UNDERSTANDING BRAZIL:

A READER'S GUIDE
MINISTRY OF EXTERNAL RELATIONS

Foreign Minister Ambassador Celso Amorim

Secretary General Ambassador Samuel Pinheiro Guimarães

ALEXANDRE DE GUSMÃO FOUNDATION

President Ambassador Jeronimo Moscardo

International Relations
Research Institute

Director Ambassador Carlos Henrique Cardim

The Alexandre de Gusmão Foundation, instituted in 1971, is a public foundation linked to the
Ministry of External Relations and has the purpose of bringing to civil society information about
the international scene and about subjects on the Brazilian diplomatic agenda.

Ministry of External Relations

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Telephones: (00- 55-61) 3411 6033/6034/6847
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Understanding Brazil:
a reader's guide

Brasília, 2009
Copyright ©, Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão

Cover credit:
"Duarte Coelho traz os Primeiros Cavalos"
Juca (Ovídio de Andrade Melo)
46 x 35 cm
International Museum of Brazilian Naïve Art
Acrylic on canvas and card - Brazil, 1990

Technical team:
Eliane Miranda Paiva
Maria Marta Cezar Lopes
Cíntia Rejane Sousa Araújo Gonçalves

Translator:
Susan Casement Moreira

Graphic design and layout:

Juliana Orem e Maria Loureiro

Printed in Brazil 2009

Understanding Brazil: a reader’s guide / translator,
Susan Casement Moreira. Brasília : Fundação
Alexandre de Gusmão, 2009.

68p.

Tradução de: Livros para conhecer o Brasil - 2a ed.

ISBN 978-85-7631-151-5

1. Brasil – História. I. Moreira, Susan Casement, trad.

CDU 94(81)

Publication rights reserved to

Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão
Ministério das Relações Exteriores
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Anexo II, Térreo
70170-900 Brasília - DF
Telephones: (61) 3411 6033/6034/6847/6028
Fax: (61) 3411 9125
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Legal deposit in the Fundação Biblioteca Nacional

(National Library) according to Law n° 10.994, of
14.12.2004.
Contents

Introduction, 13
Translator's note

1- History of Brazil 1500-1627, 15

Frei Vicente do Salvador

2 - Culture and Opulence of Brazil, 16

André João Antonil

3 - General History of Brazil, 17

Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen

4 - History of Brazil, 18
Heinrich Handelmann

5 - The American Illusion, 19

Eduardo Prado

6 - A Statesman of the Empire, 20

Joaquim Nabuco

7 - Rebellion in the Backlands, 21

Euclides da Cunha
8 - Latin America. The evils of origin, 22
Manoel Bonfim

9 - Nation Brazil: Reality of Brazilian Sovereignty, 23

Manoel Bonfim

10 - Chapters in Colonial History, 24

Capistrano de Abreu

11 - National Organization, 25
Alberto Torres

12 - Meridional Populations of Brazil, 26

Oliveira Viana

13 - The Decline of the Empire, 27

Oliveira Viana

14 - The Masters and the Slaves, 28

Gilberto Freyre

15 - Roots of Brazil, 29
Sérgio Buarque de Holanda

16 - Economic History of Brazil 1500-1820, 30

Roberto Simonsen

17 - Formation of Contemporary Brazil – Colony, 31

Caio Prado Jr.

18 - Anthology of Brazilian Folklore, 32

Luís da Câmara Cascudo

19 - Brazilian Culture – Introduction to the study of culture in Brazil, 33

Fernando de Azevedo

20 - The Baron of Rio Branco: personal biography and political history, 34

Álvaro Lins
21 - The Geography of Hunger – the Brazilian dilemma: bread or steel , 35
Josué de Castro

22 - Formation of Brazilian Literature: decisive moments, 36

Antônio Cândido

23 - The Partners of Rio Bonito – a study on the peasant in São Paulo state
and the transformation of his way of life, 37
Antônio Cândido

24 - Colonels, hoes and votes: the municipality and the representative regime in
Brazil, 38
Victor Nunes Leal

25 - Bandeirantes and Pioneers – a Parallel between two Cultures, 39

Vianna Moog

26 - Tristes Tropiques, 40
Claude Lévi-Strauss

27 - The Dutch in Brazil 1624-1654, 41

Charles Ralph Boxer

28 - The Golden Age of Brazil: growing pains of a colonial society, 42

Charles Ralph Boxer

29 - The Power Holders – formation of the Brazilian political boss class, 43

Raymundo Faoro

30 - Introduction to Brazilian Cinema, 44

Alex Viany

31 - The Economic Growth of Brazil: A Survey from Colonial to Modern

Times, 45
Celso Furtado

32 - Amazonia and International Greed, 46

Artur César Ferreira Reis
33 - From Import Substitution to Financial Capitalism – essays on the Brazilian
economy, 47
Maria da Conceição Tavares

34 - Four centuries of large estates, 48

Alberto Passos Guimarães

35 - Integration of the Negro in the Society of Classes, 49

Florestan Fernandes

36 - History of Positivism in Brazil, 50

Ivan Lins

37 - Geopolitics of Brazil, 51
Golbery do Couto e Silva

38 - Politics in Brazil 1930-1964: An Experiment in Democracy, 52

Thomas E. Skidmore

39 - The Politics of Military Rule in Brazil 1964-1985, 53

Thomas E. Skidmore

40 - Pedagogy of the Oppressed, 54

Paulo Freire

41 - Dependency and Development in Latin America, 55

Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Enzo Faletto

42 - Cinema: Trajectory in Underdevelopment, 56

Paulo Emílio Sales Gomes

43 - Ideology of Brazilian Culture (1933-1974), 57

Carlos Guilherme Mota

44 - Political Development, 58
Helio Jaguaribe

45 - Colonial Slavery, 59
Jacob Gorender
46 - Combat in the Darkness. The Brazilian Left: from illusions to armed
struggle, 60
Jacob Gorender

47 - Carnivals, Rogues and Heroes – an interpretation of the Brazilian

dilemma, 61
Roberto DaMatta

48 - Fifteen Years of Economic Policy, 62

Carlos Lessa

49 - The Business of Brazil: Portugal, the Netherlands and the Northeast

1641-1669, 63
Evaldo Cabral de Mello

50 - The Brazilian People – the formation and meaning of Brazil, 64

Darcy Ribeiro

51 - The Construction of order: the imperial political elite Shadow Theater:

imperial politics, 65
José Murilo de Carvalho

52 - The Brazilian ex-Leviathan: from the dispersed vote to concentrated

patronage-politics, 66
Wanderley Guilherme dos Santos
Introduction

Capistrano de Abreu said that to have an intelligent overview of Brazil

one first had to read a series of "conscientious monographs". An intelligent
overview, therefore, however individual it may be, is always the result of a
collective effort that seeks to understand the country's unity within the diversity
of its political, social, economic and cultural processes, through its various
analyses and interpretations. Without any pretensions to define the canon of
studies on Brazil, in this book the Alexandre de Gusmão Foundation
recommends some of the most important works on the long list of such studies.
This translation of the volume Understanding Brazil: A Reader's Guide, originally
published in 2006, has now been recast and broadened. It provides not only
information about the selected works but also biographical notes on their
authors, since these biographies are also an essential source for those who
wish to understand the history and identity of a country*.

*Translator’s Note
Where editions of the books exist in English, these are listed by their English title in the contents
list. Within the text, the title is followed by an asterisk, followed by place and date of publication
in English. Otherwise, translation of titles is unofficial, and provided only to guide the reader.

11
 1 - History of Brazil 1500-1627
Frei Vicente do Salvador (1564-1639)
1st Edition: 1627 / Current edition: Ed. Itatiaia, 1982

Vicente Rodrigues Palha, known as Father Vicente,

Ilustração Sérgio Toledo e Klaus Novais

was born in Matuim, Bahia. He studied with the

Jesuits in their São Salvador School, then in
Coimbra, at which university he gained a doctorate
in Law and Theology. On his return to Bahia in 1587,
he was ordained priest, and was canon, vicar-general
and Governor of the bishopric. At 35 years of age
he became a friar in the order of Saint Francis,
changing his name to Father Vicente do Salvador.
He conducted a mission in Paraíba state, lived in
Pernambuco state, and directed the Foundation of
the Convent of Santo Antônio in Rio de Janeiro. He lectured on Philosophy in
Olinda, where he was Custodian of the order. He was also Preacher and
Guardian of the order in Bahia. In 1618 he traveled to Europe, returning to
Brazil in 1621. His History of Brazil, concluded in December 1627, was
unpublished until 1886. The originals of his Crônica da Custódia do Brasil
[Chronicle of the Custody of Brazil] (1584-1618) were lost.

“The first History of Brazil written by a Brazilian, Father Vicente do Salvador,

born in Bahia, dates from the early 17th century but was only published in the
late 19th century (...). What led Brother Vincent’s book to wait so long for
publication? Research into and reading of the work show that not only was it
because the author was Brazilian, but because he narrated the history of his
country from an entirely Brazilian viewpoint, including many criticisms of the
Portuguese metropolis and its administration”.

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2 - Culture and Opulence of Brazil

André João Antonil (1649-1716)
1st Edition: 1711 / Current edition: 3rd, Ed. Itatiaia/Edusp, 1982

João Antônio or Giovanni Antonio Andreoni, who adopted the name André João
Antonil, was an Italian Jesuit. He entered the Society of Jesus aged eighteen, in
Rome, graduated in Civil Law from the University of Perugia and went to Brazil in
1681, where he became Rector of the College and Provincial of Salvador. Despite
his friendship with Father Antonio Vieira, he held different opinions on the
enslavement of indigenous people, the Jews and the new Christians (he translated
an anti-semitic Italian work). He was against the favoring of Portuguese members
of the Society of Jesus. Although publication of Culture and Opulence of Brazil
was completely licensed, the book was confiscated by order of the king; its tales
of drugs and mines, with various curious notes about how to make sugar, plant
and refine tobacco, how to extract gold from mines and discover silver; of the vast
rewards that this conquest in America was giving to the kingdom of Portugal,
thanks to these products and others, as well as royal contracts, meant that it was
considered harmful to State interests, due to its detailed description of Brazil’s
riches.

“The work of André João Antonil, alias João Antonio Andreoni, was published
for the first time in Lisbon in 1711. With its circulation banned by the government
of El-Rei Dom João V, it became extremely rare until it was reprinted in 1837, in
Rio de Janeiro. It is certainly the most complete known description of economic
life in Brazil in Colonial times, which makes it indispensable for historians (...).
Although it was written and published in the 18th century, the conditions it describes
can be almost completely applied to the 1600s, especially with regard to sugarcane,
tobacco plantations and livestock”. (Alice Canabrava and Rubens Borba de
Morais).

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 UNDERSTANDING BRAZIL: A READER'S GUIDE

3 - General History of Brazil

Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen (1816-1878)
1st Edition: 1854 / Current edition: Melhoramentos, 1975

Son of a German military engineer in the service of the

Portuguese government in Brazil, at eight years of age he
went to Portugal, where he started his training in the Royal
Military College in Lisbon. He fought as a volunteer in
the troops of Dom Pedro I, in defense of the constitutional
restoration of the kingdom. After training as a military
engineer and already a member of the Academy of
Sciences of Lisbon, he returned to Brazil in 1840. In
1844 he acquired Brazilian nationality and was admitted
into the diplomatic career. He served in Lisbon, Madrid,
Venezuela, Nova Granada (now Colombia), Ecuador, Chile, Peru and the
Netherlands. He received the titles of Baron and Viscount of Porto Seguro. He
ended his career as Plenipotentiary Minister in Vienna, where he died. Considered
the father of the History of Brazil, he published about 100 titles, among which
the História Geral do Brasil [General History of Brazil] stands out. He is the
holder of chair number 39 in the Brazilian Academy of Letters.

“Varnhagen stands out (...) particularly for his General History, which created a
form and a model for the description of the national trajectory. After Vicente do
Salvador in the 17th century, Rocha Pita in the 18th and Robert Southey in the
early 19th, Varnhagen is the first to attempt a systematic work that aims to synthesize
(...) Varnhagen has a mastery of sources that were until then unknown. (...) He
was capable of creating a work and a vision of the whole, although he lacked a
theory that would have enriched him as an interpreter”. (Francisco Iglésias)

História Geral do Brasil [General History of Brazil] (1854-1857);

História das Lutas contra os Holandeses no Brasil desde 1624 a 1654 History
of the Battles against the Dutch in Brazil from 1624 to 1654 (1871);
A Questão da Capital: Marítima ou no Interior? [The Question of the Capital:
on the Coast or in the Interior?] (1877);
História da Independência do Brasil [History of the Independence of Brazil] (1916).

