to SWR position. Record the SWR reading.
16. At this maximum position of the meter record the probe position from slotted line as
X1.
17. Replace the load by fixed short/movable short & measure the new standing wave
position i.e. shift in minima. Record it as X2.
18. Calculate X2-X1, it will be positive if the minima shift is towards load & negative if
it has shifted towards generator.
19. Calculate shift in wavelength
(d) = X2 – X1
Standing waves in impedance measurement

Figure 13
20. Use normalized chart (Smith Chart) & draw a circle with radius = 1/VSWR & take
center of circle = 0.00 on the smith chart.
21. Locate a point at a distance d (shift in minima) from the 0.0 moving in clockwise or
anti-clockwise direction (depends on getting minima towards generator or load).
22. Join the above point to the centre of smith chart. The intersection of VSWR circle &
this line gives load, reactive component or reactive circle & resistive component on
real circle.
23. Normalized impedance a+ib where a & b are the real and reactive components.
24. The multiplication with characteristic impedance will give you the load impedance.
Experiment 5
Objective:
Study the function of multi-hole directional coupler by measuring the following parameters:
1. To Measure main-line and auxiliary-line VSWR.
2. To Measure the coupling factor and directivity
Apparatus required:
1. Microwave source
2. Isolator
3. Frequency meter
4. Variable attenuator
5. Slotted line
6. Tunable Probe
7. Detector mount
8. Matched Terminator
9. MHD coupler
10. Wave guide stand
11. Cables & accessories
12. VSWR meter
Theory:
A directional coupler is a device with it is possible to measure the incident and reflected
wave separately. It consists of two transmission line, the main arm and auxiliary arm,
electromagnetically coupled to each other. Refer to the figure. The power entering port 1
the main arm gets divided between port 2 and 3 and almost no power comes out in port 4.
Power entering port 2 is divided between port 1 and port 4.
Directional Coupler
Figure 14
With built-in termination and power is entering at port 1. The directivity of the coupler is a
measure of separation between incident and the reflected wave. It is measured as the ratio
of two power outputs from the auxiliary line when a given amount of power is successively
applied to each terminal of the main lines with the port terminated by material loads.
Hence
Main line VSWR is SWR measured looking into the main line input terminal when the
matched loads are placed. At all other ports. Auxiliary line VSWR is SWR measured in the
auxiliary line looking into the output terminal, when the matched loads are placed on other
terminals.
Main line insertion loss is the attenuation introduced in transmission line by insertion of
coupler. It is defined as insertion:
Procedure:
Setup for measurement of SWR of MHD Coupler

