Alibilli 1

Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources:

Attlee, Clement. “Indian Independence Bill.” ​UK Parliament,​ Parliamentary Archives, 10 July

1947. Web. Accessed 11 December 2018.

<https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1947/jul/10/indian-independence-bi

ll>.

This primary source is the Indian Independence Bill that the British passed in order to give India

its independence in 1947. Beginning with the history of British presence in the Indian colonies, it

explains why the British wanted to stay in India - due to its many riches and trade benefits. As

time went on, though, the Indian people protested against the British people ruling over their

homeland, resulting in this independence bill. It was a very useful document as it explains how

some states refused to become a part of the newly formed India and Pakistan, which can be used

for ‘Territorial Disputes’.

Australian Associated Press. “3,000 Dead in Indian Train Massacre.” ​The Advertiser​, 26

September. 1947. ​Trove​. Web. Accessed 14 October 2018.

<https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/36001501>.

This primary source is a newspaper article published after the Lahore Train Massacre. It explains

in detail that the Sikhs were carrying rifles and attacked the train full of Muslim refugees. The

Muslims also killed a train full of Hindu refugees for revenge. It is very useful, explaining the

mass migration and chaos in the Punjab region, especially and can be used for ‘Ethnic Conflicts’.
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Cripps, Stafford. “Indian Independence Bill.” ​UK Parliament Archives, ​Hansard Online

Database. 15 July 1947. Web. Accessed 18 December 2018.

<https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1947/jul/15/indian-independence-bi

ll>.

This primary source is the Indian Independence Bill being read a third time. It includes how

sincerely the British wants to hand over power to the Indian people, and discusses the procedures

and issues to hand over power to India. It is from a different perspective, and can be used in the

‘Background Information’ section of my website.

Bahadur, Lal, and Ayub Khan. “MEA | Statements : Bilateral/Multilateral Documents.” ​Ministry

of External Affairs​, Government of India, 10 January 1966. Web. Accessed 31 October

2018. <https://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/5993/Tashkent+Declaration>.

This primary source is a copy of the Tashkent Declaration, both the Indian Prime Minister and

the Pakistani President signed in order to end the War of 1965. This is an example of the many

wars India and Pakistan fought, with no clear winner. It can be used in the ‘Territorial Disputes’

section of my website.

Dutt, Barkha. “How Partition Led to India and Pakistan's Permanent Dysfunction.” ​The

Washington Post​, WP Company, 15 August 2017. Web. Accessed 10 October 2018.

<www.washingtonpost.com/news/global-opinions/wp/2017/08/15/how-partition-led-to-in

dia-and-pakistans-permanent-dysfunction/?utm_term=.825726fbdbf5>.
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Although, this source is an article, it contains a true story of a partition survivor. She describes

the partition as a “blood-splattered line across people and cities”, having the most impact on the

citizens. Her family was forced to migrate from Pakistan to New Delhi, without a single penny in

their hands. This can be used in the ‘Ethnic Conflicts’ portion of my website.

Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand. ​Ghandian Institutions​, Bombay Sarvodaya Mandal & Gandhi

Research Foundation, 08 August 1942. Web. Accessed 20 February 2019.

<https://www.mkgandhi.org/speeches/qui.htm>.

This is the transcript of Mahatma Gandhi’s famous ‘Quit India’ speech. He is trying to convince

the Muslims that he is a representative for everyone, not just Hindus as well as convincing the

British to leave India (Background Info).

Gross, Terry. “India's 1947 Partition And The ‘Deadly Legacy' That Persists To This Day.”

India's 1947 Partition And The 'Deadly Legacy' That Persists To This Day | WBUR

News​, NPR Organization, 09 June 2015. Web. Accessed 11 October 2018.

<www.wbur.org/npr/413121135/indias-1947-partition-and-the-deadly-legacy-that-persist

s-to-this-day>.

This primary source involves an interview with Nisid Hajari, the author of the novel, ​Midnight

Furies. I​ n this interview, he explains the immediate partition, Calcutta Riots, political

perspective, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah as a person. He rights his novel in a different

perspective, saying that to Muslims living in India at the time, Gandhi was more of a Hindu
 Alibilli 4

figure than a national figure. He also claims that although Jinnah was fighting for Muslim

equality, he wasn’t a true Muslim himself - he ate pork, drank alcohol.

“India: Partition.” ​Mass Atrocity Endings​, World Peace Foundation, 07 August 2015. Web.

Accessed 12 October 2018.

<https://sites.tufts.edu/atrocityendings/2015/08/07/india-partition/>.

This primary source explains that there was no authority to calculate the number of casualties

after the India - Pakistan partition. It also provides a detailed analysis of why the violence

occurred, claiming it was planned by the leaders. I can use this source in the “Ethnic Conflicts”

portion of my website.