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4 - History of Brazil
Heinrich Handelmann (1827-1891)
1st Edition: 1860 / Current edition: 4th, Ed. Edusp/Itatiaia, 1982

Gottfried Heinrich Handelmann, German historian,

studied History and Philology in Heidelberg, Kiel,
Berlin and Göttingen. He was professor of History
at the University of Kiel and Director of the Museum
of Antiquities of Schleswig-Holstein. His History of
Brazil, translated into Portuguese and published in
1931, as the 108th number of the Journal of the
Brazilian Historical and Geographical Institute,
became famous for its conception, range and critical
interpretation, and it influenced authors such as
Capistrano de Abreu and Nelson Werneck Sodré.
Handelmann emphasizes regional history and devotes special attention to
European emigration, which he considers as a way to end slave-labor. Among
his many works the History of Haiti and a History of the colonization and
Independence of America are especially notable.

“In the period considered here (1838-1931) there is the appearance of another
significant foreigner devoted to our issues. Not British like Southey or Armitage,
but German like Martius. This was Gottfried Heinrich Handelmann, who
published his History of Brazil, a work of overall synthesis, in 1860, shortly
after Varnhagen. It is interesting how a German, who had never been to Brazil,
was able to accumulate such a body of knowledge. (...) Handelmann wrote a
wide-ranging book, dealing with politics and administration, society and
economy. (...) Handelmann has a special place among Brazilianists, since his
History of Brazil is a milestone in the sense of its overview”. (Francisco Iglésias)

Die letzten Zeiten hansischer Übermacht im skandinavischen Norden (1853);

Geschichte der Vereinigten Staaten (1856).

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5 - The American Illusion

Eduardo Prado (1860-1901)
1st Edition: 1893 / Current Edition: 7th, Senado Federal, 2003

Eduardo Paulo da Silva Prado, politician, writer,

historian, traveler and student of the history and
culture of several peoples, graduated in Law from
the Faculty of São Paulo. He was attached to the
Brazilian legation in London. He was a member of a
Luso-Brazilian literary group, along with Eça de
Queiroz, Rio Branco, Oliveira Martins and Ramalho
Ortigão. He took part in the publication of Lê Brésil
1889, a work published on the occasion of the
International Exhibition in Paris in 1889, in the
chapters on art and immigration. In the magazine
Revista de Portugal, led by Eça de Queiroz, he published a series of articles
against the Republic, under a pseudonym; these were later put together in the
book Fatos da ditadura militar no Brasil [Facts of the military dictatorship in
Brazil] (1890). Once back in Brazil, he became one of the leaders of the
Brazilian monarchist movement. His book The American Illusion was one of
the highlights of the anti-republican campaign.

“Broadsheet against North-American tendencies in the Republic, written in 1893.

The author shows that there is no reason for us to imitate the United States, as
we are different from them in nature, language, history and tradition. He reviews
the history of relations between the United States and countries of Latin America,
from the political, economic and moral point of view, occupying himself most
with relations with Brazil from the time of the Empire; he concludes that the facts
do not show any existence of a friendship between the United States and the
Latin-American republics, nor any north-American influence on the civilization
of the continent”. (Alice Canabrava and Rubens Borba de Morais).

Viagens [Travels] (1886, 1902);

Os fatos da ditadura militar no Brasil [Facts of the military dictatorship in Brazil]
(1890);
Anulação das liberdades públicas [Annulment of public liberties] (1892).

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6 - A Statesman of the Empire

Joaquim Nabuco (1849-1910)
1st Edition: 1896 / Current edition: 5th, Ed. Topbooks, 1997

Joaquim Nabuco, son of Senator José Tomás

Nabuco de Araújo, graduated from the Faculty of
Law of Recife. Elected Member of Congress for the
province of Pernambuco, in 1878, he started a
campaign against the migratory policy of
governments, in defense of religious freedom and of
the direct and universal right to vote, and especially
of Abolition. He became the key abolitionist leader
of the Chamber of Deputies in the Brazilian Congress,
being mainly responsible for Abolition in1888.
Dedicating himself to journalism and literature, he
wrote at this time Um Estadista do Império [A
Statesman of the Empire] and Minha formação [My training]. He later headed
the Brazilian Embassy in London and was nominated Ambassador in
Washington, occupying this position until his death. He was a founding member
of the Brazilian Academy of Letters.

“At the moment, the task is to proceed towards a survey of the history of the
book that is basic to all Brazilian historical-political bibliography. So much
has already been written about the Statesman, since the first articles of José
Veríssimo, that it seems unnecessary, pretentious, to try to make new criticisms
and interpretations of this work. On the other hand, as far as I know, no one
has thought of making a longer study of the making of this book. I modestly
intend to fill this gap in the pages that follow”. (Afonso Arinos de Melo Franco).

Campanha abolicionista no Recife [Abolitionist Campaign in Recife] (1885);

Minha formação [My training] (1900);
Um Estadista do Império, Nabuco de Araújo, sua vida, suas opiniões, sua
época [A Statesman of the Empire, Nabuco de Araújo, his life, his opinions,
his era] (1897);
O abolicionismo [Abolitionism] (1883).

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7 - Rebellion in the Backlands*

Euclides da Cunha (1866-1909)
*Edition in English: University of Chicago Press, 1944, 1957
1st Edition: 1902 / Current edition: 32nd, Francisco Alves, 2002

Positivist and republican activist from his early youth,

Euclides da Cunha graduated in Military Engineering,
Mathematics, and Physical and Natural Sciences
from the Higher School of Warfare. Despite the
protection of Floriano Peixoto he had few links with
the Army and worked as an engineer on the Central
Railway of Brazil. Leaving the Army in 1896, he
devoted himself to engineering and wrote for the
newspaper O Estado, which sent him to cover the
campaign of Canudos. On his return, he wrote Os
Sertões [The Backlands] (1902), which became
nationally famous, giving him a seat in the Brazilian Academy of Letters. In
1905 the Baron of Rio Branco designated him Chief of the Commission of
Recognition of Alto Puros. The result of this Amazon expedition is the Report
on the Alto Puros and À margem da História [On the Edges of History]. In
1909 he became professor of Logic at the D. Pedro II College, in Rio de
Janeiro, and was murdered soon afterwards for reasons of honor.

“A masterly description of the campaign of Canudos. The author was witness

to the last phase of the campaign; the work is not only of historical worth, but
is above all a statement of great sociological, anthropological and geographical
value. The first part focuses on the geographical; the second on the human
element; the third part contains the history of the various expeditions sent
against Canudos, until its final destruction in 1897”. (Alice Canabrava and
Rubens Borba de Morais).

Os Sertões (1902);
O relatório sobre o Alto Puros [The report on Alto Puros] (1906);
Contrastes e Confrontos [Contrasts and Confrontations] (1907);
Peru Versus Bolívia (1907);
À Margem da História [On the Edges of History] (1909).

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8 - Latin America. The evils of origin

Manoel Bonfim (1868-1932)
1st Edition: 1905 / Current Edition: Topbooks, 1993

A Graduate of the Faculty of Medicine of Rio de Janeiro,

he also studied psychology in Paris with Georges Dumas
and Alfred Binet. He set up the first Brazilian laboratory
of experimental psychology (1906). He lectured at the
Escola Normal in Rio de Janeiro, in which he took on
the chair in Pedagogy and Psychology, was a Federal
Congressman and Director General of Public Instruction
of the Federal District. His vast work covers various
fields of knowledge, such as Psychology, History,
Sociology, Medicine, Zoology, Botany and Education.
As a psychologist, Bonfim was the precursor of some
ideas that were later adopted by scientists such as Vigotski and Piaget. He is
considered to be one of the pioneers in the application of Marxism to the analysis
of the history of Brazil. He dealt with purportedly scientific racial prejudice, a
colonial heritage among the Brazilian elites, who considered tropical man inferior.
He defended the need to invest in education and in social transformation as a
condition of Brazil’s development.

“Latin America would stay as it was – a backward continent, turbulent,

disorganized, because it was peopled by Indians, blacks and mixed races
incapable of reaching the level of its white colonizers. Manuel Bonfim refuses
this hypothesis, affirming that mixing races does not mean inferiority and can
even be a factor in superiority. For him, the “evils of origin, as we call them,
are a result of the social characteristics of the colonizer countries, which are
reflected in the colonization process. This was marked by parasitism, a key
concept in my mind, which I brought from biology”. (Antonio Cândido)

Lições de Pedagogia [Lessons of Pedagogy] (1915);

Noções de Psychologia [Notions of Pyschology] (1916);
Pensar e Dizer: estudo do símbolo no pensamento e na linguagem [Thinking
and Saying: study of the symbol in thought and language] (1923).

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9- Nation Brazil: Reality of Brazilian Sovereignty

Manoel Bonfim (1868-1932)
1st edition:1931 / Current edition: 2nd, Ed. Topbooks, 1996

A Graduate of the Faculty of Medicine of Rio de Janeiro,

he also studied psychology in Paris with Georges Dumas
andAlfred Binet. He set up the first Brazilian laboratory of
experimental psychology (1906). He lectured at the Escola
Normal in Rio de Janeiro, in which he took on the chair in
Pedagogy and Psychology, was a Federal Congressman
and Director General of Public Instruction of the Federal
District. His vast work covers various fields of knowledge,
suchasPsychology,History,Sociology,Medicine,Zoology,
Botany and Education.As a psychologist, Bonfim was the
precursor of some ideas that were later adopted by scientists
such as Vigotski and Piaget. He is considered to be one of the pioneers in the application
of Marxism to the analysis of the history of Brazil. He dealt with purportedly scientific
racial prejudice, a colonial heritage among the Brazilian elites, who considered tropical
man inferior. He defended the need to invest in education and in social transformation
as a condition of Brazil’s development.

“Whoever reads the work of Manoel Bonfim, especially this O Brasil Nação, Realidade
da Soberania Brasileira [Nation Brazil: Reality of Brazilian Sovereignty] – published in
1931 and since then forgotten – will not only find the best analysis of development (or
the lack of development) of the Brazilian nation until the 1920s, but will also discover
that unfortunately almost nothing has changed since then. Read today, the book is still
modern: the portrait that Bonfim painted more than 60 years ago reveals the same
image of Brazil at the end of the 20th century, with its social, economic and political
problems”. (Luiz Paulino Bonfim)

O methodo dos testes [The method of tests] (1926);

Cultura do povo brasileiro [Culture of the Brazilian people] (1932).

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10 - Chapters in Colonial History

Capistrano de Abreu (1853-1927)
1st edition: 1907 / Current edition: Senado Federal, 1999

Born in the province of Ceará, Capistrano de Abreu

read humanities in Recife. He was one of the founders
of the French Academy in Fortaleza, a progressive
and anti-clerical body for culture and debates (1872-
1875). In 1875 he moved to Rio, gaining a job at the
Garnier publishing house. As a writer for the Gazeta
de Notícias he devoted himself to literary criticism. In
1879 he moved to the National Library. He lectured
in Chorography and History of Brazil at the College
Pedro II, after a public contest in which he presented
his thesis on the Discovery of Brazil and its development in the 16th century. He
dedicated himself to the study of Brazilian colonial history, developing a theory
of national literature with a positivist stamp. He translated important geographical
texts and carried out linguistic and ethnographical research. Elected to the
Brazilian Academy of Letters, he refused to take his seat.

“If one had to choose one great merit of the book, only one, I would say that it
simply moved the focus of the history of Brazil and rethought the object itself.
For if the history of colonial Brazil had been until then, since Varnhagen, the
history of Portuguese colonization, the Capítulos made the colony – the colonial
society – into the protagonist of the story. A multiple and diverse society, with its
contrasts and tensions. Fernando Novais was right, then (...) to say that the
Capítulos was a bridge between the first Brazilian historiography (that of the
Brazilian Historical and Geographical Institute, 19th century and monarchist)
and the third generation, expressed by Gilberto Freyre, Sérgio Buarque de
Holanda and Caio Prado Júnior; it is indeed, this most analytical and free of
institutional benchmarks”. (Ronaldo Vainfas)

Estudo sobre Raimundo da Rocha Lima [Study on Raimundo da Rocha Lima]

(1878); José de Alencar (1878); A Língua dos Bacaeris [The Language of the
Bacaeris] (1897).