Figure 15
1. Main Line SWR Measurement
a) Set up the equipments as shown in the figure.
b) Energize the microwave source for particular frequency operation as described.
(procedures given in the operation of klystron and Gunn oscillator)
c) Follow the procedure as described for SWR measurement experiment (Low and
medium SWR measurement).
d) Repeat the same for other frequency.
2. Auxiliary Line SWR Measurement
a) Set up the components and equipments as shown in the figure.
b) Energize the microwave source for particular frequency operation as described
operation of Klystron and Gunn Oscillator
28
c) Measure SWR as described in the experiment of SWR measurement (low and
medium SWR measurement).
d) Repeat the same for other frequencies.
3. Measurement of Coupling Factor, Insertion Loss
a) Set up the equipments as shown in the figure.
b) Energize the microwave source for particular frequency operation as described
operation of Klystron.
c) Remove the multi-hole directional coupler and connect the detector mount to the
frequency meter. Tune the detector for the maximum output.
d) Set any reference level of power on SWR meter with the help of variable
attenuator, gain control knob of SWR meter, and note down the reading. (Reference
level let it be X)
e) Insert the directional coupler as shown in second figure with detector to the
auxiliary port 3 and matched termination to port 2, without changing the position of
variable attenuator and gain control knob of SWR meter.
f) Note down the reading on SWR meter on the scale with the help of range- dB
switch if required. (Let it be Y)
g) Calculate coupling factor, which will be X-Y in dB.
h) Now carefully disconnect the detector from the auxiliary port 3 and match
termination from port 2 without disturbing the set-up.
i) Connect the matched termination to the auxiliary port 3 and detector to port 2 and
measure the reading on SWR meter. Suppose it is Z.
j) Compute insertion loss X-Z in dB.
k) Repeat the steps from 1 to 4.
l) Connect the directional coupler in the reverse direction, i.e. Port 2 to frequency
meter side, matched termination to port 1 and detector mount to port 3, without
disturbing the position of the variable attenuator and gain control knob of SWR
meter.
m) Measure and note down the reading on VSWR meter; let it be Yd.
n) Compute the directivity as Y-Yd
o) Repeat the same for other frequencies.
Experiment 6
Objective:
Study of Magic Tee
Apparatus required:
1. Microwave source,
2. Isolator,
3. Variable attenuator,
4. Frequency meter,
5. Slotted line,
6. Tunable probe,
7. Magic Tee,
8. Matched termination,
9. Wave guide stand,
10. Detector mount,
11. SWR meter and accessories.
Theory:
The device magic Tee is a-combination of the E and H plane Tee. Arm 3, the H-arm forms
an H plane Tee and arm 4, the E-arm forms an E plane Tee in combination with arm 1 and
2 a side or collinear arms. If power is fed into arm 3 (H-arm) the electric field divides
equally between arm 1 and 2 in the same phase, and no electrical field exists in arm 4.
Reciprocity demands no coupling in port 3 (H-arm). If power is fed in arm 4 (E-arm), it
divides equally into arm 1 and 2 but out of phase with no power to arm 3. Further, if the
power is fed from arm 1 and 2, it is added in arm 3 (H-arm), and it is subtracted in E-arm,
i.e. arm 4.
Magic Tee Figure 16

The basic parameters to be measured for magic Tee are defined below.
1. Input SWR
Value of SWR corresponding to each port, as a load to the line while other ports are
terminated in matched load.
2. Isolation
The isolation between E and H arms is defined as the ratio of the power supplied by the
generator connected to the E-arm (port 4) to the power detected at H - arm (port 3)
when side arms I and 2 are terminated in matched load.
Hence,
Similarly, isolation between other parts may also be defined

3. Coupling coefficient.
It is defined as Cij = 10 –α / 20
Where
α = attenuation / isolation in
dB 'i’ is input arm
'j’ is output arm.
Where
Pi is the power delivered to arm i
Pj is power detected at j arm.
Setup for the study of Magic Tee

