Binomial Distribution

Random Variable ( X is just like a function, S means sample space)
Sample space for tossing two coins s= (HH,HT,TH,TT)
No X: is defined as No of Heads – Number of Tails
X(HH) = 2 – 0 = 2
Probability Distribution
Mean/Expectation E(x)
Variance / Standard Deviation
Finite
Independent ( Not depending on anything/ replacing)
DUAL (Success. Failure, yes or not,)
Hospital records show that of patients suffering from a certain disease 75% die of it. What is the
probability that of 6 randomly selected patients, 4 will recover?
This is a binomial distribution because there are only 2 outcomes (the patient dies, or does not).
Let X = number who recover.
Here, n=6 and x=4. Let p=0.25 (success, that is, they live), q=0.75 (failure, i.e. they die).
The probability that 4 will recover:
Problem 1:
The probability of winning a match for team AA is 0.60.6. Find the probability of winning 33 matches out of 55.
Solution:
Probability of winning, pp = 0.60.6

Probability of losing, qq = 0.40.4
Probability of winning 33 matches out of 5, P(x=3)5, P(x=3) = 53C(0.6)3(0.4)235C(0.6)3(0.4)2
P(x=3)P(x=3) = 5!3!2!5!3!2! × 0.216× 0.16=0.3456× 0.216× 0.16=0.3456
Hence, the probability is 0.34560.3456.
Problem 2:
If a committee has 77 members, find the probability of having more female members than male members given that
the probability of having a male or a female member is equal.
Solution:
The probability of having a female member = 0.50.5
The probability of having a male member = 0.50.5
To have more female members, the number of females should be greater than or equal to 44.
P(X ≥ 4)P(X ≥ 4) = P(4)+P(5)+P(6)+P(7)P(4)+P(5)+P(6)+P(7)
= C74(0.5)4(0.5)3+C75(0.5)5(0.5)2+C76(0.5)6(0.5)1+C77(0.5)7(0.5)0C47(0.5)4(0.5)3+C57(0.5)5(0.5)2+
C67(0.5)6(0.5)1+C77(0.5)7(0.5)0
= (0.5)7×(C74+C75+C76+C77)=0.0078125×64=0.5(0.5)7×(C47+C57+C67+C77)=0.0078125×64=0.
5
The probability is 0.50.5
Problem 3:
Aren is taking part in four competitions. If the probability of him winning any competition is 0.30.3, find the probability
of him winning at least one competition.
Solution:
Probability of winning at least one competition will be the complement of the probability of winning not a single
competition.
P(X=0)P(X=0) = 40C(0.3)0(0.7)404C(0.3)0(0.7)4
= 1×1×0.2401=0.24011×1×0.2401=0.2401
Chances of winning at least one competition = 1−P(X=0)=1−0.2401=0.7599
Problem 4:
If a coin is tossed thrice, find the probability of a getting head at least two times.
Solution:
The probability of getting head at least two times is the sum of probabilities of getting head two times and three times.
P(X ≥ 2)P(X ≥ 2) = P(X=2)+P(X=3)P(X=2)+P(X=3)
= 32C(0.5)2(0.5)1+33C(0.5)3(0.5)023C(0.5)2(0.5)1+33C(0.5)3(0.5)0
= 3×0.125+1×0.125=0.53×0.125+1×0.125=0.5
Hence, the needed probability is 0.50.5
Problem 5:
If only 55 percent kids can secure A grade in a paper, find the probability of at most 22 out of 1010 kids getting A
grade in that paper.
Solution:
Probability of securing grade A=0.05A=0.05
Probability of at most 22 kids getting grade A=P(X=0)+P(X=1)+P(X=2)A=P(X=0)+P(X=1)+P(X=2)
The required probability

= C100(0.05)0(0.95)10+C101(0.05)1(0.95)9+C102(0.05)2(0.95)8C010(0.05)0(0.95)10+C110(0.05)1(0.95)
9+C210(0.05)2(0.95)8
= 0.59873693924+0.31512470486+0.07463479852=0.988496442620.59873693924+0.31512470486
+0.07463479852=0.98849644262
Hence, the probability needed is 0.98849644262
P(X) =Cxn
x
q
n−x
\displaystyle={{C}_{{4}}^{{6}}}{\left({0.25}\right)}^{4}{\left({0.75}\right)}^{2}=C
(0.25)
(0.75)
\displaystyle={15}\times{2.1973}\times{10}^{ -{{3}}}=15×2.1973×10
−3
\displaystyle={0.0329595}=0.0329595
Poisson Approximation
The Poisson distribution is an important probability distribution which is the
resultant of the Poisson experiment. The Poisson distribution was discovered
by Simeon Denis Poisson who was a French mathematician and was
published in his book in 1837. It is said to be a discrete kind of probability
distribution which represents the probability of certain number of events
that occur in a fixed interval and these events have an average rate
of occurring.
Poisson experiment has following features:
1) The result of a Poisson experiment must be notated in the form
of success or failure.
2) In a specified interval or trials, the average number of successes must be

known.
3) For a very small region, the probability of occurring a success should be

zero.
4) The probability of obtaining a success should be proportional to the size of

given region.In this article, we shall go ahead and learn about Poisson
approximation in detail.
For Example: suppose 5 out of 50,000 pens are defective. If Y represent the count of defective pens in a batch of
1,00,000, then the probability of getting at least 6 of them defective can only be deduced not by using Binomial
distribution, but by the Poisson approximation of the Binomial in this case. Here n = 1,00,000, s = 0.0001, n . s = 10.
So for \mu = n . s = 10
Chances of getting at least 6 defective
= 1 - chances of getting less than 6 defective
= 1 - [ P ( no defective) + P (one defective) + …. + P (five defective)]

Binomial Distribution

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Random Variable ( X is just like a function, S means sample space)

Sample space for tossing two coins s= (HH,HT,TH,TT)

No X: is defined as No of Heads – Number of Tails

Variance / Standard Deviation

Independent ( Not depending on anything/ replacing)

DUAL (Success. Failure, yes or not,)

Let X = number who recover.

The probability that 4 will recover:

Probability of winning, pp = 0.60.6

Probability of winning 33 matches out of 5, P(x=3)5, P(x=3) = 53C(0.6)3(0.4)235C(0.6)3(0.4)2

P(x=3)P(x=3) = 5!3!2!5!3!2! × 0.216× 0.16=0.3456× 0.216× 0.16=0.3456

Hence, the probability is 0.34560.3456.

The probability of having a female member = 0.50.5

The probability of having a male member = 0.50.5

P(X ≥ 4)P(X ≥ 4) = P(4)+P(5)+P(6)+P(7)P(4)+P(5)+P(6)+P(7)

The probability is 0.50.5

Chances of winning at least one competition = 1−P(X=0)=1−0.2401=0.7599

P(X ≥ 2)P(X ≥ 2) = P(X=2)+P(X=3)P(X=2)+P(X=3)

Hence, the needed probability is 0.50.5

Probability of securing grade A=0.05A=0.05

Probability of at most 22 kids getting grade A=P(X=0)+P(X=1)+P(X=2)A=P(X=0)+P(X=1)+P(X=2)

The required probability

Hence, the probability needed is 0.98849644262

2) In a specified interval or trials, the average number of successes must be

3) For a very small region, the probability of occurring a success should be

4) The probability of obtaining a success should be proportional to the size of

Chances of getting at least 6 defective

= 1 - chances of getting less than 6 defective

= 1 - [ P ( no defective) + P (one defective) + …. + P (five defective)]

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