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11 - National Organization
Alberto Torres (1865-1917)
1st Edition: 1914 / Current edition: 3rd Ed. Nacional, Editora Universidade
de Brasília, 1982

Alberto de Seixas Martins Torres, Bachelor in Law

from the Law Faculty of Recife, entered politics when
elected state deputy (1892) and then federal deputy by
the state of Rio de Janeiro (1896). At the invitation of
Presidente Prudente de Morais he became Minister for
Justice (1896-1897). He was also president of the State
of Rio and minister of the Supreme Federal Court.
Leaving public life at 43 years of age, he dedicated
himself to the study of Brazilian political and sociological
problems. His books were to come out of articles
published in the Gazeta de Notícias and the Jornal do
Comércio, in which he dealt with issues such as
Constitutional reform, the formation of nationality in colonized countries, criticism
of racist theories, agrarian questions and politics in modern societies. His ideas
were in vogue in the 1930s, with the integralist movement.

“The most vivid and characteristic sign of much that Alberto Torres wrote is
the sense of objectivity, the denouncement of alienation, of mimesis of strange
forms, of indiscriminate importation of an ideological arsenal elaborated
elsewhere and with no link to reality. He insisted on this, showing the need to
organize the country in function of its own physiognomy, to avoid disorder
and other damage. He developed a way of thinking, almost self-taught, since
he only did one course (...) His thinking was formed in activism, in the campaign
for abolition and for the republic”. (Francisco Iglésias).

O Problema Nacional Brasileiro [The Brazilian National Problem] (1912);

As Fontes da Vida no Brasil [The Sources of Life in Brazil] (1915).

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12 - Meridional Populations of Brazil

Oliveira Viana (1883-1951)
1st Edition: 1920 / Current edition: Senado Federal, 2005

Francisco José de Oliveira Viana, a graduate of the Faculty

of Law of Rio de Janeiro, was professor of Criminal Law
in the Law Faculty of the State of Rio, in Niterói. He held
various state and federal-level public posts.As a consultant
to the Ministry of Work he played an important part in the
drafting of labor laws. From 1940 onwards he acted as
Minister at the GeneralAuditing Office of the Republic. He
was one of the first people to apply sociological criteria to
historical studies, valuing, for example, the role of the great
landowners in the national past. Some of his work has had strong repercussions, such
as the controversial Raça e assimilação [Race and assimilation] (1932), in which he
defends the need to absorb the black race: he considered it vital for the black to be
integrated into national society.

“In 1920, aged 37, Oliveira Viana published his first book, Populações Meridionais
do Brasil, now reissued by the Federal Senate, a work in which he distinguished
three types in the formation of our country, going against the tradition of considering
the Brazilian people as a homogeneous mass. He started from three different societies:
the scrubby backlands, the forests and the savannahs. He described the backlander,
the forester and the gaucho. (...) He was the original creator of a new phase in the
interpretation of Brazilian studies”.

Pequenos Estudos de Psicologia Social [Small studies in Social Psychology] (1921);

O Idealismo na Evolução Política do Império e da República [Idealism in the Political
Evolution of the Empire and the Republic] (1922);
Evolução do Povo Brasileiro [Evolution of the Brazilian People] (1923);
O Ocaso do Império [The Decline of the Empire] (1925);
Problemas de Política Objetiva [Problems of Objective Politics] (1930);
Raça e Assimilação [Race and Assimilation] (1932).

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13 - The Decline of the Empire

Oliveira Viana (1883-1951)
1st Edition: 1925 / Current Edition: Senado Federal, 2004

Francisco José de Oliveira Viana, a graduate of the

Faculty of Law of Rio de Janeiro, was professor of
Criminal Law in the Law Faculty of the State of Rio, in
Niterói. He held various state and federal-level public
posts. As a consultant to the Ministry of Work he played
an important part in the drafting of labor laws. From
1940 onwards he acted as Minister at the General
Auditing Office of the Republic. He was one of the first
people to apply sociological criteria to historical studies,
valuing, for example, the role of the great landowners in the national past. Some of
his work has had strong repercussions, such as the controversial Raça e assimilação
[Race and assimilation] (1932), in which he defends the need to absorb the black
race; he considered it vital for the black to be integrated into national society.

“Oliveira Viana wrote O ocaso do Império em 1925, when the capital of the Republic
was mired in a huge controversy resulting from the celebration of the centenary of
Dom Pedro II’s birth, which threw monarchists and disillusioned republicans against
the old republicans. There is no nostalgia for the Empire in this book, except perhaps
in its admiration for the figure of the Emperor, but nor is there a negative evaluation.
Its promise, of a non-partisan analysis, was fulfilled. The author maintains the positive
evaluation of the civilizing role played by the regime, which he proposed in Populações
Meridionais, which is now invading the country as a result of the draining of any hope
of change after the latest elections and of the corrosion of republican values linked to
respect for the public machine, which gives the 80-year-old text of Oliveira Viana
unexpected relevance”. (José Murilo de Carvalho).

Pequenos Estudos de Psicologia Social [Small studies in Social Psychology] (1921);

O Idealismo na Evolução Política do Império e da República [Idealism in the Political
Evolution of the Empire and the Republic] (1922); Evolução do Povo Brasileiro
[Evolution of the Brazilian People] (1923); Problemas de Política Objetiva [Problems
of Objective Politics] (1930); Raça e Assimilação [Race and Assimilation] (1932).

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14 - The Masters and the Slaves*

Gilberto Freyre (1900-1987)
* Edition in English: Random House, 2000
1st Edition: 1993 / Current edition: 47th Ed. Global, 2003

Gilberto de Melo Freyre, sociologist and writer, pioneer

Folha Imagem

of culturalism in the study of the formation of Brazilian

society, defended his Master’s thesis on Brazilian society
in the mid 19th century, while at the University of
Columbia, New York, in 1922. He was one of the
organizers of the 1st Brazilian Congress on Regionalism
(1926), which supported the values of regional cultures
against the importation of European cultural manifestations.
In Casa-Grande e Senzala [literally, The Big House and
the Slave Quarters], going against the racism of the time,
he attributed the wealth and the strength of Brazilian culture
to the mixture of races. He was the precursor in dealing with various topics in cultural
studies and in the history of mentalities, such as fashion, customs, diet, sex. His
idealization of the Portuguese colonization and of the slave-owning society (the myth
of the kind master and the contented slave) provoked Marxist reactions, which
criticized its conservative character.

“Casa Grande e Senzala is the greatest of Brazilian books and the most Brazilian of
the essays we have written (...) Gilberto Freyre, in some ways, founded – or at least
mirrored – Brazil on the cultural plane, like Cervantes did for Spain, Camões for
Lusitania, Tolstoy for Russia, Sartre for France. It is certain that in our case, as in the
others, there were other gestures of this kind; a few came before, like Aleijadinho;
others came later – today the Brasilia of Oscar Niemeyer – but it is certain that
among them is Gilberto”. (Darcy Ribeiro)

Casa-Grande & Senzala (1933);

Interpretação do Brasil [Interpretation of Brazil] (1947);
Ingleses no Brasil [The English in Brazil] (1948);
Brasis, Brasil e Brasília [Brazils, Brazil and Brasília] (1968).

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15 - Roots of Brazil
Sérgio Buarque de Holanda (1902-1982)
1st Edition: 1936 / Current edition: 27th, Companhia das Letras, 2006

One of the greatest Brazilian historians and

F. Cícero/Folha Imagem

intellectuals of the 20th century, he was born in São

Paulo, and graduated in Legal and Social Sciences
at the Law Faculty in Rio de Janeiro. In 1929 he
went to Germany as a journalist. On his return to
Brazil, he became professor at the University of
the Federal District, exercised director’s functions
in the National Institute of the Book and a the
National Library, among others. In 1958 he took
on the chair in History of Brazilian Civilization at the University of São Paulo.
Unlike Gilberto Freyre, who had exalted the role of the Portuguese in the
tropics, Sérgio Buarque emphasizes their purposeful neglect of letters, the
press and education, which strategically left Brazil in dire ignorance for three
centuries. His interpretations of Brazil unite a huge historical, philosophical
and cultural knowledge with the hallmark style of one of the greatest Brazilian
essayists.

“Sérgio Buarque de Holanda starts a synthesis of what would be his future

book, published in 1936, Raízes do Brasil, by affirming that the main Brazilian
contribution to civilization would be cordiality. Starting from an analysis by
Ribeiro Couto, with regard to the Latin specificity, Sérgio Buarque emphasizes
the importance of the notion of the “cordial man”. This presupposes amiability
in one’s dealings, hospitality, generosity, virtues characteristic of the Brazilian.
We need to be aware of the development of the notion of the “cordial man” in
Raízes do Brasil to the extent that this points us towards the path chosen by
Sérgio Buarque in order to characterize a national identity.” (Elisa Goldman)

Da escravidão ao trabalho livre [From slavery to free work] (1948);

Índios e mamelucos na expansão paulista [Indians and half-breeds in São
Paulo state’s expansion] (1949);
Caminhos e fronteiras [Roads and frontiers] (1957).

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16 - Economic History of Brazil 1500-1820

Roberto Simonsen (1889-1948)
1st Edition: 1937 / Current edition: 8th, Ed. Nacional, 1978

Industrialist, politician and historian, an engineering graduate

from the Polytechnic School of São Paulo, Simonsen was
general director of works in the City Hall of Santos and
founder of the Companhia Construtora de Santos. He took
part actively in the Movimento Constitucionalista de São
Paulo [The Constitutionalist Movement of São Paulo]
(1932). He lectured in the economic history of Brazil at the
School of Sociology and Politics of São Paulo. He was a
member for the Constitutionalist Party in the Assembléia
Nacional Constituinte [National Constituent Assembly] (1934-1935) and, after the
war, a federal deputy and senator for the PSD. He helped create the industrial/
educational/social entities known now as Senai and Sesi, was president of the National
Confederation of Industry (CNI) and of the Federation of Industries of the state of
São Paulo (FIESP), and supported the industrialization of Brazil and government
protection for industries.As author of numerous works on economic history, he was
elected a member of the Brazilian Academy of Letters in 1946.

“This is a highly informative work, revealing research done in published documents or

books. The judgment and intelligence of the author explain its high quality. Following a
traditionalline,hestudieswhatareinaccuratelycalledbooms,presentingthefullestpossible
picture of sugar, cattle, and condiments from the backlands.The chapter aboutAmazonia
was original for its time. It is a pity that it only studies the colonial period, stopping in 1820.
Objective, with no theorizing digressions, it prepares us for later developments. This
work had a wide influence. It sank out for sight, inexplicably, for many years, but has been
reissued several times, to deserved success”. (Francisco Iglésias).

O Município de Santos [The Municipality of Santos] (1912); AOrientação Industrial

Brasileira [Brazilian Industrial Orientation] (1928);As Finanças e a Indústria [Finances
and Industry] (1931); Ensaios Sociais Políticos e Econômicos [Social, Political and
Economic Essays] (1943); O Plano Marshall e a América Latina, relatório [The
Marshall Plan and Latin America, report] (1947).

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17 - Formation of Contemporary Brazil – Colony

Caio Prado Jr. (1907-1990)
1st Edition: 1942 / Current edition: 26th, Ed. Brasiliense, 1994

A graduate in Law and teacher of Political Economy from

Folha Imagem

the Faculty of Largo de

São Francisco, in São Paulo, he was one of the founders
of theAssociation of Brazilian Geographers, in 1934. He
took part in the Revolution of 1930, and in the Aliança
Nacional Libertadora [National Liberation Alliance], as
president of the São Paulo section. He was elected State
Deputy in São Paulo for the Brazilian Communist Party
(1945) and constituent in 1947. In 1970 the military
regime revoked his political rights. He was one of the
main representatives of Marxism in Brazilian political theory and in its application in
the analysis of the history of Brazil. His book A revolução brasileira [The Brazilia
Revolution] (1966), an analysis of the situation of the country after 1964, received
the Juca Pato Prize, awarded by the Brazilian Writers Union.

“His second text is the most important that he produced - Formação do Brasil
Contemporâneo, of 1942 – and one of the key works of our historiography. (...) It
was enormously successful, and was reissued several times. His influence is huge,
taking into account the whole national scene, not just one area; the whole picture of
production, not just the successes of the exporter economy; the people in their
entirety, needing to produce to survive (...) It is already not a study based on race or
climate, on national characteristics established by the subjective viewpoint of the
author, but rather rich understanding of the whole, in its social dynamic, delicately
and deeply grasped. The historian gains force and the ability to explicate, until now
ignored, (...) It is the most important work on the Colony even today”.(Francisco
Iglésias)

Evolução Política do Brasil [Political Evolution of Brazil] (1953);

Diretrizes para uma Política Econômica Brasileira [Guidelines for a Brazilian
Economic Policy] (1954).