Figure 17
Procedure:
1 SWR Measurement of the Ports
a) Set up the components and equipments as shown in figure keeping E arm towards
slotted line and matched termination to other ports.
b) Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation and tune the
detector mount for maximum output.
c) Measure the SWR of E-arm as described in measurement of SWR for low and
medium value.
d) Connect another arm to slotted line and terminate the other port with matched
termination. Measure the SWR as above. Similarly, SWR of any port can be
measured.
2. Measurement of Isolation and Coupling Coefficient
a) Remove the tunable probe and Magic Tee from the slotted line and connect the
detector mount to slotted line.
b) Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation and tune the
detector mount for maximum output.
c) With the help of variable attenuator and gain control knob of SWR meter, set any
power level in the SWR meter and note down. Let it be P3.
d) Without disturbing the position of variable attenuator and gain control knob,
carefully place the Magic Tee after slotted line keeping H-arm connected to slotted
line, detector to E arm and matched termination to arm 1 and 2. Note down the
reading of SWR meter. Let it be P4.
e) Determine the isolation between port 3 and 4 as P3-P4 in dB.
f) Determine the coupling coefficient from equation given in the theory part.
g) The same experiment can be repeated for other ports also.
h) Repeat the above experiment for other frequencies.
Experiment 7
Objective:
Study of the Isolator and Circulators
Apparatus required:
1. Microwave source,
2. Power supply for source
3. Isolators,
4. Circulators,
5. Frequency meter,
7. Slotted line,
8. Tunable probe,
9. Detector mount,
10. SWR meter,
11. Test isolation and
12. Circulation and accessories
Theory:
Isolator: An isolator is a two-port device that transfers energy from input to output with
little attenuation and from output to input with very high attenuation.
Figure 18
Circulator: The circulator is defined as a device with ports arranged such that energy
entering a port is coupled to an adjacent port but not coupled to other ports. Refer to the
figure. A wave incident on port 1 is coupled to port 2 only, a wave incident at port 2 is
coupled to port 3 only and so on.
Figure 19
Following are the basic parameters of isolator and circulator for study.
1. Insertion loss
The ratio of power supplied by a source to the input port to the power detected by a
detector in the coupling arm, i.e. output arm with other port terminated in the matched
load, is defined as insertion loss or forward loss.
2. Isolation
It is the ratio of power fed to input arm to the power detected at not coupled port with
other port terminated in the matched load
3. Input VSWR
The input VSWR of an isolator or circulator is the ratio of voltage maximum to voltage
minimum of the standing wave existing on the line when one port of it terminates the line
and other have matched termination.
Note: When port which is not coupled to input port is terminated by matched termination it
marks as Isolator. (Two port device).
Procedure:
1. Input VSWR Measurement
a) Set up the components and equipments as shown in the figure with input port of
isolator or circulator towards slotted line and matched load on other ports of it
Measurement of VSWR of Isolator or Circulator

Figure 20
b) Energize the microwave source for particular operation of frequency.
c) With the help of slotted line, probe and SWR meter. Find SWR, of the isolator or
circulator as described for low and medium SWR measurements.
d) The above procedure can be repeated for other ports or for other frequencies.
2. Measurement of Insertion Loss and Isolation.
a) Remove the probe and isolator or circulator from slotted line and connect the
detector mount to the slotted section. The output of the detector mount should be
connected SWR meter.
Setup for Measurement Loss & Isolation of Isolator & Circulator
Figure 21
b) Energize the microwave source for maximum output particular frequency of operation.
Tune the detector mount for maximum output in the SWR Meter.
c) Set any reference level of power in SWR meter with the help of variable attenuator and
gain control knob of SWR meter. Let it be P1.
d) Carefully remove the detector mount from slotted line without disturbing the position of
set up. Insert the isolator/circulator between slotted line and detector mount. Keeping
input port to slotted line and detector at its output port. A matched termination should be
placed a third port in case of circulator.
e) Record the reading in the SWR meter. If necessary change range -dB switch to high or
lower position and 10dB change for one step change of switch position. Let it be P2.
f) Compute insertion loss on P1 – P2 in dB.
g) For measurement of isolation, the isolator or circulator has to be connected in reverse i.e.
output port to slotted line and detector to input port with another port terminated by
matched termination (in case circulator) after setting a reference level without isolator or
circulator in the set up as described in insertion loss measurement. Let same P1 level is
set.
h) Record the reading of SWR meter inserting the isolator or circulator as given in step 7.
Let it be P3.
i) Compute isolation as P1 - P3 in dB.
j) The same experiment can be done for other ports of circulator.
k) Repeat the above experiment for other frequencies if required.
Experiment 8
Objective:
Study of Attenuators
Apparatus required:
• Microwave source
• Isolator
• Frequency meter
• Variable attenuator
• Slotted line
• Tunable probe
• Detector mount
• Matched termination
• SWR meter.
Theory:
The attenuators are two port bi-directional devices which attenuate power when
inserted into the transmission line.
Where
P1 = Power absorbed or detected by the load without the attenuator in the line.
P2 = Power absorbed/detected by the load with attenuator in line.
The attenuators consist of a rectangular wave guide with a resistive vane inside it to absorb
microwave power according to their position with respect to side wall of the wave-guide.
As electric field is maximum, at center in TE10 mode, the attenuation will be maximum if
the vane is placed at center of the wave-guide. Moving from center toward the side wall,
attenuation decreases in the fixed attenuator, the vane position is fixed where as in a
variable attenuator, its position can be changed by help of micrometer or by other methods.
Following characteristics of attenuators can be studied

