012416R255A FNL Ascaris Fluke Tapeworm PDF

Ascaris Fluke Tapeworm Formula
Ascaris Fluke Tapeworm Formula (Round, Flat, and Oval)
Short and Sweet – How I did it.
ASCARIS 123 – How to escape

Ascaris
By:
Matt Kaltenbach
mattk3@fuse.net
mattk3 at the CureZone
This document can be found in the folder

at:
http://www.curezone.org/ig/f.asp?f=3262
Ascaris 123 is my third attempt to find a formula to kill Ascaris, Flukes, and tapeworms
Ascaris 123 is a work in progress. I felt it so important that for years I spent on I knew not. I did
not know what illness I had. After twirling like a compass, I passed through and got hits for IBS,
SIBO, SIYO, Leaky gut, down the list of symptoms one at a time. Fast as I could. Learning every
step along the way, how to throw anything against the wall and see if it sticks. Read Ascaris had
been cured in two early teenage girls, hospital, one case, both cured. Else there is no cure for those
over 60. Did not believe it.
Ascaris 123 is actually three different formula revisions:
• Ascaris 1 was a private attempt done with some early adopter CZ folks.
• Ascaris 2 was a public CZ forum formula, but had issues. So many messages and emails
followed, I put the document into a text form.
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• Ascaris 3 (The CureZone forum Document folder) is the successful killing formula for me. I
cleared a systemic fluke infection, and stopped Ascaris damage. I have monitored the CZ
site, looking to update where I can, print the final document, with new information.
Latest Document
The CureZone folder now has an updated Revision, which expands on Formula 3, including my
personal notes of what I experienced as I transitioned from killing Flukes and Ascaris, to parasite
maintenance, to rehab, and final thoughts.
Red = Caution
Green = Med
Black Bold = attention
Blue = Information/Index/Subject/Find or Search in Document, Many links on subject
Status:
I no longer feel birthing of Ascaris baby worms, I no longer have sinus blood or little pricks in the
feet or legs. I still carry the stench of dying worms from time to time, and still move toxins out of
my body. My brain and body are healing, and I feel stronger every day.
I moved into the final push to kill Ascaris, and I landed on Alinia, keep DEC and PPZ dose at full
400x2, 750x2. OK Alinia at 25mg/kg 14D, 6pm, 6am DEC and PPZ baby, MBZ 100 mg at 6 AM, to
ensure night birthing is killed ASAP, MBZ100 mg, and for those using Piperazine Phosphate, it does
not seam to kill as well as
Piperazine Citrate.
Parasites
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http://www.toolsforhealing.com/Health/Parasites/Parasites.htm
By Dr. Ross Anderson -the single most undiagnosed health challenge in the history of
the human race is parasites.
A parasite is an organism that lives off of or inside of another organism, called a host,
during all or part of its life.
If you were tested by a doctor for parasites, chances are the results would come back negative.
Does this mean you do not have parasites?
Unfortunately, medical testing procedures only catch about 20% of the actual cases of parasites.
There are over a 1,000 species of parasites that can live in your body; tests are available for
only approximately 40 to 50 types. This means doctors are only testing for about 5% of the
parasites and missing 80% of those.
This brings the ability to clinically find parasites down to 1%.
Antibiotics of today as well as any other drug of tomorrow can have a slightly different
than intended effect…again, I will let Dr Andersen explain:
o Once you have established that you have parasites, taking drugs to get rid of
them may not work. A drug will often drive a parasite from one organ of the body
to another.
It’s like people moving to better climates to make their living conditions more
pleasant, or birds flying south for the winter.
O So, if we aren't able to combat the rising number of parasitic infections with
conventional medicine, it is even more important to understand just how we can go
about that process.
O First, let's look at what parasites do and how we sometimes unknowingly "help"
them. Parasites tend to secrete toxins as they live within the human body, which,
when coupled with other toxins (like alcohol, cigarettes, junk food, polluted air, etc)
can lead to what is termed by many doctors as "toxic overload."
Toxic overload comes about when the four primary cleaning systems of the body
have been pushed too far by an overload of toxins in the body.
O Within the four cleaning systems, the lungs, kidneys, skin and bowels, there are
many types of overload that can occur. As an example, toxins will travel from one
system to another as the current system gets overloaded.
O In toxic bowel syndrome, the excess of toxins in the bowels pass onto the liver
and the liver becomes overclogged and the toxins begin to spill into the
bloodstream.
This can take a long time or can occur very quickly, depending on how the body
and its immune system handle(s) the overload.
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O Parasites have an ability to cause a complete system breakdown, making them
one of the most dangerous epidemics facing medicine today.
O For the time being, the news isn't going to get much better, I'm afraid.
Not only do 80-85% of all American adults have some form of parasite, not only are
they hard to diagnose, not only can they cause serious damage internally (and
often silently for a long period of time) they also come in many forms.
O From here, you can read about the different types of parasites, or you can skip
to "How Do We Get Parasites?"
o Here are a few of the different types of parasitic worms the body can acquire and
be plagued by - for more complete and in depth analysis of the types of worms
found within the human body (complete with pictures,) please see the links section
at the end of this article.
O The following section is taken from the article "Are you Clear of Parasites?" By Dr
Andersen, wherein he cites "The Essentials of Medical Parasitology," by Dr. Thomas
J. Brooks.
INTRODUCTION
During our relatively short history on Earth, humans have acquired an amazing number
of parasites, about 300 species of helminth worms and over 70 species of protozoa ( 9).
Many of these are rare and accidental parasites, but we still harbor about 90 relatively
common species, of which a small proportion cause some of the most important
diseases in the world, inevitably, these are the ones that have received the most
attention. Since most of these parasitic diseases occur mainly in the tropics, the field of
parasitology has tended to overlap with that of tropical medicine, and thus the
histories of these two fields are intertwined. There is, however, much more to the
history of human parasitology than this, and our understanding of parasites and
parasitic infections cannot be separated from our knowledge of the history of the
human race.
http://cmr.asm.org/content/15/4/595.full
Parasite Classifications
Parasites are generally classified into broad groups such as:
• Protozoa: amebae; flagellates; ciliates; coccidia, microsporidia that are all intestinal
parasites; sporozoa and others that attack blood tissue, cells, and other body sites
• Nematodes: roundworms
• Cestodes: tapeworms
• Trematodes: flukes
• Arthropods – all kinds of insects like scorpions, lice, and tongue worms
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Parasites - http://patrickrambling-
pb.blogspot.com/2012/12/lessons-from-parasites.html
15/ Parasite species and 2/ host immunity (how strong your immune system is). People
report a wide variety of symptoms from neurological problems, insomnia, fatigue, loose
stools, constipation, muscle aches, joint pains, sore throat, memory loss, brain fog,
concentration issues, cognitive problems, disorientation, gut pain, indigestion, nausea,
IBS (irritable bowel syndrome), colitis, celiac, Crohn's, inflammatory bowel disease and
many other symptoms.
Practice hygiene More than 72 species of protozoan and helminth parasites can reach
humans
10 key signs a parasite is present in the body
Let us discuss in general the path of a parasite infection in the body before moving on to the
distinct symptoms. When the parasite infection is acute, abdominal distress in varying degrees
may be experienced by an individual. This distress includes diarrhea, fluid loss and burning
sensations.
Visible evidence of an infection is seldom present at this stage of the problem. It is possible to
go a step further and state that the parasites do not always appear in the specimens tested in
laboratories. Guess they are pretty good at hiding themselves!
A parasitic infection will move from the acute to chronic stage. At this point apart from the
diarrhea; constipation, intense burning, bloating of the abdomen, cramping and sudden urges to
eliminate, become part of the symptoms.
There can be sudden food cravings, weight loss, irritable bowel syndrome, blood sugar
fluctuations and malabsorption of nutrients from foods consumed. The problem when untreated
can continue to manifest itself through acute itching of the body; sleep disorders, skin
sensitivity, anxiety and depression.
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Symptoms
Symptoms for worms vary depending on the species and where they are located in the
body and are listed in detail below but here are some symptoms that can be caused by
worm infestations:
о Itchy nose, ears, anus
о Feeling cold, chills, sweats, night sweats
о Nosebleeds
о Hand tremor
о Restless leg syndrome
о Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s symptoms
о Sleep disturbances (especially between 2-3 am)
о Headache
о Congestion
о Cannot get enough oxygen during exertion
о Green or black stools
о Slow reflexes, clumsiness
о Foul breath, Sulfur smell of rotten eggs, greasy

stools
о Dark circles under the eyes
о Yellowish face
о Lactose intolerance
о Fast heart beat
о Teeth grinding,
о Nervousness, forgetfulness
о Sleep disturbances, restlessness at night with bad

dreams
о Nausea or vomiting
о Sporadic constipation, diarrhea, unbelievable

amount of gas and bloating
о Irritable bowel syndrome, Crones, Celiac Disease
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о Nausea or vomiting
о Numb hands
о Stomach pain or tenderness
о Aches in the joints and muscles,
о Chronic fatigue or weakness
о Allergies - environmental and chemical sensitivities
о Rashes
о Low blood sugar (hypoglycaemia)
о Anaemia
о Flu-like symptoms
о Long standing obesity
о Depression
о Changes in appetite
о Constant desire for food and or bouts of food

cravings
о Immune dysfunction
о Weight loss, or Weight gain
о Passing worms, their eggs or segments in the

stool.
о Wiggle behind eyes, in sinus, or ears
о Red streaks in skin, with painful chewing
о Ammonia smells
о Clear Urine
о Excessive constipation
о Skin rashes with blisters
о Worms in Humans depress the immune system by

decreasing immunoglobulin A.
о Gas and Stomach Bloating, Some parasites live in

the upper intestine, which can cause both gas and
stomach bloating.
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о Nervousness, The waste products from parasites
irritate the nervous system, resulting in anxiety and
restlessness.
о Dark black circles under the eyes
о Toxic levels of aluminum and lead in hair/nails
о No minerals or essential metals in hair/nails
о Acidosis
о Malabsorption
о SIBO
о Steatorrhea- lack of bile acids, Exocrine pancreatic

insufficiency
о Parasitic worm infestations can cause total

blockage of the intestinal tract causing severe
constipation.
о Parasitic worm infections speeding 'transit time'

and causing diarrhoea and also reducing the body’s
opportunity to absorb the nutrients in food leading to
malnutrition and weight loss
о Worms can also interfere with normal digestive

processes
Tests
o If you were tested by a doctor for parasites, chances are the

results would come back negative. Does this mean you do not have
parasites? Unfortunately, medical testing procedures only catch about
20% of the actual cases of parasites. Over a 1,000 species of parasites
can live in your body and tests are available for approximately 40 to 50
types. This means, doctors are only testing for about 5% of the
parasites and missing 80% of those. This brings the clinically found
parasites down to 1%. Now, if I had a 1% chance of winning in the
stock market, I don’t think I would invest. Only 1% of parasites are ever
clinically found.
o Parasites rob you off all your finest nutrients and you get the
scraps and leftovers. They grow healthy and fat while your body starves
for nutrition. And these visitors can subside and exist in the human body
for anywhere in the upwards of 10, 20 or even 30 years.
o Tests are $200-300 per parasite screening. There are
thousands of possible tests. Computer PCR testing has been abandoned;
it was to affordable and too large in scope.
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o Let’s now look at the way parasites reproduce - this is the
"lays eggs" part. To start, let’s examine the two main types of parasites
and then discuss how each reproduces: Large parasites are visible and
are primarily worms and small parasites, which are mainly microscopic
in size, include what are called protozoa and amoebae.
o http://www.metametrix.com/files/test-menu/interpretive-
guides/GI-Effects-IG.pdf
o
http://www.vumicro.com/vumie/help/VUMICRO/Hydrogen_Sulfide_Produ
ction_Test.htm
o http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/doctorrao-
1850545-enterobacteriaceae-basic-skills-identification/
o
http://www.questdiagnostics.com/testcenter/BUOrderInfo.action?
tc=36470X&labCode=QBA
o
http://www.hardydiagnostics.com/pdf/sc_posters/EnteroScreen4_poster.
pdf
o http://www.slideshare.net/doctorrao/biochemical-tests-in-
enterobacteriaceae
o http://www.gdx.net/core/supplemental-education-
materials/Pathogenic-Organism-Chart.pdf
o http://www.holisticheal.com/media/downloads/products/utm-uee-
sample-test.pdf
o http://www.holisticheal.com/urine-toxic-metals-test-kit.html
o 279 Walkers Mills Road, Bethel, Maine 04217, 1-800-768-8744
Size
o Large parasites, which are the worm type, can usually be

seen by the naked eye. Sizes can exceed 15 inches long and normally
these worms cannot/do not travel past the digestive tract.
o The smaller organisms, the protozoa and amoebas, tend to
act like a bacteria by traveling through the blood stream to virtually any
part of the body. They reproduce without laying eggs and behave more
like an infection in the body than do the larger parasites.
o The larger parasites are worms which reproduce by laying
eggs. Eggs are left in the intestinal tract, where they cling to the
intestinal walls among the feces, and when they hatch, the young feed
on the food that we eat and eventually grow into adults. The adults then
repeat the process.
o A parasite eats, lays eggs and secretes. Ok? Let’s break this
down into the three parts: the first is "eats." Depending on the kind,
parasites will eat different things. Many thrive off certain types of food,
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from dairy to sugar to proteins. These parasites live off the food that
goes into your body. Mainly found in the digestive tract, they can also be
found in the liver as well as throughout the body. No organ within your
body is immune to parasites, in reality. Some parasites actually get their
nutrition directly from the cells of the body, and feed off those cells, thus
making you sick. They can literally attach themselves anywhere and suck
nutrition out of the cells. These parasites are perhaps the most
dangerous because they can travel to places In the body where they can
do a lot more damage than a parasite living solely in the digestive tract.
o Which is more dangerous? Despite their almost invisibility,
small parasites can be extremely dangerous. Microscopic parasites can
destroy calcium lining in your bones, eat the myecin lining off your nerve
cells (causing breakdown of the brain-nerve connection) and even
inhabit the liver, colon and other areas causing major discomforts and
problems. The small parasites reproduce by duplicating themselves in a
manner similar to bacteria or viral reproduction.
o In extreme cases, parasitic worm infestations can cause total
blockage of the intestinal tract causing severe constipation. The
opposite is also true with parasitic worm infections speeding 'transit
time' and causing diarrhoea and also reducing the body’s opportunity
to absorb the nutrients in food leading to malnutrition and weight loss.
o Various nutrient deficiencies can also be caused by parasitic
worm infections as the parasites absorb vital vitamins and nutrients that
would normally be absorbed by the host body.
o The actions of the worms can also interfere with normal
digestive processes. For example, worms release protease inhibitors as a
defense against the body’s protein digesting enzymes and these may
impair the breakdown of other proteins intended for use by the body.
Lactose intolerance
o In addition, direct damage to the intestinal mucosa can cause
impaired nutrient uptake, and the complex chemical imbalances caused
by the body’s reaction to the worms can also affect nutrient absorption.
For example, roundworm (ascaris) infections have been linked to
temporarily induced lactose intolerance and to the malabsorption of
vitamin A, protein, and fat.
o Parasitic worms also release chemicals that suppress the
host's immune system in order to continue existing within the host.
This, in combination with the long-term immune response triggered by
worm infection may drain the body’s ability to fight other diseases,
making affected individuals more prone to viral, bacterial and fungal
infections. The worms also excrete toxic waste products that
continuously poison the host's body taxing detoxification processes.
o Worms and their larvae can also perforate organs and tissues
as they migrate through the body causing inflammation, acute
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symptoms and interfering with their functions. Finally, parasitic clumps
are often mistaken for cancerous tumours with all that implies.
Next
This is a complex subject. The document continues to grow. I have more material than I have
pages. I expect to continue to refine the document with some complexities of testing and start-up.
Questions I get a lot of, and I an attempt to answer what I went through, my perception, and
aspects of how I adjusted the formula to keep my body functioning.
Enzymes
This research is a work in progress. The truth is that all parasite families share common enzymes,
and toxin generating processes, making specific generic symptom identification in the medical
literature, kind of way beyond most doctors.
How do Anti-Parasitics Work?
I attempted to see past the details of different parasite worm types, and instead focused on a way
to treat the common weak points in the worm life cycle.
Keep it simple
I started to use generic terms like round, flat, enzyme, toxins, to generalize the process. Turns out
families of parasites have common enzyme toxins.
Few Meds work
There are only a few dozen meds that are available anyway, and possibly thousands of parasite
types. Why look at detail of what species you have when the answer will always be A, B, or C Anti-
parasitic?
Invermectin
DEC
ALB
PIPERAZINE
PRAZIQUANTEL
BIOPERINE
FLAGYL
ALINIA
VERMOX – PULSE 3D.MAX? Skip 3D and pulse again 2X
FenBen? Caution?
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Treat
When in doubt, treat. Several people have approached me with infections that span over a decade,
and so many have family members that are infected, I can only assume these infections are beyond
the current ability for medical science to identify.
I correspond with so many that have been wounded by this infection. While the symptoms vary, the
treatment process from my perspective, does not.
I say this because my infection was life threatening.
Selecting an extreem process aimed at saving life is justified, in those situations where no parasite
has been identified. The dammage that flukes and ascaris cause is significant and severe. Left
untreated, physical damage to the DNA and the body result.
The meds will not kill you if you dose correctly. It made no sense to look at the parasite type in
detail, Stool tests are useless, ELISA tests give confirmation of the direction, justify anti-parasitic
meds, identify round and flat worm types.
For me it made sense to treat first, ask questions later.
Jumping into “Treat”, not knowing the type of parasite, how to dose, or what time of day to take the
meds, how to handle toxin load, degradation of the liver, kidneys, heart, brain is the real trick.
Approaching the parasite process using a process of Treat, Test, Identify the parasite type, is
completely a backwards process. I propose that not treating causes more harm than treating.
I was able to get a confirmation ELISA test for Ascaris, during my treatment, attesting to the fact
that ELISA is better than stool tests. I completely missed the fluke infection, which was even more
destructive than Ascaris.
ELISA
Elisa is currently the test technology that is most current, and most accurate after an infection is
present for a year, Besides, PCR research labs testing is no longer generally available.
It made every sense to look at the treatment, the dosing, the duration, and the formula, and look
less at the specific parasite type.
Get Tested for Ascaris, Fluke, the most dangerous and distructive parasites first.
Critical Accute Infection:
• Feel like you are dying?

• PH Acid
• Mineral and metal loss
• Malabsorption
• Maldigestion
• Gaining or Loosing Weight? A lot? How fast?
• Diarrhea for a prolonged period
• Skin issues
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• Can’t catch breath
• Can’t think strait
• Heart Pain
• Circulation/Nerve issues
• Muscle, joint, cannot walk or function properly
• GERD, Reflux, Mucus, Acid pulse at 2-3AM, lung and sinus? Pulse Rate High.
• Ascaris ID
Q&A
Q>
thank you I have'nt looked at it yet as my headache came back late last nite & my vision in right eye
is barely there @%15 making it very hard to read.
i wanted too say i am a 50yrs old 220lb w/ male,
i wasn't sure if you new that or thought i was women because you sent me the womens formula ,
but that was good for me as thats were i am gonna start and move into the full dose male formula ,
so i can reduce their numbers and not get too sick from die off & i just lost like 50lbs since march ,
i had gained all that weight back in 2011 , i could'nt figure out why i was gaining all that
weight ! know it makes sense,when this started seems maybe thats when i picked up the round
worm infection.
>question? is it better too take the doxycycline 100mg twice day or 200mg once daily? i was
thinking if not getting much better by 3 -5 days of doxy then start the Levoflaxcin?
maybe the backslide is my gutz are blocked again!
i have already taken three potent laxatives & nothing is budging! this is so fustrating as it seems its
either blocked or diearerhea
well crap my computer fried while typing this email to you so not sure if you getting more than one
email!
i have to get replacement know power supply fried damn!

man everything blows up at the same time! i still gotta order a bunch of stuff
so not sure if i am getting better or not , everytime i get feeling better bamn i get sick again! so i
decided to dose Pinx as nothing is clearing my colon its blocked!.
so about hr after PinX i got some big ass something came out! and it burned bad on the way out,
maybe a tapeworm! or fluke or ?? it floated on top and was long & light brown> my gutz felt better
immediately after passing it@! so i am again inclined to think that dose of IVM knocked it loose from
Liver and it re-attached on the left side of colon, and know i think that PinX killed it !
well i hope so ! I am going to start Alba dosing tonite now that my colon is moving again
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Get into the Critical Path Parasite treatment process:
• If your parasite is critical infection, acute, chronic disease level, use emergency flat and
roundworm treatments, high level, be save and understand dosing ramp, dosing, schedule,
side effects, precautions, research this to be safe.
• Get tested for these two first.
• You can do this in parallel, just make sure to get tested, dont stop, get an actual worm id if
at all possible.
• At the end when you are taking a lot of meds, knowing what you are fighting becomes
very important!
• If one tests positive for a flatworm, this document has the supporting premise, supported
by evidence that Praziquantel is the anti-parasitic of choice, especially in the clinic, where
doctors actually treat parasite infections, for anyone with a brain infection.
• Test each med before ramping dose, understand dosing levels go by body weight
• Support Group,
• Testing Lab, ID TEST PCR, ELISA, 3D Pathologist microscopy
• Emergeny Contact, ER
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Severe Critical Parasite Infection
Severe – Critical Parasite Infection

Because severe infections go to the lung,
liver, kidneys, brain, and cause progressive
damage. Treating a flatworm infection
with a deep rapid treatment course that
scales, can deeply migrate into tissues, and
kills flatworms deeply, and finally.
Protect Organs
• Liver
• Kidneys
• Brain
• Heart
• Circulation Capillaries –
keep open
• Platelett clumping –
thin blood
• Immune system, lower
inflammation
• Toxins
• DNA
• Membrane osmotic
stress
• Fluid retention
BBB
The Blood Brain Barrier
The Praziquantel molecule is

sucked past the BBB using Albendazole. Higher Doses of Vitamin D3 produce a faster and deeper
kill. Calcium in milk helps invade fluke shell and kill worms. Dodder seed moves out black stool
massive toxin dump, near death experience. Fluke Kill.
Large Round Worm
Movement, older infection, or the very large roundworm 2B people have.
If Ascaris ELISA (roundworm) test is positive, then identifying the flatworm infection is the most
important next step, because as worm infections go.., the common liver fluke is a very damaging
worm. The enzymes it emits through its skin is caustic to human DNA. Treatment of Ascaris does
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not work when one is infected with flukes. Treat the flukes first, put roundworms in Stasis, by
killing offspring.
This strategy worked for me.
Remember, if you have more than one parasite in your body, It is best to know through ELISA.
The Good, The Bad, and The UGLY TRUTH
• 3.5 billion people have parasites.
• The major harmful parasites estimate is a billion or more for each of the major parasites!
• CFS, Lime, Flesh eating disease is everywhere
• The municipal water tests are showing positive for heavy egg counts around the globe.
• Currently there is no water treatment technology available to filter out 10 micron eggs.
• Priority: Clear your body of worms, bacterial load, viral load, fungal load, worm shit,
nitrogen, parasitic worms, Larval Stages, and Eggs in real time, kill adults, and prevent
inflamitory scaring, and toxin illness. Death!
• There are hundreds of standardized tests. There are hundreds of thousands of

research reports. Doctors find fewer than 1% of parasites (by testing their accuracy of
diagnosis of parasites).
• Hospitals identify fewer than 20% of parasites in pathology lab accuracy reports.
Private test Labratories have higher accuracy. Autopsy identifies the majority of parasitic
conditions.
• If you have a parasite and live in a third world country you have better odds than if you live
in the United States, or any old world ,other city, location, around the Globes. Parasite
warning maps are drawn every year.
• In the USA the common belief is that most parasitic conditions were eliminated in the
1930’s. This is untrue, and sad.
• If you go to a doctor, as I did, my doctor told me “we do not have parasites in this country”.
• Q> He repeated it many times, and many places in the conversation, like I was a fool.
• Dentists had a probe a few decades ago, hospital treatment of worm infection has high
mortality, do everything you can do to identify the worm type, detection always found in
autopsy.
• A> He was foolish: This one is untrue...The USA is full of parasite infections, Doctors miss
them!
• The Infectious Disease Doctor, number 1 and number 2, both missed it, or how to get it
treated – go elsewhere!
• If you find an “accidential” test positive, the hospital or doctor must report in many cases,
many types of parasitic conditions, to the CDC, can only get medications from the … CDC,
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and their allocation of anti-parasitic allocation (number of pills) is so antiquated and out of
date from the latest research, that you may never be cured. – this is true.
• The CDC is now in the parasite testing lab facility, it is active, and up, and the CDC is itself
developing parasite tests!, The group is hidden, available for a doctors consultation fee, or
hospital contact. Doctors can use as a second opinion.
• South Korea has opened up its research, doctors, universities and Associations to manage a
multicountry effort.
• If you are of the unfortunate, have taken prescription anti-biotics, or are getting older, the
path to curing yourself is not easy. You may want to give up now, because the path to
health is difficult, complicated, costly, and requires a complete refocusing of your life to live
parasite free.
• Parasites are everwhere – True
• Everyone has parasites – Nearly true
• Most Diseases are caused by parasites – some mainstream researchers are starting to
believe this
• Parasitic infections can never be cured – just a few decades ago this was thought to be true
• Traditional one dose, or short dose antiparasitics cure most infections – The CDC believes
this, few others do at this point.
• Parasites is a third world illness – absolutely untrue. It is a Global scurage!
Testing
Get a Flatworm Elisa, (Highest Priority Test)
Schitzomiasis
lung fluke
liver fluke
Antigen in 13KDA. Common most Playmouths
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatworm
Get a Roundworm Elisa (Second priority test)
Get Ascaris family of roundworms - Enzymes cause antigen 209 KDA on ELISA test for
Ascaris – in human and other animals
SUUM – in human and pig
lumbricoides not an Ascarid
Round to Flat to Round Elimination Process
First, it is important to change those things you can change, (egg killing and Larvae in the GI
tract, and in the system). Roundworms can be put into Stasis - by using egg and larva kill anti-
parasitics, and killing larva migrans and eggs in real time. This takes a coctail of meds within
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doses, ranges, and times (a schedule). This is a complex schedule everyone should build for
themselves. Minerals, Metals, PH, Hair Analysis, Std Blood test. Have some data. Get Data.
Many other tapeworms will be addressed by this formula, the pork one is bad. PZQ kills this one
too, as well as the intestinal tapeworm.
Killing Flatworms is a risk prone process, that involves a systemic kill. If flatworms are in the
organs and brains, this is a near death experience. It is possible to kill the worms with PZQ, but it
took me 300 Grams to make sure the flatworms were dead.
After Flatworm black stool toxins are expelled, a bridge can be made to the kill phase by tapering
PZQ and ALB, and ramping Alinia. Additional anti-parasitics may be needed.
Bridge
Vitamin A and Zinc are required to kill flukes.
After the flukes are killed, killing of roundworm adults can start.
This one simple step transitions to killing roundworms, exactly at the time the Fluke enzyme control
is broken.
Flukes dump black toxins for about two weeks.
By halting Vitamin A and Zinc after the fluke kill phase, faster roundworm killing can be
allowed to happen, studies support that killing of Ascaris is harder if the person is on either Vitamins
A or Zinc supplements.
Q&A
Q> I cannot see out of my right eye.
A> parasites eat vitamin A,take rose hip
seed tea, and pure vitamin a, not betacarotine,
dose high enough, keep A under 60,000 IU/D
• How much do you take

• Eyes need billberry
• Eyes need lutin
Go to local whole foods, get some Vitamin A, Billberry, Lutin.

Do not miss a dose of white willow bark, or Ginkgo, they open up capillaries as far as they
can go.
If you are not on a, start now.

Rosehip seed tea.
The next taper phase of flatworm meds, and increasing roundworm meds, should lead to freedom
of parasites, with the body ready for movement.
Keys
Like curing a fungal infection, the parasite has many chemical process chain(s) that need to be
broken.
18
• Energy
• Motion
• Iron
• Muscle
• Enzyme
• Calcium
It is at probing the life cycle of the worm, success may lie. There are known worm life cycle
choke points, of iron enzyme, carbon, and carbohydrate feeding. Different Anti-Parasitics attack
with these choke points. Malting can also be stopped, and the shell degraded.
Searching deeply on the internet, there are several widely held belief’s that parasitologists discuss.
A mind expanding concept is reading how anti-parasitics attack their pray.
Fix the Body

There are some supplement and body process, vitamin progressions, like:
• Stabilize mineral flow

• Increase Toxin Removal Rate
• Increase Salt chemistries Magnesium, Zinc, Calcium
• Neutral (no change) in natural sources of iron only, supplements that are ionic pose risk.
• Pull on DNA and command full open throttle ALA
• Command DNA to dump toxins L Carnitine, CQ10, ALA, KGP Flush
• Feed DNA Amino acids full spectrum Algae Spirulina
• Gentle Chelation Chlorella Algae.
• Demand Maximum DNA Accelerator ALA, DNA Program set : forced Magnesium
Regulation Protocol, Lipid A/C vitamin Channel, GLA, alpha tocopheroyl.
• Electron Transport CQ10 between all four cellular process membranes
• ROS lost minerals and metals Selenium, Zinc, Calcium Salt of Magnesium, Salt of
Potassium Kidney regulation Potassium
• Removal of kidney toxins – KGP Flush
• Removal of Liver toxins – Magnesium Sulfate
• Removal of Bacterial infection Herbs and copper metal that forces GI tract good/bad
bacteria ratio
• Lymph stimulation Dodder Seed
• Clear the Blood System Ginger, Tumeric, Oregon grape, Goldenseal, Barberry Bark,
Saw Palmetto Berries, Bioperine,
• Clear the GI tract: Oil of Oregano, Black Seed oil EFA’S, Fucoidan, LEM Powder,
Chitosan, Caprillic Acid, Herbs, Berries, Bananas, yogurt, natural grains, flaxseed
Ground, Spirulina, Chlorella,
In General
There are some common beliefs, like: PinX clears the GI tract of worms, Invermectin IVM stops
roundworm muscle conduction, Praziquantel PZQ kills flukes, ALB transports Praziquantel deep
into tissues. DEC attacks the Carbon chemistry and prevents larvae from malting. Flagyl blocks
Luminal fermentation, bacteria enzymes, turns their innards black, Alinia attacks the iron chemistry
of blood worms, and Piperazine kills babies in upper GI, and burns round adults in systemic
infection.
ELISA TEST
19
It is not in the pattern match to a specific parasite, but in the specific physical symptoms, like organs
being attacked, time cycles, and challenge tests that more precise identification of worm types can
be surmised.
ELISA tests can discriminate between different worms or types (round or flat), but the science to
identify specific species is still mostly in the lab and in the hands of the WHO. Truth be told PCR and
DNA analysis is still mostly in research labs, it was available to the public, but now is very hard to
find.
IVM Test
I found out I had parasites, by taking a single dose of an anti-parasitic IVM. I had tried everything
else. The effect was so dramatic I knew at that moment what kind of illness I had.
The IVM challenge test is an example of a simple affordable test, where a single $3.00 test dose
of IVM is used to identify one has a “parasite infection”. The affirmation test that has about 85%
round worm specificity, and 15% flat worm specificity is a bold simple way to identify an underlying
infection.
Simply stated if your symptoms significantly decline, think “parasite infection”. A $3.00 test dose is
much more affordable as a gross parasite test, than the tens of thousands of dollars I spent for
“examinations”, which provided me with absolutely no diagnosis.
Nothing Worked
To make a long story short, I tried every anti parasitic I would get my hands on. Nothing worked,
naturals, pharmaceuticals, or combinations. I discovered I had an underlying fluke infection that
prevented any treatment of Ascaris.
The common practice in parasitology research, is to treat Ascaris first. I found nothing to be
further from the truth, and flatworm infection blocks roundworm treatment.
Treat the flatworm infections first.
Significance of Fluke infection
(Besides real and progressive organ damage)
Treating the underlying fluke infection, while holding the roundworm infection at bay, allowed me
to progress from an untreatable infection, to a treatable one.
Now I have found a reaction to every anti-parasitic medication, several weeks after killing the
flukes. A fluke infection kills.
Preamble Wrapup
To wrap up this preamble, You will notice on day 68ish of my personal log section, I switched from
Albendazole to Alinia. * days later it seems to have done magic. The Ascaris seam to be no
longer releasing eggs. The reprieve lasted for 6 days, until it returned. A single (One dose) of
Alinia, and a day long kill again put Ascaris in reprieve. During this single dose, tiny sesame or
caraway seeds (black) came out of the urine, with microfiliment things. Flagyl also seams to work
20
now as well, confirming to me that an underlying fluke infection, masked all my attempts at killing
roundworms, even after I was tested ELISA positive.
Log
It is a good idea to keep a daily journal.
I now keep a short form log, after getting used to the process.
Now the body responds correctly to medications, after the fluke infection is gone. At Day 86 I am
starting a 3 day course of Flagyl 500. Now I am in the final stretch. I am very hopeful that in a
matter of days or weeks, the entire “parasite thing” will be a thing of the past. Flagyl is nasty, and
tiny doses should be taken. I do Alinia for 9, Flagyl (2) doses spaced 12 hours apart. Then take a
probiotic.
Rehab
The battle of having no immune system function, massive toxin removals, and having a parasite
hyperinfection seams to be over. Organs are in recovery, I am having to force my muscles to work
again. Liver, Kidney, Sinuses, Lung all seam to be in recovery. The body is having problems
moving.
I maintain the Day log, and help answer questions to those that need help digesting what I have
learned.
It is in the Log section, that the challenge of my infection was finally won or at least put into stasis.
I have been symptom free for weeks. Lifetime maintenance supplements of algae will be used to
help to prevent cancer in my future.
Finally, feedback from others will help tune the process for specific parasites, identification of low
cost home ELISA testing kits for specific parasites, and the confirmation of the minerals, metals,
vitamins, and substances that were used during the parasite killing process.
Also to be determined is a list of qualified doctors, labs, and tests that one can use that do not break
the piggy bank.
You will need to retrain your body to work and move again, after you have finished your final kill.
Feel free to keep your questions coming. I hope for you all it is just a matter of time for your total
cure as well.
21
Revision Log:
012416R240 100 page review in color markup information links
012016R218 Start release pdf update, document flow added
011016 Start final revision of notes, Bridge to Alinia Section added
010516R210 Start adding graphs, loading dose, current pattern
122615R195 Add Flowchart Diagrams
122615R194 After Fluke kill, Anti-parasitics now kill at will/work properly
122415R Add PinX Dosing Table
122114R184 Add Snake Oil section
12615R179 Quick Release to CZ
121615R174 Start cleanup
121215R163 Update LEM
120715R147 Include Stronglyloid section quick release of SIBO
Release Date 120415 C133 Lower Albendazole dose, it clogs the kidneys.
Release Date 112815 C121 added kidney section
Release Date 112715 C112 Modified Ascaris dose sequence
Release Date 112215 C100 Add PPZ dose PPM, update maintenance, test taper PZQ
Release Date 112115 C79-91 Cleanup
Release Date 112015 C74 Updated Weight based Dosing Tables added
Release Date 111915 C72 Updated sequencing
Release Date 111415 C59 Detailed Vitamin Section
Revision 102615 – Staggered Praziquantel away from AM/PM to increase effectiveness, Ann
Revision upd102615 P51 – General Public Release
Revision 102015 c57 – 4th Release Private
To Do:
_Add Alina Dose
_Add Flagyl Dose
_Add MBZ dose
Add Ramp graphics
Add Bridge graphics
Need to expand on PZQ timeline, ramp, graphics to show 3 tier/phase 3, 4, 5
PZQ total dose buy 300 Grams my weight-loss
End of year emails
Intro sect on PPZ and DEC
Black pepper extract formula ?
_Alinia plan for final kill,
Detail again log 90 daily supplement extra liquid juices, vitamin C.
Start recovery of old documents, add menu items
Replace Vitamin A with Tomato Soup, Tomato Juice, Bananas, Apples
Update Vitamin source on Dosing Schedule
Create expected (I used) dose, buy quantity
_Calcium
22
Forward
This is not medical advice, if you want medical advice ask a doctor, I am not a doctor. I am an
unqualified electrical engineer, with a small amount of chemistry from 30 years ago. My thoughts
are my own, and do not represent that of any recognized medical establishment. I assume no
responsibility for the accuracy, or representations of others research, claims, or uses. My
observations are mine, and mine alone.
Liability
This document contains my process, formula, ramp sequence, dosing levels, dosing times, dosing
durations, my taper log, maintenance, and research notes, personal notes, and excerpts from
dialogs from others in the parasite self treatment process.
Much of the research may not be completely documented, have complete footnote or author
assignments, and may include Research papers copied without permission, links that no longer exist,
article excerpts, sources, and commentary that is incomplete.
Q&A
This document also has Q&A commentary from private correspondence with CZ folks. I have
acquired this information for informative purposes only.
I collected everything, and distilled the best of tens of thousands of papers into summary
documents. These summary documents were distilled into plans and theory proposals, and were
tested. These were processes and actions I performed for me, and me alone. This information is
applicable to me only. I had a specific set of parasite infections.
This information may not apply to other kinds, types, or other infections. It is in the generalization
of the health restoration process, techniques, and realizations I believe the value of this document
resides. I reserve all rights to my deductions, formulations, and theories.
This information is provided for information purposes only.
Any actions you take based upon this information is done at your own risk. Where ever possible
safety information, and precautions are provided where information was provided by others. No
liability or accuracy should be assumed by the reader or responsibility taken by the author, for
actions you perform based on any of this information.
23
Migrans in the Right Hand-Picture presented to 2nd ID “Dr.”
Ascaris in corner of eye