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18 - Anthology of Brazilian Folklore

Luís da Câmara Cascudo (1898-1986)
1st Edition: 1944 / Current edition: 4th, Editora Global, 2002

Brazilian folklorist and writer, author of a basic work

Edson Franco/Folha Imagem

for ethnographic and anthropological studies in Brazil,

he was born and lived in Natal (RN), devoting himself
especially to the study of Brazilian popular culture.
He graduated in Legal and Social Science from the
Law Faculty of Recife. He was an activist in the
Brazilian Integralist Action, which he left in 1938. As
a journalist, he wrote a daily column in the newspaper
A República and worked with several press entities
in Recife and other capitals. He was a professor of
International Public Law at the University of Rio
Grande do Norte. He was author of about 150 titles, among them the
Dictionary of Brazilian Folklore, an international work of reference and of
Geografia dos Mitos Brasileiros [Geography of Brazilian Myths], for which
he was awarded the João Ribeiro prize by the Brazilian Academy of Letters.

“Author of numerous works considered essential for Brazilian folklore, Luís

da Câmara Cascudo, in a piece of historical-literary research, first investigates
the writings left by the chroniclers of the 16th to 18th centuries. In the interest
of publicizing investigations into folklore in an anthology, the author also selects
the significant works left by foreign travelers and students of Brazil in the 19th
and 20th centuries. Anthology of Brazilian Folklore collects valuable information
arranged chronologically so as to make it easier to make a literary-scientific
study of the Brazilian people”. (Laura Della Monica)

Alma Patrícia (1921);

Vaqueiros e Cantadores: Folclore Poético do Sertão de Pernambuco, Paraíba, Rio
Grande do Norte e Ceará [Cowboys and Singers: Poetic Folklore of the Backlands
of Pernambuco, Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte and Ceará (1939);
Contos tradicionais do Brasil [Traditional Tales of Brazil](1946).

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19 - Brazilian Culture – Introduction to the study

of culture in Brazil
Fernando de Azevedo (1894-1974)
1st edition: 1945 / Current edition: 6th, Editora UnB, Editora UFRJ, 1996

Educator, sociologist, historian and literary critic, he

was among those responsible for the reforms and
development of teaching in Brazil.Azevedo promoted
broad educational reform in Rio de Janeiro, with the
intention of extending teaching to all children of school
age. He wrote and published, with other educators
and intellectuals, the “Manifesto dos Pioneiros da
Educação Nova” [Manifesto of the Pioneers of the
New Education] (1932) and participated intensely in
the organization of teaching institutions, among them
the University of São Paulo, where he was also
professor of Educational Sociology and Director of the Faculty of Philosophy. He
held the positions of general director of Public Instruction of the Federal District
(1926-1930) and Secretary of Education and Health of the state of São Paulo
(1947, 1959-1961), among others. He organized and led two important publishing
initiatives: “the Brazilian Pedagogic Library and the Brasiliana collection, aiming to let
Brazilians discover Brazil” (Anisio Teixeira), both published in 1931.

“The aim of the author in this work was to carry out an analysis of Brazilian culture, in
the sense of showing that even though Brazil has faced severe problems of a political,
economic, social and cultural nature, and especially in education, both in the colonial
years and later (Independence, the 1st and 2nd reigns and in the separate Republican
periods), it has accumulated a cultural, scientific, technological and educational heritage
of extreme relevance in building a democratically representative model of culture and
scientific thought”. (Geraldo M. Prado)

Novos Caminhos e Novos Fins – A Nova Política da Educação no Brasil [New

Paths and New Ends – The New Educational Policy in Brazil] (1935);
A Educação e seus Problemas [Education and its Problems] (1952);
As Ciências no Brasil [The Sciences in Brazil] (1956).

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20 - The Baron of Rio Branco: personal biography

and political history
Álvaro Lins (1912-1970)
1st Edition: 1945 / Current edition: 3rd, Editora Alfa Omega /FUNAG, 1996

Álvaro de Barros Lins, graduate of the Law Faculty of

Acervo UH/Folha Imagem

Recife, started his political career as secretary of the State

Government of Pernambuco (1934-1937) and then
dedicated himself to a career in journalism, teaching and
research. He was sub-editor and director of the
Pernambuco newspaper Diário de Manhã. On moving
to Rio de Janeiro, he directed the Correio da Manhã
(1940-1956) and wrote for the Literary Supplement of
the Diário de Notícias and for Diários Associados. He
was professor of Brazilian Literature in D. Pedro II College
and taught Brazilian studies at the University of Lisbon.
In 1955 he was elected a member of the Brazilian Academy of Letters. President
Juscelino Kubitschek invited him to head the Office of the Presidency of the Republic
and he was then sent as Ambassador of Brazil to Lisbon. His opposition to the
Salazar dictatorship and to some decisions of the Brazilian government resulted in a
break with President Juscelino and his replacement at the Embassy in Portugal.

“Álvaro Lins produced a scrupulous and well-sourced document. However, he

never let himself be overcome by a mania for documents. He outlines admirable
confrontations between Rio Branco and some figures who surrounded him in life,
such as his father or Rui Barbosa, Nabuco or Capistrano. These are quick-fire
parallels, but lively and full of good sense. As the book progresses, and as the
figure of the Baron of Rio Branco grows, the pages themselves also grow with
personal, vigorous, correct commentary, perfectly integrated into the whole and
already standing out as future pages for an anthology”. (Tristão de Ataíde)

Alguns Aspectos da Decadência do Império [Some Aspects of the Decline of the

Empire] (1939);
Poesia e Personalidade de Antero de Quental [Poetry and Personality of Antero
de Quental] (1942).

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21 - The Geography of Hunger – the Brazilian

dilemma: bread or steel
Josué de Castro (1908-1973)
1st Edition: 1946 / Current edition: 17th, Editora Civilização Brasileira, 2001

Soon after graduating from the Faculty of Medicine in

Acervo UH/Folha Imagem

Rio de Janeiro, Josué Apolônio de Castro made a study

of the living conditions among the poorest classes in
Recife. As a teacher of Physiology in the Faculty of
Medicine in Recife and, later, professor of Human
Geography in the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro,
he became nationally and internationally known for his
work on hunger and under-development in Brazil and
the world. He was President of the Council of the Food
and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO), of the
committee of the UN Campaign to Combat Hunger, formed on his initiative,
and of the Intergovernmental Committee for European Migrations. Exiled after
the Military Coup of 1964, he lived in Paris, where he directed the International
Center for Development and was a teacher at the University of Paris.

“His book is not only a systematic collection of instructive facts. It is a

profoundly attractive work because it is eminently alive. In this Geography of
Hunger, the problem of malnutrition and of insufficient food is shown in all its
reality, allowing the reader to understand its various aspects and its prime
importance. A book such as this one awakens action and works as a guide.
The reader will see that it is a book of immediate utility, and at the same time
an intelligent and generous one”. (André Meyer)

O Problema Fisiológico da Alimentação no Brasil [The Physiological Problem

of Diet in Brazil] (1932);
O Problema da Alimentação no Brasil [The Problem of Diet in Brazil] (1933);
Alimentação e Raça [Diet and Race] (1935);
Geopolítica da Fome [Geopolitics of Hunger] (1951);
Ensaios de Geografia Humana [Essays on Human Geography] (1957);
A explosão demográfica e a fome no mundo [The demographic explosion
and hunger in the world] (1968).

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22 - Formation of Brazilian Literature: decisive

moments
Antônio Cândido (b. 1918)
1st Edition: 1959 / Current edition: Ouro Sobre Azul, 20071st Edition: 1854
/ Current edition: Melhoramentos, 1975

Antônio Cândido de Mello e Souza, one of the greatest

Bel Pedrosa/Folha Imagem

critics and historians of literature, is the author of several

fundamental works of analysis, interpretation and critical
evaluation of Brazilian literature and of the European
legacy. Born in Rio de Janeiro, a graduate of Social
Sciences from the Faculty of Philosophy of the University
of São Paulo, in 1974 he became acting professor of
Literary Theory and Comparative Literature at the same
university. He was associate professor of Brazilian
Literature at the University of Paris, and visiting professor
of Brazilian and Comparative Literature at the University of Yale. He was one of
the founders of the Brazilian Socialist Party and of the Workers’Party. In 1998 he
received the Camões Prize.

“With exemplary finesse,Antônio Cândido catalogued the study of national literature

examining two basic aspects: the value of the works themselves and their function
in the context of time. This is the singular importance of this book for the
methodological study of our literature. It clearly places all the so-called problems
that face the student of literature as a scientific system or phenomenon, presupposing
not only the incorporation of literary works into our national heritage, but also their
involvement in a certain period in the life of a people. It is a benchmark in this
aspect, since the author insists that it is not an erudite work, but rather an
interpretation of the Brazilian literary facts, covering more than a century (1750-
1880) of decisive moments chosen by him”. (Vivaldi Moreira)

Introdução ao Método Crítico de Sílvio Romero [Introduction to the Critical

Method of Silvio Romero] (1945);
Presença da Literatura Brasileira [Presence of Brazilian Literature] (with J.
Aderaldo Castello) (1964).

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23 - The Partners of Rio Bonito – a study on the

peasant in São Paulo state and the transformation
of his way of life
Antônio Cândido (b. 1918)
1st Edition: 1964 / Current edition: 9th, Editora Duas Cidades, 2001

Antônio Cândido de Mello e Souza, one of the greatest

Bel Pedrosa/Folha Imagem

critics and historians of literature, is the author of

several fundamental works of analysis, interpretation
and critical evaluation of Brazilian literature and of the
European legacy. Born in Rio de Janeiro, a graduate
of Social Sciences from the Faculty of Philosophy of
the University of São Paulo, in 1974 he became acting
professor of Literary Theory and Comparative
Literature at the same university. He was associate
professor of Brazilian Literature at the University of
Paris, and visiting professor of Brazilian and Comparative Literature at the
University of Yale. He was one of the founders of the Brazilian Socialist Party
and of the Workers’ Party. In 1998 he received the Camões Prize.

“This book [Os Parceiros do Rio Bonito] originated with the desire to analyze
the relationship between literature and society; it was born out of research into
popular poetry, as manifested in the Cururu – a sung dance from the Paulista
countryside – whose basis is an improvisation on an immense variety of themes,
in constantly rhyming verse, which changes after each round (...) This research
sharpened in the researcher the sense of those problems that afflict the peasant
in this transition phase. Wishing to understand the basic aspects needed to
understand him, I came to economic problems and took, as a kind of crutch,
the elementary problem of subsistence. And that is how the work, having departed
from literary theory and folklore, threw out a branch towards the sociology of
ways of life; and when that was complete, it ended with the wish to take up a
position in the face of the conditions described”. (Antonio Cândido)

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24 - Colonels, hoes and votes: the municipality

and the representative regime in Brazil
Victor Nunes Leal (1914-1985)
1st Edition: 1949 / Current edition: 6th, Editora Nova Fronteira, 1999

Victor Nunes Leal was a graduate in Legal and Social

Sciences from the University of Brazil and started
teaching there in 1947 after presenting his thesis. This
was later published under the title of Coronelismo,
enxada e voto, uma análise do fenômeno do coronelismo
brasileiro [Colonels, hoes and votes: an analysis of the
phenomenon of Brazilian boss politics. He held the
position of Head of the Office of the Presidency of the
Republic (1956-1959) and was nominated minister of
the Supreme Federal Court (1960) and of the High
Electoral Court (1966). In the former, he was particularly
noted for his work on the Jurisprudence Commission,
setting up the “List of Cases in the Predominant
Jurisprudence of the Supreme Court” in 1963.

“This book by Victor Nunes Leal has, since its appearance, become valued as a classic
inourpoliticalliterature.Itisnotanagglomerationofpersonalimpressions,butaprofound
analysis of realities, which have their roots in agrarian organization, as a spontaneous
productofvastruralproperties.HisstudytookintoaccountthepresenceoftheMunicipality,
as well as the relationship with other public powers in the country, the state and federal
ones. The power base comes, if not from property, then from wealth. (...) Victor Nunes
Leal is right when he observes that “Coronelismo” is one stage in the evolution of our
people. (...) The pyramid of transitory ties arising from political interests is still with us. (...)
And so “Coronelismo”, under new auspices, continues in a natural evolution… and to
follow this evolution we need Victor Nunes Leal’s excellent book, as an indispensable
parallel”. (Barbosa Lima Sobrinho)

Cinco Estudos [Five Studies] (1955);

Três Ensaios deAdministração [Three Essays onAdministration] (1958).