Jillani, Shahzeb. “The Search for Jinnah's Vision of Pakistan.” ​BBC News​, BBC, 11 September

2013. Web. Accessed 07 November 2018. <www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-24034873>.

This is a primary source, explaining how there are no historical records of Jinnah’s feelings,

speeches, ideologies, etc. He didn’t maintain diaries, so there is a debate about whether or not he

wanted Pakistan to be a theocratic state - one only for Muslims or for all religions. This source

can be used in the “Background Info” portion of my website.

Jinnah, Mohammed Ali. “Nazaria-e-Pakistan.” ​Pakistan Visions, An International Journal of

Pakistan Affair​, vol. 2, January - July 2001. ​Quaid-i-Azam,​ Online Database. Web.

Accessed 21 December 2018.

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<https://web.archive.org/web/20060628044030/http://www.nazariapak.info/data/quaid/st

atements/two-nation.asp>.

This is a primary source, containing an excerpt from Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s speech in 1940. It

clearly states his opinion that Muslims and Hindus cannot live together and are completely

opposite of each other. He said this speech right after he changed his cause against Nehru and

Gandhi, advocating for Muslim equality in India (Background Info).

Kaul, Jagan. “Letter to United Nations on Islamic Attack on Kashmir.” Received by United

Nations Secretary General , Mr. Ban Ki-Moon, United Nations, 17 September 2008, New

York City, New York. Web. Accessed 21 October 2018.

<http://www.partitionofindia.com/_archive/00000e2f.htm>.

This is a primary source (letter) explaining to the United Nations the situation in Kashmir.

Pakistani Islamic militant groups attack the Indian portion of Kashmir, leaving it in ruins. It

explains how Hindu temples are being burnt in Kashmir by Muslims because it does not support

their religious viewpoint. It includes amazing statistics that can be used in ‘Territorial Disputes’.

Masmudar, Bharati. “Gandhiji on Partition.” Mani Bhavan Gandhi Sangrahalaya, ​Navajivan

Trust,​ 2002. Web. Accessed 12 February 2019.

<http://www.gandhi-manibhavan.org/gandhicomesalive/ebks/GandhiOnPartition.pdf>.

This is a primary source research paper with all of Mahatma Gandhi’s quotes. It is a compilation

of primary quotes, which are great to use in the ‘Background Info’ section of my website.
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Mohammed. “Mohammed's Story.” ​Mohammed | The National Archives,​ The National Archives,

18 October 2011. Web. Accessed 10 October 2018.

<www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/panjab1947/mohammed.htm>.

This primary source was an interview of a partition victim, Mohammed. He explains that

communities were very diverse and together before the partition. They lived in the same

community, and helped each other out. After the partition, though, people turned on their own

friends and family just because of their religion - it was chaotic (Ethnic Conflicts).

Nayak, Venkatesh. “Exclusive: For the First Time, a True Copy of Jammu & Kashmir's

Instrument of Accession.” ​The Wire,​ The National Archives of India, 26 October 2016.

Web. Accessed 23 September 2018.

<https://thewire.in/history/public-first-time-jammu-kashmirs-instrument-accession-india/

amp/>.

This primary source is the original copy of the Kashmiri Instrument of Accession. It was signed

by Maharaja Hari Singh (ruler of Kashmir) in 1947 after Pakistani tribes invaded Kashmir in

order to liberate it. It stated that the entire Kashmir region would accede to India if they agreed to

protect them from these Pakistani forces (Territorial Disputes).

“Old Journeys Revisited.” ​The Economist​, The Economist Newspaper, 10 February 2000. Web.

Accessed 10 October 2018.

<www.economist.com/moreover/2000/02/10/old-journeys-revisited>.
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This primary source is an interview of Heera Lal (Mr. Nandy) a partition survivor. He

experienced a situation where he was forced to kill a Muslim salesperson passing through their

town due to peer pressure. He views the partition as a period in which morality collapses, which

is an interesting point to make (Ethnic Conflicts).

“Pakistan's First Invasion of Kashmir.” pp. 18–22, ​Pakistan's First Invasion of Kashmir​. Web.

Accessed 31 September 2018.

<http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/19066/10/10_chapter%202.pdf>.

This is a secondary source report, containing many important primary quotes. It contains the

history of the partition, and how it led to the instability in Kashmir. Before India and Pakistan

gained their independence, each state within it were separate kingdoms with separate ruling

systems. When India became independent, these states were forced to unite into the nation of

India or Pakistan, but Kashmir was the only outlier. The two countries were not able to solve

these disputes in 1947, so they are still continuing to this day (Territorial Disputes).

“Parliament and India, 1858-1947.” ​UK Parliament,​ Parliamentary Archives. Web. Accessed 20

December 2018.

<www.parliament.uk/business/publications/parliamentary-archives/explore-guides-to-doc

umentary-archive-/archives-highlights/indian-independence/>.

Security Council. “The India-Pakistan Question.” ​UNSCR,​ Online Database, 20 September 1965.

