Engineering Mathematics Material 2012

NAME OF THE SUBJECT : Engineering Mathematics – I

SUBJECT CODE : 181101/ MA 2111
NAME OF THE METERIAL : Formula Material
MATERIAL CODE : JM08AM1001

Unit – I (Matrices)
1. The Characteristic equation of matrix A is
a)  2  S1  S 2  0 if A is 2 X 2 matrix

Where S1  Sum of the main diagonal elements.

S2  A

b)  3  S1 2  S 2   S 3  0 if A is 3 X 3 matrix

Where S1  Sum of the main diagonal elements.

S2  Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements.
S3  A .in
be
2. To find the eigen vectors solve  A   I  X  0 .
tu
se

3. Property of eigen values:

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Let A be any matrix then

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a) Sum of the eigen values = Sum of the main diagonal.

w

b) Product of the eigen values = A

c) If the matrix A is triangular then diagonal elements are eigen values.

1
d) If  is an eigen value of a matrix A, the is the eigen value of A1 .

e) If 1 , 2 , ...n are the eigen values of a matrix A, then 1m , 2m ,...nm are

eigen values of Am .( m being a positive integer)

f) The eigen values of A & AT are same.
4. Cayley-Hamilton Theorem:
Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation. (ie) A   I  0 .

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Engineering Mathematics Material 2012

1 1
coeff ( x 12 ) coeff ( x1 x2 ) coeff ( x1 x3 )
2 2
1 1
5. Matrix of Q.F  coeff ( x2 x1 ) coeff ( x 22 ) coeff ( x2 x3 )
2 2
1 1
coeff ( x3 x1 ) coeff ( x3 x2 ) coeff ( x 32 )
2 2
6. Index = p = Number of positive eigen values
Rank = r = Number of non-zero rows
Signature = s = 2p-r
7. Diagonalisation of a matrix by orthogonal transformation (or) orthogonal
reduction:
Working Rules:
Let A be any square matrix of order n.

Step:1 Find the characteristic equation.

.in
be
tu

Step:2 Solve the characteristic equation.

se

Step:3 Find the eigen vectors.

.c

Step:4 Form a normalized model matrix N, such that the eigen vectors are orthogonal.
w
w

Step:5 Find NT .
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Step:6 Calculate D=N T AN .

Note:
We can apply orthogonal transformation for symmetric matrix only.
If any two eigen values are equal then we must use a, b, c method for third eigen vector.

Unit – II (Three Dimensional Analytical Geometry)

1. Equation of the sphere, general form x 2  y 2  z 2  2ux  2vy  2wz  d  0 ,
centre  u, v,  w  , radius r  u2  v 2  w2  d .
2. Equation of the sphere with centre  a, b, c  , radius r is
 x  a    y  b   z  c 
2 2 2
 r2 .
3. Equation of the sphere with centre origin and radius r is x 2  y 2  z 2  r 2 .

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Engineering Mathematics Material 2012

4. Equation of circle:
The curve of intersection of a sphere by a plane is a circle. So, a circle can
be represented by two equations, one being the equation of a sphere and the
other that of a plane. Thus, the equation x 2  y 2  z 2  2ux  2vy  2wz  d  0,
x  my  nz  p taken together represent a circle.
5. Tangent plane:
Equation of tangent plane of sphere at the point  x1 , y1 , z1  is
xx1  yy1  zz1  u  x  x1   v  y  y1   w  z  z1   d  0 .
6. Condition for the plane x  my  nz  p to be a tangent plane to the
sphere  u  mv  nw  p  
2
 2
 m 2  n2  u2  v 2  w 2  d  .
7. Condition for the spheres to cut orthogonally 2u1u2  2v1v2  2w1 w2  d1  d 2 .
8. Equation of Right Circular Cone is
  x     m  y     n  z       2  m 2  n2   x      y      z     cos 2 
2 2 2 2

 

9. Equation of Right Circular Cylinder is

.in
 n  y     m  z        z     n  x       m  x      y      r2   m 2  n2 
2 be 2 2 2

If radius is not given

 x     m  y     n  z    
2

tu

r2   x     y      z    
2 2 2
.
se

2
 m 2  n2
.c

Unit – III (Differential Calculus)

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1. Curvature of a circle = Reciprocal of it’s radius

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2. Radius of curvature with Cartesian form  

1  y  2
1
2

y2

3. Radius of curvature if y1   ,  
1  x  2
1
2
, where x1 
dx
x2 dy

f 
3
2
 f 2 2
x y
4. Radius of curvature in implicit form  
f xx f  2 f xy f x f y  f yy f x2
2
y

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Engineering Mathematics Material 2012