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25 - Bandeirantes and Pioneers – a Parallel between

two Cultures
Vianna Moog (1906 -1988)
1st Edition: 1954 / Current edition: 21st, Graphia, 2006

Clodomir Vianna Moog was born in São Leopoldo,

graduated in Law and, after taking part in the
Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932, was taken
prisoner and transferred to Manaus and Teresina. In
1945 he was elected to the Brazilian Academy of
Letters. Between 1946 and 1950 he served in the
Brazilian Treasury Delegation in New York. He was
also the representative of Brazil in the United Nations
and in the Organization of American States. Among
his works, apart from Bandeirantes e pioneiros, the
following stand out: O ciclo de ouro negro [The cycle
of black gold], essays on Amazonia, Novas cartas Persas [New Persian letters],
a satirical text on Brazilian culture, and a novel called Um rio imita o Reno [A
river imitates the Rhein], which describes the conflicts in a community of
German origin during the years when Nazism was on the rise.

“In Bandeirantes e pioneiros, the great work of his mature years, a courageously
controversial book, the author studies the ethnic, geographical, religious,
economic and social issues that are most responsible for the differences
between Brazilian and North-American civilization. Putting them in opposition,
he not only shows up the essential contrasts, but also investigates the reasons
why the United States progressed in a “geometric rhythm of progress, while
Brazil is still in an arithmetical rhythm of progress”. These six magnificent
chapters could stand as autonomous essays without endangering the unity of
the book. This notable book resulted from the long period that Vianna Moog
spent in the United States, where he held several posts at the UN and at the
OAS. Bandeirantes e pioneiros has often, and with reason, been compared
to Casa Grande e Senzala, by Gilberto Freyre”. (Moacyr Scliar).

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26 - Tristes Tropiques
Claude Lévi-Strauss (b. 1908)
1st Edition (in French): Tristes tropiques, 1955 / *English translation known
as Tristes Tropiques or A World on the Wane: New York, Atheneum, 1963/
Brazilian edition: Companhia das Letras, 1996

Claude Lévi-Strauss, French anthropologist and

Fernando Santos/Folha Imagem

sociologist, is one of the main representatives of

structuralism in social anthropology. From 1935 to
1939 he lectured at the recently founded University
of São Paulo and visited several indigenous groups
of Brazil, an experience that was to lead to the book
Tristes tropiques. During the Second World War he
lived in exile in the United States. His numerous visits
to indigenous tribes in the Americas supplied him with
bases for his research, in which structuralism served
to show the unity of mankind in the diversity of
cultures, myths and religions in particular. Applying the methods of synchronic
analysis, and leaving aside historical analyses, he became one of the main
exponents of structuralism in the human sciences of the 20th century. In 1994
he published Saudades do Brasil, a book of memoirs with photographs of the
period in which he lived in Brazil.

“Despite being well known in academic circles, it was only in 1955 that Lévi-Strauss
became one of the best known French intellectuals when he published Tristes
Trópicos, the autobiographical book about his exile in the 1930s. “However, I sense
more personal reasons for the rapid aversion that distanced me from philosophy and
tied me to ethnography as to a lifebelt. After spending a happy year in the lycée of
Mont-de-Marsan preparing my course and teaching, I was horrified to discover at
the start of the next term in Laon, where I had been sent, that the rest of my life would
be spent repeating it. (...) Today, I sometimes wonder if ethnography didn’t attract
me, unsuspectingly, due to an affinity of structure between the civilizations that it
studies and that of my own thought.” (Claude Lévi-Strauss)

Les Structures Élementaires de la Parenté [The Elementary Structures of Kinship]

(1949); Anthropologie structurale [Structural Antropology] (1958, 1973).

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27 - The Dutch in Brazil 1624-1654

Charles Ralph Boxer (1904-2000)
*1st Edition in English, 1957 / Brazilian edition: Companhia Editora Nacional,
1961

Charles Ralph Boxer, a British historian, outstanding

expert on Portuguese and Dutch colonial history,
served as a professional soldier in Northern Ireland,
China, Hong Kong and then in Japan, as a translator.
During his military career, he published more than
eighty books and papers on the history of the Orient.
After retiring from the army in 1947 he became
Professor of Portuguese Language and Literature
and of the History of the Far East at the University
of London. After 1967, he taught at the Universities
of Indiana and Yale. As well as studies on Portuguese
and Dutch expansion in the Orient, he was author of important books on the
history of Brazil, and the Portuguese and Dutch presence there in particular.

“Despite the considerable volume and importance of the material that has become
available in the last fifty years, there is still no adequate description in English of
this colonial episode. The present work is a an attempt to fill this gap. (...) What
kind of reader is it for? First, for all those who are interested in the impenetrable
paths (or the dead-ends) of colonial history. But it may also deserve the attention
of those who are interested in broader subjects, like the struggles between
races and religions, or the influence of maritime power on colonial war”. (Charles
Ralph Boxer)

Jan Compagnie in Japan, 1660-1817 (1936);

Salvador de Sá and the Struggle for Brazil and Angola, 1602-1686 (1952);
The Tragic History of the Sea (1959);
The Golden Age of Brazil, 1695-1750 (1962);
The Portuguese Seaborne Empire (1969).

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28 - The Golden Age of Brazil: growing pains of a

colonial society
Charles Ralph Boxer (1904-2000)
*1st Edition in English, University of California Press, 1962 / Brazilian edition:
Companhia Editora Nacional, 1963

Charles Ralph Boxer, a British historian, outstanding

expert on Portuguese and Dutch colonial history, served
as a professional soldier in Northern Ireland, China, Hong
Kong and then in Japan, as a translator. During his military
career, he published more than eighty books and papers
on the history of the Orient.After retiring from the army in
1947 he became Professor of Portuguese Language and
Literature and of the History of the Far East at the
University of London. After 1967, he taught at the
Universities of Indiana and Yale. As well as studies on
Portuguese and Dutch expansion in the Orient, he was
author of important books on the history of Brazil, and the Portuguese and Dutch
presence there in particular.

“The aim of Boxer in this book is to create a panorama of real Brazil between
1700 and 1750, from North to South. He records that in this period the Colony
was divided between two “states” and their respective captaincies, the State of
Brazil and the State of Maranhão, the latter covering much of the current Amazon
region. The timeframe was very well chosen. In about 1700 gold prospecting
began; 1750 brought the Treaty of Madrid, which sanctioned Portuguese expansion
and superseded Tordesilhas. Between 1700 and 1750 there were more changes
in the Colony than in the two previous centuries: the Brazil that we usually imagine
was defined in this period”. (Arno Wehling)

Jan Compagnie in Japan, 1660-1817 (1936);

Salvador de Sá and the Struggle for Brazil and Angola, 1602-1686 (1952);
The Tragic History of the Sea (1959);
The Golden Age of Brazil, 1695-1750 (1962);
The Portuguese Seaborne Empire (1969).

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29 - The Power Holders – formation of the

Brazilian political boss class
Raymundo Faoro (1925-2003)
1st Edition: 1958 / Current edition: 2nd, 1975, Editora Globo, Editora USP,
1975

A Law graduate form the Federal University of Rio

Américo vermelho/Folha Imagem

Grande do Sul, Faoro was admitted by public contest as

State Public Prosecutor for Rio de Janeiro (1963) and
President of the Order of Advocates of Brazil (1977-
1979). He fought for the redemocratization of the country,
denounced cases of torture, defended the end of the
military regime’s InstitutionalActs, and participated in the
campaign for complete, general and unrestricted amnesty.
Not only is Os Donos do Poder [The Power Holders]
considered a classic, but it won the José Veríssimo Prize
for essays and criticism from the Brazilian Academy of
Letters, in 1959. Faoro published other studies on Brazilian politics, legal essays and
a study on Machado de Assis.

“ThelateRaymundoFaoroisamongthosethinkerswhoseektointerpretHistorythrough
structuralism. The impact of The Power Holders on our intellectual milieu lies in the fact
thatinsteadoffollowingthethenpredominantMarxistvisioninstructuralisthistoriography,
it does not seek the explanations in the infrastructure or civil society, but rather in the
superstructure or State. The long path through the centuries of Portuguese and Brazilian
historyshowsthatthehaughtyindependenceoftheStatefromthenationisnotanexception
seen in only certain periods, nor a stage, or a step by which to reach another stage. It is
simply the rule, and it has still not been broken.” (Fábio Konder Comparato)

Machado de Assis: a Pirâmide e o Trapézio [Machado de Assis: the Pyramid and

the Trapezoid] (1975);
AAssembléia Constituinte: a legitimidade recuperada [The ConstituentAssembly:
legitimacy recovered] (1980);
Existe um Pensamento Político Brasileiro? [Does Brazilian Political Thinking exist?]
(1994).

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30- Introduction to Brazilian Cinema

Alex Viany (1918-1992)
1st Edition: 1959 / Current edition: Revan, 1993.

Almiro Viviani Fialho, known as Alex Viany, was a

Luciana Whitaker/Folha Imagem

cineaste, producer, scriptwriter, actor, critic and

historian of Brazilian cinema. In the 1940s he lived in
the United States, working in Hollywood for the
magazine Cruzeiro. Back in Brazil in 1950, he directed
short films before producing his first three full length
features (Agulha no palheiro [Needle in a Haystack],
Rua sem sol [Sunless Street], Sol sobre a lama [Sun
on the Mud]), marked by Italian neo-realism. In 1957
he directed one of the episodes of the film Die
Windrose, produced by Joris Ivens. His Introduction
to Brazilian Cinema presents a trajectory of Brazilian cinema from its birth at
the end of the 19th century, provides a filmographic and biographical survey
and an eye-witness report of the first steps taken by Cinema Novo.

“Embrafilme decided to reissue this book at a good moment, a book which in

its time appears from contemporary reviews, even by very competent critics,
to have been misunderstood – as misunderstood as Brazilian cinema itself.
(...) Reread today, it is all the richer. (...) Chapter follows chapter almost like
a story, dealing with people, things (films) and places in involving descriptions
that provide us with a type of cinematographic-textual state of grace. Brazilian
cinema reacquires today, in this edition, a nostalgic aura of purity which
technological and thematic advances have made us forget”. (David Neves)

Agulha no Palheiro [director, scriptwriter, actor] (1953);

Cinco Vezes Favela [actor] (1962);
A noiva da Cidade [director, scriptwriter, producer] (1978);
Humberto Mauro: Coração do Bom [director] (1979).

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31 - The Economic Growth of Brazil: A Survey

from Colonial to Modern Times*
Celso Furtado (1920-2004)
*Edition in English: University of California Press, 1963
1st Edition: 1959 / Current edition: 33rd, Nacional, 2003

Celso Monteiro Furtado, Doctor of Economics from

the Sorbonne, was one of the greatest Brazilian
economists and intellectuals of the 20th century. He was
director of the Division for Economic Development at
the UN Commission for Latin America and the
Caribbean (CEPAL) in 1949, Superintendent of
Sudene and Minister for Planning in the João Goulart
government. The 1964 military coup revoked all his
political rights for ten years. He lived as an exile in Chile,
the USA and France, teaching and doing research at
the Universities of Yale, Paris, Washington and Columbia. In 1968 he returned to
Brazil at the invitation of the Congress to debate the Brazilian economy. Reentering
politics, he joined the PMDB in 1981. In the José Sarney government he was
Minister of Culture. In his works he deals with issues of economic development in
Brazil, amongst other subjects, also emphasizing social and political factors.
Internationally recognized, his name was put forward for the 2003 Nobel Prize in
Economics.

“The year 1959 signaled the appearance of the most resonant book of recent
times in the field of social sciences and historiography: The Economic Growth of
Brazil by Celso Furtado. Concise, objective, direct, it summarizes the national
economic trajectory. Without being a historian, without original research, he saw
in historical texts that which the authors themselves did not notice, for lack of
training, thus creating a harmonious and dense book. It is aimed at a highly educated
audience, since it does not explain the history or the theory of economics, assuming
that the reader already understand these. (...) It apprehends the trajectory as a
whole, sometimes in extremely original analyses, reaching broadly into history and
coming out enriched and deepened”. (Francisco Iglésias)

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32 - Amazonia and International Greed

Artur César Ferreira Reis (1906-1993)
1st Edition: 1960 / Current edition: 5th, Civilização Brasileira, 1982

Artur César Ferreira Reis, born in Manaus, a graduate in

Acervo UH/Folha Imagem

Law from the Faculty of Law of Rio de Janeiro, was a

professor, politician and historian. In 1961 he was sent to
take up the position of Director of the Department of
History and Documentation of the State of Guanabara.
Governor of the State of Amazonas (1964-1967), he
was also President of the Federal Council of Culture,
Superintendent of the Plan to Add Economic Value to
Amazonia (now SUDAM) and Director of the National
Institute of Amazon Research (INPA/CNPq). He
published several studies on the history and situation of Amazonia, among which
The Amazon and International Greed had the greatest impact.