Web. Accessed 03 December 2018. <http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/211>.

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This is a primary source report of the original Kashmiri Resolutions 211. These Resolutions were

passed by the United Kingdom after the War of 1965 between India and Pakistan. They call for a

cease-fire and for both sides to give up their arms in the region. These resolutions were a

short-term solution to a long-term conflict (Territorial Disputes).

Secondary Sources:

Afzal, Madiha. “The Future of U.S.-Pakistani Relations.” ​Brookings,​ The Brookings Institution,

12 January 2018. Web. Accessed 17 January 2019.

<www.brookings.edu/blog/unpacked/2018/01/12/the-future-of-u-s-pakistani-relations/>.

This is a secondary source, explaining the current U.S. - Pakistani relationship. It includes the

benefits and the consequences of this relationship, stating that the U.S. needs Pakistan as a

Muslim ally to support them in the war in Afghanistan. Recently, however, Pakistan has not been

following through with the U.S.’s demands, so their friendship is slowly diminishing (Impact).

Ahmed, Ishtiaq. “Who Began the Violence? The How and Why of Partition.” ​DNA India,​ DNA ,

02 March 2013. Web. Accessed 20 October 2018.

<www.dnaindia.com/world/comment-who-began-the-violence-the-how-and-why-of-parti

tion-1806615>.

This is a secondary source article, explaining the effects the partition had on the state of Punjab.

Because it was spit due to the partition, the Sikh majority revolted, and the violence erupted

massively. It also explains the many casualties because of the fighting (Ethnic Conflicts).
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Bakaya, Priyanka, and Sumeet Bhatti. “Kashmir Conflict: A Study of What Led to the

Insurgency in Kashmir Valley & Proposed Future Solutions.” Stanford University. Web.

Accessed 27 February 2019.

<https://web.stanford.edu/class/e297a/Kashmir%20Conflict%20-%20A%20Study%20of

%20What%20Led%20to%20the%20Insurgency%20in%20Kashmir%20Valley.pdf>.

This is a secondary source research paper, providing a detailed analysis of the Kashmir conflict

and its history. It incorporates many primary source documents and quotes that can be used in

the ‘Territorial Disputes’ section of my website.

Bates, Dr. Crispin. “History - British History in Depth: The Hidden Story of Partition and Its

Legacies.” ​BBC,​ BBC, 03 March 2011. Web. Accessed 08 November 2018.

<www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/partition1947_01.shtml>.

This is a secondary source article, explaining the situation of Britain and why it was ready to

give in for Indian independence. After World War II, Britain was financially and politically

unstable, and could not hold on to the Indian colonies any longer. This is why they started

negotiating as soon as they came back, resulting in a very hasty transition. Britain wanted to

leave India as soon as possible, so they were not blamed for the erupting violence and chaos - In

the end they were, though (Ethnic Conflicts).

Bowers, Paul. “Kashmir.” House of Commons Library, 30 March 2004. Web. Accessed 26

February 2019.
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This secondary source article discusses the disagreements between India and Pakistan over

Kashmir, the current relations between these two countries, and includes relevant UN resolutions

as well. It provides many useful primary quotes, which I used for the ‘Territorial Disputes’

section of my website.

“A Context for Diversity.” ​The Pluralism Project​, Harvard University. Web. Accessed 21

December 2018.

<http://pluralism.org/religions/hinduism/introduction-to-hinduism/a-context-for-diversity

/>.

This is a secondary source with its research analysis. It explains the diversity of Hindus, Sikhs,

Muslims, Buddhists, and many other religions before the partition of 1947. It explains the Hindu

viewpoint, and how they see the world because of their religion, and it contains interesting

information (Ethnic Conflicts).

Crilly, Rob. “Pakistan and India Take Steps to Prevent Accidental Nuclear War.” The Telegraph,

Telegraph Media Group, 28 December 2011. Web. Accessed 22 October 2018.

<www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/8980657/Pakistan-and-India-take-s

teps-to-prevent-accidental-nuclear-war.html>.

This newspaper article is a secondary source, explaining how India and Pakistan are forced to

take precautions in order to avoid an all out nuclear war. Because things have always been tense

between these two countries, World War III (if it happens) is estimated to start here. WIthout any
 Alibilli 11

precautions, the two countries may start launching bombs over small disputes due to their

abhorrent relationship (Impact).

Crowe, Amabel. ​The Sikhs and the Partition of the Punjab.​ Academia, 2014, pp. 1–68, ​The Sikhs

and the Partition of the Punjab.​ Web. Accessed 21 October 2018.

<http://www.academia.edu/7801480/The_Sikhs_and_the_Partition_of_the_Punjab>.

This is a secondary source research analysis report, containing the views of Sikhs during the

Partitions of India/ their homeland, Punjab. Because Punjab is a very small state, the Sikh

majority living in Punjab believed their state should remain as a whole, to either Pakistan or

India. They preferred India as their religion, Sikhism, is a subcategory of Hinduism. As most

Sikhs are in the army, this protest turned violent with most casualties in this region. They even

called for a separate country, but never got one (Ethnic Conflicts).