Ascaris 123
Ascaris 123 is my third attempt to find a
formula to kill Ascaris (and as it turns out
Flukes). There were two previous CZ
formulas, and before that there were many
unsuccessful attempts I made over the last
year. I tried naturals, herbals, oils, leaves,
roots, Chinese and global products,
homeopathic substances, pharmaceuticals,
combinations, and everything at once.
Direction
Nothing but Invermectin continued to remind me I was on the right track. Dose after Dose, and
substance after substance gave me no relief. It was in understanding how high a dose was
required, the sequence of parasite clearing, and in the identification of the parasitic families I was
dealing with, that lead me to a cure.
I thought natural products were stronger or broader in spectrum, but all my tests show natual
sources are too lame to be of any use, need stronger meds from natural or best science products
list.
Research
I started pharmaceuticals with the standard doses and durations, then doubled them in dose and
duration. I then tried combinations, natural and pharmaceuticals, and every permutation
imaginable. I read what all the “people in the know” had to say. I found very little accurate
information.
Dose
24
On the second CZ Formula attempt I took so much Albendazole (42mg/kg) that my hair fell out.
I was unsuccessful. During that attempt, flat worm (flukes) came out.
• I adjusted formula number 3 to address a dual infection of flat worms and roundworms.
• Focusing on killing Flukes first became a stroke of genius.
• As it turns out, this was the key required to solve my puzzle. This dual kill formula worked.
• By combining non-traditional roundworm medications to control health and enzymes, and
dosing long and tall for flatworms, I broke through the parasite infection log jam.
Never dose a medicine without knowing its effects, symptoms of overdose, and
understand the long term risk.
Some Success
I was able to kill the massive fluke infection. This very aggressive and out of the box approach
has changed everything. It appears now that the flukes are gone, all the traditional anti-parasitics
are starting to work, the digestion system is returning to normal, and the body and the immune
system are once again functional.
Formula #3 has broken dam, and things that should have worked initially now work as they
should.
NTD
I read the other day what the definition of A Neglected Tropical Disease means. The definition is a
Disease where less than 1% of the WHO budget is allocated towards the disease. If you read of
someone using the term in your country, it holds no weight, and has no meaning within a civilized
country, where government health officials frequently do not understand terminology.
What bearing does the WHO status have on the funding and recognition of a Disease within a
civilized country?
None.
Here is my Story:
In 2008 I had WHITE URINE, COLD HANDS, KNEE SWOLEN, NIGHT SWEATS, my Primary Care
Physician (PCP) doctor #0 ran a physical, urine, ultrasound and many tests including Lyme and
disease tests. I went to a stream of non-specific PCP doctors. Theory being one of these doctors
would be able to identify a cause. Doctor after Doctor could not identify a cause. I got extremely
cold in the winter (Nose and hands), and had wounds that would not heal, a lump in my throat that
came and went. In October 2012 I got nosebleeds. They would not stop. By December my sleep
was down to 4 hours, I was blathering. I had Alzheimer’s like memory. I experienced a lot of acid
reflux and GERD. I started taking high doses of vitamins. By January the world started to spin. Sleep
fell to zero. My vision went dim, my senses numb, I shook like I had Parkinson’s.
2010 - I started heavy physical activity, the more I worked, the sicker I got. I knew something was
wrong, but I passed every physical. By 2012 diarrhea started, which took over a year and a half of
25
SIBO SIYO attempts to stop. By January 2013 I had red urine, orange urine, white urine, and I
made another doctor appointment. I had blood in the stool, white stool, grey stool, shakes, muscle
vibrations and could not sleep. Mucus covered stools freaked me out. I made an appointment with
my primary care physician. By February I had electrical shocks in my head, burning around my
mouth, restless leg syndrome, and started to fall to the floor. I was shaking badly. I kissed my wife
goodbye and it felt like I had only a few days left to live. I smelled like a sewer pipe, I smelled CO2
and ammonia, and had black was coming out of every orifice. I thought I would get a diagnosis, I
was wrong.
Stay Alive Formula
I kept myself alive by taking 2 grams of

ALA, 2 grams of CQ10, and 2 grams of L
Carnitine per day. I took 8000 IU of
B12. This simple formula commands the
mitochondria to dump toxins.
Finally I got in to my primary care

physician. He said he had to see 200
patients today; I had 5 minutes, Go! I
told him my story and he offered me a
prescription for a sleeping pill.
I saw in total 22 doctors, some of them

better than others. I saw specialists,
integrated health centers, local herbalists, homeopath, hospital PCP, Researchers, and Collegiate
experts. I researched non-stop for 3 years, corresponding directly with researchers, and university
PHD doctors. I spent a year attempting to develop a formula to kill the parasites. Each formula
failed.
I reached deeper and deeper into finding a handle on this thing.
I spent tens of thousands of dollars, bought every vitamin, herb, metal, amino acid, and substance,
trying each one at a time, documenting the effects of dose, combination, developing another theory,
and trying the next.
I developed and documented hundreds of combinations. Slowly but surely I identified key consistent
common elements, minerals and metals, that helped and worked again and again. The same
elements helped for bacterial, fungal, viral, and parasite infections.
SIBO and SIYO
Then I killed yeasts and bacteria overgrowth’s. Finally I made significant progress.
Only the vitamins I was taking kept me alive. It seamed that nothing helped clear the infection
completely. At one point I took a cereal bowl full of vitamins twice a day to try to stay alive.
Progress stalled.
Finally in August of 2014 I took one dose of Invermectin (IVM). The symptoms abated for almost
a day. I finally knew what I had. Parasites. I asked The Mayo Clinic in Rochester MN, Duke in
Durham NC, and called 50 Tropical Disease doctors that are on the CDC list of care referrals. All of
this effort was a waste of time. No one indicated they would help.
26
• I went to PCP Dr #1 – he offered me a script for a sleeping pill

• I went to the local CFS guru, MD, he measured my PH, tested thyroid, adrenal, put me on
detox program.
• I located 3 local health food stores.
• I got local university research hospital, Dr PCP # 2
• I went to the local university hospital, ran tens of thousands of dollars of tests, GI and
colonoscopy, Brain MRI, hearing (refused offer for catscan#1, refused offer for ear surgery),
blood, nerve conduction study, (Refused offer for catscan#2). No problems found. PCP#2
recommended I see a Psychiatrist.
• Lungs filled with fluid, circulation stopped in arms and legs. Could not walk or drive. Took
MSM, Baking soda, Stinging nettle root, magnolia bark and rose hip seed tea to stay alive.
• I demanded a visit to the ID Dr #1, found no fungal or AZ desert parasite infection,
Immune panels showed nothing. (I appear to have eliminated SIYO infection at this point.)
• I took a single dose of IVM, I concluded I had a parasite infection.
• I went to PCP #3 and got a Gastrointestinal GI Dr turned white, sat down, said he would
not treat me, ran a test for Strongyloides and filiaria, he suggested I go to a teaching
hospital.
• Took PinX, took pictures of my parasites, vomited for 3 weeks. Pics of round, tape, flukes.
• I went to my PCP , Dr #3
• I asked to see ID Dr #2, Took one look at the parasite pictures, he declined to treat me,
and suggested I go to Mayo.
• I was refused by Mayo, PCP consultant said she needed a biopsy report from a pathologist.
• I was refused by Duke, said they were no longer treat parasite cases.
• I emailed the CDC who provided me list of both parasite associations … A list I had already
emailed and called to no avail.
• I called every USA based tropical medicine doctor I could fine, called research facilities,
emailed university and parasite researchers, If I was not a child, they would not treat me.
• I became unstable, PCP #3 wanted to medicate me with blood pressure medicine, I
refused. BP 200/150, Pulse 120.
• Forced PCP #3 to run a Ascaris test, came back positive, PCP #3 told me and my wife I
did not have Ascaris, even though the test result in his hand was positive and above the
threshold. Offered me a one-way trip to the Psyc ward.
• I was on my own
• I concluded that the medical establishment was a waste of time, and if I continued to
pursue the establishment, it would lead to my death. I stopped all contact with Doctors,
and cured myself.
Weight Oval Fluke

dried
The attached formula is for a 113 kgs 258 lb male
(Me). A lot of dosing of substances (especially anti-
parasitic substances) are meds tied to weight, and can
be influenced by sex, and age to some degree. Most
research has huge cautions when dosing these substances
for persons under the age of 18. Since weight is used to
calculate the dose of anti-parasitics, it is necessary to
ascertain an exact weight figure.
27
I used my body in an experiment. Everything everyone else said should work, did not work. Step by
step, process-by-process, test-by-test, I was in the slow lane, when I needed to be in the fast lane. I
had to learn and relearn everything, even things I thought I knew about health, body processes,
process loops, and methods to extract more performance out of the human body.
• Vitamin supplementation, to preserve the body and health while I did diagnostics, and
problem identification.
• Metals and their function within the body
• Body chemistry, process loops, waste elimination.
• How to get more performance out of the body DNA and the bodies ability to respond to
amino acids.
• Parasites
• Anti-parasitic treatments
There were no easy answers. I decided to do anything, I could do, I would do, short of killing
myself, to find a cure. Research became my education, my mind focused on reason; my pain
became an improvement level indicator. It was a crude, cumbersome, and slow process.
After 3 years of trying everything, I finally developed a formula that Fluke sucker
could kill parasites at will. I had a lot of help and questions from With oval
the CureZone, whose constant questions helped me move this crude body
formula and vitamin research into a successful, workable and
repeatable healing process (according to others) from critically ill
email correspondance. I had so much time invested in the research, I
had to document my impressions of the kill process in more detail.
Dosing for Women

Since women are different, I asked for and delighted for a fellow
CureZone gal (I’ll call Ann). Ann so kindly provided me the following
guidance (feedback) for women. Ann has helped dozens of folks start
the mineral, metal, and vitamin start-up sequence. Ann has gone
through the IVM test, PinX clearing, and Anti-parasitic clearing of flat
and oval worms. She asked more questions than anyone I
corresponded with. She is a natural.
In total it appears that the starting formula for anti-parasitics are way
to strong for women. Also I have been doing this for a while, and had
several kills under my belt. I had cleared SIBO and SIYO infections, and was getting tough. Ann
was hitting this process cold, and for the first time.
The dosing modifications for Women's dosing of

start-up supplements and anti-parasitics are provided,
so that two different viewpoints are represented. Tapeworm
Segments
Body in Balance
No cure is possible unless your body is working properly, that is why the minerals, metals, and herbs
and vitamins are provided.
I did not pull this out of my hat, I have 3 years of constant research, 80 gigabytes of stored
research, I have read tens of thousands of research papers, tested everything in this formula to
extreme dosing levels, and finally arrived at what I think was the proper and safe mix for me.
28
99% of the doctors do not have a clue. I am sorry this falls to you, but ultimately you are
responsible for your health and life.
I had to figure this thing out on

my own. There were only very
few clues.
I found so many inconsistencies

in the research, looked at
history, associations, conference
reports, looked at the people
who were doing the research,
the papers, and documenting
the subject. I started to believe
it was one big lie! So I
researched parasites back up to
to 3000 years ago.
Parasitologists treat children. I

called 50 of them, they had one question, are you a child? Only children get a “cocktail”. I read in a
pediatric journal, where the
author substituted the word
and in leau of the word or,
when he discussed the way to
defeat Ascaris. That was the Fluke skin exiting a finger – Picture given to 2nd ID “Dr”.
vital clue that confirmed my
suspicions. A cocktail is a mix
of substances, and several
meds taken together would be
required to quell the infection.
If you read enough parasite

history, you will realize
treating parasites in the early
days was using this root, or this
or bush, and entire families
were treated by this tea or by
eating that plant. Hundreds of
years were documented in
books, that describes a simple
process.
By the late 1800's and into the

early 1920's, many of these
natural substances were
identified, researched, and
refined into repeatable chemical killing processes. Doctors equipped with microscope and a few
books became the early parasitologists. They went around the world testing and curing tropical
diseases. Later there were oils, and more powerful extracted substances, combined with extracts of
black pepper, pumpkin, trees, roots, and berries, became the early medicines.
What is a Medicine?
29
Truth be told, most patent medicines at that time were derived from natural substances. A medicine
is a dose duration of a specific molecule or coctail of substances that generates a desired effect.
The amplitude of a single molecule type can have a high level, making it a dose.
Some medicines have a group of chemicals, like white willow bark, that unlike asprin, has a
spectrum of substances to perform all the roles of the natural compound, towards disease, and not
just a headache.
A medicine is typically only a single molecule type extracted from a broad spectrum natural
compounds, or a chemical substance. Early medicines contained many substances of a natural plant.
As testing identified the single active substance in a plant, extraction and chemical processes
replaced a simple extraction with chemical processes which produced higher concentrations of a
single active ingredient. Many studies show these simple single molecule medicines may not
perform as well as the extractions of the original natural medicine.
Trials and Studies
With patent medicines came trials and science. Then came the mass deployment of anti-parasitics
made by pharma companies into the herds of animals. This science developed from the simple early
days of herb teas, to become a chemical, then medical industry.
Field Research
Human anti parasitic patent medicine treatment progress came at a slower pace, with early stories
of cures, and deaths. This evolved into today’s politically correct view, which is to ignore disease, or
labeling it as a “neglected tropical disease”. Sad since we have the technology, just not the will.
Slurs such as using the Poor, under developed countries, or certain races of people are so often
used in mainstream research by so called “professionals” it makes me physically sick to read this
slander. It is intended to convince the public they are not at risk, which is a centuries old thinking
which serves no one, and is a huge dis service to everyone. Such narrow minds in the year 2015. If
it were up to me, anyone issuing this slander would be instantly fired.
Myths
Typically all the modern books and documents of today call for 3 capsules of this or that. Even the
CDC is so misinformed they repeat the same garbage. The typical definition of a “Cure” means that
a doctor scripts 3 pills, the stool is tested and shows no eggs, and the patient is declared cured.
This is total parasitology bullshit. Clearing the GI tract of parasite eggs is only the first step of a
cure.
Stool Sample Test

Let me repeat Parasitologists that I have read base all treatment, identification, and proclamation of
a cure based on a simple optical stool sample test.
30
The stool sample only tells you
what is going on in the GI
tract. This is a useless metric
set up by doctors a hundred
years ago. This negates the
ELISA and PCR test
technologies that are used by
modern medicine researchers,
and several parasite test labs.
I started looking at the

science, the process, and the
assumptions. The entire
discipline started to look like a
house of cards. Testing the
stool and declaring some
one well or cured is total
CRAP!
The 3 pill theory

An infection in the GI tract is
completely different than a
systemic infection. The 3 pill
theory only works to clear
eggs from the GI trac.
Again this treatment was
based on a 100 year old
metric, and a 100 year old
cure criteria. Only a retarded
doctor would read and do this
process.
Systemic Infection
After a few hours or days
parasite infections
disseminate. The dosing and
duration for systemic
infections are much higher, or
longer, or both.
The art of parasitology is so

backwards, that resistant
strains have been put in place,
making the treatment of a
parasite by 3 pills of anything
like putting 3 drops of water
on a house that is on fire!.
When ever you see the claims for treatment for 3 pills of this or that, keep in mind, they are
talking about An infection that has not yet disseminated. This is parasitology fantasy land.
31
For disseminated infections, the protocol, formula, and plan are completely not covered by any
study, plan, or research paper you read.
They know not what they preach. They have no field experience. Only 0.1% of the papers I read,
and acknowledge the truth. Infections in the GI are easy to treat, once worms travel, to organs,
tissues, and systems, they are hard to treat.
Early success from the 1600’s and 1700’s were refined by 1880, and 1890. This knowledge was
again refined to attempt to successfully treat parasitic infections.
These early approaches and methods were replaced by Oils (Oil of chenopodium), Cina, Santolina,
and substances that had quite a kick. By 1915, metrics, and success analysis were in place. After
several public studies and deaths, Parasitology were relegated to the scientific field of zoology.
Noted Parasitologists wrote papers stating it was not necessary to treat parasite infections. When
actually tested, newer substances did not really work safely, and killed many documented cases.
The CDC removed the words “'Parasite” and “'bug” in 1938, and by 1945 doctors were forgetting the
knowledge of previous generations. Now the CDC uses a “'cover story” of it's own history, calling
parasites “Neglected Tropical Infections”. The CDC is part of the same medical establishment that
uses sick people as piggy banks, prolonging the pain, misery, torture, and death that parasite
infections afflict. Shame, Shame, Shame.
Newer Meds finally started to emerge in the 1970’s, and were sold to the tune of millions of tons for
use on farm animals, cattle, sheep, chickens, goats. Medicines also were released for Vets to treat
cats, dogs, and fish. Human trials ended in failure or death. The field of Parasitology never
recovered. Failures and success stories were removed from most of the literature (including the NIH
database), and were replaced by the 3 pill dosing cover story.
3 pills? Hell, I could do the same thing with a single dose of Reese’s PinX and bypass all of the
medical yahoo’s. This “Cure” metric of stool eggs is the most stupid measure of success I have ever
heard of. Repeated ELISA or PCR tests being negative means you are cured. Optical stool tests are
useless.
Once parasites move into the body, doctors are so ignorant and clueless of the systemic cure
processes you might as well ask a veterinarian, CATTLE RAISERS ASSOCIATION, U.S.
Poultry & Egg Association, Dairy Association, North American Native Fishes Association,
American Water Works Association, or an old fashioned farmer - on how to treat an infection,
their answers will be more accurate and truthful than the medical profession in the United States of
America.
The medical system is so dysfunctional, and information over the Internet is so easily available it
falls again to the sick individual to determine their own diagnosis, write their own prescriptions,
32
procure their own substances, and administer a cure to easily treatable conditions. The medical
system is so broken.
I suggest a consultation with a unicorn, snake oil salesman, or blood letter would be vastly more
educational and cheaper than anyone employed in the medical profession.
Going to your doctor, local university hospital, or expert specialists will usually result in blank stares,
statements like there are no parasites in the United States, or I am not qualified to diagnose you,
find a doctor that treats tropical disease parasitic infections, a teaching hospital, or ask the CDC.
So it is left up to the sick, infected, the dying, and barely functional patient to be knowledgeable
about an extremely complex and mystic subject as parasites.
It is left up to the sick person to determine whether a parasitic infection is likely the cause of illness.
It is left up to the sick person to self-administer some remedy or allopathic medicine.
It is left up to you to cure yourself. Why do we have medical insurance?
Emergency Fluke Treatment

The combination treatment using Albendazole (ALB) and Praziquantel (PZQ or Prazi) appears
in very few research papers, but I, and others have found it very very effective for flatworms. A
parasite infection is the result of an exposure and a depressed immune system. Parasites are
experts in altering your immune system. One parasite dramatically changes the immune system.
Boosting the immune system during treatment is mandatory. Smaller roundworms may be excited
by this treatment, and an additional low level anti-parasitic may be required to control acid reflux
births. Excessive GI pain may be noted, that poorly improves with GI oils, butter, calcium, flax,
spirulina supplements.
Q&A
Q> The flukes have to be the most awful of them all, theyre like cactus inside me. My hair is coming
out alot also. I guess tea tree oil is best for the scalp ones? i poured so much on my head my scalp
burned and peeled. I pray your protocol ends this nightmare.
Q> Hi matt, several people on cz say theres no info on a cloris fluke on the web, i googled it and it
was all in german.do u happen to have a pic of this fluke? Mine arent coming out my scalp, atleast
not yet, but they are very prickly and ive lost half my hair. Being female the hair loss is devastating.
Ive attached a photo of a cz new girl that is also dealing with massive hair loss. Any discoveries you
might have on regrowth is appreciated, the pic is not me, it is a friend also battling parasites and
hair came out b4 taking any meds.
A> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonorchis_sinensis
sorry for the mis spelling
Anti-parasitics in General
Albendazole slowly puts worms (round worms primarily) to sleep. Research shows it blocks sugar
from feeding the worms. MBZ blocks carbs. Praziquantel tends to paralyze worm suckers (Round
33
or Flat). DEC causes internal worm damage. Piperazine (PPZ) paints the parasites for your
immune system to see small worms, cysts and eggs. PPZ damages the innards, and aids in the
removal of uric acid - nitrogen wastes. Alinia damages internal worm organs, and appears to
effect the reproductive function of Ascaris.
Q> I cannot get Piperazine citrate in my country.
A> If you cannot find Piperazine citrate, try finding bulk black pepper or black pepper oil. You
can make your own “essential oil” grind up Organic un radiated black pepper seeds. If you run
the seeds through a steam oil distiller you will make Piperazine oil. The reason I use Piperazine
citrate is that it is nearly impossible to get enough of the natural compound. If you get a herbal oil
still, you can make your own. Dosing has yet to be determined.
Whole spectrum can be made by setting the black pepper in glycol. Glycol is available by the gallon.
The Citrate “salt” form is more stable, and maintains freshness.
Nutraceutical brief
Herbal medicine is the oldest form of medicine.
• Core minerals, metals, vitamins

• Herb, plant, Latin, area, anecdotal reports
• Studies, compounds, identification, test, trials
• Whole herbs, roots berries, bush, tree
• Parts, seed, leaf, pistol, root, bark, core
• Capsules, pills, liquid
• Extract Co2, distill oil, water, glycol, alcohol
• Spectrum of compounds in herb can be strengthened and selected by using different
extraction method or base extracting compound.
Stabilizers:
Dry
Extract
Base
Glycol
Alcohol
Oil
Salt
Piperazine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperazine
Piperazine is freely soluble in water and ethylene glycol, but insoluble in diethyl
ether. It is a weak base with two pKbs of 5.35 and 9.73 at 25°C.; the pH of a 10%
aqueous solution of piperazine is 10.8-11.8. Piperazine readily absorbs water and
carbon dioxide from the air.
Salt can be made by adding citric acid
34
Two common salts in the form of which piperazine is usually prepared for
pharmaceutical or veterinary purposes are the citrate, 3C4H10N2.2C6H8O7 (i.e.
containing 3 molecules of piperazine to 2 molecules of citric acid), and the
adipate, C4H10N2.C6H10O4 (containing 1 molecule each of piperazine and adipic
acid).[2]
35
STOP!
Invermectin (IVM)
temporally “stops” worms, and
stops babies. Invermectin
works against a high
percentage of round worm
species, and several flat worm
species.
Invermectin should be used

with restraint for large worm
infections, when the worm
stops, it ceases to absorb anti-
parasitics, making the
elimination of worms more
difficult. Invermectin does not
kill parasite worms, it only
affects babies, L1 larvae, but
not adult or Juvie worms.
Invermectin kills virtually

nothing but eggs larvae 1
babies, it does not kill a worm,
infact it attenuates worm
killing. IVM essentially says Stop and Sleep to roundworms for up to 24 hours. IVM is useful system
wide for these limited functions and roles of sweat. IVM may cause parasites from feeding.
If you are taking DEC, ALB, or Prazi, then they are being feed anti-parasitics. IVM makes them
stop feeding anti-parasitics. Piperazine also stops parasites from feeding, makes them hungrier for
blood, and hence when Piperazine, they ingest more anti-parasitic meds.
Taking Invermectin during a birth of baby worms can be quite useful.
Certain Species of Strongyloides respond to Fenbendazole, @ 2.5mg/kg/D. Its safety is still in

question.
Fixing your body first

Parasites change your body into a
huge worm factory, change your
lipids, PH, suck you of your metals,
and minerals, overload you with
toxins, and crush your immune
system. If you have a runaway
systemic infection, your immune
system has been affected significantly;
your minerals, calcium status,
nitrogen loops, toxin levels, and
chemistries have all been manipulated
by the parasites. That is why anti-
parasitic Meds do not work without
balance and the other co-factors.
36
Anti-Parasitic Dosing
Anti-parasitics are Meds, that are dosed by the measure of milligrams per kilogram of weight
(mg/kg) per day. Milligrams to Kilograms ratio is a measure of drug weight/to the weight of a
person. This ratio defines a dose. When this ratio is multiplied by a persons weight, it defines the
amount of the substance. The administration of a dose is defined also over a period of time, such as
a day, so dosing is defined to be how many milligrams per kilogram of body weight per day
(mg/kg/D).
Deciphering Scripts
Scripts can be written as instructions, such as TID, SID, BID or QID, Three times in a day, Three
Dose in a Day, Twice half dose in a day, or four quarter doses in a day.
q.i.d. (on prescription): Seen on a prescription, q.i.d. (or qid) means 4 times a day (from the
Latin quarter in die). The abbreviation q.i.d. is also sometimes written without a period in capital
letters as "QID". However it is written, it is one of a number of hallowed abbreviations of Latin terms
that have been traditionally used in prescriptions to specify the frequency with which medicines
should be taken.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations:_Latin_abbreviations
Abbrev. Meaning Latin (or New Latin) origin

a.c. before meals ante cibum
a.m., am, AM morning ante meridiem
b.d.s, bds, BDS 2 times a day bis die sumendum
b.i.d., bid, bd twice a day / twice daily / 2 times daily bis in die
gtt., gtt drop(s) gutta(e)
h., h hour hora
h.s., hs at bedtime or half strength hora somni
ii two tablets duos doses
iii three tablets trēs doses
n.p.o., npo, NPO nothing by mouth / not by oral administration nil per os
once a day omne in die
o.d., od, OD
right eye oculus dexter
p.c. after food post cibum
p.m., pm, PM afternoon or evening post meridiem
p.o., po, PO orally / by mouth / oral administration per os / nonstandard form per orem
p.r., pr, PR rectally per rectum
as needed, (also Pertactin - a key antigen of
p.r.n., prn, PRN pro re nata
ac.Pertussis vaccine)
q. every quaque
q.1.d., q1d every day quaque die
q.1.h., q1h every hour quaque hora
q.2.h., q2h every 2 hours quaque secunda hora
q.4.h., q4h every 4 hours quaque quarta hora
q.6.h., q6h every 6 hours quaque sexta hora
q.8.h., q8h every 8 hours quaque octava hora
q.a.m., qAM, qam every morning quaque ante meridiem
q.d., qd every day / daily quaque die
37
q.h.s., qhs every night at bedtime quaque hora somni
q.d.s, qds, QDS 4 times a day quater die sumendum
q.i.d, qid 4 times a day quater in die
q.h., qh every hour, hourly quaque hora
q.o.d., qod every other day / alternate days quaque otra die
q.p.m., qPM, qpm every afternoon or evening quaque post meridiem
q.s., qs a sufficient quantity (enough) quantum sufficiat
prescription recipe
Rx, Rx, , ℞
Sig., S. directions signa
Stat. immediately, with no delay, now statim
t.d.s, tds, TDS 3 times a day ter die sumendum
t.i.d., tid 3 times a day ter in die
u.d., ud as directed ut dictum
Time - For this document:
PPM = Past 6 PM
AAM = Before 6 AM
Supplement Dosing Schedule

Supplements are Minerals, Metals, and Vitamins. Dosing of each supplement has a range
(Minimum – Medium – Maximum) (SP = maximum “special purpose” dose in a day). Normally
one starts low, and ramps up to the maximum dose, then after completing that phase, moves to
the “medium” or “typical” dose, and stays there for another 30 days. Upon completing that phase,
the dosing moves to the minimum level. Thereafter a maintenance plan is provided to continue
the cellular repair process, and maintain damaged DNA in cells until programmed cell death, new cell
generation, and for the amount of time it will take for cell replacement (up to 7 years!)
38
• After working up to the maximum dose, (days or weeks) every 30 days I would step down a
level.
At the conclusion of ~90 days (everyone is a little different), I would go onto the supplement items
listed in the Lifetime Maintenance Section.
Certain elements are pro human body, pro parasite. It is best to pulse these elements. Examples
are ALA, Vitamin A, and Zinc sulfate. These are best done at a high level, over a short period of
time. Later on, you will notice that a complete elimination of these supplements from the formula,
this is done after the initial fluke kill. These are tricky supplements, that one needs to get the
knack for. Pulsing means skipping day(s) and taking a high level of the supplement.
Long term supplements like vitamin C, Spirulina, and LEM extract will be used in the
maintenance section, which will provide a lifetime of parasite immunity. These substances are
approached differently.
Dosing and Ramp
Never take a medicine unless you understand that its effect may not be felt for 3 days after a dosing
level is started. Steping up the level and pausing for 3 days is required to feel the effect. Do not
ramp to quickly.
Safety
I have tested everything on this list at doses that way way exceed the levels in this
paper, and what I took. Just because I tested these substances at 2-3X the documented levels,
does not mean it will be safe for you.
It is still recommended that anyone pre-tests the introduction of each and every new substance or
supplement, you incorporate into your daily routine. One by one, and at low doses, start each
new substance in a test dose, to determine if there is an adverse reaction.
Starting more than one substance or supplement at once, prevents one from knowing which
substance caused an adverse reaction. I suggest adding a small amount of each substance, one
at a time, to determine if there is an adverse reaction.
39
I now (after concluding the big kills) dose much closer to the minimums, as I have killed just about
everything, Ascaris, Fluke(s) (I had 3 types), tapeworms, etc.
Certain vitamins like A, D and metal zinc have cautions and transitions and tempo. I suggest
you read all the information on these substances.
Brute Force Scientific Method

Early on I derived a set of assumptions, processes, methods to identify my disease. I started by
scanning and testing the body, blood work, physicals (I had 8), and sought a number of medical
processes and approaches. I eliminated, and fixed, fungal infections, bacterial overgrowth, mineral,
and metal imbalances, and tried to heal the DNA using algae. I pushed the problem around, still I
got no better. No matter what I tried, I failed to cure. As soon as I stopped vitamins, I got worse,
and went down hill quickly. The scientific process works, sometimes just not work that quickly.
The trial and error method produced a number of red herring test results, including kills of SIYO
yeast using Caprylic acid, Beta Glucan, and Turkey Tail, kills of bacterial overgrowth using
HUmineral, Chitosan, Deoxycycline, and others. You may feel better but you know you are still
sick.
This early progress stalled as I found no other bacteria or yeast infections to kill.
All of these early successes were misleading and confusing to me. I had yet to test and identify I
had a parasite infection. A single dose of Invermectin informed me of what I had been avoiding
and fighting, a parasite infection.
40
Research links
http://www.microbeworld.org/podcasts/this-week-in-parasitism
The Final Formula

In August of 2014 a IVM test dose proved I had a parasite infection. I took one “Test Dose” and
all my symptoms abated for 24 hours. I ran doctors testing, and my own research in parallel. It was
a long search that did not end with the knowledge that I had a roundworm infection. After trying
everything I seam to have cleared my infection in a matter of weeks, after a year of testing anti-
parasitics, documenting the test effects, discussing this with a small circle of friends, and then
reformulating the approach.
When your vision comes back, and you start dumping black, you know you are almost home free.
The Dodder seed (Cuscuta ) stimulates your lymph
system to help move out the black junk. When you
finally generate a real kill, there is very little doubt as to
the effectiveness of the formula.
Good Luck, I’m finally back to working, and wrapping

the whole parasite thing up, finally. I am moving on
with my life, and look forward to one day publishing
what I have learned. I have several longer versions
that explain what each mineral, metal, herb does, do
not hesitate to ask questions if you need to know how
this formula actually works.
I am in the process of moving all of my research

documents into “Short and Sweetn – How I did it!”,
making it longer and more detailed, and incorporating
research for different kind of parasite infections. This
material may not be complete or up to date, new
parasite research is being generated on a daily basis.
The Formula for Women

Ann needed to keep working so she did all three
phases at once, start-up, minerals, metals, herbs,
clearing the GI trac, and anti-parasitics. I normally
suggest starting with PH herbs, then clearing the GI with the IVM/PinX , then doing a tailored anti-
parasitic dosing. Ann then did all four phases at once. These phases in parallel stressed her detox
system to the max.
The GI system is calmed and made to run again using Magnesium Citrate, Spirulina, Chorella,
Charcoal, Magnesium sulfate, Probiotics, and yeast or bacteria killers, like Caprylic acid,
Chitosan, Saccharomyces boulardii, etc. Without any more of my preface, here is how Ann
adjusted the formula for her:
Dosing for Women (Ann):
I tried to do all 3 phases, start, minerals, metals, herbals, clear the GI tract, and start anti-parasitics
at once. It resulted in a toxic overload to my system.
41
Also, it seems like such high doses Piperazine aren’t as needed when you start Albendazole and
Praziquantel together. I am not sure why that is possible.
I am now 127 lbs, 5'8
I cut down Piperazine even more yesterday. The brain feels much better today after 2 light days of
meds.
AM Morning I am on 140mg Piperazine
Noon 200 mg Albendazole