“(...) Amazonia, crossed by legions of scientists, disputed for nearly four centuries,
has still not revealed what it is worth or what it can provide as an economic reality; in
a world submitted to the technical discipline of the 20th century it has not been a
mere subject of interest to science. When we call it disputed, we place it in its exact
history. Because what has been happening is intense greed all around it, greed whose
story we try to tell in this book, which was not written to make a noise, but with the
calm intention of alerting Brazil to the serious problem that the region represents”.
(Artur Cesar Ferreira Reis)

A Política de Portugal no Vale Amazônico [The Policy of Portugal in the

Amazon Valley] (1940);
A Expansão Portuguesa na Amazônia nos séculos XVII e XVIII [The
Portuguese Expansion in the 17th and 18th Centuries] (1959);
Aspectos da experiência portuguesa na Amazônia [Aspects of the Portuguese
experience in Amazônia] (1966);
História de Óbidos [History of Óbidos] (1979).

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 UNDERSTANDING BRAZIL: A READER'S GUIDE

33 - From Import Substitution to Financial

Capitalism – essays on the Brazilian economy
Maria da Conceição Tavares (b. 1930)
1st Edition: 1972 / Current edition: 11th, Zahar, 1983

Portuguese by birth, Maria da Conceição graduated in

Patrícia Santos/Folha Imagem

Mathematics from the University of Lisbon (1953), and

came to Brazil, where she graduated in Economics from
the University of Brazil. She was a professor at UFRJ
and Unicamp and visiting professor at the Universities of
Chile and Mexico. Elected Federal Deputy for the PT of
Rio de Janeiro, she was also a titular member of the
Commission of Finances and Taxation of the Chamber of
Deputies of the Brazilian Congress. Among her books,
From Import Substitution to Financial Capitalism and Poder
e dinheiro [Power and money] stand out. Her studies are
devoted to the problems of development of Brazil and other ‘outsider’ countries, to
economically excluded populations, and they have become an important reference in
Brazilian economic thought.

“Maria da Conceição Tavares has bestowed on the understanding of the process of

the Brazilian economy’s development one of its most important individual contributions.
Here at last are essays collected together that form the main part of this contribution.
The selection allows the reader to reconstitute the indefatigable effort of the author in
interpreting the complex and unique process of Brazilian economic development. Each
essay asks questions and presents subsequent material that fine-tunes and deepens
previous statements”. (Carlos Lessa)

Ciclo e crise: o movimento recente da economia brasileira [Boom and bust: the recent
movement of the Brazilian economy] (1978);
Acumulação de Capital e Industrialização no Brasil [Accumulation of Capital and
Industrialization in Brazil] (1986);
Aquarela Collorida. A Política Econômica do Governo Collor. [Watercollor. The
Economic Policy of the Collor Government] (1991).

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 UNDERSTANDING BRAZIL: A READER'S GUIDE

34 - Four centuries of large estates

Alberto Passos Guimarães (1908-1993)
1st Edition: 1963 / Current edition: 6th, Paz e Terra, 1989

Alberto Passos Guimarães, businessman,

essayist and researcher from Alagoas state,
settled in Rio de Janeiro at the end of the
Estado Novo. He was an activist in the
Communist Party of Brazil (PCB) from 1932,
mainly in the Party’s propaganda arm, in the
newspapers Imprensa Popular and Paratodos
(led by Jorge Amado and Oscar Niemeyer)
and directed the newspaper Hoje. He worked
at the IBGE and in the Federal Railways Network. At the invitation of Antônio
Huais, he took part in the production of the Encyclopedia Mirador. Quatro
séculos de latifúndio [Four centuries of large estates], considered to be one
of the first important land-reform monographs, played a key role in the
discussions on the agrarian issue during the 1960s, contributing significantly
to the constitution of the Left’s interpretation of contemporary Brazil.

“If we study the process examined by Alberto Passos Guimarães in his book,
it can be seen in three ways: first he analyzes and understands our four centuries
of large estates as a struggle of the poorer classes to gain land (or a struggle of
the richer classes to hold on to land) (...); secondly, he analyzes our four
centuries of large estates as a historical process in which the great estate
emerges, in which it reaches its apogee and, when the decline starts, what
happens within the mode of production (...); thirdly he analyzes in our four
centuries of great estates the social structure that allowed the estate to subsist
as such”. (Antonio Huais)

Inflação e monopólio no Brasil: por que sobem os preços? [Inflation and

monopoly in Brazil: why do prices rise?] (1962);
A Crise Agrária [The Agrarian Crisis] (1978);
As classes perigosas: banditismo rural e urbano [The Dangerous classes: rural
and urban banditry] (1982).

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 UNDERSTANDING BRAZIL: A READER'S GUIDE

35 - Integration of the Negro in the Society of Classes

Florestan Fernandes (1920-1995)
1st Edition: 1964 / Current edition: 3rd, Ática, 1978

Brazilian sociologist and politician, a graduate of the

Eder Luiz Medeiros/Folha Imagem

University of São Paulo, Florestan Fernandes is

considered the founder of critical sociology in Brazil.
Exiled by the military coup of 1964, he taught at
Canadian and US universities. He returned to Brazil in
1977, lectured at PUC of São Paulo and became a
professor at USP. In his studies on indigenous societies,
of race relations, of education, or the bourgeois
revolution and of revolutionary processes in Latin
America, he sought to conciliate Marxist dialectics with
functionalism and Weberian methods. Elected a
Constituent Federal Deputy by the Workers’ Party (1987-1990), he stood out
for his defense of Public Schooling and in his draft law of Guidelines and Bases for
National Education.

“The abolition of slavery, among us, only had a legal meaning. The white world
went on existing in a different world from that of the blacks. This continued to exist
on the edges of history, suffering increasing degradation in its plundered conditions.
(...) Florestan Fernandes’ book teaches us that the price paid for legal liberty
brings the new bitterness of renouncement. The struggle of the black population to
reach a new stage in inter-racial adjustments was terrible and dramatic. (...) The
contribution of this book is notable in three main directions. First, in it we find the
interpretation of the successive but interdependent historical-social constellations
that show how a people emerges in history. (...) Second, (...) it shows the most
daring and successful achievement of Brazilian sociology on the level of interpretation
of our social dilemmas. Third, it includes the viewpoint that apprehends the ongoing
uniformity, in an original way”.

Organização social dos Tupinambá [Social organization of the Tupinambá Indians]

(1949); A função social da guerra na sociedade Tupinambá [The social function
of war in the Tupinambá society] (1952).

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36 - History of Positivism in Brazil

Ivan Lins (1904-1975)
1st Edition: 1964 / Current edition: 2nd, Companhia Editorial Nacional, 1967

Ivan Monteiro de Barros Lins, journalist, teacher and

Folha Imagem

essayist, was a follower, student and disseminator of

Positivism in Brazil. He graduated in Medicine (1930)
and was nominated Secretary of the Experimental
Station for Fuel and Minerals (1932). He taught
History and Philosophy in the Faculty of Law at the
University of Brazil. In 1942, he was nominated by
President Getúlio Vargas to be Minister of the
General Accounting Office, then becoming its vice-
President and President. In 1958 he was elected to
the Brazilian Academy of Letters. He worked on
several newspapers and spoke at numerous
conferences, spreading the ideas of Positivism among others, which was for
him above all a method to systematize scientific, philosophical and social
knowledge, providing a base for scientific morality.

“This essay intends to survey what has heretofore been largely ignored – the
penetration that Positivism has had among us. (...) It is already the moment to
consider the influence of Positivism in Brazil as a social fact, and one to be faced
and investigated with the historical criterion as put by Tacitus – without either
hatred or love – that is, without grinding our teeth and without apologia. So the
role of this essay is in documenting the facts as objectively as possibly about the
spread of Positivism in Brazil”. (Ivan Lins)

Lope da Vega, (1935);

Católicos e Positivistas [Catholics and Positivists] (1937);
Tomás Morus e a Utopia [Thomas More and Utopia] (1938);
Um Aspecto Inédito na Obra de Martins Fontes [An original Aspect of the
Work of Martins Fontes] (1938).

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37 - Geopolitics of Brazil
Golbery do Couto e Silva (1911-1987)
1st Edition: 1967 / Current edition: 2nd, José Olympio, 1981

Golbery do Couto e Silva, Brazilian soldier and

Folha Imagem

politician, was part of the Brazilian Expeditionary

Force in the Second World War and fought in Italy.
In 1952 he joined the Higher School of Warfare,
developing the doctrine of national security, which
served as an ideological basis for the military seizure
of power in 1964. Director of the Institute for Social
Studies and Research (IPES) and later of the
National Information Service (SNI), General Couto
e Silva was one of the main architects of the military
coup in 1964 and, afterwards, of the politics of
expansion of President Ernesto Geisel, in whose government he became head
of the Office of the Presidency of the Republic. In 1979, in Figueiredo’s
government, he articulated the end of the two-party system and proposed
greater openness that would guarantee a conservative transition to democracy.

“General Golbery, in this work, presents us with a mature geopolitics, and

deals with the topic without focusing on strict determinism, but rather on the
conditioning that informs politics. (...) This is a valid examination of the situation,
aiming to guide rationally the international behavior of Brazil and its foreign
policy. Geopolitics of Brazil is the work of a man of experience, deep thinking
and action. It is interesting for anyone who thinks of the country, from statesmen
to students, and it will be a landmark among Brazilian documents”. (Heitor
Ferreira)

Tiro de morteiro [Mortar strike] (1939);

Planejamento Estratégico [Strategic Planning] (1955).

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38 - Politics in Brazil 1930-1964: An Experiment

in Democracy*
Thomas E. Skidmore (b. 1932)
* 1st Edition in English: Oxford, 1967
Current Brazilian Edition: 14th, Paz e Terra, 2007

Thomas Elliot Skidmore, who read Philosophy, Politics

Marcos Finotti/Folha Imagem

and Economics at the University of Oxford, with a

Doctorate in Modern European History from the
University of Harvard, is a North-American historian
specializinginBrazilianandLatinAmericantopics.Hewas
director of the Latin-American Studies Center at Brown
University, president of the Latin American Studies
Association and of the New England Council of Latin
American Studies. His books about the Vargas Era and
the military period and about race and nationality in Brazilian thought are a reference
point in Brazilian and international bibliographies, such as Politics in Brazil 1930-1964:
An Experiment in Democracy (1967) and Black into White: Race and Nationality in
Brazilian Thought (1974).

“Politics in Brazil 1930-1964: An Experiment in Democracy is the most complete

picture of the Vargas Era, not only for its documentary wealth, but also for its clarity,
providing layer by layer those details that make the mural truly great, vivid and
colorful (...) The Economist considered Skidmore’s work to be the most important
contribution by a foreign author to the knowledge of the Brazilian question, without
which it would be impossible to evaluate with any certainty not only the role of the
political elite but also that of economists and the military. Still less would it be possible
to get to the roots of the instability which is, in fact, the main characteristic of the age
seen as a whole”.

Black into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought (1974);

Television, Politics and the Transition to Democracy in Latin America (1993);
O Brazil Visto de Fora [not published in English; translates as ‘Brazil seen from the
outside’] (1994);
Brazil: Five Centuries of Change (1999);
A History of Brazil (2000).

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39 - The Politics of Military Rule in Brazil 1964-1985*

Thomas E. Skidmore (b. 1932)
* Current edition in English: Oxford, 1990
Current Brazilian edition: Paz e Terra, 1988

Thomas Elliot Skidmore, who read Philosophy,

Marcos Finotti/Folha Imagem

Politics and Economics at the University of Oxford,

with a Doctorate in Modern European History
from the University of Harvard, is a North-
AmericanhistorianspecializinginBrazilianandLatin
American topics. He was director of the Latin-
American Studies Center at Brown University,
president of the Latin American Studies
Association and of the New England Council of
Latin American Studies. His books about the Vargas Era and the military
period and about race and nationality in Brazilian thought are a reference point
in Brazilian and international bibliographies, such as Politics in Brazil 1930-
1964: An Experiment in Democracy (1967) and Black into White: Race and
Nationality in Brazilian Thought (1974).

