Pesticide

Pesticide degradation is the process by which a pesticide is transformed into a benign
substance that is environmentally compatible with the site to which it was applied. Globally, an
estimated 1 to 2.5 million tons of active pesticide ingredients are used each year, mainly in
agriculture. Forty percent are herbicides, followed by insecticides and fungicides. Since the discovery
of synthetic organochlorine compounds in the 1940s, multiple chemical pesticides with different
uses and modes of action have been employed. Pesticides are applied over large areas in agriculture
and urban settings. Pesticide use therefore represents an important source of diffuse chemical
environmental inputs
Contents
1 Persistence
2 Biotic transformation
3 Abiotic Transformation
4 Prediction
5 Transformation products
Persistence
In principle, pesticides are registered for use only after they are demonstrated not to persist in the
environment considerably beyond their intended period of use.
Pesticide residues have been found in other realms. Transport from groundwater may lead to low-
level presence in surface waters. Pesticides have been detected in high-altitude regions,
demonstrating sufficient persistence to survive transport across hundreds of kilometers in the
atmosphere.
Degradation involves both biotic and abiotic transformation processes. Biotic transformation is
mediated by microorganisms, while abiotic transformation involves processes such as chemical and
photochemical reactions. The specific degradation processes for a given pesticide are determined by
its structure and by the environmental conditions it experiences.
Biotic transformation
degradation is generally recognized as biggest contributor to degradation. Whereas plants, animals

and fungi typically transform pesticides for detoxification through metabolism by broad-spectrum
enzymes, bacteria more commonly metabolize them. This dichotomy is likely due to a wider range of
sensitive targets in Eukaryota such enzymes because of their strong selection for new enzymes and
metabolic pathways that supply essential nutrients.
Biodegradation transformation intermediates may accumulate when the enzymes that produce the
intermediate operate more slowly than those that consume it
Pesticides persist over decades in groundwater, although bacteria are in principle abundant and
potentially able to degrade them for unknown reasons. This may be related to the observation that
microbial degradation appears to stall at low pesticide concentrations in low-nutrient environments
such as groundwater. As yet, very little is known about pesticide biodegradation under such
conditions
Abiotic Transformation
In surface waters, phototransformation can substantially contribute to degradation. In “direct”

phototransformation, photons are absorbed by the contaminant, while in “indirect”
phototransformation, reactive species are formed through photon absorption by other substances.
Microorganisms often mediate the latter, blurring the boundary between abiotic and biotic
transformations. Chemical reactions may also prevail in compartments such as groundwater or lake
hypolimnions, which have hydraulic retention times on the order of years and where biomass
densities are lower due to almost complete absence of assimilable organic carbon.
Prediction
Available strategies to identify in situ pesticide transformation include measuring remnant or

transformation product concentrations and estimation of a given environment's theoretical
transformation potential. Measurements are only usable on the micro- scale.
Transformation products
Even though their undesirable effects are typically lowered, transformation products may remain
problematic. Some transformations leave active moiety intact, such as oxidation of thioethers to
sulfones and sulfoxides. Parent/transformation product mixtures may have additive effects. Second,
some products are more potent than their parents. Phenolic degradates of such diverse chemical
classes as pyrethroids and aryloxyphenoxypropionic herbicides may act on estrogen receptor. Such
products should receive particular attention because they are often smaller and more polar than
their parents. This increases their potential to reach drinking water resources such as groundwater
and surface waters, where polar products are found at fairly constant concentrations. Products in
drinking water resources may cause problems such as formation of carcinogenic N-nitroso-
dimethylamine from dimethylsulfamide, a microbial product of the fungicides tolylfluanide and
dichlofluanide, during water treatment with ozone.

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Pesticide degradation is the process by which a pesticide is transformed into a benign

degradation is generally recognized as biggest contributor to degradation. Whereas plants, animals

In surface waters, phototransformation can substantially contribute to degradation. In “direct”

Available strategies to identify in situ pesticide transformation include measuring remnant or

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