Noon 1/2 tsp Praziquantel
Noonish 3/4 wafer DEC (usually closer to one, I try to take w food)
PM 100 mg Albendazole
PM (before bed) 140 mg Piperazine
I took the 1/2 tsp Praziquantel once, at noon, instead of separating it into two doses of AM/PM.
I am still playing with this but will definitely hold for a while until I'm stronger. I'll let you know of
any updates or thoughts I have.
Currently, am dosing IVM only when I need a break from ALB or if I feel crazy bursting, which I
haven't felt for a while since (I think) I was out of zinc for a bit. I still take the starting dose of
600mg/day, which is high, and I still take the 4 teaspoons of MSM powder in water a day.
Update 4 weeks:
Q.>I am also dumping tons of black liquid after normal stool. Have to stay home til it stops around 5
every day. Bowels still somewhat locked, mornings difficult but lately it's been eventually moving
then toxins. Can't believe how much. Every once at a while I see a tinge of green then its back to
black.
My GI has been completely empty the last few evenings, its hard to eat its so raw and sensitive.
Needs to heal, but its hard w all the shit continually coming out.
I have increased meds slowly am up to 280mg PPZ am/pm

300-400 mg ALB noon
1/2 tsp Prazi noon
3/4-1 wafer DEC (400mg)
Update 6 weeks:
Back at it today. 380 mg PPZ this morning, the max I handle at this phase.
Can still only handle once daily dose ALB /Prazi, as it can cause bowel unlock and dump and I
need to be standing, moving around the house for that. Did 500mg ALB and just over 1/2 tsp
Prazi, felt stronger, ready for the slight increase.
DEC still makes me feel messed up, freezing cold, tired, not thinking totally clear. I am still between
1/2 -3/4 (early eve, can't take in the middle of toxin dumping). But have gone up to
1 1/2 tsp PPZ am/pm
600 mg ALB afternoon w
42
3/4 tsp Prazi
Bowel regular, using Iodine, lugols. 8-10 drops, 3x per day
Backing down on Zinc and MSM
Started grinding Flaxseeds for mixing with the yogurt.
I am still having at this crazy dumping. The IVM is effectively a pause that was my only day of not
dumping, going through this in the last ten.
It's pretty crazy intense, dealing w this bowel lock and body dumping toxins at once. I wait to eat,
usually at 6 or so til its done, but in the meantime am dosing lots, and lots of Spirulina.
Update 8 weeks:
So, PinX did a real number on my gut and, not surprisingly for me, the colon is really affected by
trying to deal w the fallout/toxins.
Trying to go back on meds the next day was too soon, the day after that it was too much for my
body trying to move out toxins. I feel my parasite load much decreased. Colon needs to move out
toxins and heal. I have had to work the last couple days and have to be busy on Thursday, Friday so
I devised a plan.
I have been dosing IVM starting yesterday going to do just IVM/PPZ/DEC to keep things at bay
thru Friday, when I work, then hopefully back on ALB and Prazi Saturday. I need to let my body
balance a bit before starting in on a serious kill again. Also I believe by letting things settle I'll get a
sense of where I am.
I do not have such a need for supplements at the moment, I think my body is re learning how to
balance and fight on its own. You said that once the bowel is so affected it can take a while to heal:
Q.>Are we talking years or months once I've moved the most serious bunch of toxins?
It would be great to have some idea because this affects my life so much.
My GI tract continues to improve, I think the living and dying worm enzymes cause most of the
problems, once they are dead, it takes a few days to weeks to clear out the debris.
Q.>is this just because my body has been so severely sick and affected by this toxicity and my
colon took much of the stress? I am assuming that it's a bit luck of the draw, ie you had to deal w
your kidneys shutting down on and off, for me its my colon. >>>>am I correct in this assumption?
Because I know not everyone dealing with parasites at this level is affected the same.
I had an infection for 8 years, it just took to so long for me, and I had to many kinds of parasites. I
think this is a matter of severity. I have many people worse than you, Cannot walk, no vision, etc. I
can only say that it passes with time. The vits are explained now in the document, and how they
work.
Q.>So the plan is IVM am/pm

PPZ 1-2 tsp AM/PM
DEC 200-400mg mid point between IVM dosing
Doing this and less supplements to help my body balance and detox on its own
Does this sound OK?
43
Yes it sounds like a time out, and will keep babies from growing/living, you have the hang with this
thing!
Q> Then I will remove IVM and reintroduce Prazi 1/4 tsp AM, alb 200 noon and slowly increase
from there as I can handle it.
> I would like to suggest using my latest second 30 day formula, it takes about 3 days to kill, I take
ALB/DEC/Piperazine at AM/Noon and Prazi in yogurt PM and PPM. It was 3 days of hell, but it
kills the fastest. Prazi pinches their mouth, they get hungry, then wham, scoot them the Meds,
They ache, and twitch, then you stink, they die.
Parasite load definitely much better. But interestingly enough, brain and right foot where I feel most
activity.
Update 9 Weeks:
Hey!:)
I feel absolutely incredible today, still colon issues, but I think that will be a bit slower healing as I've
done so much in such a relatively short time. I am walking right now in the sun, been walking at a
good pace almost an hour and not tired at all.
I feel more and more and more like myself again and have more and more moments of such joy to
be alive.
The last few weeks have been the first time I can say 100% I am not going anywhere. It's a good
feeling.
I am going back on stronger meds today. I will follow your new formula as close as I can (only first
dose to begin ALB and Prazi)
I just took 4 days off ALB/Prazi. PinX even though still hard on me, showed me that my GI is
relatively clear. I think you're right, at this stage it is most likely not necessary. I don't foresee
having to take it again.
Break days I kept things at bay with IVM PPZ and DEC (as far away in time from IVM dose as
possible)
My body is very very strong. After that crazy dumping phase I had my immune system is really
kicking in.
I feel good to be alive.
When I started this and kept saying thank you, you told me not to thank you yet.
Even though it's not over I have survived and know how to continue to get better.
So, thank you.
44
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
1. Ascaris Fluke Tapeworm Formula (Round, Flat, and Oval).....................................................................1
Latest Document............................................................................................................................2
Status:...........................................................................................................................................2
Parasites..............................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................4
Parasite Classifications.....................................................................................................4
10 key signs a parasite is present in the body....................................................................5
Symptoms.......................................................................................................................6
Tests..............................................................................................................................8
Size................................................................................................................................9
2. Lactose intolerance............................................................................................................................10
Next..................................................................................................................................11
Enzymes............................................................................................................................11
How do Anti-Parasitics Work?..............................................................................................11
Keep it simple.....................................................................................................................11
Few Meds work..................................................................................................................11
Treat.................................................................................................................................12
ELISA.................................................................................................................................12
Critical Accute Infection: ..............................................................................................................12
Q&A...................................................................................................................................13
Get into the Critical Path Parasite treatment process:......................................................................14
Severe Critical Parasite Infection..........................................................................................15
Protect Organs...................................................................................................................15
BBB...................................................................................................................................15
Large Round Worm.............................................................................................................15
Testing..............................................................................................................................17
Get a Flatworm Elisa, (Highest Priority Test)....................................................................17
Get a Roundworm Elisa (Second priority test)..................................................................17
Round to Flat to Round Elimination Process.....................................................................17
Bridge...........................................................................................................................18
Keys..............................................................................................................................18
Fix the Body..................................................................................................................19
In General.....................................................................................................................19
ELISA TEST...................................................................................................................19
IVM Test.......................................................................................................................20
Nothing Worked.................................................................................................................20
Significance of Fluke infection.........................................................................................20
Preamble Wrapup.........................................................................................................................20
Log..............................................................................................................................................21
Rehab..........................................................................................................................................21
Revision Log:...............................................................................................................................22
To Do:.........................................................................................................................................22
Forward.......................................................................................................................................23
Liability........................................................................................................................................23
Q&A............................................................................................................................................23
This information is provided for information purposes only....................................................23
45
Ascaris 123..................................................................................................................................24
Direction............................................................................................................................24
Research............................................................................................................................24
Dose..................................................................................................................................24
Some Success....................................................................................................................25
NTD...................................................................................................................................25
Here is my Story: ........................................................................................................................25
Stay Alive Formula..............................................................................................................26
SIBO and SIYO...................................................................................................................26
Weight.........................................................................................................................................27
Dosing for Women........................................................................................................................28
Body in Balance............................................................................................................................28
What is a Medicine?............................................................................................................29
Trials and Studies..........................................................................................................30
Field Research...............................................................................................................30
Myths............................................................................................................................30
Stool Sample Test.........................................................................................................................30
The 3 pill theory...........................................................................................................................31
Systemic Infection........................................................................................................................31
Emergency Fluke Treatment..........................................................................................................33
Anti-parasitics in General..............................................................................................................33
Nutraceutical brief..............................................................................................................34
Herbal medicine is the oldest form of medicine................................................................34
Stabilizers:....................................................................................................................34
Piperazine.....................................................................................................................34
STOP!...........................................................................................................................36
Fixing your body first....................................................................................................................36
Anti-Parasitic Dosing.....................................................................................................................37
Deciphering Scripts.......................................................................................................................37
Time - For this document:...................................................................................................38
Supplement Dosing Schedule........................................................................................................38
Dosing and Ramp...............................................................................................................39
Safety..........................................................................................................................................39
Brute Force Scientific Method........................................................................................................40
Research links....................................................................................................................41
The Final Formula.........................................................................................................................41
The Formula for Women...............................................................................................................41
Dosing for Women (Ann):...................................................................................................41
Update 4 weeks:.................................................................................................................42
Update 6 weeks:.................................................................................................................42
Update 8 weeks:.................................................................................................................43
Update 9 Weeks:................................................................................................................44
3. Table of Contents..............................................................................................................................45
4. The Truth.........................................................................................................................................65
Water..........................................................................................................................................65
Definition: Water-borne Diseases...................................................................................................65
Main Document............................................................................................................................65
Inactivation of Single-Celled Ascaris suum Eggs by Low-Pressure UV Radiation ...............................68
ABSTRACT.........................................................................................................................68
Beef.............................................................................................................................................69
Discussion....................................................................................................................................71
5. The Compass – Which way to Go?......................................................................................................72
46
6. The Answer.......................................................................................................................................73
7. Its All Snake Oil Medicine...................................................................................................................74

Parasite types, Load, Health..........................................................................................................74
Parasite Load...............................................................................................................................74
Parasite Load...............................................................................................................................75
8. THE PLAN.........................................................................................................................................77
PH...............................................................................................................................................77
Parasite poisoning...............................................................................................................77
PH Emergency....................................................................................................................77
Death by Acid.....................................................................................................................77
Everyone should have Personal Emergency medicines....................................................................78
Essential Emergency Medicines............................................................................................78
Rescue Minerals and detoxification Algae … are life savers. .................................................78
Kickoff - Phase 0 Supplements........................................................................................79
Heavy Metal Load..........................................................................................................79
Relief from Hell..............................................................................................................80
Sepsis – call 911.................................................................................................................80
Blood Clot..........................................................................................................................81
White Willow Bark natural full spectrum extract...............................................................81
Other uses.....................................................................................................................82
Early Interventions.............................................................................................................82
Magnesium....................................................................................................................82
Epsom Salt Baths...........................................................................................................82
Impacted Bowel..................................................................................................................82
Dried fruits....................................................................................................................82
Apples...........................................................................................................................83
Plums............................................................................................................................83
Pears............................................................................................................................83
Berries..........................................................................................................................83
Banana..........................................................................................................................83
Keeping your organs alive...................................................................................................83
MSM.............................................................................................................................83
Getting Started Sequence:............................................................................................................84
Q/A Nitrogen in Parasites....................................................................................................84
9. Q/A - What is a Zoonis/Parasite/Nematode?........................................................................................86
10.Consume..........................................................................................................................................86
Sugar.................................................................................................................................89
Dont’s................................................................................................................................89
ROS, Oxygen, and DNA repair.............................................................................................89
Starting Supplements..........................................................................................................89
PH Process:..................................................................................................................................90
PH.....................................................................................................................................90
Hair Analysis......................................................................................................................90
Chelation............................................................................................................................90
Chelation Strategy:........................................................................................................92
The Healing Crisis...............................................................................................................93
Malabsorption.....................................................................................................................93
ROS Signaling.....................................................................................................................95
Intracellular pH following extracellular acidosis.....................................................................95
Constipation.......................................................................................................................96
Atonic constipation can be helped by the following foods:................................................97
47
Substances that cause constipation:....................................................................................97
Minerals and Metals......................................................................................................................97
Metals................................................................................................................................98
Minerals.............................................................................................................................99
RDA vitamin Dose........................................................................................................100
Kidneys......................................................................................................................................101
My standard Process:..................................................................................................................102
Standard Process Diagram............................................................................................102
Phase 0 – Supplement, Balance, and ELISA Testing:...........................................................102
Filaria.........................................................................................................................................105
Ascaris IgG ELISA kit description:................................................................................................109
Phase 1 - SIBO and SIYO kills:...........................................................................................114
Good Bacteria..............................................................................................................114
Normal Digestion Process.............................................................................................115
Flora Biodome..............................................................................................................116
Gut Regulation of the bodies Immune system ...............................................................117
T cells ........................................................................................................................118
Immune system regulation in the gut............................................................................118
Bad Bacteria in Malabsorbtion.......................................................................................119
Starvation....................................................................................................................119
Avoiding Death, Cancer, and bring the body into Equilibrium..........................................120
There are also suggestions of things that breakup tough Biofilms (SIBO And SIYO) .......121
Phase 2 - GI tract Parasite Clearing:..................................................................................121
Phase 3 - Systemic Killing:.................................................................................................123
Phase 4 - Mop up:............................................................................................................126
Phase 5 Taper..................................................................................................................126
Start-up...........................................................................................................................126
Phase 2 Antiparasitic meds dosing...............................................................................................126
The Single Dose IVM Test.................................................................................................126
Clear the GI Trac..............................................................................................................127
Again: Steps 1 and 2 with even more detail….....................................................................128
PinX.................................................................................................................................128
PinX Dosing......................................................................................................................129
Stool Visual Inspection......................................................................................................129
Look For...........................................................................................................................129
Nitrogen Quick Fix............................................................................................................131
How to use Invermectin and Piperazine to kill baby worms..................................................131
Worm larvae in Arteries, heart, and eyes............................................................................131
Avoid Blood Clots..............................................................................................................133
How to ramp meds...........................................................................................................133
11.Phase 3 and Phase 4 Dosing............................................................................................................134

Dosing Timeline..........................................................................................................................136
Anti-parasitic dosing Total in Day (Q1D).............................................................................136
Do Not Exceed..................................................................................................................136
Final Formula....................................................................................................................137
12.ASCARIS AND FLUKE FORMULA 10/20/15.........................................................................................138

AAM (2-4 AM) - if awake, if not dose on rising..............................................................................138
AM Kickoff Minerals, Metals, Liver Stimulation...............................................................................138
CONCLUSIONS: ..........................................................................................................138
AM Liver, Supplement, Sustain, Flush formula..............................................................................139
Fat soluble Vitamins..........................................................................................................139
AM Nitrogen Loop Stress Reduction.............................................................................................140
48
AM Antiparasitics .......................................................................................................................140
AM Immune System....................................................................................................................140
(Noon) Blood Flush Substances ..................................................................................................140
(Noon) Circulation health............................................................................................................140
Noon Antiparasitics ....................................................................................................................140
PM Lymph Flush substances........................................................................................................141
PM.............................................................................................................................................141
PM Antiparasitics .......................................................................................................................141
PPM...........................................................................................................................................141
PPM Anti-parasitics at bedtime....................................................................................................141
13.Time Line........................................................................................................................................142
14.Conversion Factors..........................................................................................................................143
15.Shopping Sources 051515................................................................................................................144
16. Ascaris Fluke Tapeworm Formula .......................................................................................................1
Water........................................................................................................................................144
Nutrient destroyers:..........................................................................................................144
Interventionalists..............................................................................................................145
HOW TO USE A DRUG / SUPPLEMENT.........................................................................................145
Vitamin process …factor, cofactors, steering amino acid: MAK.............................................145
Vitamin Links....................................................................................................................146
A primer on free radicals, pro-oxidants, and antioxidants..............................................................147
Complete antioxidant protection, how................................................................................147
Vitamin Classification: MAK..........................................................................................................148
Dr Earl Mindell’s Vitamin Bible............................................................................................148
Dr Royal Lee.....................................................................................................................149
Water........................................................................................................................................149
Herbal Medicine Store.................................................................................................................150
AMINO ACIDS, FOOD, SUPPLEMENTS..........................................................................................151
Understanding the role of microscopic algae.......................................................................151
Chlorophyll.......................................................................................................................154
Chlorella...........................................................................................................................154
Spirulina...........................................................................................................................154
Source of Life Multivitamin Spirulina Tablets..................................................................154
Spirulina Capsules........................................................................................................155
Bulk Spirulina Powder...................................................................................................155
ALA..................................................................................................................................155
ALC and ALA:...............................................................................................................156
ALA with C, A, CQ10:...................................................................................................156
Metabolic syndrome use ALA........................................................................................156
ALA is the perfect antioxidant ......................................................................................157
ALA Studies.................................................................................................................157
Antioxidant stress Cocktail.................................................................................................157
L-Carnitine.......................................................................................................................160
Role in fatty acid metabolism.............................................................................................162
Effects on bone mass........................................................................................................163
Antioxidant effects............................................................................................................163
Heart conditions...............................................................................................................163
Kidney disease and dialysis................................................................................................164
Effect in male infertility.....................................................................................................164
As a weight loss supplement..............................................................................................164
49
As an antidote in valproic acid poisoning............................................................................164
Sources......................................................................................................................................164
Food................................................................................................................................164
Vitamin A foods ..........................................................................................................164
Minerals and Compounds............................................................................................................165
Calcium............................................................................................................................166
Relationship between Milk and Calcium Intake .............................................................................166
Abstract...........................................................................................................................166
Purpose.......................................................................................................................166
Materials and Methods.................................................................................................166
Results........................................................................................................................166
Conclusion...................................................................................................................167
Activated charcoal ............................................................................................................168
Magnesium CITRATE.........................................................................................................168
The Best Brain Supplement...........................................................................................169
Magnesium Sulfate............................................................................................................169
MSM - Organic Sulfur........................................................................................................171
Potassium........................................................................................................................173
Metals........................................................................................................................................173
Copper.............................................................................................................................173
Bio Enzyme forms of Copper.........................................................................................173
Iodine..............................................................................................................................175
Review Of Atomidine (Iodine).......................................................................................175
The History of Iodine...................................................................................................176
Iodine From Sea Plant Minerals ...................................................................................177
Iodine and Vitamin D ..................................................................................................177
Iodine.........................................................................................................................178
Selenium..........................................................................................................................182
Astragalus...................................................................................................................185
Zinc.............................................................................................................................185
Boron...............................................................................................................................186
Vandium...........................................................................................................................186
Chromium........................................................................................................................186
ZINC SULFATE..................................................................................................................186
Germanium......................................................................................................................188
Glutathione, Sulfur, Sulfur Amino antioxidants..............................................................................191
How Antioxidants Work.....................................................................................................191
ESTER C.....................................................................................................................................193
Fat based Vitamins............................................................................................................193
Vitamin A ........................................................................................................................193
Carrot oil..........................................................................................................................194
Hypervitaminosis A ..........................................................................................................195
B complex B50..................................................................................................................196
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)..................................................................................................196
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin).................................................................................................197
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)......................................................................................................197
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)................................................................................................198
Biotin B7......................................................................................................................198
Folate B9.....................................................................................................................198
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)..............................................................................................199
Ester C ............................................................................................................................201
Vitamin D3.......................................................................................................................202
Vitamin E.........................................................................................................................203
Mixed tocopherols............................................................................................................204
50
Vitamin E protection..........................................................................................................204
Vitamin E content ............................................................................................................205
Tocopherol.......................................................................................................................206
Vitamin E Forms...............................................................................................................206
Alpha-tocopherol..............................................................................................................206
Tocotrienols......................................................................................................................207
d-alpha tocopherol (FOR cq10).........................................................................................207
Alpha-tocopherol .............................................................................................................207
Tocotrienols......................................................................................................................208
Vitamin E Alpha-tocopherol...............................................................................................208
Vitamin F..........................................................................................................................209
Vitamin K.........................................................................................................................209
QGEL water-soluble CQ10 for the kidneys..........................................................................210
CQ10...............................................................................................................................210
CQ10 Activity...............................................................................................................210
COENZYME Q10 By PETER H. LANGSJOEN, M.D., F.A.C.C. .............................................211
CQ10 DEFINITION ......................................................................................................211
CQ10 HISTORY ...........................................................................................................212
COENZYME Q10 DEFICIENCY ......................................................................................212
TREATMENT OF HEART DISEASE WITH COENZYME Q10 ...............................................213
Herbs and Herb extracts.............................................................................................................215
Borage Seed oil................................................................................................................215
Natural GLA Sources:...................................................................................................215
USES...........................................................................................................................216
Valerian root extract ........................................................................................................216
Treatment of Human Parasitosis in Traditional Chinese Medicine.....................................218
Evening Primrose Oil.........................................................................................................221
Silymarin..........................................................................................................................221
NAC.................................................................................................................................221
Glutathione.......................................................................................................................222
Toxin Removing Herbs......................................................................................................222
Scientific Name(s): ......................................................................................................223
Uses............................................................................................................................223
Dosing.........................................................................................................................223
Chemistry....................................................................................................................223
Anti-inflammatory........................................................................................................223
Antibacterial................................................................................................................223
Anti-diarrheal...............................................................................................................223
Goldenseal ......................................................................................................................223
Oregon Grape Root ..........................................................................................................225
BARBERRY.......................................................................................................................225
Fucoidan Extract...............................................................................................................226
Turkey Tail.......................................................................................................................227
Ginkgo.............................................................................................................................228
Ginkgo Biloba...................................................................................................................228
Ginger..............................................................................................................................229
Tumeric............................................................................................................................230
The value of Curcumin ................................................................................................230
Guaifenesin .....................................................................................................................231
Dodder seed ....................................................................................................................231
White Willow Bark.............................................................................................................232
Horse chestnut.................................................................................................................232
Milk Thistle ......................................................................................................................233
Dandelion root:............................................................................................................233
51
Piperine ...........................................................................................................................234
Malic Acid.........................................................................................................................234
SOD.................................................................................................................................234
Elecampane Root ........................................................................................................234
Blessed Thistle..................................................................................................................234
Black Cumin Seed.............................................................................................................235
Oregano...........................................................................................................................235
Pumpkin Seed...................................................................................................................236
Nutmeg with Buttermilk for Amoebiasis..............................................................................236
Chaparral.........................................................................................................................236
Taurine............................................................................................................................236
Magnolia bark extract........................................................................................................237
Tunjuk Langit (Magnolia seeds)........................................................................................237
Melatonin.........................................................................................................................239
St. John's Wort.................................................................................................................239
Yogurt..............................................................................................................................239
DHEA...............................................................................................................................239
DHEA usage and safety precautions..............................................................................240
DHEA precautions for men............................................................................................240
NADA...............................................................................................................................241
Cranberry.........................................................................................................................241
Rosehip seed....................................................................................................................247
Glass Jug..........................................................................................................................248
Krups grinder....................................................................................................................248
Rosehip seed tea recipe................................................................................................248
Orange Juicer and Zester..................................................................................................249
Metrokane juicer from Target.......................................................................................249
IQ citrus zester from williams and sonoma.....................................................................249
Orange Juice Recipe C with Bioflavinoids.......................................................................249
Lemon Juice PH Bioflavinoid Drink.................................................................................249
Tomato Juice Recipe C.................................................................................................249
Stinging nettle..................................................................................................................249
Danish RoseHips CAPSULES...............................................................................................249
Choline.............................................................................................................................250
Bromelain.........................................................................................................................250
Probiotic 225....................................................................................................................252
Probiotic 225 Brand: Ortho Molecular Products ...........................................................................252
Select Organisms.........................................................................................................252
Activia Yogurt by Dannon..................................................................................................252
Kidney Flushing..........................................................................................................................252
KGP Flush.........................................................................................................................252
Enzymes....................................................................................................................................253
Serrapeptase....................................................................................................................253
Dosage: .....................................................................................................................253
Supplement enzymes...................................................................................................253
Enteric Coated Serrapeptase.........................................................................................254
Protease......................................................................................................................254
Bromelain*..................................................................................................................254
Papain*.......................................................................................................................254
Amylase......................................................................................................................255
Lipase.........................................................................................................................255
Amla...........................................................................................................................255
Rutin...........................................................................................................................255
Serrapeptase actions....................................................................................................255
52
Systemic Enzyme Therapy for Men and Women.............................................................256
USES:..........................................................................................................................257
Other Applications........................................................................................................258
17.Food...............................................................................................................................................260
Grandparents....................................................................................................................260
Micronutrients by Food Groups..........................................................................................261
Dairy: .........................................................................................................................261
Fatty Fish: ..................................................................................................................262
Fruits: ........................................................................................................................262
Whole-Grains / Cereal: ................................................................................................262
Legumes: ...................................................................................................................262
Meat: .........................................................................................................................263
Nuts: ..........................................................................................................................263
Vegetables: ................................................................................................................263
Special Nutrition Foods.................................................................................................264
Spinach – Source of Iron ..................................................................................................264
Garlic...............................................................................................................................265
Cayenne...........................................................................................................................265
Celery Seed......................................................................................................................265
Cinnamon.........................................................................................................................265
Cranberry.........................................................................................................................266
Red Raspberry.............................................................................................................266
Goats Rue...................................................................................................................266
Cruciferous Vegetables......................................................................................................266
Rosemary.........................................................................................................................266
Thyme.............................................................................................................................267
Small Red potatoes Mashed With B bio Recipe DNA ...........................................................267
4 Ounce Meat Dinner .......................................................................................................268
alkaline-forming foods ......................................................................................................268
Habit foods:.................................................................................................................268
Antiparasitics..............................................................................................................................268
PinX.................................................................................................................................268
State of the art.................................................................................................................269
Albendazole................................................................................................................................270
A weak anti-parasitic.........................................................................................................270
Co Factor.........................................................................................................................270
Benzimidazoles...........................................................................................................................272
thiabendazole...................................................................................................................272
Praziquantel – Prazi - PZQ.................................................................................................274
Praziquantel side effects....................................................................................................276
TCBZ................................................................................................................................276
Piperazine Citrate..............................................................................................................276
Dosing.........................................................................................................................277
Black Pepper (Piperazine) Background.........................................................................................278
Common Name.................................................................................................................278
Botanical Name.................................................................................................................278
Parts Used........................................................................................................................278
Overview..........................................................................................................................278
Botany.............................................................................................................................278
Cultivation And Harvesting................................................................................................279
History And Folklore..........................................................................................................279
Flavor Notes And Energetics..............................................................................................279
Herbal Actions..................................................................................................................280
53
Constituents.....................................................................................................................280
Scientific Research............................................................................................................280
Entacyl Brand Names Mixture .....................................................................................................280
Entacyl.............................................................................................................................280
Invermectin......................................................................................................................281
Latrotoxin.........................................................................................................................281
Nitazoxanide.....................................................................................................................282
Levamisole, pyrantel and morantel.....................................................................................283
DEC.................................................................................................................................283
Treatment...................................................................................................................283
Flagyl...............................................................................................................................284
Mebendazole (Vermox).....................................................................................................285
18.Mattk3 Personal Log – Formula #3...................................................................................................287

Day 15 Massive Fluke kill.............................................................................................................287
Day 34 Anti-Parasitics ASCARIS FLUKE.........................................................................................288
Day 35.......................................................................................................................................288
Day 36.......................................................................................................................................288
Tweak 1.....................................................................................................................................288
Day 59 Massive FLUKE?Ascaris Kill Stench....................................................................................289
TWEAK 2 – Day 60.....................................................................................................................289
Day 60 FLUKE?Ascaris Killing Formula..........................................................................................289
Day 63 Lower Albendazole, Lets get roundworms.........................................................................289
DAY 67........................................................................................................................291
Day 72........................................................................................................................291
Day 75........................................................................................................................291
Day 90........................................................................................................................292
TAPER PLAN – first try................................................................................................................303
HAIR Regrowth plan...................................................................................................................305
Maintenance...............................................................................................................................305
19.DNA and DNA Repair Primer.............................................................................................................306

Cell Death by suicide...................................................................................................................308
No Cancer..................................................................................................................................310
20.Fluke Treatment News.....................................................................................................................311

Triclabendazole – CDC - Update..................................................................................................311
Additional Perspective About Fasciola Therapy..............................................................................311
Vitamin D3 and Praziquantel Discovery...............................................................................311
Trematode and Cestode Abstract.................................................................................................312
21.Metabolic and Systemic Issues.........................................................................................................312

Acidosis......................................................................................................................................312
The Acidosis/Hypoxia Cancer Link......................................................................................313
Body Acidity ................................................................................................................313
Automatic Hyperventilation as a Correction of Acidosis...................................................314
Hyperventilation Causes Low Body CO2 ........................................................................314
Low CO2 Causes Vascular Restriction and Low Tissue Oxygen........................................314
Hypoxia (low oxygen in body tissues) as Cancer Cause .................................................314
The Vicious Cycle Leading to Cancer.............................................................................314
Low Immunity Allows Cancer Growth............................................................................315
Stopping the Cancer Process.........................................................................................315
Gauging Return to Normal Body pH...............................................................................315
Destroying Tumors ......................................................................................................315
PH Measurement..............................................................................................................316
54
Why should we be concerned about pH levels? .............................................................316
Understanding pH Level and Why Many People Develop Cancer .....................................317
pH: what does it mean? ..............................................................................................317
If you have health problems, this is a sign that you are acidic. .......................................317
Your body pH affects everything...................................................................................318
Cancer is not compatible in a healthy pH environment full of oxygen. ............................318
Minerals.....................................................................................................................................318
Trace Metals.....................................................................................................................319
Vitamin Links..............................................................................................................................320
What do adrenal hormones do?...................................................................................................320
Cortisol............................................................................................................................322
DHEA...............................................................................................................................322
Cortisol Functions.............................................................................................................322
Pituitary...........................................................................................................................322
Aldosterone.................................................................................................................323
What are the symptoms of adrenal insufficiency?................................................................323
Hyperpigmentation.......................................................................................................323
What causes Addison's disease?....................................................................................324
Autoimmune Disorders.................................................................................................324
What causes secondary adrenal insufficiency?....................................................................325
Adrenal Stimulation...........................................................................................................325
Ashwaghanda..............................................................................................................325
Neurotoxic Syndromes................................................................................................................326
Immune System manipulation.....................................................................................................329
The 4 horsemen final – ROSE HIP, Stinging Nettle, Magnolia, Spirulina................................332
LEAKY GUT & IMMUNE SYSTEM..................................................................................................333
SIGNS Th2 IMMUNE SYSTEM is HIGH................................................................................334
CAUSES of LEAKY GUT......................................................................................................334
SIGNS of LEAKY GUT........................................................................................................334
SIGNS of LOW STOMACH ACID.........................................................................................334
CAUSES of LOW STOMACH ACID.......................................................................................335
DO YOU SEE SIMILARITIES OCCURRING HERE?...........................................................................335
Estrogen and T1 T2 Balance.........................................................................................335
SIGNS of LOW BILE PRODUCTION...............................................................................................336
HEALING LEAKY GUT........................................................................................................336
Boost Th1 and balance Th2 inflammatory cytokines............................................................336
JAK Pathways in Depth .....................................................................................................337
How about CONSTIPATION?.......................................................................................................338
OVERCOMING CONSTIPATION....................................................................................................338
SIGNS OF COLON DYSFUNCTION................................................................................................339
Anti inflammatory diet.................................................................................................................339
Kidneys......................................................................................................................................339
Kidney, Gallbladder and Pancreas Care by Jon Barron.........................................................339
The kidneys......................................................................................................................339
Other Functions of the Kidneys..........................................................................................340
The nephrons...................................................................................................................340
Kidney Diseases................................................................................................................340
A growing epidemic..........................................................................................................341
Taking care of your kidneys...............................................................................................341
What the formula needs to do...........................................................................................342
A note on stones ..............................................................................................................342
What to look for in a formula.............................................................................................342
Chanca piedra (Phyllanthus niruri).................................................................................342
Hydrangea root (Hydrangea Arborescens).....................................................................343
55
Gravel root (Eupatorium purpureum).............................................................................343
Marshmallow root (Althaea Officinalis)...........................................................................343
Juniper berry (Juniperus communis)..............................................................................344
Corn silk (Zea mays) ...................................................................................................344
Uva ursi (Arctosyaphylos uva ursi)................................................................................344
Parsley root (Petroselinum crispum)..............................................................................345
Carrot tops (Daucus carota)..........................................................................................345
Dandelion leaf (Taraxacum officinale)............................................................................345
Horsetail (Equisetum arvense)......................................................................................345
Orange peel - detox ....................................................................................................346
Peppermint (Mentha piperita).......................................................................................346
Goldenrod (Solidago virguarea).....................................................................................346
Who should use this formula and when.........................................................................346
How to use..................................................................................................................346
Testing the formula......................................................................................................347
Case History Nettle Seed & Kidney Function Jonathan Treasure..........................................348
Introduction.................................................................................................................348
Stinging Nettle Seed Extract.........................................................................................348
Serum Creatinine.........................................................................................................348
Postscript 2004............................................................................................................349
Nettle seed extract.......................................................................................................349
American Journal of Kidney Diseases ............................................................................349
First Line of Defense.........................................................................................................349
Current Kidney Support Formula...................................................................................350
22.B6..................................................................................................................................................350
PYRIDOXAMINE | C8H12N2O2...........................................................................................350
Piridoxamine.....................................................................................................................350
Pyridoxamine and Reversing the Aging Process............................................................................353
Kidney functions:.........................................................................................................355
CQ10 Prevents Kidney Failure.......................................................................................355
Scott Olson, ND................................................................................................................357
Healing Herbs:.............................................................................................................357
Dr Clark's Kidney program.................................................................................................358
Dr Christopher's................................................................................................................358
23.Modified Citrus Pectin Reduces Galectin-3 Expression and Disease Severity in Experimental Acute Kidney
Injury.............................................................................................................................................359
Knowledge Seeker:.....................................................................................................................360
UTI
.......................................................................................................................................362
24.DNA flush formula: .........................................................................................................................363
25.SIYO...............................................................................................................................................363
Fungus:.....................................................................................................................................364
IV...............................................................................................................................364
Caprylic acid................................................................................................................368
Undecenoic acid...........................................................................................................368
Yeast Strains................................................................................................................368
Yeast (fungus) mutates the DNA of cells........................................................................369
Chemistries......................................................................................................................370
Glutathione..................................................................................................................370
Enzyme and low sodium potassium...............................................................................370
Excessive Systemic Alkalinity........................................................................................371
56
HPA Axis......................................................................................................................371
Avoid B2......................................................................................................................371
Lipid (oil and water).....................................................................................................371
Impaired Short-Chain Fatty Acid Metabolism.......................................................................371
Butaric Acid.................................................................................................................372
Differentiating SIYO from the other symptoms.............................................................................372
Symptoms..................................................................................................................................372
Incapacitating fatigue.................................................................................................................373
Candida & Heavy metal shared Symptoms:..................................................................................373
Leaky Gut Symptoms, Candida & Parasites Symptoms:.................................................................373
Heavy Metal Precursors and symptoms:.......................................................................................374
Parasite Precursors & Symptoms:................................................................................................374
Candida............................................................................................................................374
Parasites and Candida.......................................................................................................375
Heavy Metals, Candida, and Parasites................................................................................375
SIYO Yeasts.....................................................................................................................375
SIYO Symptoms.........................................................................................................................376
SIYO Treatment................................................................................................................376
Kill the yeast ...............................................................................................................376
Anti-fungal formula Day 90 10/03/13.................................................................................377
Fungus Formula - Day 21 july 21 2013...............................................................................378
Stop Biofilm Formation.................................................................................................379
LEM Mushroom extract.................................................................................................379
CAS.NO:95009-14-6.....................................................................................................381
Phytochemicals and constituents: ......................................................................................381
How it Works:...................................................................................................................383
Wei Qi Soup for Building Immune Strength....................................................................383
Reishi..........................................................................................................................384
Maitake.......................................................................................................................384
Shiitake.......................................................................................................................385
Recipe: Stuffed Shiitake................................................................................................385
Preparations......................................................................................................................386
Mushroom Teas and Soups...........................................................................................386
Shiitake - Medicine in a Mushroom................................................................................386
LEM for Heart Disease..................................................................................................387
LEM for Cancer............................................................................................................387
Aloe Vera
...................................................................................................................................388
K Vitamin Diet..............................................................................................................388
Probiotic Balance in the Gut Flora..................................................................................388
Essential Fatty Acids (oils and butter)............................................................................388
Meat Fat:..........................................................................................................................389
Oil sources .......................................................................................................................389
Impaired Short-Chain Fatty Acid Metabolism..................................................................389
Carbon Oils..................................................................................................................390
Good Oils.....................................................................................................................391
Good Oil Sources.........................................................................................................391
Linoleic Acid (LA) Content.............................................................................................391
Gamma-Linoleic Acid (GLA) Content..............................................................................392
Inhibiting E2 and B2 fatty oil conversions......................................................................392
Quercetin in tea...........................................................................................................392
Ginger ........................................................................................................................393
Aspirin ........................................................................................................................393
57
26.Immune System Herbs.....................................................................................................................393
R-type plant lectins......................................................................................................394
27.Vision Issues...................................................................................................................................395
Bilberry......................................................................................................................................395
Chronic venous insufficiency..............................................................................................396
Luten for the eyes......................................................................................................................396
Ginkgo for the eyes....................................................................................................................396
Antiparasitic dosing and Vision...........................................................................................396
28.SIBO ..............................................................................................................................................397
SIBO Scan..................................................................................................................................398
29.3/14 killed acetic acid bacteria with Chitosan ....................................................................................401