Dalrymple, William. “The Mutual Genocide of Indian Partition.” ​The New Yorker​, The New

Yorker, 19 June 2017. Web. Accessed 20 December 2018.

<https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/06/29/the-great-divide-books-dalrymple>.

This is a secondary source article, explaining the violent impact of the partition. It contains how

the states of Punjab and West bengal were affected during this time period. It also includes many

great secondary and primary quotes that I can use (Ethnic Conflicts).

Felbab-Brown, Vanda. “Why Pakistan Supports Terrorist Groups, and Why the US Finds It so

Hard to Induce Change.” ​Brookings​, Brookings, 05 January 2018. Web. Accessed 21

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October 2018.

<www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2018/01/05/why-pakistan-supports-terrorist

-groups-and-why-the-us-finds-it-so-hard-to-induce-change/>.

This is a secondary source article, which explains why Pakistan supports Islamic militant groups,

including the Taliban. They are preparing for a sudden attack from India, and are constantly

afraid of what it will do to them. Siding with Afghanistan and China, they have allies in order to

help them fight in a future war with India. On the other hand, U.S. doesn’t want Pakistan to side

with these militant groups as it just decreases instability in a place that is already devastated.

They are cutting their funds to Pakistan in order to persuade them to listen to the U.S.’s

commands more (Impact).

“For King, Then Country.” ​The Economist,​ The Economist Newspaper, 05 May 2016. Web.

Accessed 22 February 2019.

<https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2016/05/05/for-king-then-country>.

This is a secondary source article, explaining the impact of World War II on India. Because India

helped Britain in both World Wars, Britain was more lenient and granted them independence as

soon as the wars were over. I used a Muhammad Ali Jinnah quote in the ‘Background Info’

portion of my website.

“India.” ​U.S. Department of State​, U.S. Department of State, 15 August 2018. Web. Accessed 12

December 2018. <www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3454.htm>.

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This is a secondary source fact sheet, explaining the U.S. - India relationship. It has always been

very uncertain, but over the years, their relationship has been improving. Together, they are

promoting stability, global security, and economic prosperity through their trade, investment, and

economic sanctions. Both countries are in a variety of organizations together, continuing to

strengthen their relationship (Impact).

Khan, Feroz Hassan. ​Going Tactical: Pakistan's Nuclear Posture and Implications for Stability​.

IFRI, 2015, pp. 1–47. Web. Accessed 01 November 2018.

<http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2017/ph241/white-m1/docs/khan.pdf>.

This is a secondary source report, explaining the driving cause of Pakistan wanting to become a

nuclear power. It explains how it is driven by the fear of an attack from India. They wanted a

means to protect themselves in any situation in the future. It contains very nice information and

statistics (Impact).

“Pakistan Mission to United Nations.” ​Kashmir - Pakistan Mission to UN.​ Web. Accessed 22

September 2018. <www.pakun.org/kashmir/history.php>.

This secondary source is the past status of the Kashmir issue from Pakistan’s perspective. It

contains all the resolutions the UN proposed (originals), which of course failed each and every

time. It provides a detailed explanation of the issue from before the partition to the most recent

war in 1999 (Territorial Disputes).

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Pike, John. “Indo-Pakistani Conflict of 1947-48.” ​Global Security Organization​, The Global

Security Organization, 11 July 2011. Web. Accessed 26 September 2018.

<www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/indo-pak_1947.htm>.

This is a secondary source description of the War of 1947-1948 over Kashmir. It explains what

triggered the war, and how Pakistan was able to gain more territory until the United Nations

interfered with a peace agreement. It also provides detailed statistics of the number of casualties

during this war (Territorial DIsputes).

“Program for the Final Farewell to British Troops.” ​National Army Museum​, Online Collection.

Bombay, 28 February 1948. Web. Accessed 24 February 2019.

<https://collection.nam.ac.uk/detail.php?q=searchType=simple&resultsDisplay=list&sim

pleText=last british troops leave india&pos=0&total=5&acc=1999-12-27-5>.

This primary source image is a poster saying farewell the the British. The last troop to leave

India was the first Battalion, Somerset Light Infantry, which left on February 28th, 1948 in

Bombay (Background Info).

Rajopadhye, Hemant. “Silenced Histories, Razed Shrines: The Difficult Task of Rediscovering

India and Pakistan's Shared Heritage.” ​ORF​, Observer Research Foundation. Web.

Accessed 12 February 2019.

<https://www.orfonline.org/research/43973-silenced-histories-razed-shrines-the-difficult-

task-of-rediscovering-india-and-pakistans-shared-heritage/>.
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This is a secondary source research paper, explaining the basis of how Pakistan was founded and

what it means today. It explains how Pakistan was founded on the basis of the ‘two nation

theory’, which does not mean it has to eradicate the non - Islamic history of its past. It analyzes

India and Pakistan’s shared history through temples and mosques. Working together will help

strengthen their relationship in the future (Impact).