5. Radius of curvature with paramatic form  

 x 2  y 2  2

xy  xy

6. Centre of curvature is  x, y  .

7. Circle of curvature is  x  x    y  y    2 .
2 2

where x  x 

y1 1  y12 , y  y
1  y  2
1

y2 y2

8. Evolute: The locus of centre of curvature of the given curve is called evolute of

the curve. x  x

y1 1  y12 , y  y
1  y  2
1

y2 y2

9. Envelope: The envelope is a curve which meets each members of a family of

.in
curve.
be
If the given equation can be rewrite as quadratic equation in parameter, (ie)
tu

A 2  B  C  0 where A, B, C are functions of x and y then the envelope is

se

B 2  4 AC  0 .
.c
w

10. Evolute as the envelope of normals.

w

Equations Normal equations

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y 2  4ax y  xt  at 3  2at

x 2  4ay x  yt  at 3  2at

x2 y2 ax by
 1   a 2  b2
a 2 b2 cos  sin 

x2 y2 ax by
 1   a 2  b2
a 2 b2 sec tan 
2 2 2 x cos   y sin   a cos 2
x3  y3  a3

xy  c 2 c
y  xt 2   ct 3
t

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Engineering Mathematics Material 2012

Unit – IV (Functions of several variables)

1. Euler’s Theorem:
If f is a homogeneous function of x and y in degree n , then

f f
(i) x y  nf (first order)
x y

2 f 2 f 2  f
2
(ii) x 2   2 xy  y  n  n  1 f (second order)
x 2 x y y 2

du u dx u dy u dz
2. If u  f ( x, y, z ) , x  g1 ( t ), y  g2 ( t ), z  g3 (t ) then   
dt x dt y dt z dt

3. If u  f ( x , y ), x  g1 ( r , ), y  g2 ( r , ) then

u u x u y u u x u y
(i)   (ii)  
r x r y r  x  y  

4. Maxima and Minima :

.in
be
Working Rules:
tu

Step:1 Find f x and f y . Put f x  0 and f y  0 . Find the value of x and y.

se

Step:2 Calculate r  f xx , s  f xy , t  f yy . Now   rt  s 2

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w

Step:3 i. If   0 , then the function have either maximum or minimum.

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1. If r  0  Maximum
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2. If r  0  Minimum
ii. If   0, then the function is neither Maximum nor Minimum, it is
called Saddle Point.
iii. If   0, then the test is inconclusive.
5. Maxima and Minima of a function using Lagrange’s Multipliers:
Let f ( x , y , z ) be given function and g( x, y, z ) be the subject to the condition.

Form F ( x, y, z )  f ( x, y, z )   g( x, y, z ) , Putting Fx  Fy  Fz  F  0 and

then find the value of x,y,z. Next we can discuss about the Max. and Min.

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Engineering Mathematics Material 2012

6. Jacobian:
u u
 u, v   ( u, v ) x y
Jacobian of two dimensions: J   
 x , y   ( x , y ) v v
x y

 ( u, v )
7. The functions u and v are called functionally dependent if 0.
( x, y)

 ( u, v )  ( x , y )
8.  1
 ( x , y )  ( u, v )
9. Taylor’s Expansion:

f ( x , y )  f (a , b) 
1
1!
 
hf x (a , b)  kf y (a , b) 
1 2
2!
 
h f xx (a , b)  2hkf xy (a , b)  k 2 f yy (a , b )


1 3
3!
 
h f xxx (a , b)  3h2 kf xxy (a , b)  3hk 2 f xyy (a , b)  k 3 f yyy (a , b)  ...

.in
where h  x  a and k  y  b
be
Unit – V (Multiple Integrals)
tu
se

 
b x
1. f ( x , y )dxdy x : a to b and y : o to x (Here the first integral is w.r.t. y)
a 0
.c

 
b y
2. f ( x , y )dxdy x : 0 to y and y : a to b (Here the first integral is w.r.t. x)
w

a 0
w

3. Area   dxdy (or)  dydx

w

R R

x  r cos 
To change the polar coordinate y  r sin 
dxdy  rdrd
4. Volume   dxdydz (or)  dzdydx
V V

GENERAL:

dx  x dx
1.   sin1   (or)   sin 1  x 
a2  x2 a 1 x 2

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2.  a x
dx
2 2 
 log x  a 2  x 2  (or) 
dx
1 x 2 
 log x  1  x 2 
dx 1  x dx
3. a  tan 1   (or)  1 x  tan 1  x 
2
x 2
a a
2

x 2 a2  x
4.  a 2  x 2 dx 
2
a  x 2  sin 1  
2 a
 /2  /2
n1 n 3 2
 sin x dx   cos n x dx  if n is odd and n  3
n
5. . ... .1
0 0
n n2 3
 /2  /2
n1 n 3 1 
 sin x dx   cosn x dx 
n
6. . ... . if n is even
0 0
n n2 2 2

.in
be
tu
se
.c
w
w
w

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