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    Capacitance Multiplier

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    JatinKumar
    1) A capacitance multiplier circuit uses a transistor to effectively multiply the physical capacitance on its base by the transistor's current gain β, allowing for much larger equivalent capacitances than what is physically present. 2) Common applications include low-frequency filters, long-duration timing circuits, and DC power supplies where very low ripple voltage is needed. 3) Later circuits introduced potential dividers and operational amplifiers to provide better noise reduction and make the multiplying factor more stable against temperature and other variations.

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    Capacitance Multiplier

    Uploaded by

    JatinKumar
    844 views5 pages
    1) A capacitance multiplier circuit uses a transistor to effectively multiply the physical capacitance on its base by the transistor's current gain β, allowing for much larger equivalent capacitances than what is physically present. 2) Common applications include low-frequency filters, long-duration timing circuits, and DC power supplies where very low ripple voltage is needed. 3) Later circuits introduced potential dividers and operational amplifiers to provide better noise reduction and make the multiplying factor more stable against temperature and other variations.

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    Capacitance Multiplier basics

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    1) A capacitance multiplier circuit uses a transistor to effectively multiply the physical capacitance on its base by the transistor's current gain β, allowing for much larger equivalent capacitances than what is physically present. 2) Common applications include low-frequency filters, long-duration timing circuits, and DC power supplies where very low ripple voltage is needed. 3) Later circuits introduced potential dividers and operational amplifiers to provide better noise reduction and make the multiplying factor more stable against temperature and other variations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    844 views5 pages

    Capacitance Multiplier

    Uploaded by

    JatinKumar
    1) A capacitance multiplier circuit uses a transistor to effectively multiply the physical capacitance on its base by the transistor's current gain β, allowing for much larger equivalent capacitances than what is physically present. 2) Common applications include low-frequency filters, long-duration timing circuits, and DC power supplies where very low ripple voltage is needed. 3) Later circuits introduced potential dividers and operational amplifiers to provide better noise reduction and make the multiplying factor more stable against temperature and other variations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    INTRODUCTION

    A capacitance multiplier is designed to make a capacitor function like a capacitor that is much
    larger.

    Capacitor multipliers make low frequency filter and long duration timing circuits possible that
    would be impractical with actual capacitors. Another application is in DC power supplies
    where very low ripple voltage (under load) is of paramount importance, such as in class A
    amplifiers. Note this this is not a voltage regulator. The output voltage will track the input
    voltage (- dropout voltage).

    Basic Capacitance Multiplier


    The basic capacitance multiplier circuit is essentially a simple emitter follower with a capacitor
    on the base and a feed resistor from the input to the base to turn the transistor on. The circuit is
    shown in Fig.1. A capacitor from the base to ground provides the smoothing.

    Fig. 1 Transistor capacitance multiplier circuit

    The effect of placing the transistor in the circuit is that it effectively multiplies the capacitance
    on the base by the current gain of the transistor, i.e. by . So, Ceq = *C1
    Generally, the output voltage is about 0.65V less than the base voltage, because of the VBE of
    the transistor and around 2 - 3 V less than Vin when a load is applied.
    The ripple and noise levels on the output can be reduced to very low levels by increasing the
    values of R1 and C1, and mainly at low frequencies. On the downside, large values of R1 and
    C1 leads to sluggish response, because of the large time constant of R1 and C1.
    Modified capacitance multiplier

    Fig. 2 Transistor capacitance multiplier circuit with potential divider


    The drawback of the circuit is that in its basic form, there is very little voltage drop across the
    series pass transistor, and noise reduction is not as high as it may be. To overcome this, some
    people place a resistor across the capacitor and this provides a potential divider reducing the
    voltage at the base and increasing the voltage drop across the transistor. This enables it to
    provide better noise reduction, although it does increase power dissipation and reduces the
    voltage at Vout.
    Op-amp capacitance multiplier
    An easy circuit using an operational amplifier is given below.

    Fig. 3 Transistor capacitance multiplier circuit with potential divider

    In this circuit, the capacitance of capacitor C1 is multiplied by the ratio of resistances, i.e. the
    circuit gain and the effective capacitance C = C1 * R1 / R2
    OTA-BASED INTEGRABLE VOLTAGE/CURRENT-CONTROLLED IDEAL C-
    MULTIPLIER
    The operational amplifier (OA)-based capacitance multipliers (C-multipliers) have the
    drawback of requiring large resistance spread for realizing large C-multiplying factors. A large
    R-spread also becomes impractical to use from the viewpoint of IC fabrication.