Raquel, Adekoye Abimbola. "The Impact of the Kashmir Conflict on Indo-Pakistani Relations

and its Security Implications for the South Asian Region." University of KwaZulu-Natal,

21 October 2014. Web. Accessed 25 September 2018.

<https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10413/12770/Raquel_Adekoye_Abim

bola_2014.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y>.

This secondary source report explains how the Kashmir issue has been affecting the relationship

between India and Pakistan ever since they were first created. It contains beautiful primary and

secondary quotes, expanding on her message. She begins with the history of these disputes to

their effect politically and economically on both countries (Territorial Disputes).

Sood, Rakesh. “Nuclear Order in the Twenty - First Century.” Observer Research Foundation,

2019. Web. Accessed 28 February 2019.

<https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Nuclear-Order.pdf>.

This secondary source research paper provides a detailed analysis of the countries with nuclear

instability. It includes many countries, but I used the section where it focused on India and

Pakistan. It provides many beautiful quotes from various nuclear analysts (Impact).
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“A Timeline of U.S.-India Relations.” ​Council on Foreign Relations​, Council on Foreign

Relations. Web. Accessed 26 October 2018. <www.cfr.org/timeline/us-india-relations>.

This secondary source timeline provides a detailed description of the U.S. - India relationship

(chronologically). It begins in 1947 when India first gained its independence and ends in 2015

when President Obama alleviates ties with Prime Minister Modi. It includes the economic and

political growth of each country due to this strengthening relationship (Modern Day).

Wood, David. “Forget North Korea. The Next Nuclear Crisis Festers On The India-Pakistan

Border.” ​The Huffington Post,​ Oath Incorporation, 03 May 2017. Web. Accessed 01

November 2018.

<www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/pakistan-india-nuclear-crisis_us_5909042de4b02655f8

41de0e>.

This secondary source article provides a detailed analysis of why a nuclear war is expected

between India and Pakistan. It has wonderful quotes from various nuclear experts, who state that

because of Pakistan’s close ties with various militant groups, a war would be more likely. After

the Mumbai Attacks of 2008, by a Pakistan-based militant groups, India was talked out of

attacking Pakistan by the United Nations and the U.S.A. It could occur again when militant

groups obtain nuclear weapons in the future (Impact).

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Ziring, Lawrence, and Shahid Javed Burki. “Pakistan.” ​Encyclopedia Britannica,​ Encyclopedia

Britannica, Inc., 09 November 2018. Web. Accessed 21 October 2018.

<www.britannica.com/place/Pakistan/The-Muslim-League-and-Mohammed-Ali-Jinnah>.

This secondary source is from the encyclopedia, providing basic information about Muhammad

Ali Jinnah and the Muslim League. The Muslim League was formed even before Jinnah became

the leader of it - they just were not popular throughout India. When Jinnah became the leader

though, he encouraged many Muslims to support them or else they will have no say in the Hindu

- majority India, driving them to call for the partition of 1947 (Background Info).

Images:

Asrar, Shakib, and Omran Abazid. “Interactive Partition Line.” ​Aljazeera​, The Imperial

Gazetteer of India, 17 August 2017. Web. Accessed 13 October 2018.

<www.aljazeera.com/indepth/interactive/2017/08/india-pakistan-partition-borders-drawn-

170817124309858.html>.

This is a secondary source article about the partition of India. I used it for the interactive partition

line creator as it was a fun way to get the audience to pay more attention to my website. I

embedded this map onto the Home page of my website, where it was clearly visible.

Bharadwaj, Prashant, and Saumitra Jha. “Drawing the Line: The Short- and Long-Term

Consequences of Partitioning India.” ​VoxDev​, UK Aid, 15 August 2017. Web. Accessed

12 October 2018.

<https://voxdev.org/topic/institutions-political-economy/drawing-line-short-and-long-ter

m-consequences-partitioning-india>.
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This is a secondary source article, containing a very detailed and descriptive information about

the consequences of partitioning India. I took two very nice maps, which portray the amount of

ethnic cleansing that occurred immediately after the partition. Diverse communities turned into

communities with only Hindus or only Muslims (Ethnic Conflicts).

“Bharatiya Janata Party Logo.” ​The Sentinel​, Sentinel Media, 25 July 2018. Web. Accessed 12

December 2018.

<www.sentinelassam.com/news/bharatiya-janata-party-leaders-discuss-loan-issues-with-s

tate-bank-of-india-at-itanagar/>.

This is the secondary source image of the Bharatiya Janata Party logo. Currently, this party is

ruling India, and I included it for the audience to have a better understanding of my topic in

relation to today (Impact).