1. Input SWR.
2. Insertion loss (in case of variable attenuator).
3. Amount of attenuation offered into the lines.
4. Frequency sensitivity i.e. variation of attenuation at any fixed position of vane and
frequency is changed.
Procedure:
1. Input SWR Measurement
a) Connect the equipments as shown in the figure.
b) Energize the microwave source for maximum power at any frequency of
operation.
c) Measure the SWR with the help of tunable probe, Slotted line and SWR meter as
described in the experiment of measurement of low and medium SWR.
d) Repeat the above step for other frequencies if required.
Setup for VSWR, Insertion Loss & Attenuation measurement of Attenuator

Figure 22
2. Insertion Loss /Attenuation Measurement
a) Remove the tunable probe, attenuator and matched termination from the slotted
section in the above set up.
b) Connect the detector mount to the slotted line, and tune the detector mount also for
maximum deflection on SWR meter (Detector mount's output should be connected
to SWR meter).
c) Set any reference level on the SWR meter with the help of gain control knob of
SWR meter. Let it be P1. Now connect the attenuator in between slotted line &
detector mount.
d) Set the variable attenuator to zero attenuation position and record the reading
of SWR meter. Let it be P2. Then the insertion loss of test attenuator will be P1 -
P2 dB.
e) Now, change the micrometer reading and record the SWR meter reading in dB.
Find out Attenuation value for different position of micrometer reading and record
the readings to plot a graph.
f) In the same way you can test the fixed attenuator which can give you only the
single attenuation value.
g) Now change the operating frequency and all the step can be repeated for finding
frequency sensitivity of variable attenuator.
Note : For measuring frequency sensitivity of variable attenuator the position of
micrometer reading of the variable attenuator should be same for all frequencies in
operation.
Micro meter reading of SWR reading (dB)

variable attenuator (mm)
38
Experiment 9
Objective:
To study reflectometer principle for measuring VSWR of a load under test
Equipments Needed:
• Microwave Power Supply (Gunn or Klystron)
• Source of power supply (Gunn Oscillator or Klystron tube)
• MHD-3dB (2)
• Matched Termination
• Tuned Detector
• Multimeter (Micro Ammeter)
• Load under test
• Waveguide stands and accessories
Theory:
Suppose PF and PR are respectively the forward and reverse powers in waveguide line
measured by directional couplers and then the power reflection coefficient is given by
ГP = PR/PF
Since voltage reflection coefficient is the square root of power reflection coefficient, so
ΓV = √ГP = √ (PR/PF) = √iR/√iF (A)
As the current is directly proportional to the power
S= 1+ΓV/(1-ΓV) = 1+√ГP/(1-√ΓP)
= {1+√ (PR/PF)}/ {1-√ (PR/PF)} (From eqn. A)
= {PF+ 2 √ (PF*PR) +PR}/P
= (iF + 2√iF*iR + iR)/ (iF-iR) (B)
Equation (B) gives the basis for measuring VSWR using directional couplers.
Procedure:
1. Assemble the equipment as shown in figure.
Figure 23
2. Energize microwave power source and tune the detector for maximum power output in
the CRO.
3. Measure the output current with the help of multimeter or micro ammeter from tuned
detector. This is the forward current (iF) as the current is directly proportional to the
forward power PF.
4. Carefully interchange detector and matched load in the set up of above fig.
5. Read and record reverse current (iR). This is directly proportional to reverse power PR.
6. Compute voltage reflection coefficient and VSWR of the load under test using
Equations (2) and (3) respectively.
Table:
Sr. No. Forward Current Reverse current Voltage Reflection VSWR
(iF) (iR) Coefficient S
40
Calculations:
1. Calculate voltage reflection coefficient.
ГV = √ (iR/iF)
2. Calculate VSWR
S = 1+ΓV/ (1-ΓV)
Reference Results:
If load under test as SS tuner with matched termination is taken then following will be the
results observed-
(1) If SS tuner- Fully dip, then