“Here Thomas Skidmore presents a report that is far more complete than one
might expect from a Brazilianist and historian. This is the work of a sensitive
political scientist who places the Brazilian situation in an international comparative
light. The case of authoritarianism and the democratic transition gain new and
original focus. The result of thorough research done by one of the most
percipient observers of history and politics in Brazil post 1930, The Politics of
Military Rule in Brazil 1964-1985 is therefore a vital tool for understanding
the authoritarian regime, the Armed Forces, political opening and, most
importantly, future scenarios”. (Mário Salviano Silva)

Black into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought (1974);

Television, Politics and the Transition to Democracy in LatinAmerica (1993);
O Brazil Visto de Fora [not published in English; translates as ‘Brazil seen
from the outside’] (1994);
Brazil: Five Centuries of Change (1999); A History of Brazil (2000).

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40 - Pedagogy of the Oppressed*

Paulo Freire (1921-1997)
*Edition in English: New York, 1970, 2007
1st edition: 1970 / Current edition: 20th, Paz e Terra, 1987

Considered one of the greatest educators and

Bel Pedrosa/Folha Imagem

thinkers in the history of world pedagogy in the

twentieth century, Paulo Reglus Neves Freire studied
Law and Philosophy of Language at the University
of Recife. As Director of the Cultural Extension
Service of the University of Recife, he implemented
a pilot plan for literacy in the town of Angicos (RN),
in 1962. His method, relying on increasing political
awareness and the use of texts with topics from the
daily life of his students, was made official during the
Goulart government. Exiled because of the military coup of 1964, he lived in
Chile and ran courses in the United States and in Europe. He worked as a
consultant in educational reform in Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique. Returning
to Brazil in 1980, he worked at Unicamp, joined the Workers’ Party and in
1989 became Secretary for Education of the City of São Paulo.

“Paulo Freire is a thinker committed to life: he does not think ideas, he thinks
existence. He is also an educator: he lives out his thought in a type of pedagogy
where the totalizing force of human praxis is expressed in the “practice of
liberty”…(Ernani Maria Fion)

Educação e atualidade brasileira [Education and Brazilian reality] (1959);

Educação como prática da liberdade [Education as the practice of liberty]
(1967);
Cartas à Guiné-Bissau. Registro de uma experiência em processo [Letters to
Guinea Bissau] (1977);
Educação e mudança [Education and Change] (1981).

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41 - Dependency and Development in Latin

America
Fernando Henrique Cardoso (b. 1931) and Enzo Faletto (1935-2003)
* Edition in English: University of California Press, 1979
1st edition: 1969 / Current edition: 8th, Civilização Brasileira, 2004

Fernando Henrique Cardoso studied Sociology at the

Fernando Henrique Cardoso/Folha Imagem

University of São Paulo. Professor of Economic History

at the same university, he went into exile during the military
regime and lived inArgentina, Chile, France, England and
the United States, teaching in the universities of these
countries. He was co-founder of the Brazilian Social
Democratic Party (PSDB), Minister of Foreign Relations
in the Itamar Franco government and President of Brazil
for two mandates, from 1995 to 2003. Ex-chair of Political
Science and Emeritus Professor of USP, in 2003 he held
the chair in Cultures of the South, in the Library of Congress
in Washington, and started teaching at Brown University. He was president of the
Madrid Club. His publications include Capitalismo e escravidão no Brasil meridional
[Capitalism and slavery in meridional Brazil] (1962), Política e desenvolvimento em
sociedades dependentes [Politics and development in dependent societies] (1971),
Autoritarismo e democratização [Authoritarianism and democratization] (1975),A
construção da democracia [Building democracy] (1993) and O presidente segundo
o sociólogo [The President according to the sociologist] (1998).

“(...) in this book we propose a scheme of interpretation with emphasis on the

political dynamic between the classes and social groups in the interior of each country.
We also give a more important role to the ideological options that the movement of
history opened in each specific situation.At the same time, we insist on the variations,
on the way relations are formed between peripheral countries with developed
economies (...) it offers a synthesis on a diverse region, but with points of contact
between the different countries (...) It innovates, and I say this from re-reading the
book forty years after writing it, because it breaks with the oversimplification of
considering all situations of dependency to be the same and submitted to the ‘logic of
capital’ and because, in describing what we call ‘the new dependency’, it made one
of the first descriptions of what is nowadays called ‘globalization’”. (Fernando
Henrique Cardoso)

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42 - Cinema: Trajectory in Underdevelopment

Paulo Emílio Sales Gomes (1916-1977)
1st Edition: 1980 / Current edition: Paz e Terra, 1997

Paulo Emílio Sales Gomes, critic and historian of

Brazilian cinema, Communist activist in his youth, burst
on to the literary scene when he organized, with the
help of Oswald de Andrade, the magazine Movimento
[Movement] (1935). He studied Philosophy at the
University of São Paulo, where he founded the first
Cinema Club. In 1946 he won a French government
scholarship and lived in Europe for ten years studying
cinema. He organized and directed the Film Library
of the Museum of Modern Art in São Paulo,
transformed into the Brazilian Film Library in 1956.
He was a great defender of Brazilian cinema and of Cinema Novo. In 1964 he
organized the first higher course in cinema at the University of Brasília. As a
result of the repression imposed by the military coup, he returned to São Paulo
where, from 1968, he was Professor of the History of Cinema and of Brazilian
Cinema at the School of Communication and Arts at USP.

“The studies in this book show to what extent his thought was original and
penetrating. The publication of his writings, mostly dispersed, will show that he
was one of our most coherent and profound essayists. It will show how he said
things in such a necessary way that not to read him is to be deprived of an
important intellectual experience in the clarification of Brazilian culture. Speaking
nearly always about cinema, Paulo Emílio speaks through this of art, of society,
of mankind – above all, of Brazil”. (Antônio Cândido)

Jean Vigo (1968);

70 Anos de Cinema Brasileiro, em co-autoria com Ademar Gonzaga [70 Years
of Brazilian Cinema] (1966);
Humberto Mauro, Cataguases, Cinearte (1974);
Paulo Emílio: Crítica de Cinema no Suplemento Literário [Cinema Reviews in
the Literary Supplement] (1982);
Três mulheres de três PPPês [Three women with three FFFeet] (1977).

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 UNDERSTANDING BRAZIL: A READER'S GUIDE

43 - Ideology of Brazilian Culture (1933-1974)

Carlos Guilherme Mota (b. 1941)
1st Edition: 1977 / Current edition: 8th, Ática, 1994

Carlos Santos Serôa da Mota, Doctor in Modern and

Alexandre Tokitaka/Folha Imagem

Contemporary History from the University of São Paulo

(1970), is titular professor at the Mackenzie Presbyterian
University, at the University of São Paulo and the Getúlio
Vargas Foundation. He was visiting professor at the
Universities of London and Texas and at the Haute École
in Paris. He was Director of the São Paulo State Archive
and one of the founders of the Memorial of LatinAmerica.
He is a member of the Editorial Board of the Minius
Review (Universidade of Vigo) and theAdvanced Studies
Journal (USP). He works in the areas of History of Culture and of Ideologies.

“A summing up of the summaries that some of our intellectuals have made or are
making about Brazil: this seems to me to be the primary objective of the essay of
Carlos Guilherme Mota. (...) His burning question, which permeates the book, is:
what has been the meaning of the expression Brazilian culture, so much used by
intellectuals in the last forty years? But the author’s greatest interest, one might
even say his passion, is to measure the depth of the ideological roots that hide
under the various definitions of Brazilian culture or of the “national consciousness”
that halt the thoughts of so many thinkers inside or outside our universities”. (Alfredo
Bossi)

Atitudes da inovação no Brasil [Attitudes of innovation in Brazil] (1970);

Nordeste, 1817: Estrutura e Argumentos [Northeast, 1817: Structure and
Arguments] (1972);
Lucien Febvre: História (1978);
A Revolução Francesa [The French Revolution] (1989);
Terceira viagem de Colombo: o encontro com a terra [Third voyage of Columbus:
the meeting with the earth] (1992);
Juristas na formação do estado-nação brasileiro. Do século XVI a 1850 [Jurists in
the formation of the Brazilian nation-state. From the 16th century to 1850] (2006).

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 UNDERSTANDING BRAZIL: A READER'S GUIDE

44 - Political Development
Helio Jaguaribe (b. 1923)
1st Edition: Perspectiva, 1975

Helio Jaguaribe Gomes de Mattos, Sociologist,

Tuca Vieira/Folha Imagem

Political Scientist and Brazilian writer, Doctor in

Political Science from the University of Mainz
(1963), founded the Brazilian Institute of Economics,
Sociology and Politics (Ibesp), together with other
progressive intellectuals. After the military coup he
went to live in the United States, lecturing at Harvard
(1964-1966), Stanford (1966-1967) and MIT
(1968-1969). After 1985 he coordinated the project
Brasil 2000 at the request of President José Sarney.
He was Secretary of State for Science and
Technology (1992). In 2005 he was elected to the Brazilian Academy of
Letters.

“This deals with an attempt to survey the current state of Political Science in
relation to the great themes that correspond to each of the three parts of the
book, and from this level, construct a broad explanation of the themes. Based
on that, to create susceptible operational models, under certain conditions,
that may promote political and global development of a given society. The
constructions and theories produced in the first two parts of the book are
applied, in the third, to the analysis of the Latin American situation. This book
constitutes, within my work, the most important attempt at a general theory of
society and of the processes of its political and global development. ‘Political
Development’ is in some ways a vast dialogue with Parsons and Marx, leading
to a dialectic functionalism”. (Helio Jaguaribe)

Political and economic Development (1958);

Brasil: crise e alternativas [Brazil: crisis and alternatives] (1974);
Introdução ao desenvolvimento social [Introduction to social development]
(1979).

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 UNDERSTANDING BRAZIL: A READER'S GUIDE

45 - Colonial Slavery
Jacob Gorender (b. 1923)
1st Edition: Ática, 1978

Jacob Gorender, journalist and historian, fought in the

Flávio Florido/Folha Imagem

Expeditionary Force in Italy during the Second World

War. He studied at the higher school of training for cadres
of the Communist Party in the Soviet Union (1955-1957).
He was leader of the Brazilian Communist Party (PCB),
which he left in 1967, to participate in the foundation of
the Brazilian Revolutionary Communist Party (PCBR).
He was imprisoned and tortured during the military
dictatorship. As a Marxist historian, he promoted a
profound reevaluation of the history of Brazil, showing
that the first four centuries were dominated by the slave-
owning mode of production. He also published studies on production relations in
agriculture, on the formation of the Brazilian bourgeoisie, the transition from slavery
to capitalism, and a critical study on armed resistance to the military dictatorship.

“There is already much written on slavery (...) This supersedes the study of abolitionist
laws – the previously dominant emphasis – or of the marks left by the African in our
culture, or even of some features seen as exoticism and folklore – as Sérgio Buarque
de Holanda said, the black was seen as a spectacle – arriving at the vigorous
analyses of various authors, notable among them Florestan Fernandes and, above
all, for the scope of his analysis, Jacob Gorender, with O Escravismo Colonial, of
1978, in one of the most consistent books in our native historiography”. (Francisco
Iglésias)

A Burguesia Brasileira [The Brazilian Bourgeoisie] (1981);

Gênese e desenvolvimento do capitalismo no campo brasileiro [Genesis and
development of capitalism in the Brazilian field] (1987);
A escravidão reabilitada [Slavery rehabilitated] (1990);
O fim da URSS [The end of the USSR] (1992);
Marcino e Liberatore – diálogos sobre marxismo, socialdemocracia e liberalismo
[Marcino and Liberatore – dialogues on Marxism, social democracy and liberalism]
(1992);
Marxismo sem Utopia [Marxism without Utopia] (1999).

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 UNDERSTANDING BRAZIL: A READER'S GUIDE

46 - Combat in the Darkness. The Brazilian Left:

from illusions to armed struggle
Jacob Gorender (b. 1923)
1st Edition: 1987 /Current edition: 6th, Ática, 1999

Jacob Gorender, journalist and historian, fought in the

Flávio Florido/Folha Imagem

Expeditionary Force in Italy during the Second World

War. He studied at the higher school of training for cadres
of the Communist Party in the Soviet Union (1955-1957).
He was leader of the Brazilian Communist Party (PCB),
which he left in 1967, to participate in the foundation of
the Brazilian Revolutionary Communist Party (PCBR).
He was imprisoned and tortured during the military
dictatorship. As a Marxist historian, he promoted a
profound reevaluation of the history of Brazil, showing
that the first four centuries were dominated by the slave-owning mode of production.
He also published studies on production relations in agriculture, on the formation of
the Brazilian bourgeoisie, the transition from slavery to capitalism, and a critical study
on armed resistance to the military dictatorship.