Chappate. “U.S. Pakistan Relations.” ​Statesman​, Herald Tribune, 17 September 2017. Web.

Accessed 07 September 2019.

<https://medium.com/@enclave/us-pakistan-relations-it-is-business-as-usual-db99a5db29

39>.

This is a secondary source political cartoon, portraying the U.S. - Pakistani relationship. They are

not friends, partners, nor allies, so what are they exactly? It is a creative way to explain to the

audience that their relationship is diminishing and uncertain, rather than in words (Impact).
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CNN Library. “Kashmir Fast Facts.” ​CNN News, ​25 March 2018. Web. Accessed 25 September

2018. <https://www.cnn.com/2013/11/08/world/kashmir-fast-facts/index.html>.

This is a secondary source article containing the basic facts about the Kashmir situation today. It

contains a map, displaying the Line of Control and how Kashmir is divided between India,,

Pakistan, and CHina. It was used in the Territorial Disputes section of my website.

Cosgrove, Ben. “Muslim-Hindu Riots of 1946: Photos of the Gruesome Aftermath.” ​Times,​

Times, 26 May 2014. Web. Accessed 12 January 2019.

<https://time.com/3879963/vultures-of-calcutta-the-gruesome-aftermath-of-indias-1946-h

indu-muslim-riots/>.

This secondary source contains primary photographs of the aftermath of the Calcutta Riots. It

shows carcasses, vultures, and devastation everywhere. It can be used for the audience to

understand the significance of these riots (Background Info).

​ ampstead Theatre. 17 August 2017. Web.

Dabas, Maninder. “Cyril Radcliffe.” ​India Times, H

Accessed 18 December 2018.

<https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/here-s-how-radcliff-line-was-drawn-on-this-day

-and-lahore-could-not-become-a-part-of-india-328012.html>.

This is a photograph of Cyril Radcliffe, the man who drew the Radcliffe Line with no prior

knowledge about India’s geography, cultural background, or political background. He created

this line, which split many states, including Punjab and West Bengal, leading to even more

devastation and violence (Background Info).

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Degia, Mohammed Iqbal. “Indian National Flag and the Pakistani National Flag.” ​Extra

Newsfeed​, India.com, 15 August 2017. Web. Accessed 18 December 2018.

<extranewsfeed.com/india-pakistan-partition-legacy-ae160ab42d68>.

This is a secondary source image with the Indian and Pakistani flags next to each other. I used

this source as the background image on my homepage as it portrays my topic very clearly.

“Down Red Arrow Png.” ​St. Anthony's High School​, Rainmaker Media Solutions Inc., 2015.

Web. Accessed 16 January 2019.

<www.stanthonyshs.org/login/down-arrow-png-photos/>.

This is a red arrow png image, which I used in my timeline. It shows the chronology of events

after the partition to modern day.

Hashim, Asad. “Memories of Partition: One Man's Return to Pakistan.” ​GCC News | Al Jazeera,​

Al Jazeera, 07 August 2017. Web. Accessed 07 February 2019.

<www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/08/memories-partition-man-return-pakistan-1

70806072221701.html>.

This is a primary source article about a partition survivor, returning to visit his homeland after 70

years. It contains a video, which clearly explains the impact of the partition on civilians like him.

It also contains very descriptive quotes (Ethnic Conflicts).

 Alibilli 21

“India and Pakistan on the Verge of Nuclear War.” ​Zero Hedge​, ABC Media, 17 March 2018.

Web. Accessed 08 January 2019.

<www.zerohedge.com/news/2018-03-17/india-and-pakistan-inching-toward-their-final-w

ar>.

This is a secondary source political cartoon, explaining the impact on the rest of the world

because of India and Pakistan. They allude to the Cold War, where India and Pakistan are

threatening each other with nuclear weapons, while the entire world is watching in fear. It is a

very creative way with a different perspective on these conflicts (Impact).

“The Indian-American Underachiever.” ​The Economist​, Economist, 28 June 2018. Web.

Accessed 12 December 2018.

<www.economist.com/united-states/2018/06/28/the-indian-american-underachiever>.

This is a secondary source political cartoon displaying the U.S. - India relationship. Both

countries are alleviating ties, but at the same time, are very nervous if they can completely trust

their new ally. It can be used in the ‘Impact’ section of my website.

“India's First Prime Minister - Jawaharlal Nehru.” ​Wikipedia,​ AFP, 31 December 1946. Web.

Accessed 21 February 2019.

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru#/media/File:Jnehru.jpg>.

This is a photograph of the first Indian Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. He was also the leader

of the Indian National Congress, opposing Jinnah and the Muslim League (Background Info).
 Alibilli 22

Jha, Saumitra, and Steven Wilkinson. ​Veterans and Ethnic Cleansing in the Partition of India.​

Stanford Archives, 2010, pp. 1–36, ​Veterans and Ethnic Cleansing in the Partition of

India​. Web. Accessed 20 October 2018.

