DESIGN BASIS REPORT (Structures) PDF
DESIGN BASIS REPORT (Structures) PDF
DESIGN BASIS REPORT (Structures) PDF
4.1 Introduction
The design philosophy for the structures of the project road shall be primarily based
on the relevant Codes of IRC, Standards and Specifications, Special Publications,
Latest Guidelines and Circulars of Ministry of Road Transport & Highways
(MORT&H) and relevant Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). For aspects not covered
by IRC and BIS Standards, relevant recommendations of the International Standards
or sound engineering practices shall be followed. All bridges, culverts and structures
shall be designed and constructed in accordance with Schedule-B of the Agreement
and shall conform to cross-sectional features and other details specified therein.
The design philosophy shall include but not be limited to the following:
The structural arrangement of the new two lane bridge will be decided based on
hydrology of the channel, sub-soil investigation report for the site, features of existing
bridge if any and the basic objective will be to select such an arrangement, which will
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ensure provision to meet other functional, structural and economic requirements and
also blend with environment of the surrounding area. The form selected will be most
innovative and cost effective and suitable for construction by locally available
technology.
Based on preliminary design, GADs for bridges and other structures will be
prepared. GADs will show salient features of the structures such as overall length,
span arrangement, carriageway width, deck level, foundation level, type of
superstructure, substructure and foundations; bearings, expansion joints, return
walls, ground levels, vertical clearance, design loading, cross and longitudinal profile
etc. and submitted to NHAI authorities for approval. Preliminary design of new
bridges and structures will be carried out based on hydraulic and geo-technical
studies, following the standards and code of practices. In evolving the structural
framework, aspects like ease of construction and cost effectiveness will be kept in view.
Based on the approved design criteria and General Arrangement Drawings (GADs)
approved by NHAI authorities, the detailed design of foundations, substructure,
superstructure, bearings, miscellaneous items and protection works for all bridges
and other structures will be prepared following the methodology as under making
maximum use of computer based techniques.
Design of all components of structures will be carried out in accordance with the
provisions of the following Standards / Codes of Practices:
In case of rehabilitation of the Bridges, the same will be designed on the basis of IRC:
SP: 35 & IRC: SP: 40.
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4.4 Materials
i) Concrete
Concrete grade for varied structural components, based on the 28
S.N. Grade of
Use
Concrete
1 Precast RCC T-Beam/Box cell M35
10 Pile M 35
11 Pile Cap M 35
Maximum cement content (excluding fly ash, GGBS or Silica) shall not exceed
450 kg/m3.
ii) Reinforcement
The rebars shall conform to grade Fe 500D of IRC: 112 - 2011.
fy = 500MPa, Es = 200GPa & Density = 7.85 t/m2
Welding of rebar & use of mechanical couplers shall conform to IRC: 112-2011.
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Stone Masonry shall conform to the specifications of IRC 40: 2002 and IS 1597 (Part-
1). Sizes of stone shall conform to IS 1597 (Part-1). Cement to Sand ratio in Mortar
shall not be leaner than 1:3
iv) Prestressing
Pre-Stressing steel shall conform to IRC: 112-2011.
Strand: 15.2 mm nominal dia, 7-wire, low relaxation strand confirms to class 2 of IS:
14268. Sheathing shall be of HDPE Pipe shall confirm to IRC: 112-2011.
v) Expansion Joint
o For spans less than 10m solid slab superstructure would be provided with
TAR paper bearings.
o For higher spans, elastomeric type bearings are proposed.
i) Bulk Density
The bulk densities of material for Dead & Super Imposed Dead Load adopted are
as follows:
For design purposes loading due to superimposed dead load are as follows.
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Vehicular Bridge Live Load assumed for longitudinal design & analysis (ref. table
2 IRC: 6-2014) with suitable reduction of lane loading given as per clause205: IRC:
6.2014.
Each New 2-lanes bridge having carriageway of 7.5 m to 8.5m, shall be designed
for single lane of IRC Class 70R loading or 2-lanes of Class-A loading, whichever
governs.