“The history of the Brazilian left is surrounded by mystery and fascination for the
younger generations. Mystery, because it almost always appears fragmented in the
versions of the right, in the enigmatic references made in today’s political battles.
Thus, young militants from unions or other movements often ask their older comrades
what this or that abbreviation stands for, what exactly happened at a given movement
in our history or what the political content of Maoism or Trotskyism or Guevarism is,
etc. As this history is learned in pieces, as if it were a vast jigsaw puzzle, and as it is
often invoked to support or refute political positions, it is normal that it provokes
fascination and stimulates the curiosity of many”. (MarcoAurélio Garcia)

A Burguesia Brasileira [The Brazilian Bourgeoisie] (1981);

Gênese e desenvolvimento do capitalismo no campo brasileiro [Genesis and
development of capitalism in the Brazilian field] (1987);
A escravidão reabilitada [Slavery rehabilitated] (1990);
O fim da URSS [The end of the USSR] (1992);
Marxismo sem Utopia [Marxism without Utopia] (1999).

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 UNDERSTANDING BRAZIL: A READER'S GUIDE

47 - Carnivals, Rogues and Heroes – an

interpretation of the Brazilian dilemma*
Roberto DaMatta (b. 1936)
*Edition in English: University of Notre Dame Press, 1991
1st Edition; 1979 / Current edition; 6th, Rocco, 1997
Roberto Augusto DaMatta, Doctor in Anthropology
Eduardo Kanpp/Folha Imagem

from the University of Harvard, was Head of the

Department of Anthropology of the National Museum
and Coordinator of its Post-Graduate Program in
Social Anthropology (1972-1976). He was visiting
professor at the Universities of Cambridge,
Wisconsin and California. He is Emeritus Professor
of the University of Notre Dame, USA. He is
currently Associate Professor of the Pontifical
Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro. He has
conducted ethnological research among Gaviões and
Apinayé Indians, as well as important studies on Brazil as a society and cultural
system through the focus on carnival, football, food, music, women, death,
the unofficial lottery and the categories of time and space.

“Today we know Brazil more thoroughly than yesterday, thanks to the splendid
Carnavals, Rogues and Heroes by the anthropologist Roberto DaMatta. The
central theme of the book is the dilemma between the extremely authoritarian,
hierarchical and violent aspects of Brazilian society and the search for a
harmonious, democratic and conflict-free world within this same society. DaMatta
allows us to understand better and more systematically a series of repeated
aspects in our social life, many of which we grasp in a diffuse way, but which are
difficult to apprehend in a coherent manner”. (Simon Schwartzman)

Índios e castanheiros (1967);

Um mundo dividido: a estrutura social dos Índios Apinayé [A divided world:
the social structure of the Apinayé Indians] (1967);
Ensaios de Antropologia Estrutural [Essays on Structural Anthropology]
(1973);
Relativizando uma Introdução à Antropologia Social [Relativizing an
Introduction to Social Anthropology] (1981).

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 UNDERSTANDING BRAZIL: A READER'S GUIDE

48 - Fifteen Years of Economic Policy

Carlos Lessa (b. 1936)
1st Edition: 1982 / Current edition: 4th, Brasiliense, 1983

Carlos Francisco Theodoro Machado Ribeiro de Lessa

Alan Marques/ Folha Imagem

is an economist, a graduate of the University of Brazil

and Doctor in Human Sciences from the State University
of Campinas (1980). He has been a teacher at the Getúlio
Vargas Foundation, the State University of Campinas,
the Economics Center for Latin America (Cepal) of the
UN, and the Rio Branco Institute, as well as being titular
professor of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.
He has also taught at Universities in Chile, Venezuela,
Mexico, Spain, in the Institute for Latin American
Integration in BuenosAires and in the Inter-American Center for Capacity-Building
in Public Administration in Buenos Aires and Caracas (1966-1969). He has acted
as Adviser to the President of the PMDB, Ulisses Guimarães, and directed the
National Bank for Economic and Social Development (BNDES).

“QuinzeAnos de Política Econômica [FifteenYears of Economic Policy] is a classic

of Brazilian economics literature. Anyone who intends to understand Brazil’s post-
war economic, social and political evolution should read it (...) Quinze Anos is a
classic from a classic period. In these years the decisive battles were fought for
consolidation of the industrialization process. Juscelino [Kubitschek] won the battles
that Getúlio [Vargas] conceived. “Developmentalism” as a project for a national
capitalism fulfilled its destiny by means of the Plan of Targets. (...) The great virtue of
Carlos Lessa’s text is that it is imbued with this atmosphere, without losing any of its
analytical rigor”. (Luiz Gonzaga de Mello Belluzzo)

Desenvolvimento capitalista no Brasil [Capitalist Development in Brazil] (1984);

A estratégia do desenvolvimento 1974-1978: sonho e fracasso [The strategy of
development 1974-1978: dream and failure] (1998).

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 UNDERSTANDING BRAZIL: A READER'S GUIDE

49 - The Business of Brazil: Portugal, the

Netherlands and the Northeast 1641-1669
Evaldo Cabral de Mello (b. 1936)
1st Edition: Topbooks, 1998

Born in Recife, Evaldo Cabral de Mello studied

Patrícia Santos/Folha Imagem

Philosophy of History in Madrid and London and

then entered the Rio Branco Institute and followed
a diplomatic career. He represented Brazil in the
United States, Spain, France, Switzerland, Portugal
and Trinidad and Tobago, where he was
Ambassador. A doctor in History from the University
of São Paulo (1992), he is considered one of the
greatest specialists in north-eastern history, especially in the sugarcane boom
years. Author of classic works on the Dutch domination in Brazil, he has
been notable for his innovative interpretation of the colonial history of
Pernambuco and of the region’s tradition.

“O Negócio do Brasil (...) is a jewel of wisdom.As well as narrating the negotiations

in all their stages, Evaldo also helps to explain why Brazil has become what it is, of
the size it is, with the culture and people it possesses. As happens with great
historical works, the book promotes a return to the events, in such a captivating
way that it allows the reader of today to see the world through the eyes of the 17th
century. With flowing erudition, without pedantry, Evaldo finds strands that show
that Dutch Brazil was much more than a picturesque episode in a remote colony
(...) With six books published, Evaldo Cabral de Mello is possibly our greatest
living historian and certainly our most productive”. (Paulo Moreira Leite)

Olinda Restaurada: Guerra e Açúcar no Nordeste, 1630-1654 [Olinda

Restored: War and Sugar in the Northeast, 1630-1654] (1975);
O Norte agrário e o Império, 1871-1889 The Agrarian North and the Empire,
1871-1889] (1984);
Rubro veio: o imaginário da restauração pernambucana [White-hot streak:
the imaginarium of the Pernambucan restoration] (1986);
O nome e o sangue: uma parábola familiar no Pernambuco colonial [The
name and the blood: a family’s trajectory in colonial Pernambuco] (1989).

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 UNDERSTANDING BRAZIL: A READER'S GUIDE

50 - The Brazilian People – the formation and

meaning of Brazil*
Darcy Ribeiro (1922-1997)
*Edition in English: University of Florida Press, 2000
1st Edition: Companhia das Letras, 1995 / Current edition: 4th, Brasiliense,
1983

Anthropologist, teacher, essayist, novelist and politician,

Janete Longo/Folha Imagem

Darcy Ribeiro graduated in Anthropology from the School

of Sociology and Politics in São Paulo. He created the
Museum of the Indian and helped create the Xingu
Indigenous Park. He is author of many writings on
ethnography and in the defense of the indigenous cause.
He was one of the founders and the first Rector of the
University of Brasília, Minister for Education and head of
the President’s Office in the João Goulart government.
Exiled after the military coup, he lived in several countries
in Latin America, conducting programs of university
reform. In 1976, he returned to Brazil and went on devoting
himself to education, to research and to politics. Linked to the Democratic Labor
Party (PDT), he was elected Vice-Governor of the state of Rio de Janeiro (1982) and
Senator (1990).

“This book is an effort to help meet demands for clarity. This is what I tried to do. First,
by analyzing the process of ethnic management that gave birth to the original nuclei,
which, multiplied, came to form the Brazilian people. Next, by studying the lines of
diversification that formed our regional ways of being. And, finally, by means of the
criticism of the institutional system, mostly notably the large estates and the labor
regime – within which arena the Brazilian people arose and grew, constrained and
deformed.” (Darcy Ribeiro)

O processo civilizatório: etapas da evolução sócio-cultural [The civilizing process:

stages in socio-cultural evolution] (1968);
Os índios e a civilização: a integração das populações indígenas no Brasil moderno
[Indians and civilization: the integration of indigenous populations in modern Brazil]
(1970).

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 UNDERSTANDING BRAZIL: A READER'S GUIDE

51 - The Construction of order: the imperial

political elite Shadow Theater: imperial politics
José Murilo de Carvalho (b. 1939)
1st edition in a single volume: Editora da UFRJ/Relume Dumará, 1996 / Latest
edition: Civilização Brasileira, 2007

José Murilo de Carvalho, Doctor in Political Science

Jayme de Carvalho/Folha Imagem

from Stanford University (1975), has been a professor

at the Federal University of Minas Gerais, the University
Research Institute of Rio de Janeiro, and visiting
professor at the Universities of Stanford, California-
Irvine, Notre Dame (United States), Leiden (Holland),
London, Oxford (England) and the École des Hautes
Études en Sciences Sociales (France). He was a
researcher at the Casa de Rui Barbosa and at the
Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. He is currently titular professor of the
history of Brazil at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. He is a member of the
Brazilian Academy of Sciences and of the Brazilian Academy of Letters. His
scientific production centers on the history of Brazil during the Empire and the
First Republic, with an emphasis on the topics of citizenship, republicanism and
intellectual history.

“He makes an analysis of the profile of the Brazilian political elites in the 19th
century, of their composition and the relationship they had with imperial political
parties. He analyzes the background against which the action unfolds, the provinces
and the Court, the formal political spaces and that of symbolic representations,
the universe of institutions and of “questiones disputae” relative to slave labor and
land policy. At the same time, he delineates a personal interpretation of the
construction of the slave-owning order and of unity in the Empire”. (Fundação
Joaquim Nabuco)

Os bestializados: o Rio de Janeiro e a República que não foi [The bestialized: Rio
de Janeiro and the Republic that never was] (1987);
Teatro de sombras: a política imperial [Shadow Theater: imperial politics] (1988);
A formação das almas. O imaginário da República [The formation of souls. The
imaginarium of the Republic] (1990).

63
 Understanding Brazil: a reader's guide

52 – The Brazilian ex-Leviathan: from the

dispersed vote to concentrated patronage-politics
Wanderley Guilherme dos Santos (b. 1958)
1st Edition: Civilização Brasileira, 2006

Wanderley Guilherme dos Santos, a Philosophy graduate

Cléo Velleda/Folha Imagem

from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (1958),

has a doctorate in Political Science from Stanford
University (1969). He has been a professor at the
Fluminense Federal University, the Federal University of
Rio de Janeiro and the University Research Institute of
Rio de Janeiro, and visiting professor at Stanford University
and the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He is currently
a teaching and research fellow at the University Cândido
Mendes.

“The philosopher, teacher and political scientist Wanderley Guilherme dos Santos
supplants the anecdotal limits and vote-pulling twitches of the discussion and, in an
original and objective way, offers coherent and organized information about the
evolution of the Brazilian state. Scientifically rigorous, he traces a numerical portrait
of contemporary bureaucratic Brazil and reveals its importance in the economic and
social development of the country. He describes how state regulatory intervention
and associated organizations appeared and developed, and how the public and
private spheres are related. Backed up by extensive research, the author makes a
comparison with other States, among which the Brazilian is not only smaller in relative
and absolute terms than most of them, but also reveals unusual efficiency in its activities.
The detailed work of research and reflection shows that, throughout Brazilian and
world history, the presence of the State is not only beneficent in most cases, but also
decisive in the wealth of nations”. (Civilização Brasileira)

Paradoxos do Liberalismo: Teoria e História [Paradoxes of Liberalism: Theory and

History] (1988);
Discurso sobre o objeto: uma poética do social [Discourse on the object: a poetics
of the social] (1990);
Governabilidade e democracia natural [Governability and natural democracy] (2007);
Acervo de Maldizer [Collection of Curses] (2008).

64
Formato 15,5 x 22,5 cm
Mancha gráfica 12 x 18,3cm
Papel pólen soft 75g (miolo), duo design 250g (capa)
Fontes Times New Roman 17/20,4 (títulos),
12/14 (textos)
Impressão e acabamento Gráfica e Editora Brasil