<https://web.stanford.edu/group/SITE/archive/SITE_2010/segment_5/segment_5_papers/

jha.pdf>.

This is a secondary source report, containing many useful statistics and graphs. It is about the

ethnic cleansing immediately after the partition and its impact later on. I used various graphs and

statistics in my ‘Ethnic Conflicts’ page in my website.

Kevin Lamarque. “Obama Meets Pakistani Prime Minister the at the Nuclear Security Summit.”

WordPress,​ Reuters, 19 December 2010. Web. Accessed 08 January 2019.

<https://shamazkhan.wordpress.com/category/india-special-weapons/>.

This is a secondary source article, containing an image of former President Barack Obama and

Prime Minister, Narendra Modi shaking hands at the Nuclear Security Summit. It portrays the

growing relations between U.S. and India, but also shows how U.S. and India are in many

organizations together. India has vowed to avoid using their nuclear weapons, unless they are in

a situation is serious threat, risking their entire nation (Impact).

“Maharaja Hari Singh.” ​Daily Excelsior,​ Pugmarks, 24 August 2014. Web. Accessed 19

December 2018. <www.dailyexcelsior.com/maharaja-hari-singh/>.

This is a primary source image of Maharaja Hari Singh, the ruler of Kashmir. He was a Hindu

ruler, presiding a Muslim majority. The Kashmir disputes begin when he signed the Instrument
 Alibilli 23

of Accession to India. Later, India and Pakistan fight over Pakistan many times throughout their

history (Territorial Disputes).

“Map of Punjab After Partition.” ​Olive Oil Times,​ Vikas Vij, 25 September 2012. Web.

Accessed 03 January 2019.

<www.oliveoiltimes.com/olive-oil-making-and-milling/punjab-india-olive-cultivation/28

886>.

This is a secondary source image of the map of Punjab after the partition. Because the Radcliffe

Line split Punjab into two parts, the audience may be confused about the geography of this

region. This is why I included a map to clarify their doubts (Ethnic Conflicts).

Matlabul, Hassan Saiyid. “Muhammad Ali Jinnah .” ​Wikipedia,​ A Political Study. 31 December

1944. Web. Accessed 18 December 2018.

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah>.

This is a photograph of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan. He was the leader of the

“All - India Muslim League” and fought for Muslim equality in India. He is the reason Pakistan

was formed and India was split (Background Info).

MaxxiGo. “Numbers Animated Background.” Shutterstock Images, ​Shutterstock. ​Web. Accessed

12 February 2019.

<https://www.shutterstock.com/fr/video/clip-19625323-numbers-animated-background-a

bstract-3d-motion-paper>.
 Alibilli 24

This is is an image of numbers, which I used as the background image for the ‘Timeline’ section

of my website.

McCarthy, Preety K. “Pain of Long Partition: The Story of India and Pakistan.” ​SBS News​, SBS

News, 21 September 2017. Web. Accessed 12 December 2018.

<www.sbs.com.au/yourlanguage/punjabi/en/article/2017/09/21/pain-long-partition-story-

india-and-pakistan>.

“Pakistani Militants Celebrating in Kashmir." ​BBC News,​ BBC, 03 March 2010. Web. Accessed

29 December 2018. <https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4416771.stm>.

This is an image of Pakistani militant groups celebrating in Kashmir. It shows how Kashmir is

filled with various militant groups and Pakistan is supporting them even today. They want to be

prepared in case of a surprise attack from India (Impact).

“Partition of Bengal 1947.” ​The Indian Voice,​ Indian Voice, 15 January 2018. Web. Accessed 20

December 2018.

<https://theindianvoice.com/a-pakistani-wanted-to-help-west-bengali-people-get-freedom

-from-india-but-a-true-bengalis-reply-ripped-him-apart/>.

This is a secondary source map, containing the lines in which West Bengal was also split. It will

help the audience understand my claims better if they know the basic geography of the region

(Ethnic Conflicts).
 Alibilli 25

​ aravan. 31 August 2014. Web. Accessed 12

“People Migrating During the Partition.” ​Caravan, C

December 2018.

<https://caravandaily.com/portal/could-the-partition-have-been-prevented/>.

This is a primary source image in a secondary source article, showing many people migrating

during the partition. Muslims in India were forced to move to Pakistan, while Hindus in Pakistan

were forced to move to India (Ethnic Conflicts).

​ iplomat. 19 August
Pillalamarri, Akhilesh. “Map of Religious Borders in India.” ​The Diplomat, D

2017. Web. Accessed 14 December 2018.

<https://thediplomat.com/2017/08/70-years-of-the-radcliffe-line-understanding-the-story-

of-indian-partition/>.

This is a secondary source article, containing a map, which I used as a background image for my

‘Birth of Two Nations’ page. The map portrays the various religions and ethnicities there were

before the partition of 1947. After the partition, though, it all changed.