iF =309µA , iR=58µA, S=2.52
(2) If SS tuner –Partially dip (at centre),

then iF =307µA, i R=16µ A, S=1.59
(3) If SS tuner- No dip

iF = 241µA, i R= 0, S=1
Experiment 10
Objective:
Study of voice communication by using microwave test bench
Apparatus required:
• Klystron based Setup
• Slotted section
• Detector mount
• Frequency meter
• SWR meter
Figure 24
Procedure:
1. Setup the common structure of the bench.
2. Connect the Mini Microphone in Audio input socket. (KPS- front panel)
3. Connect the detector output to SWR meter.
4. Keep mode select switch of SWR meter at Audio mode.
5. Connect a Headphone in given Audio output socket.
6. Tune the controls for maximum Headphone output.
7. Now you can observe the audio signals. Audio signal strength is changing by variable
attenuator or the DIP arises by moving frequency meter etc.
Experiment 11
Objective:
Study of square law behaviour of a microwave crystal detector
Apparatus required:
1. Microwave power source,
2. Source of power supply,
3. Frequency meter,
5. Detector mount,
6. Power meter or SWR meter,
8. H-Plane tee,
9. Waveguide stands and accessories.
Theory:
Figure 25
Procedure:
1. Assemble the set-up as shown in figure
2. Measure input power from one port of the Tee by using power meter.
3. While attenuator is set for minimum attenuation, switch ON microwave power
source and set it for maximum power output.
4. Set the attenuator till micro ammeter reads zero.
5. Increase the power using variable attenuator in steps of 1 mW, indicated by power
meter. Measure and record in table, corresponding current till maximum power
level.
6. Draw the curve between output current and input power. The graph represents the
square law characteristics of crystal detector.
Observation Table:
Sr. No. Power (in mW) Current (in mA)
Identification of Microwave Components
Gunn Oscillator (10 MW) - NV201 Isolator – NV204
PIN Modulator – NV202 Slotted Section – NV207
Frequency Meter – NV205 Variable Attenuator – NV206
Detector Mount – NV209 Tunable Probe – NV208
45
Klystron Mount – NV203 Coaxial Adapter – NV225
Phase Shifter – NV238 C. D. Coupler 20dB – NV229
E Plane Bend – NV232 E Plane Tee – NV221
Fixed Attenuator – NV217 Matched Termination – NV212
46
Magic Tee – NV223 T-Circulator – NV230
Multi hole Directional Coupler (10dB) – NV228 SS Tuner – NV220
Precision movable short – NV235 Slotted Antenna Broad Wall – NV241
Slotted Antenna Narrow Wall – NV242 Parabolic Antenna – NV247
Waveguide Cavity – NV234 Waveguide Twist – NV216
Dielectric Antenna – NV243 H Plane Sectorial Horn – NV245
Pickup Horn-NV240 Pyramidical Horn-NV246 Standard Gain Horn

(16 dB)-NV239
Warranty
1) We guarantee the instrument against all manufacturing defects during 24 months from the
date of sale by us or through our dealers.
2) The guarantee covers manufacturing defects in respect of indigenous components and
material limited to the warranty extended to us by the original manufacturer and defect
will be rectified as far as lies within our control.
3) The guarantee does not cover perishable item like cathode ray tubes, crystals, batteries,
photocells etc. other imported components.
4) The guarantee will become INVALID.
a) If the instrument is not operated as per instruction given in the learning material.
b) If the agreed payment terms and other conditions of sale are not followed.
c) If the customer resells the instrument to another party.
d) If any attempt is made to service and modify the instrument.
5) The non-working of the instrument is to be communicated to us immediately giving full
details of the complaints and defects noticed specifically mentioning the type and sr. no. of
the instrument, date of purchase etc.
6) The repair work will be carried out, provided the instrument is dispatched securely packed
and insured with the railways. To and fro charges will be to the account of the customer.
Note: The following items are not covered in the warranty:
• Detector Diodes
• Pin Diode
• Gunn Diode
• Klystron Tube
DISPATCH PROCEDURE FOR SERVICE