3/28/14 (Disbiosis Formula)...............................................................................................401
AM – PM Formula.........................................................................................................401
03/14/14 SIBO small intestine bacterial overgrowth.......................................................402
Heavy Hitting SIBO formula...............................................................................................402
Shiitakai extract...........................................................................................................402
Reishi extract...............................................................................................................402
Samentos....................................................................................................................402
Immune System Benefits..............................................................................................402
Copper-soy.......................................................................................................................403
Cranberries.......................................................................................................................405
Citrate salts.......................................................................................................................405
Carbonate salts.................................................................................................................405
Dr. Larry Wilson
...................................................................................................................................410
Xylitol...............................................................................................................................411
Chitosan...........................................................................................................................411
HUMineral........................................................................................................................411
Probiotic 225....................................................................................................................411
Garlic...............................................................................................................................411
GuaiAid............................................................................................................................411
Mark London ...............................................................................................................412
Guaifenesin's Analgesic Effect.......................................................................................413
Alinia................................................................................................................................418
How to Stop a Bacterial Herx Reaction ........................................................................................418
Heal the lining of the gut ...........................................................................................................419
Gerd..........................................................................................................................................419
Diarrhea.....................................................................................................................................419
Dysbiosis bacterial regulation imbalance.............................................................................419
NAFLD..............................................................................................................................421
IBS..................................................................................................................................422
Hydrogen Sulfide ........................................................................................................422
New IBS Guidelines......................................................................................................422
Tests and Treatments for IBS.......................................................................................422
GDX Protocols............................................................................................................................423
Rosacea - SIBO.................................................................................................................424
Symptoms........................................................................................................................424
Main Symptoms of SIBO....................................................................................................424
What causes a leaky gut...................................................................................................424
Is there a yeast infection?.................................................................................................425
Stool analysis:..................................................................................................................425
Cytochalasin D treatment..................................................................................................425
58
Predominant Bacteria – GDX..............................................................................................426
Low Predominant Bacteria – GDX.......................................................................................426
Significance:................................................................................................................426
Treatment Options:......................................................................................................426
High Predominant Bacteria – GDX................................................................................................426
Pathogenic Bacteria present – GDX..............................................................................................427
Parasite present – GDX...............................................................................................................427
Blastocystis sp. - GDX.......................................................................................................427
Clonorchis sinensis (Chinese Liver Fluke) – GDX..................................................................428
Cryptosporidium – GDX.....................................................................................................428
Dientamoeba fragilis – GDX...............................................................................................428
Endolimax nana or Entamoeba hartmanni – GDX................................................................429
Entamoeba histolytica - GDX.............................................................................................429
Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) – GDX...........................................................................429
Giardia lamblia – GDX, Others............................................................................................429
makes Hydrogen Sulfide gas … do the test....................................................................430
Pathogenesis...............................................................................................................430
Vectors........................................................................................................................430
Giardiasis Symptoms....................................................................................................431
Diagnosing Giardia
...................................................................................................................................431
Clearing a Giardia Infection...........................................................................................432
Amoebiasis and Giardiasis.............................................................................................432
Blastocystis..................................................................................................................433
Necator americanus and – GDX.........................................................................................434
30.PSORA............................................................................................................................................434
31.Liver...............................................................................................................................................436
Signs that your liver may be struggling:.............................................................................437
Liver Tests........................................................................................................................437
A two step detox system...................................................................................................438
A balancing act ................................................................................................................438
How you can improve Liver Detox: ....................................................................................439
Recommended Reading.....................................................................................................440
Liver Bile Salt.............................................................................................................................440
Bile Acid Diarrhea.............................................................................................................440
Functions of bile...............................................................................................................441
Major problems arise when there is inadequate bile supply.............................................441
Helping the liver to detoxify & produce adequate bile.....................................................441
32.Premier HCL, (90 V-caps) by Premier Research Labs 021771..............................................................442

Identifying bile insufficiency..........................................................................................442
Diet tips for low bile salts.............................................................................................442
Lifestyle factors for low bile salts...................................................................................443
Overproduction of bile acids
...................................................................................................................................443
Fat soluble vitamin breakdown......................................................................................443
Liver Support - The vitamin alphabet
...................................................................................................................................444
Diarrhea causes a loss of liver salt that is poorly recycled...............................................445
Diseases caused by bile salt regulation issues:...............................................................445
Steatorrhea.................................................................................................................446
Hepatic encephalopathy..............................................................................................................446
Dr Budwig..................................................................................................................................448
59
33.Cancer: Essentially A Problem of Right and Wrong Fats & Lack of Sunlight?........................................448
An important introduction to Dr. Budwig's protocol.......................................................................448
Who Was Dr. Johanna Budwig?.........................................................................................450
Dr. Johanna Budwig’s Major Discovery...............................................................................451
Basic Introduction to Dr. Budwig’s Diet, Fats, Essential Fatty Acids and Related Subjects......451
Research Studies On Animals ............................................................................................452
Effects of Flaxseed and Flaxseed Components (Lignan, Lignan Precursors & Oil) on Cancer
and Tumor Growth.......................................................................................................452
Why Use Organic Dairy in the Budwig Diet?........................................................................454
1. Antibiotics................................................................................................................454
2. Genetically engineered bovine growth hormone (Posilac)............................................454
3. Ethics......................................................................................................................454
Budwig Testimonials.........................................................................................................454
Support Groups, Flaxseed Oil/Cottage Cheese Forums, Budwig Forums & Other...................454
Flaxseed Oil Sources: Buying Quality Flax Oil......................................................................455
Dr. Johanna Budwig’s Works in English..............................................................................455
FlaxOil As A True Aid Against Arthritis, Heart Infarction, Cancer, And Other Diseases.......456
The Oil-Protein Diet Cookbook......................................................................................456
Cancer - The Problem and The Solution.........................................................................456
How to Fight Cancer & Win...........................................................................................457
Cancer Formula................................................................................................................457
34.Cellular core processes.....................................................................................................................463

Mitochondria:.............................................................................................................................463
Krebs / Citric Acid Cycle:
...................................................................................................................................464
Recycling AMP?............................................................................................................467
Anaerobic Respiration:.................................................................................................468
Reduced numbers of Mitochondria in each cell:..............................................................468
Effect of Hydrogen Sulphide on the Mitochondria:..........................................................470
Effect of excessive D-Lactate on the Mitochondria:.........................................................470
Peroxynitrite-induced NADH deficiency:.........................................................................472
Fatty Acid imbalances:..................................................................................................472
Cytokines.........................................................................................................................475
Repairing oxidative damage to the Mitochondrial Membranes:........................................476
Clearing foreign/unwanted matter/waste from the mitochondrial membranes:
...................................................................................................................................477
Important Cofactors and Coenzymes in Mitochondrial Function:
...................................................................................................................................477
Nicotinamide ...............................................................................................................478
35.Cytochrome P450 ...........................................................................................................................485

Background Information on P450.................................................................................................485
POSTTRANSLATIOIMAL MODIFICATION............................................................................488
Vitamin D and Calcium Regulation.....................................................................................489
REGULATION OF CYTOCHROME P450 391.........................................................................489
P450s in humans........................................................................................................................493
Drug interaction...........................................................................................................494
Interaction of other substances.....................................................................................494
36.Other Parasites................................................................................................................................497
Protozoan...................................................................................................................................497
Leishmaniasis.............................................................................................................................497
Strongyloides.............................................................................................................................497
Pathophysiology................................................................................................................499
60
Autoinfection....................................................................................................................502
Hyperinfection..................................................................................................................502
Symptoms and Signs.........................................................................................................503
Hyperinfection syndrome: ............................................................................................504
Diagnosis.........................................................................................................................504
Treatment........................................................................................................................505
In Vitro Susceptibility........................................................................................................506
In Vivo Susceptibility (Animal Models)................................................................................507
Thiabendazole.............................................................................................................507
Mebendazole ..............................................................................................................507
Cambendazole ............................................................................................................507
Albendazole.................................................................................................................508
Ivermectin...................................................................................................................509
Cyclosporin..................................................................................................................509
Conclusions ................................................................................................................509
ANTIPARASITIC THERAPY...........................................................................................................509
Drug of Choice..................................................................................................................510
Special Situations..............................................................................................................510
Failure to Respond to Treatment in Uncomplicated Strongyloidiasis ................................510
Attempted Eradication of Infection in Immunosuppressed Patients Without Disseminated
Infection......................................................................................................................510
Initial Therapy of Disseminated Strongyloidiasis in Immunosuppressed Patients...............511
Suppression Therapy in Immunosuppressed Patients...........................................................511
Pregnancy.........................................................................................................................511
Alternative Therapy...........................................................................................................512
Albendazole.................................................................................................................512
Cambendazole.............................................................................................................513
Mebendazole...............................................................................................................513
Thiabendazole.............................................................................................................514
Prevention........................................................................................................................514
Key Points........................................................................................................................515
Method of treating strongyloides infections and medicaments therefor.................................516
Flagellated Promastigote.............................................................................................................520
Ascaris.......................................................................................................................................523
37.Nitazoxanide: A New Thiazolide Antiparasitic Agent...........................................................................523

Usual Adult Dose for Cryptosporidiosis.........................................................................................524
METHODS: .................................................................................................................524
B Hominis...................................................................................................................................526
Anti Parasitics...................................................................................................................526
CFS Chronic Fatigue Syndrome....................................................................................................527
CFS Radio Program ..........................................................................................................527
A Parasitic Roundworm Linked to Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
.......................................................................................................................................531
Abstract
...................................................................................................................................532
CFS Introduction
...................................................................................................................................532
CFS Historical and Scientific Background
...................................................................................................................................533
61
Evidence From a Blinded, Controlled Study
...................................................................................................................................533
Potentials for Treatment
...................................................................................................................................536
Characterizing the Roundworm’s DNA and the Development of a Commercial Test
...................................................................................................................................537
Possible Relationship to a New Treatment Approach For TH1 Dominant Diseases
...................................................................................................................................539
Conclusions
...................................................................................................................................540
Treatments..................................................................................................................542
D. Comparison with Other Persistent Nematode Infections.............................................543
A. The Characteristics of Thiabendazole.........................................................................544
B. Administration of Oral Thiabendazole........................................................................545
38.Neurocysticercosis...........................................................................................................................563
39.Schistosomiasis...............................................................................................................................565
40.Echinococcosis................................................................................................................................575
41.Trichenella......................................................................................................................................575
42. .....................................................................................................................................................577
43. .....................................................................................................................................................577
44.Common types and causes of parasitic infections...............................................................................577
45.Roundworms ..................................................................................................................................577
46.Anisakids.........................................................................................................................................577
47.Ascaris............................................................................................................................................580
Prevention..................................................................................................................................601
48.Protozoa.........................................................................................................................................603
49.Parasites - Cryptosporidium (also known as "Crypto")........................................................................604

General characteristics[edit]........................................................................................................606
Treatment and detection[edit].....................................................................................................606
50.Giardia and Pets..............................................................................................................................606

On this Page................................................................................................................606
Can I get Giardia infection from my pet?.......................................................................607
How is Giardia spread?.................................................................................................607
How does my dog or cat get infected with Giardia?........................................................607
How do I protect myself if my dog or cat has a Giardia infection?...................................607
If my pet has a Giardia infection, how do I clean and disinfect my house?.......................608
How do I reduce the amount of Giardia in my yard or outdoor environment?...................609
How long does Giardia survive in the environment?........................................................610
62
How often and for how long should I clean and disinfect my home after my dog or cat is
diagnosed with Giardia infection?..................................................................................610
How do I prevent my dog or cat from getting re-infected, or sickening my other pets, during
treatment?...................................................................................................................610
How do I treat my pet for Giardia infection?..................................................................610
References........................................................................................................................611
Stool Examination........................................................................................................618
Stool Antigen Detection...............................................................................................................619
Albendazole (Albenza).................................................................................................................621
Nitazoxanide (Alinia)...................................................................................................................622
1Additional Contributors....................................................................................................626
51.Amebia...........................................................................................................................................628
52.Trichomoniasis................................................................................................................................632
Signs and symptoms[edit]...........................................................................................................633
Diagnosis[edit]...........................................................................................................................634
1How Is Trichomoniasis Diagnosed?..................................................................................634
Treatment[edit]..........................................................................................................................635
53.Hookworm infection: .......................................................................................................................636
54.Protozoa.........................................................................................................................................642
1Chemotherapy................................................................................................................673
55.Filariasis: .......................................................................................................................................676
56.Cutaneous Filariasis.........................................................................................................................678
1Treatment......................................................................................................................679
2Prevention......................................................................................................................679
Mansonellosis (Mansonella streptocerca)[8] .................................................................................680
1Life cycle........................................................................................................................680
2Presentation...................................................................................................................680
3Investigations.................................................................................................................680
4Treatment......................................................................................................................680
57.Tapeworm.......................................................................................................................................681
Can humans be harmed by tapeworms?.......................................................................................682
Can Cat Worms Infect People?....................................................................................................682
1Usual Adult Dose for:......................................................................................................689
Usual Adult Dose for Giardiasis....................................................................................................689
Usual Pediatric Dose for Cryptosporidiosis....................................................................................690
Usual Pediatric Dose for Giardiasis...............................................................................................690
Usual Pediatric Dose for Ascariasis...............................................................................................690
Usual Pediatric Dose for Hymenolepis nana (Dwarf Tapeworm).....................................................690
Usual Pediatric Dose for Amebiasis..............................................................................................690
Renal Dose Adjustments.............................................................................................................690
Liver Dose Adjustments...............................................................................................................690
Dose Adjustments.......................................................................................................................690
Precautions................................................................................................................................691
58.Threadworm (Strongyloides)............................................................................................................698
Symptoms: ......................................................................................................................699
Gastrointestinal manifestations..........................................................................................699
59.Trichinosis: ....................................................................................................................................701
63
60.Pinworms........................................................................................................................................702
61.Whipworm......................................................................................................................................707
62.Fluke..............................................................................................................................................710
63.Blood fluke......................................................................................................................................710
64.Flatworm........................................................................................................................................710
64
The Truth
Health Spending in U.S. Topped $3 Trillion Last Year, an average of $9,500 a person
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/03/us/politics/health-spending-in-us-topped-3-trillion-last-year.html?
mabReward=A7&module=WelcomeBackModal&contentCollection=Politics&region=FixedCenter&acti
on=click&src=recg&pgtype=article&_r=1
Water
http://www.disabled-world.com/health/water-diseases.php
Synopsis: Information regarding types of water-borne diseases caused by water people drink that is
contaminated by animal or human feces.
Definition: Water-borne Diseases

Waterborne diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms that most commonly are
transmitted in contaminated fresh water. Infection commonly results during bathing, washing,
drinking, in the preparation of food, or the consumption of food thus infected. Various forms of
waterborne diarrheal disease probably are the most prominent examples, and affect mainly
children in developing countries; according to the World Health Organization, such diseases
account for an estimated 4.1% of the total DALY global burden of disease, and cause about 1.8
million human deaths annually.
Main Document
Water-borne diseases are any illness caused by water people drink that is contaminated by
animal or human feces, which contain pathogenic microorganisms. The complete picture of
water-associated diseases is complex for some different reasons. Over a period of decades, the
picture of water-related human health issues has become more and more comprehensive, with
the emergence of new water-related infection diseases and the re-emergence of ones we
already know about.
Data is available for some water, hygiene-related and sanitation diseases such as cholera,
salmonellosis, or shigellosis. Yet for others such as schistosomiasis, malaria, or more modern
infections such as SARS CoV or legionellosis the analysis has yet to be performed. The burden of
a number of disease groups may only partly be attributed to water determinants. Even where
water has an essential role in the ecology of diseases, it might be difficult to pinpoint the
relative importance of water components of the local ecosystem.
Water-borne diseases include the following:
• Polio
• Malaria
• Cholera
• Dengue
• Scabies
• Typhoid
• Anaemia
• Botulism
• Fluorosis
65
• Trachoma
• Hepatitis
• Diarrhea
• Giardiasis
• Ascariasis
• Trichuriasis
• Arsenicosis
• Malnutrition
• Legionellosis
• Leptospirosis
• Schistomiasis
• Dracunculiasis
• Onchocerciasis
• Lead poisoning
• Cryptosporiodiosis
• Campylobacteriosis
• Lymphatic filariasis
• Hookworm infection
• Ring Worm or Tinea
• Methaemoglobinemia
• Cyanobacterial toxins
• Japanese encephalitis
How Big is the Issue
In developing countries, four-fifths of all illnesses are caused by water-borne diseases, with
diarrhea being the leading cause of death among children. The global picture of health and
water has a strong local dimension for approximately 1.1 billion people who still lack access to
improved drinking water sources. Around 2.4 billion people on Earth have inadequate sanitation.
There is strong evidence that sanitation, water and hygiene-related diseases account for around
2,223,000 deaths each year, as well as an annual loss of 82,196,000 Disability Adjusted Life
Years (DALY's).
The World Health Organization estimates indicate that worldwide, more than 2 billion people are
infected with schistosomes and soil-transmitted helminthes. Approximately 300 million people
experience serious illness due to this fact. Malaria; for example, kills more than a million people
every single year and a large percentage of them are under the age of five - mainly in Africa
south of the Sahara. In the year 2001, the estimated global burden of malaria amounted to 42.3
million DALY's, constituting 10% of the overall disease burden in Africa. Malaria causes at least
396.8 million instances of acute illness every year. Pregnant women are the main adult group at
risk. As one of the major public health issues in tropical countries, it has been claimed that
malaria has reduced economic growth in African countries by 1.3% every year for the past three
decades.
Approximately 246.7 million people around the world are infected by schistomiasis and of this
population, 20 million people experience the consequences of the infection, while 120 million
people experience symptoms that are milder. An estimated 80% of transmission happens in
Africa, south of the Sahara. Diarrhea occurs around the world and causes 4% of all deaths and
5% of the health loss due to disability.
Bangladesh alone finds around 35 million people being exposed on a daily basis to elevated
levels of arsenic in the water they drink, which will eventually threaten their health while
shortening their life expectancy. Following the tsunami in Asia on the 26th of December in 2004,
people faced the threat of water-borne diseases linked to flooding such as:
66
• Malaria
• Cholera
• Shigellosis
• Hepatitis A
• Dengue fever
• Leptospirosis
• Typhoid Fever
Transmission of Water-Borne Diseases
Water-borne diseases spread by contaminating drinking water systems with feces and urine of
infected animals or people. The spread of contaminated water is likely to happen where private
and public drinking systems get their water such as surface waters - creeks, rivers, lakes, and
rain. These sources of water may be contaminated by infected animals or people. Runoff from:
• Landfills
• Sewer pipes
• Septic fields
• Industrial or residential developments
May also spread contamination, which has been the cause of a number of dramatic outbreaks of
fecal-oral diseases such as typhoid or cholera. There are a number of additional ways in which
fecal material may reach a person's mouth such as in food that is contaminated, or the person's
hands. Generally, food that is contaminated is the one most common way people become
infected. The germs in feces may cause the diseases by even slight contact and transfer. The
contamination might happen because of floodwaters, septic fields, water runoff from landfills,
and sewer pipes.
The one way to break continued transmission of water-borne diseases is to improve the hygienic
behavior of people and provide them with basic needs such as:
• Sanitation
• Drinking water
• Bathing facilities
• Washing facilities
Transmission of malaria is facilitated when large numbers of people sleep outside in hot
weather, or sleep in homes that have no protection against mosquitoes. Malaria mosquitoes,
bilharzias snails and tropical black flies can all be controlled with efficient drainage; they all
depend on water to complete their respective life cycles.
Preventing Water-Borne Diseases
Clean water is a prerequisite for reducing the spread of water-borne diseases. It is well
recognized that the prevalence of water-borne diseases may be greatly reduced by providing
people with safe, sanitary disposal of feces and provision of clean drinking water. Water is
disinfected to kill any pathogens that might be present in the water supply and to prevent them
from growing again in distribution systems.
Disinfection is then used in order to prevent the growth of pathogenic organisms and to protect
people's health. People need clean water and water supply systems. Without disinfection, the
risk of water-borne disease increases. The 2 most common methods of killing microorganisms in
the water supply are irradiation with ultra-violet radiation, or oxidation with chemicals like
chlorine dioxide or ozone, or chlorine.
67
The Health Advisory Program, sponsored by the Office of Water (OW) provides information on the
health effects, analytical methodology and treatment technology that would be useful in dealing with
the contamination of drinking water. Most of the Health Advisories (HAs) prepared by the OW are
for chemical substances. This HA is different in that it addresses contamination of drinking water by
a microbial pathogen, examines pathogen control, and addresses the issue of an infective dose (i.e.,
the number of particles of a pathogen necessary to cause an infection in a host). Thus, for a variety
of reasons, the format and contents necessarily vary somewhat from the standard HA document.
HAs serve as informal technical guidance to assist Federal, State and local officials responsible for
protecting public health when emergency spills or contamination situations occur. They are not to be
construed as legally enforceable Federal standards. The HAs are subject to change as new
information becomes available.
This HA is based on information presented in the OW’s Criteria Document (CD) for Giardia. Persons
desiring further information should consult the CD. This document will be available from the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, OW Resource Center, Room M6099; Mail Code: PC-4100, 401 M
Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460; the telephone number is (202) 260-7786. The document can
also be obtained by calling the Safe Drinking Water Hotline at 1-800-426-4791.
Inactivation of Single-Celled Ascaris suum Eggs by Low-Pressure UV

Radiation
1. Sarah A. Brownell and
2. Kara L. Nelson*
1. University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
Next Section
ABSTRACT
Intact and decorticated single-celled Ascaris suum eggs were exposed to UV radiation from low-
pressure, germicidal lamps at fluences (doses) ranging from 0 to 8,000 J/m 2 for intact eggs and
from 0 to 500 J/m2 for decorticated eggs. With a UV fluence of 500 J/m2, 0.44- ± 0.20-log
inactivation (mean ± 95% confidence interval) (63.7%) of intact eggs was observed, while a
fluence of 4,000 J/m2 resulted in 2.23- ± 0.49-log inactivation (99.4%). (The maximum
quantifiable inactivation was 2.5 log units.) Thus, according to the methods used here, Ascaris
eggs are the most UV-resistant water-related pathogen identified to date. For the range of
fluences recommended for disinfecting drinking water and wastewater (200 to 2,000 J/m 2),
from 0- to 1.5-log inactivation can be expected, although at typical fluences (less than 1,000
J/m2), the inactivation may be less than 1 log. When the eggs were decorticated (the outer egg
shell layers were removed with sodium hypochlorite, leaving only the lipoprotein ascaroside
layer) before exposure to UV, 1.80- ± 0.32-log reduction (98.4%) was achieved with a fluence
of 500 J/m2, suggesting that the outer eggshell layers protected A. suum eggs from inactivation
by UV radiation. This protection may have been due to UV absorption by proteins in the outer
layers of the 3- to 4-μm-thick eggshell. Stirring alone (without UV exposure) also inactivated
some of the Ascaris eggs (∼20% after 75 min), which complicated determination of the
inactivation caused by UV radiation alone.
68
Ascaris lumbricoides is the most prevalent of the parasitic intestinal worms; an estimated 1.4
billion people are infected worldwide, mostly in developing countries (7). Helminth infections like
ascariasis lead to a host of physical and mental disabilities, including cognitive and societal
impairment, higher susceptibility to infection, decreased responsiveness to vaccination, and
malnutrition (6, 7), which impair the development of several hundred million children in
developing countries (7). An adult female A. lumbricoides worm sheds up to 200,000 eggs daily
(37); these eggs are passed in the feces of the infected individual and are thus present in
wastewater, contaminated soil, and, in some cases, contaminated drinking water sources. Under
favorable environmental conditions, the eggs may remain viable for up to 15 years (32).
Ascaris eggs have a 3- to 4-μm thick, four-layer shell that consists of an inner lipoprotein layer
(ascaroside layer), a thicker chitin/protein layer, a lipoprotein vitelline layer, and an outer acid
mucopolysaccharide/protein uterine layer (43). The inner lipoprotein layer consists of a unique
mixture of 25% protein and 75% lipid-containing ascarosides and is responsible for the
impermeability of the shell (43). The chitinous layer, which provides structural strength, contains
chitin spindles in a protein matrix (11). The compositions of the vitelline and uterine layers are
not well characterized, but both contain protein (43). The outer three layers can be removed by
soaking the eggs in a solution of hypochlorite, leaving only the inner lipoprotein layer (2, 19);
this process is referred to as “decortication.”
Ascaris eggs are more resistant than other water-related pathogens to most types of
inactivation; the only exceptions are some viruses and bacterial endospores that are more
resistant to very high temperatures. Ascaris eggs can be inactivated in minutes by temperatures
above 60°C, but they can survive for more than 1 year at 40°C (10). Disinfection with chlorine
at commonly applied doses is ineffectual (20). The impermeability of the inner ascaroside
membrane also protects the eggs from a variety of strong acids, strong bases, oxidants,
reductants, protein-disrupting agents, and surface-active agents (2). Although the use of UV
disinfection is becoming more common in wastewater and drinking water treatment systems,
the effect of UV radiation on Ascaris eggs has not been adequately studied yet.
Previous reports on UV irradiation of Ascaris eggs present conflicting evidence. Using data
reported by de Lemos Chernicharo et al. (8), we calculated that 0.77-log inactivation was
achieved for unembryonated (single-celled) A. lumbricoides eggs subjected to a 254-nm UV
fluence (dose) of 200 J/m2 in a small photoreactor. In contrast, based on the data reported by
Tromba (40), we calculated that infective (containing a larva) Ascaris suum eggs exposed to UV
fluences between 240 and 960 J/m2 were inactivated by between 1.9 and 2.3 logs, although a
fluence-response relationship was not observed. A complete fluence (dose)-response curve for
Ascaris egg inactivation by low-pressure UV, using standardized procedures and a collimated
light source, has not been reported. Such bench-scale experiments have become the standard
for determining the fluence response of microorganisms to UV radiation (4, 29, 30).
The objectives of the research presented here were (i) to determine the inactivation of A. suum
eggs exposed to various fluences of UV light in a bench-scale experiment and (ii) to determine
the contribution of the outer layers of the eggshell to the resistance of the eggs to UV exposure.
Beef
Source: UNIV OF MINNESOTA: submitted to NATIONAL ANTHELMINTIC SURVEY

Sponsoring Institution: Agricultural Research Service/USDA
Project Status: TERMINATED
Funding Source: USDA COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT
Reporting Frequency: Annual
69
Accession No. 0414784
Grant No.(N/A)
Project No.1265-32000-084-03S
Proposal No.(N/A)
Multistate No.(N/A)
Program Code(N/A)
Project Start Date Sep 29, 2008
Project End Date Sep 30, 2010
Grant Year(N/A)
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) The objective of this study is to identify the level of infection
with gastrointestinal nematodes found in American cow-calf operations in the United States, and
to assess the effectiveness of current parasite control programs and the efficacy of commonly used
anthelminics in control of the parasites. Approach (from AD-416) As part of the USDA,APHIS,
NAHMS 2008 cow-calf survey American cattle producers were given the opportunity to submit
samples to participating laboratories (USDA, ARS, BFGL, University of Minnesota, and Colorado State
University. Samples could be collected at any time from March to December, and usually coincided
with a deworming treatment, or some other management practice. Samples were taken prior to
deworming (Phase 1) or 2 weeks after deworming (Phase 2). Producers were given the option to
participate in either Phase 1 only or both Phase 1 and Phase 2. Sampling consisted of taking a golf-
ball sized sample from 20 fresh fecal pats per group of animals. Sampling is restricted to animals
from 6 -18 months of age. Within 24 hours of sample collection samples are sent to one of the
collaborating labs as determined randomly by APHIS. At the lab fecal samples are examined and
enumerated for parasite eggs. In addition, eggs are taken from select samples for analyses by PCR
for the parasite genera present.
This study is the first ever large scale comprehensive look at nematode parasitism in cattle
in the U.S. and is the first attempt to define the extent of anthelmintic resistance in American cattle
operations. This work was performed as part of the USDA National Animal Health Monitoring
System�s (NAHMS) study to evaluate the presence of anthelmintic resistance in the U.S. beef
industry. This project underwent an unfunded, 1-year extension and was closed out February 2011.
During this study, 567 producers from 24 states were offered the opportunity to collect fecal
samples from weaned calves for evaluation of the presence of parasite eggs (Phase 1). Producers
choosing to participate were provided with instructions and materials to collect fecal samples. Fresh
fecal samples were submitted to 1 of 3 randomly assigned laboratories for evaluation. In the
laboratories all samples were processed in a similar manner for the enumeration of gastrointestinal
nematode eggs, and the notation of the presence or absence of coccidian oocysts and tapeworm
eggs. In submissions where the strongyle eggs were sufficiently high, aliquots were pooled for
extraction of DNA.
Extracted DNA was subjected to PCR analysis for the presence of Ostertagia, Cooperia, Haemonchus,
Oesophagostomum, and Trichostrongylus. In this study, 85.6% of the samples had GI nematode
eggs.
Overall, 91% of animals had Cooperia (Order: Strongylida), 79% Ostertagia (Family
Trichostrongylidae), 53% Haemonchus (known as the barber's pole worm), 38% Oesophagostomum
(nematodes of the family Strongyloidae.) , 18% Nematodirus (zoonotic so humans can get it too!),
7% Trichuris, and 3% Trichostrongylus. The prevalence of coccidia and tapeworm eggs were 59.9%
and 13.7% of samples, respectively. This collaboration was monitored by phone conversation,
written communication, emails, and periodic interactions at society meetings. Project plans, goals,
and accomplishments were discussed via conference calls and e-mail; technical advice was provided
to the Cooperator in writing and by telephone.
70
Discussion
Nematodes, also known as round worms, are associated with parasitic infection of animals and humans.
Only eat beef that has been cooked to 160 degrees Fahrenheit.
http://www.foodsafety.gov/keep/charts/mintemp.html
71
The Compass – Which way to Go?

Come one, come all.
Parasites beget parasites.
Parasites weaken the immune

system. Once the immune
system is weakened, many types
of eggs present in the water and
food can infect you.
#1) Parasites beget parasites; it

is like a golden rule number
one ... or something. I had so
many types of parasites when I
scanned for them, it was scary. I
actually believe this is why
Parasitology has failed today.
If Doctors treat bacteria,

viruses, and yeasts, (and I am
stretching it a bit when I say
treat), and they never treat
parasites, then how do they treat parasites with viruses? How do they treat parasites with yeast
infections?
The short answer is they do not, because if they do

not see it, it does not exist in their mind. They have
missed the "compass"
#2) A compass exists in 3 dimensions.
At the base are

directions, Mold,
Yeast, Bacteria,
Virus, (and maybe a
few others). These
are part of the
human GI biodome.
Then as we go up,
say one dimension,
the Human biodome
could have a
parasite, and inside
the gut of the
parasite they have
an infection, mold,
yeast, bacteria, or
virus. Now you have
a sick parasite that
generates the toxins
72
of an infection that you absorb, but when doctors treat it is is "one of those cases we can’t seam to
treat"
The great medical mystery is that at higher doses, or longer treatment durations, or different
treatment more precise, the problem magically goes away. The reality is they just cured the
infection inside the gut of another parasite, making your parasite healthier.
Well that makes you healthier, and makes the parasite easier to kill by your immune system.
That brings us to the third dimension 'prime' which is:
#3) What happens when your parasite is infected with a parasite?
Doctors can barely treat the directions of the compass, Doctors never see infections inside
parasites, because parasites do not exist. Doctors will never see, and you will never be
treated for a parasite infection, where that species is infected with yet another smaller
species.
The Answer
You must go in all directions at once, if you want to cure a parasite infection. There is just no way
to know what kind of infection you have.
If you have a fluke infection, your situation is critical
If you have a deseminated infection, a lot of skill is required
Without testing, you are flying blind. Tests are the only validation to take anti-parasitic Meds.
A body in balance is the first step at approaching a life threatening illness. Critical Metals, Minerals,
Amino, detoxification, and vitamins can and do help.
The good news, is that several Nutraceuticals have bacterial, viral, fungal, and mold killing power,
and are helpful to killing parasites.
By including these herbs into the formula, you can ensure a one method, one time kill.
Good Hunting.
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Its All Snake Oil Medicine

The tests, the medicines, the expense, the misinformation. It is all snake oil medicine designed to transfer
benjamins and cure nothing. The less you know the more it costs, in a futile stuggle to regain your health.
• By the age of 40 everyone has at least one parasite

• Several round worms like Ascaris have no cure ?
• It is a matter of parasite load vs health that determine health, nothing else.
Parasite types, Load, Health
Each parasite
Different enymes
tax immune
flat and round
load
tip
spiral down health
Parasite Load
Each parasite releases a mix of enzymes.