Each New 2-lanes bridge having carriageway of 10.5 m to 13.1m, shall be designed
for single lane of IRC 70R loading or single lane of IRC 70R loading plus single
lane of IRC Class-A loading or 3-lanes of IRC Class-A loading, whichever
governs. For 2 Lane bridge of 16 m total width with foot path on both sides shall be
designed for single lane of IRC 70R loading or single lane of IRC 70R loading
plus single lane of IRC Class-A loading or 3-lanes of IRC Class-A loading,
whichever governs.
Impact factor as per clause 208 of IRC: 6-2014 is calculated in addition to above
live load effect.
Maximum Footpath Live Load shall be 500 kg/m2 as per clause 206 of IRC: 6-2014.
Water current forces are considered above Mean Scour Level, as per Clause No.
210 of IRC: 6-2014.
Structures shall be designed to resist lateral loads arising due to wind as per
clause 209 of IRC: 6-2014.
The bridges lie in seismic zone II. Horizontal Seismic Forces are calculated as per
IRC: 6-2014.
Minor bridges satisfying both limits of total length not exceeding 60m and spans
not exceeding 15m need not designed for seismic forces.
Ah = Z/2 * I /R * (Sa/g)
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Av = 2/3*Ah
Where
=1(Bearings)
The seismic force shall be assumed to come from any direction, hence design
seismic force resultants at any cross section of the bridge component shall be
o combined as follows
±r1 ±0.3r2±0.3r3
±0.3r1 ±r2±0.3r3
±0.3r1 ±0.3r2±r3
Where -
o The seismic effect on live load shall not be considered in the direction of
traffic.
o For design of foundation the seismic load should be taken as 1.35times the
forces transmitted to it by substructure. If the response reduction factor is
taken as 1.0 then seismic load need not be increased by 1.35
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As per IRC: 6-2014 temperature ranges for the project stretch is of -2.500C to
47.500C.
The nonlinear temperature gradient for design shall be considered as per clause
215.3 of IRC: 6-2014.
Structures to retain earth fills (abutments, return walls & Retaining wall) shall be
designed to withstand pressure as computed by coulomb’s theory, both for LWL
and HFL cases.
All abutments, return walls & retaining walls shall be designed for a live load
surcharge equivalent to 1.2m of earth fill.
Splayed Wing Walls shall be designed to withstand earth pressure and self-weight
only. Sections of wing wall where inclination of backfill is up to only a finite length
(Broken back fill surface), specialist literature shall be referred to calculate effect on
earth pressure.
Seismic component of earth mass over foundation (confined b/w return wall, over
heel slab) is also considered in addition to dynamic increment of earth pressure.
Weep holes shall be proposed in Abutment wall, return wall, Wing wall and
retaining wall to cater pore water pressure.
x) Load Combination
Earth face 75
Sub-
Other face 45
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Precast RCC 40
elements
ii) Foundation
a) Open Foundation
o Abutment open foundation is checked for overall stability
(overturning, sliding & base pressure) as well as for strength of each
component (heel & toe).
o Allowable base pressure shall be increased by 25% for seismic load
combinations, as per clause 706.1.2 of IRC: 78-2014.
b) Pile Foundation
iii) Sub-Structure
a) Abutment Shaft:
b) Dirt Wall:
o Dirt wall is designed for earth pressure from back fill & 50 %
reinforcement increased as per MORT&H Circular No. RW/NH-
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c) Abutment Cap:
a) Pier Shaft:
o The Largest overall dimension is not greater than four times the
smallest overall dimension.
o The Height is such that the ratio of effective length to radius of gyration
is not less than 12.
b) Pier Cap:
c) Return Wall
o Return wall is analyzed for two side supported plate and accordingly
designed for bending moment and shear forces due to Earth pressure
and Live load surcharge pressure.
o Retaining wall is designed for forces due to Earth pressure and Live
load surcharge pressure.
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iv) Super-Structure
o End cross girder is designed for jack-up & service both conditions.
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e) Solid slab
4.7 Hydrology
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