Should it become necessary to send back the instrument to factory please observe the following
procedure.
1) Before dispatching the instrument please write to us giving fully details of the fault noticed.
2) After receipt of your letter our repairs dept. will advise you whether it is necessary to send the
instrument back to us for repairs or the adjustment is possible in your premises.
Dispatch the instrument (only on the receipt of our advice) securely packed in original packing
duly insured and freight paid along with accessories and a copy of the details noticed to us at our
factory address.
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List of Accessories
For One Bench:
1. BNC to BNC Cable …………………………………………………………………..2 Nos.
2. Mains Cord……………………………………………………………………………2 Nos.
3. Learning Material +Demo CD…………………………..……………………………1 No.
4. Mini Microphone……………………………………………………………………..1 No.
5. Headphone……………………………………………………………………………1 No.
51

Microwave New Bench Manual 2 1

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Microwave Lab

MICROWAVE LAB MANUAL PREPARED BY DR. PRIYANKA JAIN 1

Klystron Power Supply NV102

1. Power: Push button switch for supplying the power to instrument.

8. Ext. Mode: To provide external modulating signal.

Rear Panel Control

Rear panel Control

Schematics Diagram of Klystron 2K25 Figure 3

Square Wave modulation of the Klystron

Setup for study of klystron tube Figure 5

Setup for study of frequency & wave length measurement

For TE10 mode

Setup for SWR measurement

4. Keep the control knobs of klystron power supply as below:

vii. Calculate SWR by following equation.

Standing waves in impedance measurement

Setup for measurement of SWR of MHD Coupler

Magic Tee Figure 16

Similarly, isolation between other parts may also be defined

Setup for the study of Magic Tee

Measurement of VSWR of Isolator or Circulator

Following characteristics of attenuators can be studied

Setup for VSWR, Insertion Loss & Attenuation measurement of Attenuator

Micro meter reading of SWR reading (dB)

= {1+√ (PR/PF)}/ {1-√ (PR/PF)} (From eqn. A)

= {PF+ 2 √ (PF*PR) +PR}/P

= (iF + 2√iF*iR + iR)/ (iF-iR) (B)

(1) If SS tuner- Fully dip, then

(2) If SS tuner –Partially dip (at centre),

(3) If SS tuner- No dip

Sr. No. Power (in mW) Current (in mA)

Gunn Oscillator (10 MW) - NV201 Isolator – NV204

PIN Modulator – NV202 Slotted Section – NV207

Frequency Meter – NV205 Variable Attenuator – NV206

Detector Mount – NV209 Tunable Probe – NV208

Phase Shifter – NV238 C. D. Coupler 20dB – NV229

E Plane Bend – NV232 E Plane Tee – NV221

Fixed Attenuator – NV217 Matched Termination – NV212

Multi hole Directional Coupler (10dB) – NV228 SS Tuner – NV220

Precision movable short – NV235 Slotted Antenna Broad Wall – NV241

Slotted Antenna Narrow Wall – NV242 Parabolic Antenna – NV247

Dielectric Antenna – NV243 H Plane Sectorial Horn – NV245

Pickup Horn-NV240 Pyramidical Horn-NV246 Standard Gain Horn

DISPATCH PROCEDURE FOR SERVICE

Baroda Guwahati Indore

1. BNC to BNC Cable …………………………………………………………………..2 Nos.

2. Mains Cord……………………………………………………………………………2 Nos.

3. Learning Material +Demo CD…………………………..……………………………1 No.

4. Mini Microphone……………………………………………………………………..1 No.

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