The quantity and mix of enzymes make the
immune system weaker. Each parasite
releases a different mix of enzymes. Some
are tough, i.e. they contain many enzymes,
Some parasites are easy, the enzymes are
easy to control, some parasites migrate fast,
and multiply quickly, some parasites migrate
slow, and multiply slow.
It is in the total weight of parasites, and in

the techniques employed that determine if
you are healthy or sick.
Some parasites are easy to remove, most

Flat worms like tape worms are easily
removed with PinX. Almost all tapeworms
stay in the GI tract. A few tapeworms are
small and travel to the brain, they are bad, but easily killed with Praziquantel.
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Oval tapeworms like flukes are also toxing to the bodys health. They can be killed using Praziquantel.
The small baby worms can travel to the brain, causing s significant and dramatic loss in brain power, nerve
connections, Axiom loss, and cognitive decline.
Last but not least are round worms. Round worms are more difficult to control or eliminate, depending on
the load of tape and oval worms. Most parasitologists for a hundred years state and believe that killing
Ascaris first is the priority. I dispute that theory, because the medicines that killed Ascaris no longer exist in
many of the world markets. Oil of chempotium was removed from the arsenal decades ago by large
corporations that did not want cheep and effective control of parasites.
Removing Ascasis first is an impossible task, when the enzyme load, toxin load, and body health has been
compermised. It is possible to remove tapeworms with PinX, Oval flukes with Praziquantel, and several
easy speceis using traditional molicules.
Almost all medicines have been derived from natural products, that still work if they are available. Oil of
chempotium can be derived from purple/yellow lavender. Piperazine can be derived from black pepper.
Other equavelent medicine can be derived from pumpkin seeds.
It is in the sequence, strength and duration of anti-parasitics, and in the knowledge of how to treat
parasites, that health can be restored.
The techniques, the technology, and the art are fraught with many details, technical jargon, and techniques,
all of which must be maintained to sucessfully treat parasites.
This book proposes the removal of easy to eliminate parasites first, to lower the toxic load. The removal of
systemic parasites generate a significant toxin load in the body, and can take weeks to remove.
When you shit black for days and weeks, it is the amount and quantity of accumulated toxins that make you
ill. Killing flukes on a large scale causes black stool as well, you can loose so much iron your eyes dilate.
The removal of other parasite invaders, that also generate the black stool, once removed it can help your
immune system to recover.
Finally the removal of round worm, and Ascaris load, when your immune system can generate chlorine and
peroxide immune responses, that allow you to significantly reduce the burden. Ascaris sense the lower toxin
levels and start to migrate to the lung, leaving the sinus, brain, throat. Ascaris make sacks of eggs, and
acid. When they burst you need to dose IVM or PPZ or DEC. Eventually males die out, the populations
thins, and you have them where you want them. Dose Alinia at 15 mg/kg/D for a couple of weeks and they
fade into history. Then you can restore your health, and stay free of parasites.
Parasite Load
Every parasite test has a scale, like 0.25, 0,5, 0.75 or 1.0 +. This scale indicates the load they put on the
body. It is almost impossible in a world that refuses to use PCR analysis, DNA analysis, or even ELISA tests
for humans, to determine which of 75000 known parasite types, which parasite is loading the human
immune system to a load over 1.0.
ELISA tests cost about $3.00 each or less for the WHO. Some tell me they want to be charged over 300
Euros for a test one could give to a dog for 20 dollars. I guess treating people have so much liability it is
easier to treat a dog, horse, cattle, chickens, or fish farms, than it is a human. Guess we know how we rate
in soceity.
75
las
76
THE PLAN
PH
Parasites can generate so much acid in a very short time, that without basic treatment, like Baking
soda water, you could die from too much acid. After weeks of falling to the floor, being seen by 3
more doctors, and finally getting to see my selected diagnostician who previously worked at the
Cleveland Clinic, he performed one astounding test, he put litmus paper on my tongue. It turned
yellow, my peripheral PH was 4.5. He said he was surprised I was vertical, and not horizontal.
When you get that disoriented, sipping MSM water with Baking soda can keep you alive. Keep in
mind I passed my physical and saw 3 other doctors in the preceding weeks before this happened!
Parasite poisoning
Parasite poisoning is the result of a worm's waste toxins. It produces symptoms such as dizzy', fuzzy
vision, unclear thinking, high and low blood sugar, hunger pains, poor digestion or locked GI trac,
and a range of physical ailments and disease. Detoxification is a never ending task until all of your
parasites are dead.
PH Emergency
Emergency treatment for a low body PH “acid” (potential of hydrogen) is essential to stay alive. PH
essentially means does the water in your body have more acid hydrogen ions +, or alkaline hydroxyl
(OH) ions -. Ions are electrical charges like positive and negative. When your body has to many
hydrogen ions, the cells that make up your body have problems talking with each other. If these
signaling messages between cells stop, you stop. This could mean death.
Death by Acid
Electricity keeps us alive, and signaling between cells is an essential activity. The funny part in this is
that you have very few clues that you are seriously ill. The body is so well designed many of us
continue to function right up to the second we die. I find this almost unbelievable, that we can be so
acid we are about to die, and do not have a clue. The reason this happens is that every cell has the
ability to function without signaling, for a short period of time. This is an amazing capability built into
every cell.
After that, even if your body is very acid, or the PH is extremely unhealthy (sick), the cell has the
ability to use ROS signals. These are like primitive Indian smoke signals, which impart simple slow
chemical messages of acid/alkaline/acid Morse code, which primitively signal basic messages
between cells. The body is so well designed I find it funny that as complicated as we are, there is
not a mechanism or clue to tell you how sick you really are. This is like leaving the keys in you car,
or having your front door unlocked. You could be normally talking to your doctor one second, and be
dead the next. It kind of makes no sense to be so clueless as to how unhealthy you are. But then I
guess most of us do not really want to hear how bad someone feels, or hear bad news. Kind of
Ironic.
77
Everyone should have Personal Emergency medicines.
Essential Emergency Medicines
Get the phone number of your local hospital, Emergency room address, or the local university
teaching hospital emergency room phone number and address.
Write it down here________________________________________.
Go there, have someone drive you or get there safely if things start to go bad. Know how to get
there.
List of current medicines and your doctor’s names and phone numbers.
Keep a list of medicines and natural products you are taking, and itemize the dosing levels you are
taking, and keep it with your emergency plan.
Everyone should have Personal Emergency Medicines.
Gather in one place or put into a box the following:
• A gallon of Water
• Baking soda (Bobs red mill (non-aluminum) baking soda)
• MSM Powder and or capsules
• Magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt) and or capsules
• Magnesium Citrate capsules
• Salicylic acid (Beyer aspirin or White Willow Bark) – no blood clots.
• Spirulina Powder ( I have bought the 4 lb canister for the early days, but now use the
capsules as the price came down)
• Bottle CQ10 400mg
• Bottle ALA 500mg
• Bottle L Carnitine 500mg
• Bottle Charcoal
• Ginkgo – open capillaries.
• PH tape
Rescue Minerals and

detoxification Algae …
are life savers.
When the peripheral PH goes

below 5, the body is so acid
severe cellular stress is set up.
The body dumps calcium,
magnesium, potassium, and is
unable to function almost on any
level. Rescue Minerals can help
raise the PH significantly.
Initially more baking soda may
be needed.
78
Kickoff - Phase 0 Supplements
• Take 133mg Magnesium Citrate per day, Initially 266 mg may be useful.
• Take 99 mg Potassium citrate per day.
• Take 4 glasses of distilled water, each with a teaspoon of MSM powder, and a large pinch
(1/4 tea) of Bobs red mill Baking soda. Eventually ramp down to 2 grams of MSM in
capsule form.
• Natures Plus, Source Of Life #3058, Two A Day With 9mg Kelp Iron, just enough, also
available without iron.
• Take 5-6 G of Spirulina per day.
Q&A
Q> Do I really have to take all these supplements, I have sores, hurt, and while I now feel
80%, I am worried about my kidneys.
I have developed sore flank/lower back from all the supplements i take.
I think its my kidneys.
I am 80% full functioning i am not as sick as u were is it really that necessary for me to take
in all those supplements?
A>My lower right back hurt for 8 years.

I have proved to my self, that worms return into the hip bone to hide. Especially the large
ones.
The more I dosed Piperazine, or Mebendazole, or Alinia, the more the worms ache.
They are very hard to kill. They used to head right for the brain fluid, you could feel the
burn.
Kidneys are damaged. That is a no brainer. Do not look at the pictures of what they do to
the liver. It is not pretty.
As my infection stopped, feeling came back into my body. The actual damage they inflicted I
now feel.
I am sorry to tell you but it takes a lot of healing before the body can deal with this damage.
It is hard for me to answer your question.
The battlefield of your body is so corrupted by parasites, I cannot say exactly.
I am thru it, and I can say once they are dead, you are left with a lump of a human body,
that has to heal, heal it does, and the pain goes down day by day.
Heavy Metal Load
• If the hair analysis shows toxic levels of heavy metals like lead and or aluminum, take 1
Gram of Chlorella every evening. No more, no less, 1 gram. Chlorella can also pull out
79
of the body essential metals, so creating a conveyor, where you bring in essential metals,
and remove toxic metals, is a process that cannot be done quickly.
• I you have a GI overgrowth, Heavy metals in the hair analysis
test, or have a severely swollen intestine, an additional 1 gram
of Chlorella may be required.
• Parasitic, Bacterial, Viral, and Fungal Infections: Generally,
these conditions cannot be completely cleared until the toxic
metals have been mostly eliminated from the body. However, if
one reaches an acute stage, 2 grams of Chlorella, and 2
grams of Charcoal can be taken every evening. Too
aggressive an approach can produce side effects, especially
the treatment of candida[9]. Heavy metals may take one year
to remove through this process.
• Take 2G Charcoal capsules at 6pm..every night, absorbs nasty
alcohol and formaldehyde toxins from bile, preventing the colon
from reabsorbing them. If toxic metal levels are present (nerve malfunctions,
malabsorption, Acidosis) charcoal and a small amount of Chlorella will remove the toxins
from the body. Removing toxins faster than healthy vitamins and minerals can be
introduced into the body can make a ill person much sicker. Keep the ratio of Spirulina to
Chlorella at 4:1.
Relief from Hell
• Hot weekly hot baths in Epsom Salt water. After a lymphatic drainage, it is important to
drink plenty of water and take a detoxification bath. One of the easiest products to use is
epsom salt. At least one pound of epsom salt is added to the bath water. Submerge the
body as much as possible for 15 to 20 minutes. Use a loofah or vegetable brush to
thoroughly brush the skin at the end of the bath. Baths may be incorporated into any
protocol as it stimulates the elimination of toxins through the skin.
• Drink Rosehip seed tea, buy Rosehip seeds bulk from Mountain rose herbs.
• If your immune system is compromised, take 6 Stinging nettle root capsules per day.
take 2,2 Magnolia bark capsules per day from Amermed.
• Guaiaid can be taken daily to force phosphate loops to suck down lactic acid, re establish
G0 dna base pair, start the repair process, and get some flow of fluids.
• GUAIAID is ultrapure Guaifenesin, Typically available in 600 mg capsules.
• PH test paper, under the tongue AM first thing with no liquid or food, for 5 seconds. Keep
PH above 6 or 6.5 if possible, 7.0+ is ideal.
Sepsis – call 911
Because sepsis can begin in different parts of the body, it can have many different symptoms. Rapid
breathing and a change in mental status, such as reduced alertness or confusion, may be the first
signs that sepsis is starting. Other common symptoms include:
Fever and shaking chills or, alternatively, a very cold - low body temperature
(Warning signs of shock include feeling “freezing” cold and uncontrollable shaking)
• Decreased urination
• Rapid pulse
• Rapid breathing
• Nausea and vomiting (from hypoxia, blue, ashen)
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• Diarrhea
http://www.annalsofintensivecare.com/content/1/1/37
Annals of Intensive Care 2011, 1:37 doi:10.1186/2110-5820-1-37
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at:
Blood Clot
Swelling ache, throbbing, sensory changes, sharp stabbing pain, cannot breath, spacy confusion.
White Willow Bark natural full spectrum extract
White Willow Bark (2) AM and/or PM in advance thins the blood, reduces platelet clumping.
Salicylic acid (from Latin salix, willow tree, from the bark of which the substance used to be
obtained) is a monohydroxybenzoic acid, a type of phenolic acid and a beta hydroxy acid. It has the
formula C7H6O3. This colorless crystalline organic acid is widely used in organic synthesis and
functions as a plant hormone. It is derived from the metabolism of salicin. In addition to being an
important active metabolite of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), which acts in part as a prodrug to
salicylic acid. The salts and esters of salicylic acid are known as salicylates. Hippocrates, Galen,
Pliny the Elder and others knew willow bark could ease aches and pains and reduce fevers.[13] It
has long been used in Europe and China for the treatment of these conditions.[14] This remedy is
also mentioned in texts from ancient Egypt, Sumer, and Assyria.[15] The Cherokee and other
Native Americans used an infusion of the bark for fever and other medicinal purposes.[16] The
medicinal part of the plant is the inner bark and was used as a pain reliever for a variety of ailments.
In 2014, archaeologists identified traces of salicylic acid on 7th century pottery fragments found in
east central Colorado.[17] The Reverend Edward Stone, a vicar from Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire,
England, noted in 1763 that the bark of the willow was effective in reducing a fever.[18]
The active extract of the bark, called salicin, after the Latin name for the white willow (Salix alba),
was isolated and named by the German chemist Johann Andreas Buchner in 1828.[19] A larger
amount of the substance was isolated in 1829 by Henri Leroux, a French pharmacist.[20] Raffaele
Piria, an Italian chemist, was able to convert the substance into a sugar and a second component,
which on oxidation becomes salicylic acid.[21][22]
Salicylic acid was also isolated from the herb meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria, formerly classified
as Spiraea ulmaria) by German researchers in 1839.[23] While their extract was somewhat effective,
it also caused digestive problems such as gastric irritation, bleeding, diarrhea, and even death when
consumed in high doses.
Salicylic acid has been shown to work through several different pathways. It produces its anti-
inflammatory effects via suppressing the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX), an enzyme that is
responsible for the production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as the prostaglandins. It does
this not by direct inhibition of COX like most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
but instead by suppression of the expression of the enzyme (via a yet-unelucidated mechanism).[34]
Salicylic acid has also been shown to activate adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase
(AMPK), and it is thought that this action may play a role in the anticancer effects of the compound
and its prodrugs aspirin and salsalate. In addition, the antidiabetic effects of salicylic acid are likely
mediated by AMPK activation primarily through allosteric conformational change that increases levels
of phosphorylation.[35] Salicylic acid also uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, which leads to
increased ADP:ATP and AMP:ATP ratios in the cell. As a consequence, salicylic acid may alter AMPK
81
activity and subsequently exert its anti-diabetic properties through altered energy status of the cell.
Even in AMPK knock-out mice, however, there is an anti-diabetic effect, demonstrating that there is
at least one additional, yet-unidentified action of the compound.[36] Salicylic acid has shown to
regulate c-Myc level at both transcriptional and post-transcription levels. Inhibition of c-Myc may
represent an important pathway by which aspirin exerts its anti-cancer effect and decrease the
occurrence of cancer in epithelial tissues.[37]
Other uses
Salicylic acid is used as a food preservative, a bactericidal, and an antiseptic.[38] salicylic acid is
capable of penetrating and breaking down fats and lipids.
AMPK activation is the stimulation of hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis, inhibition of
cholesterol synthesis, lipogenesis, and triglyceride synthesis, inhibition of adipocyte lipolysis and
lipogenesis, stimulation of skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation and muscle glucose uptake, and
modulation of insulin secretion by pancreatic beta-cells.[1]
Oral salicylic acid has not been associated with an increase in malformations if used during the first
trimester, but use of aspirin in late pregnancy has been associated with bleeding, especially
intracranial bleeding.[42]
Ginkgo opens the capillaries. Taking these meds (white willow bark and Ginkgo) taken daily before
a clot happens, is essential.
Early Interventions
200/400 mg/D Magnesium Complex Supplements may be initially required to re-establish brain
balance.
Severe brain disturbance may require physician intervention. A typical physical checks most blood
parameters. A local Clinic can run this test. Periodic blood tests may be useful, but the body is able
to compensate for most illnesses, making blood tests less valuable than hair analysis.
Magnesium
Magnesium Plus 200 mG @ magnesium amino acid chelate, Neuron Salt Calcium Balance Nerve
Cell, ProHealth, PH88
Epsom Salt Baths
Baths in Epson salt with Baking soda may be helpful. 45 minutes is required to extract toxins.
Impacted Bowel
Miralax for the bowels, Psyllium, Bladderwrack, Chorella, Charcoal, and Spirulina can be
used to start the bowels moving if they are impacted. Magnesium citrate about 133mg can be
used daily, you may need more (266mg) for several days to get the bowel running.
If the bowel is impacted with worms, PinX dosing can cause a worm impaction, or blockage,
requiring a hospital intervention. Low dose PinX is advisable. A soft diet can help until the blockage
is resolved.
Dried fruits
82
Dried fruits like prunes, dates, figs, raisins and even apricots are a good source of fibre. Prunes in
particular not only contain high amounts of fibre but it also contains sorbitol which acts like a natural
laxative.
Apples
Apples, especially their skin have good amounts of fibre in them which can help ease out
constipation.
Plums
This monsoon fruit also can help treat constipation.
Pears
Like apples, pear too has ample fibre especially in their skin. Eating this fruit will regulate your
digestive system.
Berries
Strawberries, blackberries and raspberries have a good amount of fibre which can help ease out
your constipation symptoms. These fruits are also low in calorie which makes them healthy anyway.
Banana
Bananas are also a good fruit to treat mild constipation but it is extremely important that you pick on
ripe banannas only. Unripe bananas can worsen the situation.
Keeping your organs alive
• Magnesium sulfate is essential. It causes the liver to dump toxins.

• KGP Flush keeps the kidney tubes clear.
• Milk Thistle keeps the liver and kidney membranes in tact.
• CQ10 establishes the movement of alkaline/acid electron movements, which prevent cells
from turning to a genetic alteration known as ROS signaling.
• Start Algae and Charcoal as early as possible to detoxify the body and DNA, and raise the
PH, and force essential amino acids into the mitochondria of every cell.
• Maintain PH by drinking MSM - Baking soda water in large quantities is not a good idea,
but small quantities sipped throughout the day can be helpful.
• Test your PH regularly.
• Rosehips seed tea which contains a special Vitamin A molecule, should be taken away
from vitamin or anti-parasitic dosing, do not mix it with milk. In the start-up and initial
killing phase, it is essential that the body is as healthy as possible. After the initial killing
phase, where a large amount of black stool is evidenced, discontinue All vitamin A products.
MSM
AM ¾--1 1/2 TEA MSM with Baking soda in 8OZ of distilled water.
MSM contains the same molecular components of DMSO, however, MSM contains an extra oxygen
atom. MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane or methyl-sulfonyl-methane) is a superb treatment for reducing
and preventing swelling and inflammation. The use of at least 7 grams of MSM per day on ANY
cancer treatment. That is 2-4 glasses of MSM water per day. Spirulina and MSM help get your ph
up to 6.5.
83
Use PH paper under the tongue when you get up before water or food. Under the tongue for 5
seconds, the PH paper should read 6.5 for a string of days before you start treatment. 12-30 grams
of Spirulina per day may be required for several weeks to budge your PH.
Getting Started Sequence:

The ramp of vitamins, minerals and metals (Phase 0) should follow a sequence. Clearing of the GI
tract (Phase 3), accelerated by the SIBO annd SIYO kills (Phase 2), the accelerated removal of
toxins, and initial anti-parasitics like DEC and Piperazine (Phase 2/3/4). DEC and Piperazine are
required to clear the blood supply. Clearing the heart is essential, prior to dosing Albendazole and
Praziquantel. Pulsing IVM keeps the birth rate down.
• Minerals
• Metals
• Vitamins
• Anti toxin supplements and herbs
• SIBO
• SIYO
• Piperazine
• DEC
• Praziquantel
• Albendazole
• Alinia
Going after the actual parasites takes several stages of preparation. People should start slow on
anti-parasitics.
Chitin molecules are long chains of nitrogen
Q/A Nitrogen in Parasites
What is Nitrogen (them) vs Sulfur (us) based

lifeform…
Chitin molecules are long chains of nitrogen-containing sugar.
The chitin-degrading enzymes known as chitinases are not just
important to insects with chitin shells and to their predators, they
also seem to be involved in the establishment of parasites in the
human body and in asthmatic diseases.Insect chitinases belong
to family 18 of the glycoside hydrolase superfamily (GH18) and
comprise endo-splitting enzymes that retain the anomeric b-(1,4)
configuration of the cleavage products.
Chitin is a b-(1,4)-linked polymer of N-aceytylglucosamine

moieties (NAG). Insects, spiders, scorpions, crabs -- many
animals have a shell made of chitin. In addition, chitin is found in
the cell walls of fungi, dust mites, and various parasites.
“Chitinase inhibitors are potential insecticides and fungicides,”

explains Withers. “They are also interesting as pharmaceuticals.
84
They could stop the transmission of the malaria parasite to
humans and help to fight trichomoniasis infections.” Furthermore,
there seems to be a connection between asthma and an elevated
level of chitinase-like enzymes in the lungs.
The core structural element is a ring-shaped sugar building block

fused with a thiazoline, a five-membered ring made from one
nitrogen, one sulfur, and three carbon atoms. “This arrangement
imitates a cyclic intermediate formed in the enzymatic
degradation of chitin, and docks to the binding sites on chitinase
enzymes,” explains Withers. “To augment the inhibitory effect,
we added two or three additional sugar units that resemble those
in chitin (chitobiose or chitotriose). Further modifications ensure
that the inhibitors themselves cannot be degraded, so they
remain effective for a long time.” The inhibitors could be a good
starting point for the development of novel medications and
further research into the role of chitinases in biological systems.
Chitinase Enzymes
Papaya seeds contain a good amount of chitinase

http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/seed/seeds.asp
Seeds cost about $8.00 per ounce in which you
get 2,000 seeds per ounce. Shipping and handling
makes the total $14.50.
Lufenuron
Chitosan doubles the enzyme activity that suppresses nematode

activity
Metal ions are known to act as activators or inhibitors of

enzyme activity.
The metal ions such as Co2+, Mn2+, Na+ or EDTA may act
either as activators or inhibitors for CDA depending on their
concentration. For instance, Zn2+ (1mM) slightly promoted the
CDA activity in C. lindemuthianum but, increase in concentration
to 10mM strongly inhibited activity of the enzyme [9]. In case of
S. cerevisiae and C. lindemuthianum CDA was activated in
presence of Co2+ but inhibition occurred in case of CDA from A.
nidulans (Table 1). The different source of CDA and the varying
concentration of metal ions used could be the possible reason for
the different response to the presence of metal ions.
85
Q/A - What is a Zoonis/Parasite/Nematode?
A-Nitrogen based life, they suck out sulfur, pee ammonia,

and trash your health
Consume
3 Meals and 3 very small meal/snacks

Butter – Land of Lakes
Olive oil
Fat
Cheese
Garlic
o Garlic: Garlic is used both medicinally and as a food spice. Preliminary
research suggests that oral plus intravenous garlic may help manage
symptoms of cryptococcal meningitis, a fungal infection that commonly
occurs in HIV patients. Further research is needed before recommending
for or against the use of garlic in the treatment of this potentially serious
condition, for which other treatments are available. Several studies
describe the use of garlic as a topical antifungal to treat fungal infections
of the skin, including yeast infections. More research is needed in this
area. • Use cautiously as garlic can cause severe burns and rash when
applied to the skin of sensitive individuals.
O Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to garlic or other members of the

Lilaceae (lily) family (e.g. hyacinth, tulip, onion, leek, or chive). Avoid
with a history of bleeding problems, asthma, diabetes, low blood
pressure, or thyroid disorders. Stop using supplemental garlic two weeks
before and immediately after dental/surgical/diagnostic procedures with
bleeding risks.
Sea salt
Double vegetable
4 oz meat
Salads, Raw Vegtables
Cottage cheese
Nuts
86
Whole Oats, Whole Grain
Fruit Juices
Soups
Cranberry juice
Reported beneficial for kidneys – no sugar
80% alkaline-forming foods - examples include:

Regularly consume and make it a habit to consume:
Lemons, watermelon, lentils, blackberries, raspberry, pineapple,

strawberries, limes, grapefruit, mangoes, asparagus, onions,
vegetable juices (excl tomato), broccoli, garlic, grapes, berries, apples,
pears, almonds, radishes, yams, endives, beetroots, celery, lettuce,
organic carrots, ginger, cantaloupe melon, bean sprouts, almonds,
cashews, chestnuts, millet, quinoa, goats milk, apple cider vinegar,
bananas, oranges, fresh ginger root, watermelon, avocados,
mandarin oranges, tangerines, horse-radish root, pumpkin seeds,
sunflower seeds, sweet potatoes, kiwi fruit, oats, wild rice,
chestnuts, natural olives, green leafy vegetables, sea vegetables,
sea salt, natural still mineral water, umeboshi vinegar.
Liquid Chlorophyll is a great tonic for alkalising the body and it also helps
to cleanse and strengthen the blood. Another useful natural supplement
that can help alkalise the body is Kelp & Hops Combination, Barley Grass
and also Magnesium.
20% acidic-forming foods

(You should limit your intake (portions) of these. Portions means not taking to
excess, or regularly or repeated in nature to become a habit. examples include:
Whole Cranberries, prunes, peanuts, fried potatoes, beans, seeds,

walnuts, meat, fish, dairy, nuts, 1 egg, tea, coffee, vegetable oils and
fats, fried foods, sugar, refined/processed foods eg. White bread,
rice and pasta, fizzy soft drinks, fizzy water, processed meats,
processed pies, cakes and pastries, ALL alcohol, soy milk, most grains,
tomatoes, carrots, couscous, lobster, mussels, shrimps, hazelnuts, soy
beans, red wine vinegar, white vinegar yeast, tofu.
Maitake (Grifola frondosa), shiitake (Lentinula edodes), and Agaricus

(Agaricus blazei) are all delicious edible mushrooms that have immune-
enhancing and anti-cancer effects and can be found at specialty grocery
stores
Drink plenty of water
87
Eat more raw fruit on an empty stomach. The enzymes and
acids in fruit are powerful lymph cleansers
Intestinal Flora, Foods, and Other Measures
Use of green juices, aloe juice, and a diet high in greens also helps as
does supplemental garlic and asafoetida (in capsules or food.) In
addition, one can nibble on pumpkin seeds and eat fresh pineapple
and calmyrna figs. Coconut also has antiparasitic properties. According
to some sources, sesame oil is somewhat antiparasitic, and black cumin
seed, Nigella sativa, has significant anti-parasitic properties. Many
recommend drinking sesame oil, a teaspoon or so at a time
throughout the day. I personally would add clove oil and/or fennel seed
oil to the sesame oil. Fennel seed tea, three cups per day, can be used,
especially towards the end of the cleanse. Some authorities believe that
fennel intoxicates parasites, making them less protective and easier to
annihilate.
Pumpkin Butter
http://www.kitchendoctor.com/recipes/pumpkin_butter.php
Take herbs, minerals, and metals, and then clear the GI with PinX (Phase 2) prior to starting the
(Phase 3) anti-parasitic operation to remove the worms.
Sulfur needs to dominate Nitrogen, Initially taking MSM, Garlic, Onions, Magnesium Sulfate
helps infuse the body with Sulfur, and Sulfur compounds.
PH dominates everything in the body, an acidic body does not absorb minerals or metals. A
acidic body has organs that malfunction. An acidic body has no operating or functional enzyme
processes.
Balanced function of the body can not be accomplished without having the PH high enough,
Spirulina and MSM with Baking soda help to quickly restore PH. Killing SIBO and SIYO also help
raise PH.
The object is to feed your body, and deplete the energy and mischief of the parasite(s). No one has
just one parasite, they would not go wild if you had only one kind.
Q&A
A quick example Email from the forum:
Q> Do you think it's a good idea to clean up my diet before starting?
A> No, Do not deprive yourself; one can sooner change the spots on a leopard.
Q> I have been binging like crazy these past 2 weeks. Gained a ton of weight.
88
A> It happens
Q> I'm giving in to the parasite Sugar cravings.
A> Sugar cravings may be from cells that turned to

sugar (Pre cancer). Parasites prefer simple carbs like
Booze, or Pasta.
Sugar
A> What is your PH?
A> Cells that burn sugar have the base pair of the
DNA turned off, the cell has decided that the DNA
damage is go great, and lost its DNA tail, Turns G0
and G1 to toggle. This signals the cell is burning sugar, not oxygen. The cell is in survival mode.
Cells do not run well on sugar. They generate even more toxins that the parasites use to hide in.
Dont’s
The use of caffeine, Cola, Coffee, Booze, and Pasta are not allowed.
ROS, Oxygen, and DNA repair
If you take Zinc and Selenium, oxygen is transported to the cells. Ginkgo helps repair and build
new capillaries. If the cells are exposed to Guaifenesyn (GuaiAid 6-8 per day), it pulls on the
phosphate chemistry of the cell, the ATP receptor, which tells the mitochondria it need to do work,
forcing the cell to return to burning lipids ( Lipid chemistry is where Vitamin A and Vitamin C
meet, Lipids feed the cell), and once again the cell burns oxygen. If sufficient DNA repair molecules
and amino food are present (Spirulina and Sulfur) the cell will flip itself into a normal and
functioning cell, and start the DNA repair process. The cell no longer burns sugar.
>There also are some gut bacteria that eat sugar, Chitosan will kill these. A little copper forces
them back under control. There is a section called SIBO in the back of this document, that
addresses bacterial overgrowth.
Is it best to eat better for a couple days before starting treatment or should I just jump right into it?
Starting Supplements
> The starting protocol is MSM teaspoon powder in glass of non-chlorine water, with a pinch of
Baking soda 4X/D. Distilled water accelerates the toxin removal process.
> The starting protocol is Magnesium Citrate, Magnesium sulfate, Potassium Citrate, Zinc
Sulfate monohydrate, Selenium.
>The starting protocol is Spirulina, Source of Life, and Charcoal.
> The starting process includes White willow bark, and Ginkgo.
These may make you feel better, do not be fooled. I had one such person who stated MSM cured
him. This is not so, it only makes it harder for parasites to grab onto the lining of the intestine, and
provides organic sulfur.
89
PH Process:
By the numbers, you need to: There can be no treatment without the proper PH.
PH
Emergency
treatment for a low
body PH “acid”
(potential of
hydrogen) is
essential to stay
alive. PH essentially
means does the
water in your body
have more acid
hydrogen ions, or
alkaline hydroxyl
(OH) ions. Ions are
electrical charges
like positive and
negative.
When your body

has to many
hydrogen ions, the
cells that make up
your body have
problems talking
with each other. If
these signaling
messages stop, you
stop. This could
mean death.
Electricity keeps us alive, and signaling between cells is an essential activity. The funny part in this is
that you have very few clues that you are seriously ill. The body is so well designed many of us
continue to function right up to the second we die. I find this almost unbelievable, that we can be so
acid we are about to die, and do not have a clue. The reason this happens is that every cell has the
ability to function without signaling, for a short period of time. This is an amazing capability built into
every cell.
Hair Analysis
Get a hair analysis, don't guess, if you have a severe parasitic infestation you could have virtually no
essential minerals and metals in your body.
Chelation
Parasitosis causes massive acidity, which mobilizes many ionic forms of metal ions within the body,
causing a massive sickness. Forcing all types of supplement metals into the body does little to stem
the tide.
90
These metals are moving, collected in bile, and will cause massive sickness until Acidosis can be
brought under control.
Years of metal toxins will begin a feedback loop between bile, and the large intestine, unless the
heavy metals are removed. Problem is good metals are also lost, just in the middle of a health
crisis. Supplementing all essential metals, and gently removing the overload dump in bile at 3AM, is
the only course to pursue.
Maintaining as many health practices, natural sources of chelation stabilizing, and using Chlorella
and not cilantro is a much safer way to maintain metal homeostasis, in leau of such a huge body
imbalance from acidosis.
http://www.earthclinic.com/CURES/fluoride_questions.html
http://www.earthclinic.com/CURES/fluoride_questions.html#Question_4039
Chelation is the process of removing heavy metals from the body. Avoid chelation. A single no
iron multivitamin, taken with Chlorella 1G with Spirulina 4G and Charcoal 2G at 8 PM, will totally
detox aluminum, and lead. Keep the ratio of 1:4 Chlorella to Spirulina. If necessary increase to 2
Grams Chlorella to 8 grams Spirulina. Dose algae powder at night, for maximum benefit to the
intestine.
• Most of the heavy metal toxin patients are terribly deficient in zinc.
• Zinc, which is needed for vision, hearing, muscle function, and immune health, is often
replaced by lead in the tissues, where it causes cellular malfunctions.
Medicinal foods are a much more useful method to detoxify the body
• Cilantro has been found to chelate (remove) heavy metals like mercury, aluminum, and
lead from the body. In fact, it is believed to cross the blood-brain barrier and actually
remove said metals from the brain.
• Soup, eggs and salads W cilantro
• Garden salads with cilantro pesto using olive oil and using either Walnuts or Brazialin nuts
• Pectin removes toxins and heavy metals, lowers cholesterol
• Methionine is a natural occurring chelating agent that supplies sulfur in the body. It helps
in heavy metal detox by increasing the production cysteine and lecithin for the liver and
protecting your kidney.
Heavy Metals will (re)attach to open mineral binding sites. To rebuild mineral stores from Heavy
Metal toxification and chelation one must supply antagonized minerals to prevent Heavy Metals from
binding and removing essential minerals.
• Heavy metals bind to empty mineral receptors

• Mineralize to prevent Heavy Metal binding).
• Electrolyte Balance
• Replacement- (K, Na, Ca, + Mg) is critical to reducing symptoms and ANS nerve function.
Supplement Minerals per mineral studies.