Press Information Bureau. “Mahatma Gandhi Portrait.” ​University of Hawaii at Manoa,​ 1940.

<https://digicoll.manoa.hawaii.edu/southasia/Pages/viewtext.php?tid=8&route=browseby

.php&by=title&s=browse>.

This is a photograph of Mahatma Gandhi in 1940. I included it in the ‘Background Info’ section

of my website, to help the audience better understand my claims.

 Alibilli 26

Rafiq, Zahid. “A Journey into the Heart of Kashmir's Crisis.” ​World Affairs Council of Kentucky

and Southern Indiana,​ Aljazeera, 20 July 2016. Web. Accessed 12 February 2019.

<https://www.worldkentucky.org/journey-heart-kashmirs-crisis/>.

This is a secondary source article with an interview of people living in the India - administered

portion of Kashmir. I used this source for the map, as the background image in the ‘Territorial

Disputes’ section of my website.

“Refugees Getting on a Train.” ​Financial Express,​ IANS, 06 August 2017. Web. Accessed 03

January 2019.

<www.financialexpress.com/india-news/tales-of-india-pakistan-partition-to-go-public/79

6552/>.

This is a primary source image, containing an image of refugees and partition victims boarding a

train that will transport them to where they ‘are supposed to be’. The audience can see how it is

packed with people, with people on the top and even outside by the doors. The partition caused

millions of people to be displaced of their homes (Ethnic Conflicts).

“The Somerset Light Infantry, the Last British Troops to Leave India.” ​National Army Museum​,

Online Collection. Bombay, 28 February 1948. Web. Accessed 24 February 2019.

<https://collection.nam.ac.uk/detail.php?q=searchType=simple&resultsDisplay=list&sim

pleText=last british troops leave india&pos=1&total=5&acc=1960-09-136-2>.

This is a primary source photograph of the last British troops leaving India on February 28th,

1948. The Indians are wishing them farewell on the coast (Background Info).
 Alibilli 27

Stoneman, Walter. “Clement Attlee.” ​The London School of Economics and Political Science​,

British Politics and Policy LSE, 17 April 2017. Accessed 03 January 2019.

<https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/the-life-and-times-of-clement-attlee/>.

This is a photograph of the British Prime Minister, Clement Attlee. He was the one who

negotiated the independence deal between Congress and the Muslim League. He was sent by

Britain to hand over power to India as quickly as possible because they did not want to be

blamed for the violence afterwards (Background Info)

“This Day That Year: Here's What Made News on October 31, 1947.” ​The New Indian Express​,

The New Indian Express, 31 October 2018. Web. Accessed 03 December 2018.

<www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/nation/2018/oct/31/this-day-that-year-heres-what

-made-news-on-october-31-1947-101885.html>.

These are a series of primary photographs that were published, immediately after the partition.

They include the Kashmir issue, and the mass violence that broke out between Hindus, Muslims,

and Sikhs. I used one newspaper article as the background image of the ‘Ethnic Conflicts’

section of my website.

Violette Graffe. “Hindu-Muslim Communal Riots in India (1947-1986).” ​Portail Sciences Po,​

Northwestern University of Chicago, 15 July 2013. Web. Accessed 07 February 2019.

<www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/hindu-muslim-

communal-riots-india-i-1947-1986>.
 Alibilli 28

This is a secondary source research article, explaining the ethnic violence after the partition of

India and Pakistan. It provides many statistics, through tables, graphs, and maps, which I used in

the ‘Ethnic Conflicts’ section of my website.

“V.P. Menon.” ​Keshoriya​, Blogger, 22 April 2011. Web. Accessed 03 January 2019.

<https://keshoraiya.blogspot.com/2011/04/unsung-heroes-of-modern-india-v-p-menon.ht

ml>.

This photograph is of V.P. Menon, the civil servant and constitutional advisor of the last three

viceroys of India. He played a vital role in convincing the British to give India its independence,

and I used one of his quotes in the ‘Background Info’ section of my website.

YouTube​, Mahwash Rajput. “Quaid-e-Azam Speech Before Partition.” 15 August 2016. Web.

Accessed 08 January 2019. <www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y0wj2N098uM>.

This is a video of Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s speech before the partition of India and Pakistan. It is

aimed towards all of his Muslim supporters and he is trying to convince the rest of the Muslims

that a new, Muslim country will be better for their lives (Background Info).

YouTube​, Stratfor. “Why the Military Rules Pakistan.” 04 February 2016. Web. Accessed 17

January 2019. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e85H6HKPCE4>.

This video is explained by Faisel Pervaiz, the South Asia analyst in the Stratfor Global

Intelligence program. He explains in detail why Pakistan is ruled by its military today, but India

is not. He explains because Pakistan inherited 33% of India’s military when they gained
 Alibilli 29

independence, there was a growing belief that India would be their constant , and their military

would be the greatest way to protect themselves from this enemy (Impact).