    The operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) is an amplifier whose differential input


    voltage produces an output current. Thus, it is a voltage controlled current source (VCCS).
    There is usually an additional input for a current to control the amplifier's transconductance.
    The OTA is similar to a standard operational amplifier in that it has a
    high impedance differential input stage and that it may be used with negative feedback.

    The basic circuit for the C-multiplier is shown


    in Fig. 3. Its analysis gives the driving-point
    admittance function as
    () = (1 + )

    where = (2 ) is the transconductance

    gain of the OTA, which is linearly tunable
    over several decades with the bias current IB.
    VT is the thermal voltage. The circuit thus
    realizes an effective capacitance

    Fig. 3 C-Multiplier using OTA = (1 + 2 )

    Since, Ce is temperature dependent and
    therefore the multiplying factor will vary
    under changing environmental conditions.
    This undesirable phenomenon is overcome
    by replacing the resistor R by another
    OTA, as shown in Fig. 4, where

    1 2
    = =( )
    0 0


    = (1 + ) = (1 + )
    0 0
    Fig. 4 Temperature Independent C-multiplier

    The following attractive features are


    evident from above eqn.:
    (i) the effective capacitance is
    temperature-independent
    (ii) It may be tuned over several
    decades with the bias current IB,
    keeping IBo fixed at a small value.
    (iii) The characteristics of both the
    OTAs will track if dual OTAs on a
    chip are used. This will provide a
    highly stable multiplying factor
    even under varying environmental
    conditions.

    NIC (Negative Impedance Converter)


    The basic circuit, which utilizes only one Op-Amp, is the well-known negative impedance
    converter (NIC), from which an equivalent capacitance is easily obtained by changing a
    specific resistance of the basic scheme. Finally, negative and positive capacitance values can
    be achieved and regulated either by cascading two or more stages.

    NIC-BASED IMPEDANCE SIMULATOR

    Fig. 5 shows the basic configuration of the negative


    impedance converter (NIC) circuit, based on a single
    Op-Amp, able to simulate a grounded negative
    impedance whose behavior depends from how own
    impedances are replaced. Under the hypothesis of
    ideal Op-Amp behavior, we have:

    3 1
    = =
    2
    Fig. 5 Topology of NIC Circuit
    GROUNDED CAPACITOR MULTIPLIERS
    Considering Fig. 5 and starting from above equation, if we detail the basic circuit impedances
    1
    Z1 = R1, Z2 = R2 and 3 = , the ideal simulated equivalent impedance assumes the
    1
    following expression:
    1 1 2
    = 1 2 and so, the equivalent capacitance is =
    1
    1

    It is possible to obtain a positive value of the capacitance by replacing, in the basic


    configuration, the capacitor C1 with another grounded equivalent capacitor using an additional
    NIC, in its basic configuration, as shown in Fig. 6.

    Fig. 6 Positive C-Multiplier

    In this case, the net capacitance is given by the following expression:

    1 4 2
    =
    3 1

    Obviously, it is also possible to implement a cascaded multi-NIC configuration, considering


    that capacitance sign depends from the number of utilized stages: it is positive for even stages
    and negative for odd ones.

    FLOATING CAPACITOR MULTIPLIERS

    Starting from the circuit depicted in Fig. 5,


    redoubling the structure with respect to Z3
    impedance, as shown in Fig. 7, it is possible
    to achieve a floating capacitance multiplier.
    In this case, the input equivalent impedance,
    under the hypothesis of ideal Op-Amp
    behavior, is given by the following
    expression:

    3 1 5
    =
    2 5 +1 4

    In particular, from above equation, if circuit


    impedances are Z1 = R1, Z2 = R2, Z4 = R4, Z5
    1
    = R3, 3 = , the equivalent
    1
    Impedance is given by: Fig. 7 Floating C-Multiplier
    1
    = 1(23 +14)
    1 3
    And consequently, equivalent Capacitance

    1 (2 3 + 1 4 )
    =
    1 3
    Also in this case, assuming the same technique previously adopted, replacing the capacitor in
    the basic floating configuration (see Figure 7) with another equivalent floating capacitor, it is
    possible to achieve positive capacitive behaviors.

    REFERENCES
    1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitance_multiplier
    2. I.A. Khan : Ota-Based Integrable Voltage/Current-Controlled Ideal C-Multiplier,
    Electronics Letters, pp. 365-366
    3. Andrea De Marcellis, Giuseppe Ferri, Vincenzo Stornelli : NIC-based Capacitance
    Multipliers for Low-Frequency Integrated Active Filter Applications, Research in
    Microelectronics and Electronics Conference, 2007. PRIME 2007. Ph.D.

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