Magnesium, Potassium, Calcium Zinc, Selenium, Molybdenum, Chromium;
91
Chlorella food-oral chelators are essential for mobilizing the mercury from the deeper extra cellular
tissues to be excreted. Chlorella binds Heavy Metal (especially Mercury salts) in the gut and in
extracellular spaces. Chlorella does not cross brain barrier and can be used to remove mobilized
metals, and for binding toxic chemicals and neurotoxins.
1).Low Dose Chlorella (2-4 caps with food) To bind Heavy Metals excreted from liver
(bile), minimize GI re-absorption during chelation.
2).Mobilizing Dose: 3-5 g Chlorella once/day away from food better chelation effect, or
1-2 g - 3x/day with food to bind Hg and neurotoxins from liver/bile.
To bind Heavy Metals in gut and reduce dysbiotic (fungus, bacteria, parasites);
Stir-up/ mobilize Heavy Metals in extra-cellular spaces, which increases chelation yield of heavy
metals.
Chelation Strategy:
Toxic levels of heavy metals are best removed in a gentle manner.
Mobilizing phase away from food, when not using cilantro or when using garlic, post chelation
phase with food to bind heavy metals in bile.
3).High Dose Chlorella: 2-3 times mobilization dose, for 2 days. A chelation dose of
chlorella: To excrete HM from extra cellular spaces and through the GI (mostly
feces). Strategy: can be used with Glutathione
4) Sulfur Supplementation: Critical for heavy metal detox because sulfur in its various forms is
the detox carrying element, and primary heavy metal binding site. (options for supplementation)
• MSM 3-10g/day divide dose with meals

• D.L. Methionine
• NAC ( N-acetyl-cysteine) no more than 250 mg/day Divide dose with meals will cross the
brain barrier;
• Oral Glutathione (lysine-cysteine-glutatimine) 750-1000 mg /day away from meals.
• Others: Garlic; Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA)
• Garlic is a good souce of N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine (NAC) which increases the production of

cysteine and glutathaione which are both powerful antioxidants which lessen the effects of
heavy metals.
• Consider Brazil Nuts which contain one the highest amount of zinc, selenium and
magnesium in a food. This seems like a perfect food for helping the body recover minerals
during the chelation process.
• Some patients require up to 2 years of iodine therapy to bring post loading urine bromide
levels below 10 mg/24 hr, if chloride load is not included in the bromine detoxification
program. Fluoride also antagonizes iodine levels. Consider natural toothpaste, or rinse
repeatedly Rapid mobilization of bromine from storage sites with orthoiodo supplementation
combined with increased renal clearance of bromide with a chloride load often causes side
effects. Increasing fluid intake and adding a complete nutritional program minimizes these
side effects. Doctors involved in the chelation of children with neurological conditions need
to take notice and start treating them with iodine as a primary not secondary form of
treatment
92
• Magnesium protects cells from aluminum, mercury, lead, cadmium, beryllium and nickel.
Magnesium protects the cell against oxyradical damage and assists in the absorption and
metabolism of B vitamins, vitamin C and E, which are anti-oxidants important in cell
protection. Data demonstrates a direct action of glutathione both in vivo and in vitro to
enhance intracellular magnesium and a clinical linkage between cellular magnesium,
GSH/GSSG ratios, and tissue glucose metabolism.[xxviii] According to Dr. Russell Blaylock,
low magnesium is associated with dramatic increases in free radical generation as well as
glutathione depletion and this is vital since glutathione is one of the few antioxidant
molecules known to neutralize mercury.[xxix]
• Baking soda 1/2 teaspoon taken twice a day is what was missing from the equation. TO
PREVENT CALCIUM FLOURIDE IN PINEAL GLAND, OR SODIUM MAGNESIUM OR
POTASSIUM CITRATES FROM REDUCING FLOURIDE, BUT IN BLOOD ITS ACID
LEVEL LEADS TO its ACCUMULATION.
The Healing Crisis
It is not appropriate to treat a chronic condition in the presence of an acute condition. When this
basic rule of prioritization is broken, the health is further compromised by additional and
unnecessary stress, thus aggravating the acute condition. Therefore, a 'healing crisis,' which is an
acute condition, cannot be considered acceptable during heavy metal detoxification, a therapy which
is used to address the underlying causes of chronic degenerative diseases.
The symptoms of a healing crisis can include: acute nausea, vomiting, fever, fatigue, muscle
weakness, malaise, headache, body aches & pains, back pain, hair loss, flatulence, peripheral
neuropathy, sore throat, constipation, abdominal pain, dizziness, confusion, irritability, emotional
and mental instability.
One or more of the following causes a healing crisis:
• More toxins have been mobilized than the chelator can bind and or the patient's pathways of
elimination can excrete, and that the resulting symptoms are caused by the redeposition of
the remaining toxins in the body.
• Over dosage of a chelator, like Cilantro, Chlorella, or ALA
• An allergic reaction to mobilized metals.
• A low level of systemic reserves, health is to poor to withstand the stress.
• There is an unidentified focus with greater priority; i.e. a chronic condition is being treated
in the presence of an acute condition. It is important that healing be done in a sequence
that makes the body stronger, that underlying health issues are addressed, (infected teeth,
sinus, appendix, emotional stress, etc.), and that the body is made stronger through the
process.
• Blocked autonomic regulation (blood pressure, pulse, regular heart beat).
• Instability of the central nervous system (CNS).
• Inadequate or inappropriate toxin removal methods.
• Low urine output
Malabsorption
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascariasis
Malabsorption may be due to a loss of brush border (small intestine) enzymes, that occur with
Ascaris/Small intestine infections.
93
Acidity can cause malabsorption, decreased mineral and metal status, and ultimately huge
imbalances in body chemistry.
SIBO and SIYO can cause GI malfunction.
Worm enzymes alter the entire process within the GI trac. Acidosis, Malabsorption, and Dysbiosis are
very common when the GI tract has been inundated by parasites.
A Hair analysis can evaluate cellular processing of minerals and metals, by actually recording the
cellular utilization of these critical health elements. When compared to normal amounts of these
critical elements, it is easy to see how much your cellular processes have been impacted, how sick
you are, and which elements may need additional supplementation.
Each parasite creates a different signature, some elements are common, like Sulfur and Selenium.
Get a hair analysis to see how bad your cellular processes are. My hair analysis showed no essential
minerals, no essential metals, and toxic levels of aluminum and lead. My hair analysis report was
not pretty, not pretty at all.
Malabsorption affects all macronutrients: carbohydrate, fat and protein.
Carbohydrate malabsorption is due to both fermentation of carbs in the small intestine and the
damage done to the intestinal brush border caused by the byproducts generated by these same
bacteria. Fermentation will contribute to diarrhea as the production of fatty acids is a result. Fats
tend to speed up the plumbing.
Another way carbohydrate malabsorption causes diarrhea is because undigested carbohydrates

enter the colon. This pulls water rapidly from the body leading to that oh-so-awful and potentially
embarrassing dash to the nearest toilet.
Fat malabsorption will inevitably lead to malabsorption of all fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K)
and most minerals as both fat-soluble vitamins and minerals rely on proper fat digestion to pass
through the intestinal wall and enter the portal vein leading to your liver.
The deconjugation of bile will also lead to the production of a substance called lithocholic acid that
can be directly toxic to the cells (enterocytes) lining your digestive tract. Toxicity equals
inflammation, and inflammation equals the very real possibility of developing an inflammatory bowel
disorder if this goes on long enough.
Inflammed enterocytes in turn will contribute to increased intestinal permeability or “leaky gut” and
all the negative consequences resulting from that. Increased intestinal permeability leads to more
inflammation, which attracts more pathogenic bacteria resulting in a vicious feedback loop that can
be difficult to resolve. Throw in Candida overgrowth for good measure and you’ll wonder who you
pissed off in a past life.
Protein malabsorption can lead to loss of muscle mass and low albumin levels in your blood as
your body becomes protein starved. Normal repair and recovery of protein structures in your body
are therefore impaired. Finally, maldigested protein will result in potentially toxic amounts of
ammonia as ammonia is a byproduct of protein degradation caused by bacteria adding even more
insult to already damaged enterocytes.
Abundant amounts of gas are produced by all this fermentation of food in the small intestine and
by the increased amounts of undigested carbohydrate, fat and protein that now enter the colon.
Here, colonic bacteria try to break it down adding further to the gas produced in the small intestine.
You’ll be producing so much gas Goodyear® could use you for their blimps.
94
If you’re lucky, you’ll pass plenty of wind, although those unfortunate enough to be near you will
feel anything but lucky. If you’re unlucky, (and boy was I ever) the ability to fart and move things
along will be impaired as many of these pathogenic organisms negatively affect intestinal
movement. Gas continues to build up but has no where to go resulting in painful bloating and the
profile of a six-month pregnant woman. Fun times!
I do want to mention that gluten opioids will also slow intestinal movement so it can be hard to tell
whether it’s gluten or toxic bacterial metabolites causing the paralysis of the gut. For me, cutting
gluten out of the diet resolved the bloating and constipation but did not resolve yeast and bacterial
overgrowth. A very good case can be made that it’s a combination of both leading to the inability to
pass gas.
These pathogenic bacteria eat, and guess where they get their food? Yep, that food you just ate
gets eaten by the pathogenic organisms residing in your small intestine and will have first shot at
any nutrients. Hope you didn’t spend good money at the local Whole Foods Store!
Pathogenic bacteria love, love, love iron so don’t be surprised when your doctor tells you you’re
anemic even though there isn’t any hint of bleeding anywhere in your body, and you eat plenty of
iron-rich food. Vitamin B12 deficiencies are also a big problem in those with SIBO.
References:
Bures J., Cyrany J., Kohoutova D., et al. (2010) Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth syndrome.
World Journal of Gastroenterology, 16(24): 2978-90.
Parodi A., Lauritano E.C., Nardone G., Fontana L., Savarino V., Gasbarrini A. (2009). Small intestinal
bacterial overgrowth. Digestive and Liver Disease, (3), 44-49.
Quigley E. M. M., Quera R. (2006). Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth: Roles of Antibiotics,
Prebiotics and Probiotics. Gastroenterology, 130: S78-S90.
ROS Signaling
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are chemically reactive molecules containing oxygen.
ROS signaling is present, when your body is extremely acid.
Your body relies on them as a survival mechanism to stay alive, in a low enzyme
environment. Enzyme communication signals are complex and wholesome. ROS
signaling is like a caveman’s club, very basic, very crude.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can act as a intracellular signaling molecule ... confirming a
strong impact of acidic pH on ROS production in mitochondria.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7VoPE5bRV-U
Intracellular pH following extracellular acidosis
Fig. 1A shows the

intracellular pH of the
different cell types.
Lowering extracellular
pH always led to a
decrease in pH, albeit
the degree of this
reduction differed
95
strongly between the cell lines. Under control conditions (pH 7.4) the intracellular pH was always
lower than in the extracellular compartment.
However, under acidosis (pH 6.6) the intracellular pH was higher in most cell lines. An acidic tumor
microenvironment can induce a longer lasting change in the transcriptional program, representing a
“memory effect” which maintains the altered phenotype even when the cells leave the tumor
environment.
After that, even if your body is very acid, or the PH is extremely unhealthy (sick), the cell has the
ability to use ROS signals. These are like primitive Indian smoke signals, which impart simple slow
chemical messages of acid/alkaline/acid Morse code, which primitively signal basic messages
between cells. The body is so well designed I find it funny that as complicated as we are, there is
not a mechanism or clue to tell you how sick you really are. This is like leaving the keys in you car,
or having your front door unlocked. You could be normally talking to your doctor one second, and be
dead the next second. It kind of makes no sense to be so clueless as to how unhealthy you are. But
then I guess most of us do not really want to hear how bad someone feels, or hear bad news. Kind
of Ironic.
GuaiAid helps convert the body to an alkaline environment, along with the other herbal proton
pump inhibitors (PPI). Once the cell has been changed by an acid environment, it is mandatory
that the body be kept in an alkaline state. Spirulina does this, and should be done for life.
Constipation
Parasite infections cause swollen intestines, congested lymph pathways, congested organs, all
blocked with a high toxin loads.
Sufficient liquids must be ingested.
Initial treatment for toxins can be done by natural products like algae (green or blue-green) and or
bulk psyllium products, charcoal, bladderwrack (brown algae).
Atonic constipation is associated with minimal or no abdominal discomfort. Weakness in muscle

can result from riboflavin (vitamin B2) and/or thiamin (vitamin B1) deficiency, lack of fiber in the
diet, lack of water or lack of exercise, ignoring the urge to defecate, or physical nerve damage.
Clearing the GI tract of parasites is an essential first step, and a healthy dose of Enzyme B50
vitamins, helps repair the processing of food. Avoid B2 for Protozoan Infections.
Malabsorption is the inadequate absorption of one or more nutrients. Acidosis frequently results in
the deficiency nutrients needed for bowel health and function. Deficiency of B1 thiamin or B2
riboflavin or magnesium contribute to constipation.
B1 Thiamin and B2 riboflavin are vitamins that are important in maintaining muscle tone along
the lining of the digestive tract and promoting the health of the mouth.
Other than low bile acids and salts, digestive problems usually include thiamin deficiency, which
results in abdominal discomfort and anorexia.
Other digestive problems from riboflavin deficiency are sore, swollen, magenta-colored tongue with
changes to the tongue papillae (atrophied or hypertrophied), and the development of cracks in the
tongue, and sores at corners of mouth.
Magnesium is needed for muscles to relax, thus preventing spasms in the intestines.
96
Vitamin A is needed for mucous production and healthy cells.
The following foods and herbs can be used to correct or prevent constipation:
Atonic constipation can be helped by the following foods:
• Carminatives are herbs or a preparation intended to either prevent formation of gas in the
gastrointestinal tract or facilitate the expulsion of said gas, thereby combating flatulence and
a sluggish bowel.
• Raspberry, celery and lemon are carminatives.
• Horseradish is a carminative and also a digestive stimulant in small amounts.
• Carrot is a carminative and also a cleansing digestive tonic.
• Grape is a carminative, bile stimulating and cleansing remedy for sluggish digestion and
laxative.
• Rice bran acts as a laxative with 8 grams fiber in ¼ cup. Use as cereal or in cooking.
• Asparagus acts as a laxative and is also a liver stimulant.
• Figs are laxative and counter habitual constipation.
• Pear (ripe) is an excellent laxative and cleansing tonic.
• Strawberry is laxative and also a liver tonic.
• Onions and Garlic stimulate and improve digestion and also cleanse the gastrointestinal
tract to help maintain healthy gut bacteria, prevent fermentation and tone the intestine.
• Pineapple juice before eating can help stimulate a sluggish digestion. It is cleansing and
nutritious, rich in minerals.
• Red beets stimulate and improve digestion and are easily digested.
• Cabbage stimulates and improves digestion and is also a liver decongestant.
• Coffee stimulates and improves digestion and also increases gastrointestinal activity in
many people.
• Artichoke stimulates and improves digestion and is also a laxative, bile stimulant and liver
tonic.
• Lettuce stimulates and improves digestion and is also an alternative, meaning it
improves the function of organs involved with the digestion and excretion of waste products
Substances that cause constipation:
• Antacids (tums)
• Antidepressants
• Anticonvulsants
• Calcium channel blocking drugs (in heart disease)
• Iron supplements
• Laxative abuse
• Opiates, like morphine or codeine, also heroine, most other
painkillers
Minerals and Metals

The plain fact is that parasites absorb and steal minerals and metals. When the body is under
attack many many substances are lost. Acidosis also causes a loss of minerals and metals. The two
97
fisted punch depletes so many minerals and metals, the body becomes seriously unstable. I took
repeated hair analysis tests every year, which showed no (Below the measurable limits)
essential minerals or metals. Acidosis wipes out entire segments of essential elements the body
needs to function.
Metals
I started taking supplements in 2012. A year later In 2013 many metals were low, including
Chromium, Cobalt, Manganese, Molybdenum, and Vanadium. By low, I note, that the level of
these metals is outside the acceptable range. Also noteworthy, are the transitional metals, in the
center of the periodic table, metals which have open electron orbits in their outer band. These
metals are reactive, and are capable of bonding with various substances to become compounds.
The absence of these metals will hamper an effective and healthy body chemistry.
Attached below is a hair analysis of essential trace metals.
The need to rebuild the immune system is essential. The use of minerals to restore body processes,
and metals to stimulate the immune system are essential steps in restoring the body to health.
Chromium, Vandium, and Molybdenum are thought to be associated with immune system
health. Copper, and Zinc are essential for digestive and mental health. Selenium is essential to
get oxygen into the body.
Molybdenum helps the body maintain the zinc/ copper ratio.
The metals consumed by parasites include metals that are heavier than Iron. Iron in particular is
consumed by parasites. They can steal so much iron, a person can become anemic. Supplementing
Iron is thought to make worms stronger. Flukes in particular steal iron from the GI tract. Black stool
may be loss of some blood and iron. Take spinach with PZQ to keep iron level up during a fluke
kill.
98
Zinc is consumed, so much so that the body cannot make white blood cells. Zinc commands the
body to build white blood cells. Together with Selenium, they make a powerful pair.
Iodine is consumed, as the body attempts to heal itself from thousands of little wounds. My initial
reaction to Iodine was severe. I went back to the herbal store and complained it was to strong. I did
not realize how sick I really was. It is seldom the supplement, it is the environment that the
parasites create that makes the reaction so severe. Skip a few days between doses (Pulse) if you
get a severe reaction to iodine.
Copper is essential for maintaining protection against bacteria in the gut. Copper is used for
several key enzymes. SIBO bacteria overgrowth is the result in the loss of the immune system and
Copper. Copper supports good bacteria, and interferes with bad bacteria types.
Magnesium, Boron, Silver, Vanadium, Molybdenum, and other metals can be used to bring
the body back into balance.
It is critical that these metals are present, especially during the beginning phases of a parasite kill.
Later, depending on the parasite(s) present, the removal of Zinc may be required in Phase 4 to
complete the Ascaris kill. Guidance is provided later in this document to help transition through
these phases.
I had no improvement with silver, that is why it did not make it into the final formula.
Minerals
Minerals are also consumed by the body in large amounts, especially during periods of stress.
To understand the role of vitamins and minerals, it helps to understand a little bit about the
chemistry of your body. The body runs on highly complex processes to perform and regulate those
internal functions that are necessary to maintain life. Processes are in place to:
• Build the cells that make up your body's structures

• Meet the needs of different types of cells
• Permit each of these different cell types to carry out its specific functions
• Help maintain cellular structure and performance
• Alter the type and degree of cellular activity in the face of changing circumstances
• Communicate each cell's activity with the activity of other cells and organs in the body
• Adjust cellular behavior, as needed, in ways that will permit a coordinated response of the
whole organism to its environment
• Dispose of waste products
• Govern the disposal of cells when their job is done
99
The scientific term used to describe all of these processes is homeostasis.
Homeostasis is defined, as the ability of a living organism to maintain its structure, separate from
and invulnerable to the forces of its environment.
The maintenance of homeostasis is highly complex, requiring many series of chemical reactions,
distinct and yet interrelated. Each step in each reaction requires the presence of specific substances.
If these materials are not present, the reactions that require them cannot proceed correctly.
Vitamins, minerals, and trace elements are the necessary substances. Some are produced for us
within the intestines, by bacteria that live there.
Higher amounts of some of these substances may actually improve our health even when we're not
sick, by giving our bodies a richer source of materials to draw on in the face of normal stress.
In my case the hair analysis showed I had no minerals or essential metals. These results were
confirmed year after year, despite my best efforts to supplement. Parasites cause depletion of these
essential elements, unless the parasites are killed.
RDA vitamin Dose
The RDA, or recommended dietary allowance, is a baseline figure. It is used to suggest the lowest
amount of a substance that we should take in, daily, from our diet. You'll see references to the RDA
on labels for vitamins and for many prepared foods. With certain vitamins, the upper limit and lower
limit are much closer together, such is the case with Vitamin A.
It's important to understand that RDA is not a recommended intake level. Rather, it represents the
minimum amount required to prevent an overt, frank deficiency-in healthy people with good
absorption and the ability to maintain normal nutritional status. Thus the RDA holds very little
meaning for you.
100
The RDA underestimates the requirements of an organism under stress. It is not a good guide for
your nutritional or dietary intake. For vitamin C, for example, the RDA is 60 milligrams a day-just
enough to prevent scurvy in a healthy sailor.
The RDA also does not take into account specific actions of a given vitamin that can be of special
value in illness, or may promote your overall good health.
Kidneys
The kidneys are one of the first organs to bear the brunt of a parasitic infection. Daily tea’s, Herbs,
supplements like Dr Christophers kidney cleanse, and KGP flush, are required to keep the kidneys
functioning. Milk thistle, CQ10, and Ginger/Golden seal may be required to keep them
functioning. Keep vitamin D3 below 50,000 units, and confine this dose to the killing of flukes (flat)
worms. As soon as these worms are eliminated, lowering the D3 level to the minimum is advised.
101
My standard Process:
The standard process includes 6 stages, including stabilize health by ramping minerals and metals. It
is essential to quickly balance the body, this is done by supplementing minerals, vitamins, metals,
amino acids, and removing toxins.
1. Attempt to stabilize the digestive process by killing SIBO and SIYO GI tract infections.
2. Physically clearing the GI tract of parasites using (Takes about a month) PinX, then
3. Killing systemic parasites (Takes about 4 to 6 weeks),
4. Moping up the kill which takes another 4 to 6 weeks,
5. Tapering of the substances used.
6. Then moving to lifetime maintenance supplements.
Standard Process Diagram
Phase 0 – Supplement, Balance, and ELISA Testing:
The body must work properly to kill parasites. Ramping supplements to get the body toxin level
lower is essential to killing parasites safely.
Normally parasite infections are self limiting, which means they grow until they sense toxin levels,
and slow their growth to match the environment. Many of these sensing regulations are nitrogen
based. When the toxin level is lowered, the new cleaner environment encourage the
parasites to grow.
It is possible that as soon as the toxin level is lowered, more parasites are born, or the parasite
worsens. the introduction of anti-parasitics (DEC and Piperazine) may be required to limit larvae
and egg growth of roundworms, and assist in clearing the GI trac.
102
It is possible that the removal of toxins causes an improvement in the parasite infection, weakening
them, and making it easier to remove them.
Balance of the body also makes

the body healthy enough to
withstand the parasite killing
process. Rushing the increase
in PH, dosing of MSM and
Spirulina, will cause a healing
crisis. Take the time to conduct
early testing of Roundworm
(ELISA), Flatworm Fluke
(ELISA) or other parasite tests
can be performed during this
phase. These ELISA tests will
help to confirm a total kill at
the end of the killing process.
Vitamins, minerals and metals
can also be introduced.
Q&A 1
Q> I am about to send email to internal medicine doc at hospital they assigned me to after I went
to emergency last week to try to get someone to do tests.
They have stool in lab and tissue I gave them from lesions. Whether or not they will actually culture
tissue is a question. He may have agreed only to humor my request to do so.
A> Canada has more parasitologists than the USA. I think 133 at my last count. If they have a
hospital pathologist, your odds are greater. There is a blood lab in atlanta GA, and there may be a
few underground PCR analysis labs setting up shop. There were high visability labs, but they shut
off PCR a few months before I spent $1500. having my stool tested. It is a crap shoot (pardon the
pun)
Q> If I am going to add for ELISA what

exactly do I ask for. How do I phrase it?
We have NO private labs here in BC.
In a calm low voice request ELISA blood

tests.
I had ELISA for Ascaris (which was

positive). I had test for Strongyloides
(negative), and Filariae (negative)
Each singular test is about $50 - 300

depending on greed. Tell them you want a
copy of the test report, and scale of
infection(s). Many report 0.26, 0.48, 0.96
of full scale threshold 1.0. They do not
consider you infected if you are below the
threshold, just managing it with your immune system.
I should have had ELISA for Flukes.
103
• liver flukes, Clonorchis sinensis (oval flat) and Fasciola hepatica (Oval fleshy peach pit).
• Blood flukes inhabit the blood in some stages of their life cycle. Blood flukes include
species of the genus Schistosoma (red bumps on skin).
Of these three flukes, I had all 3, my initial dose of Praziquantel was to low, and I went another year
in hell until I discovered the depth of my fluke infection went into the brain, and beyond.
Having a parasite is normal, everyone has one. It is when you have 2, or 3 you are in trouble, I had
5 (that I know of)
Q&A2
Q> why was my stool test negative for Ascaris?
A> Stool samples are less than 8% accurate.
PCR test is more accurate, no one does this anymore, it identified problems that doctors were not
interested in treating.
ELISA tests are proving to be the most accurate way of determining which parasite you have.
Ascaris is one of the hardest worms to get

rid of. The reason is that:
1) No one has just one parasite
2) The Ascaris depresses the immune system which makes one more likely to catch an additional
parasite that presses on the immune system further.
In my case, I had a severe fluke infection that made all of my attempts at clearing Ascaris
impossible.
Finally I wiped out the flat worm flukes, and made real progress. I am still feeling my way through
the Ascaris infection, down to a right sinus nest, and possible lower colon group.
Q&A
Q> hey matt. I've been waiting on the hair analysis forever.. Just got the doxycycline, getting hair
analysis results tomorrow. Also i looked at old tests and turns out i made my doc give me iGg4
antibody test for filaria. It came back super low so thats negative. But I'm going to brg in to my
appointment tomarow that i need test for Ascaris 209 kda and fluke 13 kda as the dominant antigen
detections, and angiostrongylus, cysticercosis, echinococcossis and hookworm if i can. lol. I have
been taking the other medications as well but since i have been loosing weight since this started.
I'm thinking i have Tapeworm and also i do see specs of white in stool. But there’s something
definitely, big moving around throughout my whole body which is the most unnerving. I was
wondering if u recommend taking niclosamide to at least kill the tapeworms. ICU has it in his
Tapeworm protocol. Just wondering . thx
Q&A - ELISA
http://www.rapidtest.com/products-elisakits.php?product=Parasitology-ELISA-kits&cat=17
http://www.rapidtest.com/index.php?product=Rapid-Tests&cat=3
104
http://www.rapidtest.com/index.php?i=Ascaris-IgG-ELISA-kit-&id=751&cat=17
Diagnostic Automation/Cortez Diagnostics Inc. All rights reserved.
Filaria
Filaria
James B. Peter, M.D., Ph.D.
Seven filarial organisms cause infections in man. Subsumed under the term "filarial
infections" are lymphatic filariasis caused by Wuchereria bancrofti (>90%) and Brugia
spp. (<10%), non-lymphatic, subcutaneous filariasis ( Loa loa, Onchocerca volvulus,
Mansonella streptocerca) and non-lymphatic, serous cavity filariasis (Mansonella ozzardi,
M. perstans ). Living, dead or degenerating worms (2-50 cm long) cause the
inflammatory lesions of filariasis and ultimately result in lymphatic obstruction and
fibrosis, which is at least partially reversible. Live worms produce swarms of microfilariae
(immature larvae), which are transmitted by mosquitoes.
The most important advances in lymphatic filariasis stem from development of antigen
detection tests, which are more sensitive diagnostically than microscopy. These tests
have been the basis of a critical evaluation of promising new therapy and also have
taught us a great deal about the natural history of lymphatic filariasis which was not
readily defined by serology alone.
105
All filarial worms share some unique characteristics: (a) adult females produce a larva
called microfilaria which shows a circadian rhythm or periodicity often synchronized with
the biting behavior of their vectors; (b) all are carried by bloodsucking arthropods; and
(c) have the same basic life cycle with five larval stages of development. The mosquito-
borne lymphatic filariases (including asymptomatic microfilaremia, classical elephantiasis
and tropical pulmonary eosinophilia) are caused by Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi
and B. timori. The non-lymphatic filariases, manifested by cutaneous and subcutaneous
infections include: (a) Onchocerca volvulus which causes cutaneous and subcutaneous
nodules or onchocercomata and is transmitted by black flies; (b) Loa loa or the "eye
worm" of Africa which moves freely through tissues and is carried by horseflies; and (c)
Mansonella ozzardi, M. perstans and M. streptocerca, a comparatively innocuous group of
filariae that cause little or no pathology in the human host and are vectored by biting
midges.1 Occasionally, one of the most prevalent animal filaria, Dirofilaria immitis, the
heartworm of dogs, causes pulmonary and extrapulmonary infections in humans. 2
Detection of filaria-specific IgG and IgE antibodies by EIA with soluble adult filarial
antigen from B. malayi3 is hampered by cross-reactive antibodies found in sera of
patients with closely related infections, including non-filarial nematodes (e.g.,
Strongyloides stercoralis, Trichinella spiralis and Necator americanus), trematodes or
flukes (e.g., Schistosoma mansoni and Echinococcus granulosus) and surprisingly with
some protozoan infections, including Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. (cf. 3 for
succinct review of the laboratory evaluation of the filariases). Both total IgM and filaria
antigen-reactive IgG4 are greatly elevated in lymphatic filariasis. 4 Detection of B. malayi-
reactive IgG4 improves the specificity of detection of filarial antibodies, 5-6 probably due to
the exclusion of antibodies to phosphorylcholine (PC) from this subclass. PC is an
immunodominant epitope in many infections,7 and the development of assays that
spotlight production of antibodies directed against non-PC-containing antigens marks a
major advance.3 Decreases of B. malayi IgG4 follow treatment.8 Serum antibodies to a
recombinant antigen (recSXP1) are found in 69% and 82% of patients with patent
Malayan or Bancroftian filariasis, respectively.9 Detection of filarial-specific IgE is
enhanced by removal of IgG4 from the serum.10
Antigen detection for diagnosis and monitoring of therapy is promising, 11,12 but
workshops, standardization and exchange of specimens and reagents are urgently in
need of expansion.13 A specific, sensitive monoclonal antibody-based EIA, directed
against antigens of O. gibsoni is useful to detect circulating W. bancrofti antigen in
human serum.14 The spectrum of Bancroftian filariasis is elucidated by detection of
circulating antigen (reactive with Og4C3) which is more sensitive than microfilaremia
which misclassifies ~50% of those infected in an endemic area. 15 A similar assay works
well for detection of filarial-specific IgG4 in urine.16 Ultrasonography for detection of the
filarial dance sign and subclinical hydrocele yields a powerful tool for epidemiology when
combined with antigen detection for Bancroftian filariasis.17 The combination of filarial-
specific igG4 in urine and filarial antigen detection in whole blood is also very effective. 18
The Brugian filariasis elimination program will be aided by a rapid dipstick test (Brugia
Rapid) for detection of IgG4 antibodies to a recombinant antigen of B. malayi.19 Cross-
reactivity in patients infected with Brugia spp., O. volvulus or Loa loa is absent.14 Cloning
of potentially protective antigens20 from filarial parasites bodes well for improved
laboratory diagnosis. Sensitivity of serodiagnosis for filariasis varies with the causative
agent, the technique employed, the absence or presence of microfilaremia and with the
clinical setting. Where appropriate, membrane filtration of blood, Giemsa-stained thick
and thin smears or QBCÂ® (Quantitative Buffy Coat) are the microscopic tests of
choice.3,6,21 Serology and skin tests cannot distinguish between heavy versus light
106
parasite load nor between past or present infections. 22 Among other important
differences, parasitic helminths, in contrast to microparasites (including bacteria, protozoa
and viruses), generally do not multiply in humans; this difference may be fundamental to
the slowness with which acquired immunity to macroparasites (e.g., helminths) develops
in humans.23 The feasibility of using ultrasonography of the scrotum for detection of
living adult worms and lymphatic dilation was demonstrated. 24-26 Vector infection rates
tend to predict infection prevalence in humans.27 PCR-based studies suggest that some
individuals have circulating filariae DNA in the blood in the absence of microfilariae. 28-30
Similar studies on wild-caught anopheline mosquitoes will also be useful in detecting the
parasitic load in the vector populations. 31 PCR-based evaluation of Bancroftian filariasis
may also serve as a tool in detecting filaremia. 32 A PCR-RFLP technique to detect filarial
parasite DNAs in blood and mosquito samples can be valuable to differentiate between
species of filaria in humans, reservoir hosts and the vectors in endemic areas. 33
See Also:
Brugia spp./Lymphatic filariasis
Dirofilaria immitis and D. (Nochtiella) repens
Loa loa
Mansonella ozzardi, M. perstans and M. streptocerca
Onchocerca volvulus
Wuchereria bancrofti
Filaria Manifestations can be protean and classified as:

1) Acute – Fever with chills and rigors, lymphedema with pain, lymphadenopathy (cervical, axillary, inguinal
and generalised – Acute Filarial Lymphangitis/Acute Dermatolymphangioadenitis), chyluria, hematuria,
inflammatory granuloma or abscesses, pain in testes, funiculitis, epididymoorchitis.
2) Chronic – funiculitis, epididymoorchitis, hydrocele, breast edema, elephantiasis.
3) Occult- Pulmonary eosinophilia, mono and polyarthritis, tenosynovitis, glomerulonephropathy,
retroperitoneal lymphangitis (acute abdomen), central serous retinopathy, iridocyclitis, recurrent scleritis and
macular oedema, endomyocardial fibrosis, urticaria, recurrent upper respiratory infections, asthmatic
bronchitis. Any lymph node or any body part can be affected but commonly genital lymphatics are
involved in males.
4) Asymptomatic - Endemic normalsnegative for Mf but positive for antigens (pre-patency) and
asymptomatic microfilaremic - is characterised by the presence of microfilaria in peripheral blood during night
but without any overt clinical manifestations of filariasis with or without antigens – also known as Mf carriers
(patency). 1-3,6,8
Factors affecting pathogenesis of filarial manifestations include the cumulative exposure to bites, quantity of
accumulating adults , number of secondary infections, the degree and type of host immune response (Th1/Th2)
and possibly genetic predisposition.11-13
Hydrocele is less common in microfilaria carriers than endemic normals. Lymphatic filarial parasites also
harbor an endosymbiont – Wolbachia - that contributes to inflammation.14 Commonly, the diagnosis of
lymphatic filariasis relies upon suggestive clinical and epidemiologic clues and supportive laboratory findings.
The morbidity of human filariasis results mainly from the host reaction to microfilaria and adult worms in
different areas of the body which increases with duration.14-16
So, early diagnosis and treatment are the best options. The patients of acute and chronic manifestations usually
come for medical attention while the very big pool of asymptomatic and occult infections are usually
inaccessible individually, their coming to medical attention is primarily by mass community screening or as a
chance finding.
DIAGNOSIS
Most of the clinicians rely on their clinical acumen in the diagnosis of clinical filariasis (low specificity and
sensitivity for acute or asymptomatic active infections). 15, 16 Laboratory tests can be divided into nonspecific
107
and specific tests. Specific tests include - direct detection of microfilaria on blood smears, serologic tests, DNA
PCR and radiology. Nonspecific tests are eosinophilia, high IgE levels and lymphoscintigraphy (that reveal
dilated lymph channels or backflow even in the early stage of infection).
The direct methods include visualization of microfilaria (or the adult worm) - is made by microscopic
examination of thick film of blood collected between 10:00 PM and 2:00 AM, with or without DEC
provocation, stained by Geimsa or hematoxylineosin for the presence of microfilaria. Adult worm may be
found in fluids drawn from swollen areas or serous collections.
X-ray tests can show calcified adult worms in lymphatics; ultrasonography can show the ’filarial dance’. 1, 2, 7
Lymph node aspirate and chylus fluid may also yield microfilaria or worm.
Direct diagnosis, though definitive, is difficult, because of timing inconvenience of blood collection, long pre-
patency, low patency (<60%) and inadequate sensitivity.Reliance on microfilaria testing may lead to late as
well as under diagnosis; it is necessary to develop diagnostics for early detection of
the disease.16-18
Early diagnosis of filarial infections is best possible with seromarkers. With the entry of the microfilaria there
is a natural IgM response within a few weeks which slowly changes to an IgG response – initially IgG1 and
IgG2 – which changes to IgG4 after some more time.11-13 Antigens appear with development of adult worms
from microfilaria. This appearance of antigenemia from both adults and the larvae leads to increased easily
detectable levels of IgG4. Antibody detection has served as the basis for diagnostic assays for filariasis for
many decades, especially with the native antigens. The best of these assays were sensitive for infection but
cannot distinguish current infection from past infection or exposure to other parasite and there was significant
degree of crossreactivity with other helminth infections – leading to poor specificity (~40%). 15-17
With the advent of recombinant antigens antibody tests have become refined. 19, 20, 21 Antibody-based diagnostic
assays using four recombinant antigens, Bm14, WbSXP, BmSXP and BmR1 have become commercially
available.22-26 They are based on the detection of antifilarial IgG4 antibodies. The BmR1 ELISA as well as
dipstick (Brugia Rapid immunochromatography based) antibody tests have very high sensitivity for Brugia
malayi (~100%), Bm14 ELISA is sensitive for both Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi (~91%-96%), and
WbSXP was predominantly sensitive for Wuchereria bancrofti (91%) and somewhat less for Brugia malayi
(40%). BmSXP is another recombinant antigen having high sensitivity for Wuchereria bancrofti (95%). 25, 26
Both WbSXP and BmSXP(WB Rapid) have high specificity for Wuchereria bancrofti (96-99%). A combined
test format using BmR1 and BmSXP has been advocated by some as a more comprehensive test of pan
filariasis.26,27,28.
‘Seva Filachek’ is a dipstick based ELISA system which has been permitted by government of India (Signal
MF) for microfilarial antigen(IC-Ag) as well as filarial antibodies (IgG4) in diagnosis of filarial infection in
different clinical groups. The detection of IgG4 antibody titre of 1:300 and above against specific microfilarial
antigen was found to be useful. Free as well as immune- complexed antigen could also be detected. Overall the
test system has a sensitivity and specificity of around 80% for antibody detection and 88%
Medicine Update 2012  Vol. 22
22
for antigen detection.27-30. There was no interference from non-filarial helminths or other immune activation
states like positive rheumatoid factor, ANF or high levels of IgE.
However the problem of specificity especially in the form of distinguishing past from present infection and
rarely other helminths remains.30 The rapid format assays, though more convenient can give indeterminate
result in upto 30% cases, which is unusual in ELISA. 27-30. The ‘OnSite’ Filariasis IgG/IgM Rapid Test uses
conserved recombinant antigens to simultaneously detect IgG and IgM to the Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia
malayi parasites without the restriction on specimen collection. Recombinant multiple beaded antigens
including Bm14 and Bm33 from Brugia malayi has been used to follow therapy response by determining
IgG4 levels. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with tropical pulmonary eosinophilia contains IgE
antibodies that recognize Brugia malayi antigen, Bm 23-25.30, 27
108
Filarial Antigen tests, available commercially, are probably better than antibody tests. They show little 24 hour
variation in their positivity can detect active infection (better specificity) and have a significantly wider user
experience and evidence base for monitoring therapy. 31-33 This antigen test is available only for infection caused
by Wuchereria bancrofti but not for Brugia. Immunochromatographic test (ICT) is a highly sensitive and
specific circulating filarial antigen (CFA) detection assay, both as card test (AD-12.1 antibody) and in ELISA
based format (Og4C3 antibody– ‘Tropbio’) are now available for the diagnosis of Wuchereria bancrofti
infection.32-37 This test is positive in early stages of the disease when the adult worms are alive and becomes
negative once they are dead. The Card test is a qualitative test with possibility of indeterminate results
but very rapid; the Elisa format is a semi quantitative test that provides definite results. 36-38 Filarial antigen
detection has been found to be more useful in epididymoorchitis and allergic state such as tropical eosinophilia
and in lymphedema. ‘Binax Filariasis Now Test’ is a variety of commercial card test for
Wuchereria bancrofti antigen.37
DNA probes using Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) are of high specificity and sensitivity, but
are not cost effective.39 Assays for circulating immune complex of filarial antigen and antibodies are also used
for serodiagnosis in microfilaria negative cases.40
CONCLUSION
With the knowledge of filarial endemicity, its associated morbidities and the national and international
intervention strategies for its elimination, it nearly becomes obligatory for any practising doctor to have some
working ideas on this disease. Serological tests are the tests of choice for early markers of infection, but they
can be hardly used in individuals as the disease is most often asymptomatic - all age group mass screening is
the preferred option.41,42 Antibody detection provides an early means to detect filarial parasite infection.
Presence of IgM antibody to the parasite antigens suggest current infection, whereas, IgG corresponds to late
stage or past infection. Utilization of recombinant proteins eliminates cross-reaction. 43, 44 Furthermore,
identification of conserved antigens allows ‘pan-filaria’ test to be applicable. However antibody testing is
probably better in children. Antigen positivity indicates active disease and it can be used both in sera and body
fluids and also in urine and it is the better test considering its specificity. In nearly all antigens positive
cases the antibody will be positive and both will be positive in microfilaria positive cases. 45
Only antibody positivity without antigen or microfilaria may indicate early infection especially the IgM variety
but commercial kits for its detection are hardly available
Ascaris IgG ELISA kit description:

The Diagnostic Automation Ascaris ELISA test is a qualitative enzyme immunoassay for the
detection of antibodies to Ascaris, in samples of human serum or plasma.
Material Provided with Ascaris IgG ELISA Kit:

1. Plate: 96 Microwells containing Ascaris antigens
2. Enzyme Conjugate: Protein A conjugated to peroxidase
3. Positive Control: diluted rabbit sera
4. Negative Control: diluted human sera.
5. Chromogen:TMB
6. Wash Concentrate 20X: buffer and surfactant
7. Dilution Buffer: buffered protein solution
8. Stop Solution: 1 M phosphoric acid
Materials Required, not Provided:

1. Freshly distilled or deionized water
2. Dispensing system and/or pipette
3. Microshaker for dissolving and mixing conjugate with samples
4. EIA kit Microplate washer
5. EIA kit Microplate Reader with 450nm or dual wavelength 620-650 nm filter
109
Ascaris IgG ELISA Kit Background Information:
Ascaris lumbricoides has probably been infecting humans for thousands of years. It is the most
common nematode parasite infecting humans and over 1 billion people are believed to be
infected. Children who live in moist, warm climates are the most at risk to become infected.
Ingesting embryonated eggs from contaminated soil is the primary means of infection. The eggs
will hatch in either the stomach or small intestine where the larvae penetrate through the
intestine wall. Larvae are carried to the heart and then to the lungs, where they stay for
approximately 10 days. Larvae will then go into the alveoli and migrate via the bronchi to the
trachea and pharynx.The larvae are coughed up, swallowed, and returned to the intestine where
they mature and mate, eventually producing eggs. This process occurs over 8-12 weeks. Eggs
will get passed into the environment via feces. Fertilized eggs will become infective within 2
weeks if they are kept in warm, moist soil. The primary means of preventing the spread of
Ascaris infection is through the use of appropriate sanitation facilities and practices, such as
frequent washing of the hands.
Ascaris IgG ELISA Test Principle:

The microwells are coated with Ascaris antigen. During the first incubation with the diluted
patients sera, any antibodies which are reactive with the antigen will bind to the coated wells.
After washing to remove the rest of the sample, the Enzyme Conjugate is added. If antibodies
have been bound to the wells, the Enzyme Conjugate will then bind to these antibodies. After
another series of washes, a chromogen (TMB) is added. If the Enzyme Conjugate is present, the
peroxidase will catalyze a reaction that consumes the peroxide and turns the chromogen from
clear to blue. Addition of the Stop Solution ends the reaction and turns the blue color to a bright
yellow color. The reaction may then be read visually or with an ELISA reader.For additional
details please refer to the instructions for use.
Diagnostic Automation Inc. also provides other Parasitology ELISA Kits. For more information
about ELISA Kits, Rapid Tests, IFA Kits, CLIA Test Kits, or Serology tests, please see our website
home page, or contact our Customer Service Representatives at 818-591-3030
Strongyloides
Leishmania
110
Q> I hear Elisa tests are not Accurate.
Many emails have I replied to, where the sender tested positive for Strongyloides.
;;
There are a few WHO approved, developed by the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation, to the tune of
many tens of millions of dollars. They cost $1 to 3 dollars in a stick form, 2 bottles fluid.
The test is accurate for the high visibility parasite infections, and was developed using international
standards practices.
The research ELISA array has less that such a stellar reputation.
The 62, 72, 93 well test looks more like a dna test, and the results are up to interpretation.
Seams like if you have multiple parasite infections, some enzyme antigens dont read correctly, the
accuracy for single test that are more species specific, can fall from 85-95% down to 40%.
The major worms, flukes, ascaris, strongyloides have a higher accuracy, since the antigen they
represent, are also common with other species.
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If the other species testing needs to be done, in the event of primary care practices, then and only
then can PCR analysis be done, in facilities like Duke, but they do not accept patients or referrals. I
tried.
Even Mayo sends samples to Duke.

They turned me down too.
Q&A3
Q> How can I start ?
A> Get a Hair analysis and get PH strips. A physical to test your blood is also a good idea.
...Hey Matt,
So, I'm trying to be optimistic but feel pretty scared. I'm fairly certain they are in my brain, should I
be worried?
___________________________________________________________
...in your brain,

...or in the lymph in your skull, up down throat
...or in your sinus, ears,
...or embedded into the BBB
These are all different.
ONLY ONE do you worry about.
IF you have unsymmetrical neural symptoms,

I.E. your right elbow shakes every afternoon between 2 to 4 pm, or your left leg walks left when you
ask it to go right, in the morning,
These are unsymmetrical neural symptoms, are abnormal, and need to be seen by a doctor, and a
MRI is ordered up.
Symmetrical symptoms are normal.

Double vision is ok.
Headaches are ok.
Burning in the back of the skull, electrical zapps, electroshock, white flashes in the eyes are normal.
Ear ringing is normal.
Falling to the floor is normal.
Huge rashes are normal.
Bumps (cysts) under the skin or in a muscle or two is normal.
Cysts on your chest, back of the neck, are normal, if there are only a few.
Brain Fog is ok.
Cold nose, face, skin.
Whipping in sinus or on ear drum is ok.
Worms traveling around the body is normal.
Worms trying to get into your eye is normal.
Worms getting into you eye is abnormal....
Numb skin, burning lips, poor vision, hearing, memory, problems walking or doing tasks, these are
all normal symmetrical neural disturbance.
Unsymmetrical neural symptoms are caused by a pork or beef tape worm, which can cause focal
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(local specific and repeating) deficits (holes in the brain). This guy you worry about, the rest of the
guys, it is just a game of time until they are dead.
If you have unsymmetrical neural symptoms get a MRI, and if abnormal, get a CAT scan. Its worth
the radiation if you truly have this one kind of parasite. Thank god it is a rare parasite.
I believe you have a situation of round worms and rope worms. Rope worms are congested lymph
matter. Dodder seed extract can help to flush this out of your body, stay tough with magnesium
sulfate, that will keep you alive, and liver filtering.
Q> Have you looked at my stool pictures? What do you think?
A> You seem to have a significant infection, where large fluke like (stubby) worms are migrating
out of the skin. These may appear to be short round worms, but they are actually flukes.
I believe by looking at the stool, you may have a co infection of roundish worms, it is easy to tell. A
single dose of Invermectin calms down most round worms.
Flukes are a different matter, having them come out of the hand indicates a tough course of
praziquantel, and drinking quinine tonic tea may be required.
Flukes are flat and oval. Round worms are well kind of round, and rope worms are not actually
worms at all, just kind of blobs of junk that is the body dumping worm shit through the lymph
system, which is actually 6 quarts of fluid, more than the blood system has in circulation which is 2
quarts.
Q&A
Q> How should I start?
A> I suggest you balance your body with magnesium, potassium, sulfur(s), etc first, establish zinc,
selenium, chromium, copper sources. I suspect your amino levels are low, Spirulina helps bring
this up, and you are probably highly toxic. I use a batch of detox herbs and things I will attach.
One person wanted to dose kill drugs in parallel with ph, minerals, and metals. I can tell you that at
the first doses of PinX, I thought they would wind up in the ER.
Always have emergency drugs, White willow bark, bobs redmill baking soda, a bottle of
water, powdered Spirulina, Magnesium sulfate usp, MSM, Magnesium citrate capsules,
Potassium citrate capsules. Keep your tongue PH higher than 6.
The earlier you start on alkaline minerals, the better. Oxygen is essential, Zinc sulfate and
Selenium chelate move oxygen into the body, I would ramp Zinc sulfate to 400 mg/D. I would
ramp Selenium to 600 ucg/D, Copper to 4 mg/D, Start Magnesium sulfate at 2060 mg per day,
then taper to 1030 as the stool turns brown, not green or black. If the stool does not turn brown
again suspect SIBO or SIYO infection.
Initially 133 to 266 mg Magnesium citrate per day, 99 mg of Potassium. Try to get the stool
loose, but not so loose that you loose bile salt.
The goal is keep a brown stool. Green is liver junk, you want to keep your liver as clear as possible.
KGP flush, cranberry juice, distilled water help move stuff out of the kidneys, if the kidneys slow or
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stop use high dose CQ10, and do 3 doses (droppers full) of KGP flush per day to keep the
kidneys working. New studies show P5P and piridoxamine help kidneys function in the presence of
severe damage.
In Phase 2, I would start with PinX dose to box, if you vomit for days, you may want to start again
in a week with drops of PinX. I vomited every day at 3 am for 3 weeks. My gut was infested.
Once you have one solid dose of PinX, repeat the “'box” dose - once every 3 weeks - until you no
longer get a reaction, your GI trac is clear.
Now I would initially suggest taking up to 750 mg of Piperazine citrate (50mg/ml) per day, this
helps dump ammonia, uric acids, and alike.
Taking a high dose initially can cause a severe die off event.
The maximum dose is specified as 3 grams for 3 days. If you
dose to quickly you can get a die off event in the brain. This
is very painful.
If your brain burns, back down a little, it can cause egg

antigen responses that make you shake. It fades in about 3
weeks.
Zinc tells your body to make white blood cells. If you need
some help with your immune system take some Magnolia
bark.
Later in Phase 3 To kill the flukes you will need to bring out
Praziquantel. I used a level teaspoon total per day, for 113kgs, for 2 weeks, and after the kill
stops maint 3 weeks, for several months. It will drive things right out of your skin.
If you have round worms, I would treat these last, using Albendazole, puts them to sleep in high
dose, 10 mg/kg for 14-28 days, then repeat. This will take out 90 % of some species the round
worms or more if you flunk the Invermectin test.
Then stand back and keep minerals and metals until you see what is left.
Iodine may help.
Phase 1 - SIBO and SIYO kills:
The GI tract must process food properly to

make the body healthy enough to kill
parasites.
Good Bacteria
Healthy bacteria are normally present in

the large intestine. A good biodome of
bacteria break down Nutrients, into
thousands, or hundreds of thousands of
essential compounds that the body cells
and organs use every day to stay healthy.
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Normally some Immune system, and good yeasts help protect and regulate the population of good
bacteria.
The digestive tract has an acid stomach, the first protection against bad bacteria and yeasts. The
broken up food is mixed with pancrease enzymes and gallbladder bile to start the digestion process.
The small intestine is mostly bacteria free, and can directly absorb simple nutritional elements. The
small intestine is separated from the large concentration of bacteria that resides in the large
intestine by the ileocec valve. Here bacteria create more complex essential vitamins, substances,
and compounds.
Normal Digestion Process
Digestion is the
process of turning
large pieces of food
into its molecular
components.
The digestive
system is a group
of organs working
together to convert
food into energy
and basic nutrients
to feed the entire
body.
Food enters your

stomach through a
muscular ring, or
sphincter, that
closes to keep the food in your stomach and stomach acid out of your esophagus. As you continue
eating, your food's mixed with gastric acid and other digestive juices in your stomach. Then the
stomach empties this mixture into the small intestine.
Your food is digested more thoroughly in your small intestine, also known as the duodenum. The
small intestine, as well as the liver and pancreas, produces digestive juices and enzymes that
separate out the nutrients in food. Among those enzymes are lipase and amylase from the pancreas.
Bile produced by the liver is also used to mechanically break fats into smaller globules. While food is
being mechanically digested it is also being chemically digested as larger and more complex
molecules are being broken down into smaller molecules that are easier to absorb. Chemical
digestion begins in the mouth with salivary amylase in saliva splitting complex carbohydrates into
simple carbohydrates. The enzymes and acid in the stomach continue chemical digestion, but the
bulk of chemical digestion takes place in the small intestine thanks to the action of the pancreas.
115
The pancreas secretes an

incredibly strong digestive
cocktail known as pancreatic
juice, which is capable of
digesting lipids,
carbohydrates, proteins and
nucleic acids. By the time food
has left the duodenum, it has
been reduced to its chemical
building blocks—fatty acids,
amino acids,
monosaccharides, and
nucleotides.
The small intestine is a long,

thin tube about 1 inch in
diameter and about 10 feet
long that is part of the lower
gastrointestinal tract. It is
located just inferior to the stomach and takes up most of the space in the abdominal cavity. The
entire small intestine is coiled like a hose and the inside surface is full of many ridges and folds.
These folds are used to maximize the digestion of food and absorption of nutrients. Most absorption
takes place in the walls of the small intestine, which are densely folded to maximize the surface area
in contact with digested food. Small blood and lymphatic vessels in the intestinal wall pick up the
molecules and carry them to the rest of the body.
By the time food leaves the small intestine, around 90% of all nutrients have been extracted from
the food that entered it. Muscular contractions keep the food moving along toward the large
intestine.
The large intestine takes about 16 hours to finish the digestion of the food. It removes water and
any remaining absorbable nutrients from the food before sending the indigestible matter to the
rectum. The colon absorbs vitamins that are created by the colonic bacteria, such as vitamin K
(especially important as the daily ingestion of vitamin K is not normally enough to maintain
adequate blood coagulation), vitamin B12, thiamine and riboflavin. The large intestine also secretes
K+ and Cl-. Chloride secretion, Recycles various nutrients used in colon. And processes include
fermentation of carbohydrates, short chain fatty acids, and urea cycling.
The large intestine manufactures many of the vitamin like substances used by the body. The section
of intestine between the small intestine, the valve, and the first part of the large intestine is
responsible for a large amount of the immune system regulation processes. Having a good gut
biodome therefore helps lead to a healthy immune system.
Flora Biodome
The large intestine houses over 700 species of bacteria that perform a variety of functions, as well
as fungi, protozoa, and archaea. Species diversity varies by geography and diet.[30] The microbes in
a human distal gut often number in the vicinity of 100 trillion, and can weigh around 200 grams
(0.44 pounds). This mass of mostly symbiotic microbes has recently been called the latest human
organ to be "discovered" or in other words, the "forgotten organ".[31]
The large intestine absorbs some of the products formed by the bacteria inhabiting this region.
Undigested polysaccharides (fiber) are metabolized to short-chain fatty acids by bacteria in the large
116
intestine and absorbed by passive diffusion. The bicarbonate that the large intestine secretes helps
to neutralize the increased acidity resulting from the formation of these fatty acids.[citation needed]
These bacteria also produce large amounts of vitamins, especially vitamin K and biotin (a B vitamin),
for absorption into the blood. Although this source of vitamins, in general, provides only a small part
of the daily requirement, it makes a significant contribution when dietary vitamin intake is low. An
individual who depends on absorption of vitamins formed by bacteria in the large intestine may
become vitamin-deficient if treated with antibiotics that inhibit other species of bacteria as well as
the disease-causing bacteria.[citation needed]
Other bacterial products include gas (flatus), which is a mixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide, with
small amounts of the gases hydrogen, methane, and hydrogen sulfide. Bacterial fermentation of
undigested polysaccharides produces these. Some of the fecal odor is due to indoles, metabolized
from the amino acid tryptophan. The normal flora is also essential in the development of certain
tissues, including the cecum and lymphatics.[citation needed]
They are also involved in the production of cross-reactive antibodies. These are antibodies produced
by the immune system against the normal flora, that are also effective against related pathogens,
thereby preventing infection or invasion.
The most prevalent bacteria are the bacteroides, which have been implicated in the initiation of
colitis and colon cancer. Bifidobacteria are also abundant, and are often described as 'friendly
bacteria'.[citation needed]
A mucus layer protects the large intestine from attacks from colonic commensal bacteria.[32]
Gut Regulation of the bodies Immune system
It is now evident that the gut microbiota has a profound effect on the host immune system and can
affect autoimmune-related diseases both within and outside the gut.
Keeping a delicate balance in the immune system by eliminating invading pathogens, while still
maintaining self-tolerance to avoid autoimmunity, is critical for the body’s health.
The gut microbiota that resides in the gastrointestinal tract provides essential health benefits to its
host, particularly by regulating immune homeostasis.
Moreover, it has recently become obvious that alterations of these gut microbial communities can
cause immune dysregulation, leading to autoimmune disorders.
The mammalian gastrointestinal (GI) tract is home to an enormous and complex community of
commensal bacteria.1-3 This gut microbial community (microbiota) has co-evolved with its host over
millennia and provides benefits to its host in many ways, including, but not limited to, digestion,
production of nutrients, detoxification, protection against pathogens and regulation of immune
system.1-5
The immune system plays a vital role in keeping the body healthy by providing a fine balance
between the elimination of invading pathogens and the maintenance of tolerance to healthy self-
tissue.
However, in the case of patients with autoimmune disorders, the mechanism to maintain self-
tolerance fails and the result is that the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy
self-tissue.6,7
Given the intimate interplay between gut microbiota and the host immune system, it is not surprising
that some members of the gut microbiota have been linked to autoimmune diseases. However, only
117
recently has the study of the gut microbiota and autoimmunity become a more navigable field,
owing to the ground-breaking advances in “next-generation” sequencing technology, which have
now provided culture-independent microbial analysis that greatly facilitates the characterization of
these complex commensal communities.8-11
T cells
CD4+ T cells are a key component of the

adaptive immune system. Intestinal CD4+ T
cells are mostly located in the LP of the
intestine. Upon stimulation, naive CD4+ T cells
can differentiate into four major subtypes: T
helper 1 (Th1), Th2, Th17, or regulatory T cell
(Treg). These various CD4+ T cell subtypes are
distinguished by their expression of various
transcription factors and cytokines (Fig. 1). The
proper regulation and balance of T-cell
subtypes is a crucial factor in determining one’s
health status.
Th1 cells are critical for the host defense

against intracellular microbial infection, while
Th2 cells play an important role in eliminating
parasite infections. Uncontrolled Th responses
can be pathological, as the Th1 and Th17
responses have been linked to autoimmune diseases while the Th2 response has been associated
with allergic reactions. Treg is a key mediator of immune tolerance; its dysfunction can lead to
autoimmune disorders.
Not surprisingly, there are also “beneficial” commensal bacteria that can ameliorate disease. For
example, B. fragilis can reduce the colitis induced by Helicobacter hepaticus in immunocompromised
mice through its production of PSA, which suppresses disease by both stimulating the anti-
inflammatory IL-10 production from CD4+ T cells and downregulating the pro-inflammatory IL-17
production in the colonic tissue.73
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron was also demonstrated to attenuate Salmonella enterica-induced

inflammation by enhancing the nuclear export of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPAR-
γ), a transcription factor that plays key roles in the regulation of lipid metabolism and
inflammation.74,75
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by the gut microbiota have also been shown to reduce
inflammation in the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model. This anti-inflammatory
effect required the interaction of SCFAs with G-protein-coupled receptor 43 expressed on immune
cells.76
The introduction of Clostridium upregulated the colon Treg population and coincided with the
reduction of DSS-induced colitis, suggesting that Tregs might be responsible for the anti-
inflammatory effects mediated by Clostridium.43
Immune system regulation in the gut
118
Bad Bacteria in Malabsorbtion
Malabsorbtion occurs when

pathogens invade the gi tract,
bacteria overgrowth or yeast
overgrowth occur, or when so
many digestive processes are
disrupted, the gut can no
longer spend enough energy to
digest food. Parasites force a
larger and larger drain on the
immune system.
Parasites disrupt human

enzyme systems. Parasites
spread gut bacteria into the
body where increased immune
response is required. As the
immune system falters,
overgrowth, bad bacteria, and
yeast overgrowth drain even
more health processes. The
house of good health starts to
collapse.
Starvation
The body can actually go into

starvation to support essential
body processes. Organs and muscles waste, the body cannibalizes anything and everything to keep
the boat afloat. These situations have been programmed into the DNA by millions of years of
evolution.
If Diarrhea causes a loss of bile salt, fat soluble vitamins cease to be absorbed. You do not feel
how sick you are. You are in a critical situation. Reserves of Sulfur and Selenium start to deplete.
119
The body stops removing wastes, and focuses all its attention towards survival, immune response,
healing wounds, the prevention of blood loss, keeping essential organs functioning. Magnesium,
potassium, and calcium levels fall. The body is now stressing the Design and integrity of the DNA
program to its maximum extent.
What is required is bypassing the conditions created by the parasite infection to enable a kill of the
parasite. Enough reserve energy must be created to survive the parasite kill.
Balance of the body makes the body healthy enough to withstand the parasite killing process.
Avoiding Death, Cancer, and bring the body into Equilibrium
To be healthy enough to kill parasites

you need to:
• Kill SIBO and SIVO

overgrowth.
• Replace stores of essential
minerals, fat, lipids, and
metals
• Provide direct replacement
of vitamins not being
manufactured in the gut
• Reduce inflammation.
• Aid in toxin removal from
the organs, kidneys, liver,
blood, lymph
• force the immune system
to stop fighting shadows and
inflammation
• Balance White blood cell
production TL1/TL2.
• Pull on PPAR gamma
receptor, preventing immune
skew
• Pull on RXR 3T3, preventing
cytome twist, Pull on FXR.
• Supplement the DNA directly
with Amino food
• Remove DNA toxins
• Balance PH
• Restore flora with probiotics
• Set D3, 1-25
Clearing the GI tract of SIBO and SIYO overgrowth is an essential step towards PH and enzyme
recovery. SIBO and SIYO are typically found in the Small intestine, hence the SI letters in the
abbreviation. In general the digestion process has an acid stomach to kill bad things, the small
intestine is where pancreas enzymes are added to the mix and bacteria count is low, the mixed
mash is dumped into the large intestine trough a valve, which keeps higher bacteria digestion into
the large intestine, where most vitamin substances are removed.
Bacteria and healthy yeasts are like little chemical factories, normally taking in a few substances,
and building hundreds of healthy nutrients, that the body needs.
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The disruption of the digestive chemical factory process is felt as poor health.
During Phase 1 one needs to improve digestive health. I started by incorporating yogurt,
probiotics, healthy butter, oils, fats, foods, and vitamins. I usually suggest that everyone tries a two
week dose of Deoxycycline antibiotic to assist in this process. For me Deoxycycline did not appear
to help.
During Phase 1 the use of natural killing substances are used to scan for invaders. Each invader
that overtakes you GI tract, bypasses digestion stages, and results in poor nutrition, irregardless of
how healthy you eat. Each invader my jump over several bacterial processes, making healthy
bacteria weaker, providing you fewer digested nutrients. The sign of a poorly working digestive
system are numerous, including gas, acid stool, poorly formed stool, diarrhea, undigested food,
cramps, pains, food sensitivities, allergies, and more.
There are large sections for SIBO and SIYO , which can be found in later sections of this
document.
There are also suggestions of things that breakup tough Biofilms (SIBO And SIYO)
Phase 1 requires one clear the GI tract of intestinal infections. A couple of weeks of Deoxycycline,
a few key antibacterial natural herbs should be tried, and a few key anti-fungal natural substances
should be tried. I tried everyone I could find and detailed the test results. I found several that were
able to cut through the layers of infection, and once you do a few of the most powerful herbs, you
may want to move quickly on to the next phase.
If you have SIBO, or froth at the mouth, humic fulvic (www.humineral.com) may help break
up the biofilm.
Taking a probiotic may also help turn your stool from green to brown. I would relapse to green, foul
stools, even after killing many bacteria, fungal, and viral components.
Constantly doing a few SIBO herbs, while you determine if you have a SIYO film in the GI tract,
may be a good idea. I found magnesium and copper constantly helped me during my search. I
would dump mucus, blobs of foul smelling stool products, and had a bad biofilm problem.
Biofilms actually exist due to the ability of an infection to create a voltage potential, isolating it from
the human immune system. Shorting out this potential using charcoal, metals, and humic fulvic
is partially effective in eliminating biofilms. Probiotics can help as well. Copper can be used.
The gluten-free diet must exclude carbohydrates (sugars and starches) as much as possible while
taking the anti-fungal medication. Sugars include jelly, maple syrup, table sugar, honey, molasses,
fructose, soda, fruit and fruit juices. Starches include gluten-free flours, bread, bagel, pizza, pasta,
bakery products (cookies, cakes, pies, muffins, brownies), cereals, granolas, energy/ breakfast bars,
and chips of any kind.
This removes the type of food needed by the yeast to thrive. Other exclusions are mushrooms and
other fungi, yeast-raised bread, vinegar, cheese and milk products.
Afterwards you can test milkshakes, pancakes to ensure your GI is free of yeast.
Phase 2 - GI tract Parasite Clearing:
Clearing the GI Tract in Phase 2 is performed after Supplements, Balance, And Elisa testing have
been accomplished.
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I researched every anti-parasitic, and found PinX is the broadest spectrum antiparasitic on the
market, that is unmatched in survival and safety. It is an over the counter medication.
Balance of the body makes the body healthy enough to withstand the parasite killing process. The
detoxification pathways are stimulated, the sulfurization cycles are accelerated, and the GI tract has
been inundated with MSM and baking soda to re-establish alkaline processes. ALA and CQ10
helps detoxify the DNA. Spirulina helps detoxify the GI trac. Magnesium helps stimulate the
adrenal glands, many body systems start to ramp up to detoxify. After a few weeks, the body may
be ready for Phase 2, clearing the GI trac.
Phase 2 requires the small intestine to be cleared of parasites, in that the majority of critical
absorption processes are conducted there. The function of the large intestine processes many
vitamin processes, and therefore many vitamins are taken, assuming that the large intestine, and
body processes are compromised by the parasite infection. There yet may be several large worms
that hide in the GI trac. These will be killed with time, or by the final mop up phases. Eventually as
these worms sense a lower toxin and worm enzyme level, they migrate to reproduce. As they
migrate, later phases deal with these worms, when they leave the ball of worm nests.
Phase 2 clears the majority of the intestinal trac, and is performed using PinX. When parasites are
removed, the GI tract can absorb Vitamins, and Anti-parasitics. Repeat PinX dosing may be
required after the body has been given several weeks to recover.
The swelling of the intestine needs to be reduced, and the entire bowel will need to be working prior
to the next phase. It is necessary to determine if a round worm infection is present. A single test
dose of Invermectin is used determine if this is so. If roundworms are present, they are a blood
worm, with the ability to absorb certain substances like zinc and vitamin A.
Introduction of low dose DEC is advisable for worms in the eyes, or other sensitive organs, to drive
larvae from the blood supply. DEC and Piperazine stops Ascaris Malting of the worms.
Nitazoxanida helps clear L3 cysts and Ascaris worms.
Knowledge of which types of parasites is helpful in identifying special anti-parasitics, and in the final
taper phase, to verify a complete kill has been accomplished.
Q&A
..."What is your PH
...What did your hair analysis say?
...Are you on “minerals, metals, vitamins, herbs"?
Q> I didn't do any of that. I am dependent on my parents for money so that's why I am going to
take the PinX test to show them that I have parasites. Once they see the worms then I can have
the money to start with your parasite protocol.
Q> I do not have access to ELISA testing.
A> Magnesium Citrate and Magnesium Sulfate (Epsom Salt) is essential.
This was true a hundred years ago, as it is today.
Magnesium Citrate bottle from pharmacy may still be found around. It is $3.00 Use of a
Tablespoon or two is dramatic. Start with a teaspoon in a glass of water per day. Do a little before
PinX and during, to improve your magnesium status. It also helps in the flushing time.
Magnesium Sulfate is essential for sulfur. a bag of USP is about $3.00. Take 1/4 teaspoon (1000
122
mg of the salt) dissolved in a glass of distilled water with a pinch of baking soda. It also can be
taken for several days ahead and after the PinX dose, it also will help flush the liver. Do not be
surprised when your stool turns green, or black, flushing out toxins.
Dose PinX per your weight, on the box
Have a macro zoom camera and some white paper ready for pictures. Post them on the CureZone
for identification.
Good Luck.
You know what they say
Phase 3 - Systemic Killing:
Systemic parasite kills must be done once parasites migrate through the intestine, and enter the
blood and lymph systems, organs, and bones. It is imperative to do kills of flukes before
roundworms, in that the enzymes and damage they cause is higher than that of most round worms,
and their enzyme effects are higher. By dosing all roundworm antiparasitics at once, their effect is
superficial. Zinc can be ramped, and has a deeper roundworm killing, especially for smaller worms.
Large worms actually will become slightly more aggressive when you are on zinc.
Systemic parasite kills take longer, and increase in duration depending on the immune system
status, age of the individual, and the bodies ability to recover.
Smaller molecule anti-parasitics penetrate deeper into tissues than larger anti-parasitics. Few anti-
parasitics can be passed through the blood brain barrier. This is not so essential, since parasites
that enter into the blood supply, feed from the blood supply. They regularly feed on blood, and
absorb iron from the blood, and if not fed every 3 days, get very hungry.
Kills require someone to ramp anti-parasitic meds, such as Albendazole for roundworms, and
praziquantel for flat worms, and maintain the dosing for weeks.
In truth, Albendazole is not strictly a roundworm medicine, and praziquantel is not strictly a
flatworm medicine. Each anti-parasitic medicine is capable of some effectiveness on many parasite
types. They have been stereotyped by doctors because certain medicines work better on certain
types of worms.
Singling out one medicine for a parasite is a very narrow view of the process. Phase 3 is the most
critical phase of the parasite killing. The combination of Albendazole and Praziquantel are used to
create a broad spectrum treatment.
Eventually a mass die-off event is generated.
• See Zinc Sulfate Kill

• See Alinia Kill
• See Praziquantel
• See DEC
• See Mebendazole
• See Flagyl
Fluke kill using Albendazole and Praziquantel
123
Q&A
Q> How does the formula work and why D3?
A> The obscure study indicated Albendazole low dose helped Praziquantel cross the blood brain
barrier. Further studies indicate Praziquantel can be totally effective in system wide kills.
A> I kind stumbled across the D3 protocol. I have seen some animal studies. It has worked for
two others besides myself, with a half a dozen in the process now.
Q> But, I am interested in what you find in the obscure study to cause you to take the vitamin D3
and the dairy products. Can you share what the study indicated? My vitamin D is always super low,
rickets range actually. But I do ingest enough fats. I wonder if it was the calcium you were after?
A> The theory of how Praziquantel works, is it makes cracks in the worm exterior, and these small
cracks let calcium into the worm. Vitamin D3 simply accelerates the process.
Q> Also, I know I have a fluke in my brain as well. So I'm interested in learning from you how it felt
when it died.
A> I had hundreds or thousands, they were in the process of consuming my brain, I had severe
memory issues in 2012. I progressed to falling to the floor, massive tremor, restless leg syndrome,
and no sleep, I felt electrical zaps in the brain as they consumed it.
Q> I am also interested in how you "felt" it in your head. I know that the brain has no nerves and I
don't feel any pain in my head. But I feel pressure and movement after taking flukicide substances
that reach my brain.
A> Movement is a key issue, The flukes die in about 4 days to 7 days, the toxin dump causes black
stool for 10-14 days. The experience I would not wish for my worst enemy, but is a ray of sunlight
for those who have systemic fluke infections. It saved my life, and that of others. So far about
50% of the people that try the formula express fluke die off experience in various degrees. My
reaction was severe, and near death.
Q> Sometimes I feel like the fluke is contracting and it feels like someone is patting my brain. Like
someone pats your hand. It is like a sudden awareness of pressure that immediately stops, then
repeats. But it also feels like a force with movement. Sometimes I feel something behind my eyes.
I'm well beyond fear of dying now. It is more a search for a path to living well.
A>Sounds like a larger fluke species. I had a few come out of the GI tract.
Q> So how did the flukes in your brain feel? How were you aware of their presence? How did you
fair / feel as they died?
A> Don't ask, experience it.
Q&A 1
Q> The reason I was asking about mebendazole vs prazi was this : If you have orange beefy
chunks of large oval Cestode Flatworms) they respond better to
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Fenbendazole and Mebendazole.
A> MEB and FENBEN are more caustic to the kidneys, liver, and do not kill flukes in the brain, tend
to kill faster, causing more damage to the organs and brain. I read many brain studies that
indicated successful treatments with PZQ, I saw none for FenBen. My kill took 4-7 days with 14 day
recovery time, my brain felt like Swiss cheese. I have one gal with brain bleeding at the moment.
She found that 50,000 IU D3 caused a bleed, and now is down to 20,000 IU.
Look, there is risk either way, I chose one that had a little wiggle room. Once they start to die, to a
certain extent, you are on autopiliot, and very little can be done to stop the death. The total
formula of blood thinning, supplements, detox removal, black stool dumping is a very scary event,
but I and several others have made it through alive. There is risk.
Since the large oval part applies to me I was wondering if mebendazole or prazi would be better?
The formula is ALB, DEC, PPZ, and PZQ. I have had 2 reports that DEC flushed large flukes by itself.
The goal is to create a broad spectrum of killing, that does so in a gentle fashion. Could it be
better? You tell me.
Q&A 2
Q> Ok so think there was some bleeding in the centre of my brain last night.
Has this ever happened to you ?
A> Yes, Especially when the blood pressure is high.

Q> Is there anything I can do that will help ?
A> Occasionally a worm leaves a hole, they should heal in a day. Lay down. I had many of these.
• I would cut high doses of A, Zinc
• Keep everything else at typical or lower dose. Lower White Willow Bark and Ginkgo to the
minimum. Increase Horse Chestnut.
• Vitamin D3 over 20,000 IU is a risk. I say in the document 50,000 IU kills so fast it is a near
death experience. I was not kidding. After 4 days of killing, I just wanted to be over the
brain killing phase.
• After the kill, It took over 3 weeks for the brain to normalize (Heal). There were many neural
issues that faded. I know it is scary
Q> I think people need to be gravely warned about vitamin D3. I was feeling very safe, didn't
even know I was in danger last night. Yesterday was my 50,000 IU day but I felt totally fine. I had
been doing 20-30 000 IU on off days and kept feeling OK.
A> Vitamin D3 has about 4 warnings in the document. I tested it at 5,000, 10,000, 20,000, and
50,000. I described the rate of killing using 50,000 units as a near death experience. I did research
afterwords that indicates 50,000 units is safe, therefore the risk comes from killing to quickly. You
are free to adjust the D3 to the level that kills at a rate you can handle.
Q> I didn't notice til early this morning, do you think I'll be OK ?
A> If you get symptoms of stroke, frozen arm, leg, focal deficits, you may want to to to the ER.
Q> If there are dead things in the centre of my brain too can my body get it out?
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A> My brain is much improved. I cannot say perfect because I have years of parasite damage. I
can say I am in a much much better place. If they do not dissolve, I suspect the body will put
calcium around them.
It's hard for me to feel that (I will be ok) because I feel like there's blood everywhere.
Phase 4 - Mop up:
Phase 4 involves mopping up of the parasite infection. Continued Minerals, Metals, And vitamins are
tapered back,
• Metals like Zinc and Vitamins like Vitamin A are removed from the formula, after flukes are
killed, to avoid keeping Ascaris worms alive. The anti-parasitic schedule, and dosing are
slightly changed to kill deeper into the body. The mop-up killing is continued until and
beyond all signs of the parasite infection are removed.
Taking a day or two off of supplements, will show the body is still dependent on supplements for
some 2-3 weeks later. After a while, lowering the level of magnesium, minerals, metals, and certain
vitamins may make you feel better. It is at this point transitioning to the maintenance supplements
may make sense.
Later it is expected that supplements are moved to a short list, detailed later in the document.
It is expected that several substances, like Piperazine, and certain antiparasitics are maintained
during this period.
Phase 5 Taper
The final process step is to taper the dosing of anti-parasitics, to determine if a successful clearing of
the system has been accomplished.
• If yes, the process is over, if after 8 months, a repeat ELISA test shows a continued
infection, one must revisit the systemic clearing phase, and attempt again to remove
parasites from the system.
The taper period is typically one month.
If your first kill happened with PZQ, move on to ALINIA kill. (See the log)
Start-up
The start up phase is detailed earlier in the early interventions and start-up section.
Phase 2 Antiparasitic meds dosing
The Single Dose IVM Test
1) Dose IVM, if symptoms subside, you have a runaway round worm infection. 1) Invermectin
single STD dose, 200ucg/kg. If your symptoms abate, think round worm, IVM is about 85%
coverage for most roundworm types.
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If you are positive, you will have to lower the vitamin A and Zinc supplements, immediately after
the first kill in Phase 3. Round worm infections also require periodic pulse doses of IVM to kill
babies. Set the test result aside, and move on.
DURVET APPLE - Apple flavor (ain't that sweet!) is the same strength and you can get it online for
less than $3. Available at most US feed stores, or internet animal stores. The Durvet plunger has
markings for every 250 pounds of body weight and has 5 notches between each marking. Each
notch equals a dosage for 50 pounds of body weight. Mix the Paste in a tablespoon of Greek
Yogurt to kill the taste. IVM should start working in about 30 minutes.
Q&A
A> ( Flash Forward) One of the biggest regrets I have had, is that I was never able to integrate
ALA into the formula, or take ALA long term in the formula, it seamed to make large Ascaris more
active, which was ok in the early days during killing, but I miss it now.
I had brain fog yesterday, which I wanted to clear it away. Since I am on nothing but Vitamin C
juice, I thought a minute, and grabbed the only two things I could think of, IVM and ALA.
Well the neural fog not only disappeared, but in 4 hours I felt pretty good. The next morning I felt
fantastic.
I tried many times to put ALA into the formula, it speeds brain and nerve healing. I am going to
double down on finding ways to use it.
I do not know why I had fog. I may still have a worm that can either dump toxins or eggs, but I
have been worm free, and baby free for almost a week, after my 9th dose of 500mg Alina. I plan to
redose Alinia after a 21 day gap, to mop up any Ascaris that pop up.
Currently I take nothing but OJ, Cranberry, and Tomato Juice, but now I think finding ways to speed
brain healing is a priority. I am afraid to take any supplements at all, for fear of assisting any missed
eggs, or cysts.
I may also be able to have my favorite drink, Coffee. Oh how I miss Coffee.
Mattk3
Clear the GI Trac
2) Clear the GI tract using Reeses PinX, one standard dose every 3 weeks until GI tract clear. GI
tract must be clear and functional to absorb anything oral. Back in the 1800’s doctors would
administer some kind of magnesium, say 2-3 grams or more, with the purgative, to balance the
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release of toxins, acids, and speed the process of dumping parasites from the GI trac. I still think
this is a good idea.
Q&A
Q> The concentration of the product I have is 250 mg/5 ml. I just don't know how much am I
supposed to take according to my weight, like IVM should be taken 0.2mg/kg.
A> Your pamoate, is 50mg/ml, that is about 1/3 the strength of Reeses.
Also, how are you doing? Free of the parasites? Or still fighting?
A> What is your PH?
What did your hair analysis say?
Are you on minerals, metals, vitamins, herbs?
Reeses PinX: in each 1mL: Pyrantel Pamoate - 144 mg/mL Anthelmintic
Less than 25 lbs. or under 2 years old: Do not use unless directed by a doctor
25-37 lbs.: 1/2 teaspoonful (as a single dose)
38-62 lbs: 1 teaspoonful (as a single dose)
63-87 lbs: 1 1/2 teaspoonfuls (as a single dose)
88-112 lbs: 2 teaspoonfuls (as a single dose)
138-162 lbs: 3 teaspoonfuls (as a single dose)
188 lbs and over: 4 teaspoonfuls (as a single dose)
Again: Steps 1 and 2 with even more detail…
If your PH is less than 6.5, if your hair test shows mineral and metal profile errors, …start
supplementing minerals, metals, Magnesium, Potassium, non-ionic calcium, Magnesium
Sulfate, Zinc Sulfate, Copper, Selenium, non ionic iron – spinach for iron, kelp for iron, etc,
etc, etc.
PinX
>Dose PinX per your weight, the dose is on the box. Dose Invermectin at 200 ucg/kg (0.2mg/kg)
If you dose in 1 day, the GI tract is cleared. If you still have an infection, the worms are not in the
GI trac. A good mop up for eggs is Piperazine citrate or Pripsen. I vomited because it took 8
years to figure out what I had, Doctors are useless. I had to request the test, going against the
doctor’s advice (doctor #19).
By the time I figured it out, they have gone everywhere. I killed them in my spine, in my ear, in my
sinus, and in my brain, heart, lung, you name it, worms are there. Magnesium dosing during PinX
is essential, it helps clear the GI trac, 2 Grams + is about right.
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2) PinX standard dose: While taking a standard dose of PinX when you have a systemic parasite
infection is aggressive, it provides you a gauge of how bad you really are, Pyrantel Palmoate is
very broad spectrum, and it is virtually unmatched in its ability to clear the GI trac. I now suggest
that taking IVM along with PinX will paralyze worms.
If you are systemically infected, the GI tract must be clear to recover your immune system, which is
regulated by the intestine, and you need the intestine to absorb the minerals and metals. Clear the
intestine first before doing any anti-parasitic treatment.
Do not take PinX with anti-parasitics like Albendazole or Praziquantel, the combination could create
a toxic sickness. Light dosing of IVM or Piperazine is ok.
Get a macro zoom camera, wash the round, flat, tape worms and take pictures for identification
by the cure zone forum. I had round (Ascaris ELISA) positive, Tapeworms, and Flukes of 3 kinds.
Magnesium Sulfate is a decades old cofactor in clearing the GI trac. Magnesium Citrate liquid
has been used as well. Magnesium Citrate can cause a overload of toxins, so lower dosing than
the bottle is advised.
Getting parasites out, without giving them a chance to scatter, is essential unless you want to deal
with problems for years or decades. At the conclusion of Step 2, your GI tract is now clear. The
recommended time between PinX re-dosing is published to be 6 weeks, I use 3 weeks.
PinX Dosing
What I found was that I vomited worms for 3 weeks after trying PinX. I was so infested I took
drops per day for weeks, until I was able to take a standard dose. I was also in denial. I still
thought, it is ok; maybe I just had a severe GI tract infection. Wrong, they were everywhere. I was
in denial. I dosed PinX every 3 weeks for several months, and would from time to time get hits,
indicating worms were trying to re-infect my GI trac. I was again in denial.
Stool Visual Inspection
Worms beget worms, and more parasite types.

One does not get sick from one kind as bad as
you are. Keep a camera ready, wash and put
them using a wood depressor or something on
white paper, use macro zoom camera. Parasites
are made of cellulose, and when dried turn into
translucent cellophane.
Look For
• Look for white seeds 1mm x 2mm

• Look for red rolled up tomato skins
(2mm)
• Look for brown rolled up cinnamon sticks 1/16 inch in diameter (1mm)
• Look for cone heads, 1mm-2mm cone
• Look for blobs of orange or pink fleshy rolled up with black edge, (large fluke).
• Look for oval 8mm flat flukes or broken in half with sucker at one end.
• PinX may break free some of these, but will not kill them.
Do not dose more than one dose of PinX at a time.
Use my starting formula, MSM, magnesium sulfate, zinc, selenium, Spirulina, etc.
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• If you have Tapeworms (Flat tubes with segments) (Praziquantel) or round worms (Flat
tubes without segments) (Albendazole).
• If you have flukes (Flat oval with triangle sucker, or tomato skins rolled up, cinnamon sticks
rolled up 1/16 inch diameter, pink flesh rolls (¼ inch) with black edges - Praziquantel or/and
Triclabendazole,
• If you have orange beefy chunks of large oval Cestode Flatworms) they respond better to
Fenbendazole and Mebendazole.
• You need to figure this out. Round worms you gain weight, tape worms you loose weight,
Flukes cause extreme liver stress, and can migrate as well. You could have a mix, I had all
three (Tape, Flukes, Ascaris), and I did a progression of ELISA tests and dosed
Antiparasitics, when doctors refused to treat me. Stool tests looking for worms are useless,
ELISA tests work almost all the time, and do not rely on stool tests, that are seldom 8%
accurate.
Q&A
Q>Hi guys, I took a full dose of PinX 2 days back but I didn't find any parasites in my stools.
I don't have any major parasite symptoms except that I feel some wriggling sensations in the same
3-4 points of my body but I don't think they are parasites because it usually occurs only when I sit in
a particular position and they are gone as soon as I move my body. I think they are muscle twitches
or something else. I don't feel any biting sensations in my body either.
My main concern is that my Eosinophils have been rising since September 2014. They are:
1% (47/cmm) in September 2014
3% (198/cmm) in April 2015
4% (256/cmm) in December 2015.
I do suffer from candida and bad digestion if that's related to Eosinophil count in any way.
I will be doing another PinX flush one day before the next full moon since I have read that parasite
migrate back to the GI track around the full moon.
No lab in my country offers ELISA tests so I am stuck to diagnose it on my own. I can't conclude if I
have parasites or not.
A>PinX flushes Flat worms (flukes), Tapeworms, Pinworms, and about 6 kinds of worms. It is
broad spectrum.
I had Ascaris (Elisa positive).

I saw plenty of flat cones, seeds, segments, heads, black oval. never saw Ascaris. I vomited round
worms for weeks though.
My Eosinophils were up in 2009 and the dr diagnosed pneumonia. - wrong!
Round worms of the larger types, hide in nests, bones, Lymph, years before they go hyper.
The only way to eliminate Roundworms, is to do the ELISA test.
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I have found out that labs can send out kits. Learned this from fellow CZ folks working in teams in
the same Provence.
They go to lab, have blood drawn, pay to have box shipped.
Try:
http://www.parasitic.com/test.htm
Also, PinX does not work on Protozoa/Amoeba.
Alinia and Flagyl do these.
Nitrogen Quick Fix
I would take low dose Piperazine citrate every day. I tried ornithine, arginine, and every
conceivable mixture of amino acid, and nitrogen loop supplement, none worked. When I tried
piperazine it became apparent that the only way to process enough ammonia, and uric acid
waste was to take piperazine, it quickly became a staple. Low dose PPZ done twice a day is
essential to removing any parasite that dumps nitrogen waste, totally overwhelming your body’s
ability to remove the waste products on a daily basis.
Piperazine is also dangerous at their recommended 3 grams per day, one cannot go more
than 3 days, I massively burned my brain as cysts, eggs, and larvae burned up. I needed to keep
the dose more like 750 mg (1 tbs/day) and take a few months to clear out the stuff, I had 8 years of
cysts accumulated all over, and in the last 2 years the double vision was terrible.
Piperazine is an incredible medicine, it is the one medicine that I will probably credit for my cure,
but it is a very risky, hard to dose, hard to stay safe with medicine. Any Nitrogen based Organism
will die in its presence. I think it is one of the most important medicines of our time, I just wish I
had done more dosing research on it before I dove into the deep end of the pool.
How to use Invermectin and Piperazine to kill baby worms
• I would dose Invermectin when you get GERD, sweats, acid reflux, or you feel worms
burst and release babies. One standard dose of IVM is usually all that is needed to kill
babies for almost 24 hours. IVM tells the worm to stop eating, shitting, or moving.
• Piperazine Citrate also kills baby larvae L1, by removing worm enzymes that protect the
worm from the immune system.
• Start piperazine slowly, and drink plenty of water, piperazine depletes your body of water
when it removes ammonia waste.
• Do not exceed 2 TBS a Day of piperazine citrate (50

mg/ml). If your brain burns from a baby killing, slow down
to 2 teaspoons per day.
• Note that DEC also kills baby worms, this is discussed in

detail later.
Worm larvae in Arteries, heart, and eyes
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After Low dose Piperazine, Start Low dose DEC first, say 200 mg twice a day to start to clear the
blood system. If you have round worms, worms in the heart, brain, or other vital areas (eyes)
this step must be performed very very slowly. I started with 50 mG of DEC, and ramped over
two weeks to about 400mg of DEC. When larvae are in critical areas, they will start to die, and the
toxins can harm tissue. Go Slowly.
DEC helps clear the Blood Stream, where the circulation system could be blocked (eyes), clearing
the circulation system is mandatory. If you have an eye infection, external, DEC is the best
route. Enzymes emitted from worms behind the eye, when dosing Piperazine can be very
irritating. If the worm is in the eye, it can cause blindness, temporary or permanent. Use DEC first if
you have worms in the eye, and start very very slowly. Later start Dosing GuaiAid with Piperazine
may also reduce eye inflammation. White Willow bark and Ginkgo make the tiny blood vesssels
expand, making a blockage and tissue death a lower risk.
There are few studies of DEC in humans, many studies in Dogs. Most of the research of the first
Bendazole on the market were done in France who developed the drug shortly after world war II.
The American drug companies initially tested,
then ignored the drug, and started to
develop its own version, which could be used
to generate profits.
Studies show the survival rate for heart worm

was 90 percent in dogs. They started slow,
with low dose DEC. I could feel the worms
being born, and clogging the heart. I found
that the combination of white willow bark and ginkgo greatly lowered the time of the pain, and the
duration of the heart pain.
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When I started taking DEC, you must remember my arms and legs were asleep, my lungs were full
of fluid, I was dying. DEC at low dose, and gradually raised, will clear the circulation system, there
really is no other drug like it. It was the first drug I actually found that worked for its intended
purpose. I had huge migrans problems in my skin after PinX. I could actually see worms move
through the skin.
DEC stopped migrans, I mean now.
I started like a chicken, DEC at 50 mg, then 100mg. Later

the next day I went up to 200mg, and held that a few days
till going to 400mg. The next week I did 800mg, and then
1200 and more. I slept on my left side. Sleep is a
misnomer back then, there was no sleep. Anyway It proved
safe for me, in that I am still here. It did not touch the adult
worms, but really knocked the shit out of the babies. My
next target became the adults, which proved to be a tall
order.
The heart would stab with pain when there were bursts or baby worms were birthed. White
willow bark and ginkgo helped reduce the pain, and keep the capillaries open.
Avoid Blood Clots
I suggest starting White Willow bark (natural aspirin) and

Ginkgo (capillary expansion with growth) as soon as possible.
A blood blockage causes tissue loss, and this can be minimized
by using DEC. DEC is used as a heart worm medicine, and for
those who have worms in the heart, this risky phase of clearing
the circulation system can be fraught with stabbing heart pain,
neurological, or increased acidity. DEC will kill small worms,
and Larvae. In conjunction with pulsed IVM, small migrans
worms can be cleared, with relative safety. Studies I have seen
for dogs lead me to believe that 90 % of dogs infected with
heart worm, survive this phase. I slept on my left side during
this initial kill, in an effort to keep critical circulation paths clear
of clogging.
Don’t worry about blocked capillaries, Ginkgo helps grow 2

miles of capillaries for every mile you walk.
How to ramp meds
I then suggest slowly ramping up the formula, and the

antiparasitics. Keep in mind that it takes 2 weeks at full
strength to generate a kill, and that any dosing level you start
at, will only react with a 3 day delay. So the dosing level you
take today, will only show its effects in 3 days.
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I therefore suggest starting low, step up slowly, pausing for 3 days, before you increase to the next
level. This will prevent any toxic overloads, mass migrations, or massive die-off events.
This formula is capable of treating systemic infections, and massive die-off events are possible
(HERX Reactions). Test dose chitosan, caprillic acid, and alike to ensure you do not have yeast,
or bacterial SIBO or SIYO conditions.
You must be able to process calcium to complete the anti-parasitic killing process. Make
sure SIYO and SIBO infections are clear prior to ramping any anti-parasitic.
I suggest starting the anti-parasitics formula by ramping up Minerals, Metals, Herbs. The first anti-
parasitic in the formula is MSM, beyond MSM are IVM, and PinX, followed by DEC, then followed
by selenium, and zinc sulfate. Zinc sulfate is in itself a very powerful anti-parasitic, capable of
killing protozoa, and worms.
Zinc-sulfate was the first thing I discovered would cause worm bursts. I started a chain reaction of
worm bursting that would not stop.
I ramped zinc up to the standard dose of 600 mg/D TID. (Total in Day), I then went to 9.32mg/kg
and worms started to explode. After the initial kill, I went on to discover Piperazine,
Albendazole, and Praziquantel effects.
The actual start-up sequence is altered, because ramping Praziquantel needs to be before
Albendazole, in that if you have a fluke infection, there is no way to kill Ascaris, until the flukes are
killed first. Ramp Praziquantel for two weeks to determine if you have a fluke infection, if you
have not performed the ELISA test for flukes. If they start to die, you may be in for a rough ride.
Flukes are easy too kill at 20-25mg/kg/day, but if they are in your brain expect to be in for a bad
ride for 4 days.
Phase 3 and Phase 4 Dosing

The following
• Daily time line, and
• typical Dosing tables
are provided as guidance, based upon the levels I determined based upon my systemic infection.
The dosing level kills parasites slowly, over a period of days, taking about 14 days to start killing,
and within 21 days, getting to flukes in the brain. Ascaris are much more difficult, at Day 48 the
worms are still decaying, and dying, but the majority of the worms seam to be delt with. Removal
of Vitamin A and Zinc-sulfate after the initial kill, is advised, in that these vitamins are able to keep
Ascaris alive.
After both Flukes and Ascaris are dying, change the vitamin dosing to maintenance dosing for flukes,
and taper. Maintain Ascaris formula (Piperazine, DEC, IVM pulse, and wait about 4-6 weeks at
this taper mode, for your body to recover from the fluke kill. When the immune system has
recovered, Ascaris killing is made possible. This should accelerate the mop-up of the Ascaris worms.
First 30 days of Antiparasitcs = Phase 3 (Fluke and Flatworm kill)
Second 30 days of Antiparasitics = Phase 4. (Immune system recovery, taper Fluke, Status Quo for
round worms. ) Spreading out round worm meds increases pressure on roundworm infections, while
taper of PZQ allows immune recovery, and ensures flatworm kill.
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135
After tape worms and flukes are killed, moving PPZ around going to sleep, maximizes rest. Since ALB has
less kick than DEC, flattening the formula increases the movement of anti-parasitics into the remaining
roundworms.
Dosing Timeline
Anti-parasitic dosing Total in Day (Q1D)
Q1D quantity taken over one day, Total daily dose maximum.
MBZ Maximum 600mg/D

Flagyl Maximum 800mg/D
Alinia tested to 25mg/kg/D
Maximum for 238 lb 113 kgs male (250 lbs row in table)
Do Not Exceed
• Maximum 400 mg ALB per single dose

• Maximum 400 mg DEC per single dose
• Maximum 750 mg PPZ per single dose
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PPZ taken with (mixed) Greek yogurt (Thick), these essential fats are essential.
IVM taken with (mixed) Greek yogurt (Thick), these essential fats are essential.
Final Formula
137
ASCARIS AND FLUKE FORMULA 10/20/15

(min-typ-max)
ALBENDAZOLE/PRAZIQUANTEL Combination Formula
AAM (2-4 AM) - if awake, if not dose on rising
(½) teaspoon Praziquantel powder (measuring spoon) in Greek Gods Greek Yogurt or 4% cottage
cheese, try to take Praziquantel several hours away from Albendazole. Praziquantel keeps worms from
feeding on blood, making them hungry. Later when you dose Albendazole, they are ready to feed,
absorbing the anti-parasitic drug.
AM Kickoff Minerals, Metals, Liver Stimulation

(I dose anti-parasitics between 3 AM to 9AM, to optimize sleep)
• Magnesium citrate (1-1-1) - 133mg, Citrate loop, source of Magnesium for all cellular
processes (2SP)
• Potassium citrate (1-2-2) - 99mg, Primary to balance kidney toxin removal controls
• Magnesium Sulfate (1-1-1) - 1030mg, Primary Liver flush, Magnesium and Sulfur Source (2SP)
• MSM (2-3-4) - 1000mg, Organic Sulfur- Increases cell fluid movement, protects GI tract (6SP),
Sulfer Consumable 450CYP ROS Leak
• Malic acid (0-1-2) - Solaray w HTP5 b1 b6 Magnesium chelate – Malate loop, gi sickness
• ALA (1-2) - (may overstimulate worms) - DNA accelerator gas petal (4SP) Recycles vitamin A/C
in mitochondria 10X, Recycling Vitamin A after the initial kill, and the discontinuation of Vitamin A
supplements, may be offset by ALA. There is no research that directly indicates that ALA increases
the survivability of Ascaris. Continued research will be required to determine if ALA helps or hinders
the Ascaris killing process. R FRACTION SWANSON SWU250 may be safer alternative, Swanson
(1)
• CQ10 (1-2-2) - 400mg, Travels through all 4 layers of cellular transport, moving electron ionic
force. (4 SP)
• L Carnitine (2-3-2) – 500mg/cap, DNA detox Instruction, tells mitochondria to dump toxins
• Source of life (1-2-2) - Source Naturals, #3058, protein, amino source vitamin, with or without
kelp, used to repair DNA with amino food. (8SP any time) Essential DNA balance, broad spectrum
vitamin.
• LEM Mushroom Extract (4)
• Zinc Sulfate Monohydrate (0-2- 6) - 50mg yield per capsule, WBC production, Suck Iron from
Parasite, O2 (9.32mg/Kg SP) Zinc is essential, only this exact kind of zinc can be taken in these
levels, “Rising”. Studies show 600mg of Zinc Sulfate Monohydrate can be safely taken for a month.
My worms started to burst at 9.32mg/Kg/D).
• After 30 days it is essential to discontinue ZINC supplementation, to complete the killing
of Ascaris alone, Flukes should be dead
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17908741
CONCLUSIONS:
We found that vitamin A and zinc supplementation was associated with distinct
parasite-specific health outcomes. Vitamin A plus zinc reduces G. lamblia
incidence, whereas zinc supplementation increases A. lumbricoides incidence but
decreases E. histolytica-associated diarrhea.
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• Selenium (2-3-4) – 200ucg/cap, Offset ROS loop stress, delivers O2 to cells, WBC production,
450CYP ROS Consumable under Ox stress
• Copper Citrate (1-2-3) or Chelate – 2mg/cap, force gut bacteria profile, balances Zinc
• Chaparral (1-2-3) – fixes genetic psora DNA error of immune system 33% of people have, FXR
bottleneck.
• Tri Iodine (1-1-1) - lowers inflammation, heals parasite wounds, alternate with chromium (below)
• Optional Stinging nettle root (4), Immune ligand 26R, helps with lung fluids should they appear.
• Ginkgo Giloba (2-3-3) – keeps capillaries open and unblocked, very important for startup!
• Spirulina (4-4-10) capsules 500mg, tablets, or optional teaspoon (5 grams) Spirulina powder in
yogurt
• Optional Chromium (0-1). Get up and go, will cause a headache over 3 capsules, CQ10 helps.
AM Liver, Supplement, Sustain, Flush formula
Fat soluble Vitamins
• 1 Glass orange juice with orange peel zest.

• With few exceptions, like some vitamins from B complex, and fat-soluble vitamins (D, E, K and A or
'DEKA'), which are stored in the liver and fatty tissues of the body. These vitamins build up and
remain for a longer time in the body than water soluble vitamins.[1] To prevent overload, the dose
should start high, then diminish with time.
• Start high dosage vitamin A; high dosage, slow release vitamin B3 (30mg); and very high dosage
vitamin B6 alone (i.e. with or without vitamin B complex) are sometimes associated with vitamin side
effects that usually rapidly cease with supplement reduction or cessation.
• Vitamin D3-1 (1000IU) long term - D3-5(5000IU) D3 typical - D3-50 (50,000IU) max).
D3-50 will accelerate the killing of worms in the brain) to start, ramp to D3-50/D – D3 prevents
Calcium in suspension. I found killing brain flukes on a D3-50/D to be intense. After 14 days I can
only say this is a near death experience, and spent many days in bed, as they died. Much black
stool was evidenced. By day 21, on the full strength formula, the killing is mostly gone. I have
since backed down to D3-5 (5000IU), after about 38 days.
• Vitamin E 800 IU (1) - E2000 IU maximum – Helps pull Lipid toxins out of the cells.
• Vitamin A 45,000 IU ((0-3)*15000 IU) Palmitate - Accelerate Liver function (6 SP) Vitamin A is
essential for the human body, but also allows Ascaris worms to survive. It is essential to discontinue
Dosing of vitamin A after the infection has been brought under control.
A. lumbricoides infections increased among children in the combined vitamin A
and zinc group or the zinc alone group, respectively.
• Silymarin (milk thistle) (3*300mg) - 1000mg, urine production, protect liver membranes from
toxin purge, Protects Organs Ox 450CYP ROS
• Choline (0-1-1) - offload Liver function
• Taurine (0-1-1) - Accelerate Liver
• Bentaine (0-1-1) – Protects Liver cells from toxins, taken with milk thistle.
• 2G Ester C (1-2-3) – Detox Liver, calcium source.
• B25 - B50 (1-1-1) – Supply complement of Liver consumables, The liver needs B vitamins.
• Boron (0-1-1) – Metal used by Liver, helps regenerate liver, It enhances the body's ability to use
calcium, magnesium, as well as vitamin D. It also seems to assist in brain functioning and
recognition. Boron seems to prevent calcium and magnesium from being lost in the urine and may
help with decreasing menstrual pain by increasing the oestradiol level, which is a very active type of
estrogen.
• Biotin (0-2-2) – 5mg, Intestine under stress fails to get this essential gateway molecule
• Eggs (1-2-2) – 33 vitamins and minerals
• Valerian Root (0-2-3) - Stimulates Bile production.
139
AM Nitrogen Loop Stress Reduction
• Piperazine citrate (1 Teaspoon (Measuring kitchen spoon, level) - 1 Tablespoon)
• (250 mg - 750mg) - Removes Uric and Ammonia compounds, helps kidneys at low dose, Provides
stability to nitrogen NH3, NH4 processes. Dosing more than 1.5 grams per day can cause egg,
larvae, and cyst die off in brain, CNS symptoms. Use the lowest dose of Piperazine that removes
ammonia smell from stool and urine. Caution: Piperazine can numb the brain to pain, if you dose
anti-parasitics to hard, or kill to fast, you may not feel the brain pain. Be aware of this numbing side
effect of Piperazine. If you smell fixer fluid ammonium thiosulfate smell, it is protein
breakdown.
• The kind of round worm liquid I used - had 50 mg/ml. This is equal to 250 mg/teaspoon/ or 5ml for
metric folks. Peperazine phosphate may have a higher base absorption ratio. Taper slowly after 90
days?, significant brain pain may be evidenced if a significant brain kill was accomplished.
AM Antiparasitics
• Albendazole 200mg (2-2-2) (~10mg/kg/D). Persons who weigh 125 lbs should lower dose to
(1-1-1) Albendazole 200mg
• First 30 days - ½ teaspoon Praziquantel powder (measuring kind of kitchen spoon) in cottage
cheese or Greek yogurt.
• Second 30 days - DEC (1 or ½ tablet) 400mg – 200mg, Kills Deeper into the body.
AM Immune System
• Danish Rose Hips (2-2-8) - 9 cis trans retinolic A (Take Tea or capsules if you cant make tea)
Only molecule that binds 3T3 in DNA Helix, Source of broad spectrum C and A vitamins. (6 SP)
• Magnolia Extract (2-3-3) capsules, Amermed (4SP)
• Fruits, Bananas, Oranges, Apples
(Noon) Blood Flush Substances

• 1 glass orange juice
• Ginger (1) - Blood Detox
• Barberry bark (0-1-1) - Detox
• GoldenSeal (1) – Kidney Detox
• Oregon Grape Root (0-1-1) – Detox, bacteria fighting properties of Oregon grape root in the
treatment of bacterial diarrhea, intestinal parasites, can be used intermittently.
• Berberine (1) - isoquinoline alkaloids
• MSM (2) (6 SP)
(Noon) Circulation health

• Horse Chestnut (1) – heal circulation tissue, patch leaks in arteries and veins
• White willow bark (1-2-3) – no clot, pain reliever, blood thinner, platelet control (3SP)
• Antibiotics to capture fluke bacteria in CNS, Optional Deoxycycline (1) if kills cause brain swelling, if
you get fever during heavy kill, deoxy stops bacteria
• Spirulina (4-10) capsules 500mg or optional teaspoon (5 grams) Spirulina powder in yogurt
• Vitamin K Salads, raw vegetables
Noon Antiparasitics
• First 30 days - Albendazole 200mg (0-0-2) (10mg/kg/D max) for the first 30 days, Persons
who weigh 125 lbs should lower dose to (1) Albendazole 200mg.
• Second 30-60 days ½ teaspoon Praziquantel powder (measuring spoon) in cottage cheese or
Greek yogurt. (¼ teaspoon for persons of 125 lbs) for deeper killing power
140
• Second 30 days teaspoon piperazine citrate.
• DEC (1 or ½) 400mg - 200mg
PM Lymph Flush substances

• Dodder Seed Extract (2), Dodder at night can make your lymph system gurgle. No kidding.
• GuaiAid (2-3) 600mg
• Water
PM
• 1 glass orange juice
• Cod liver oil (1)
• MSM (2) 1000 mg (6SP)
• Source of life (2)
• Selenium (2-3-3) 200 ucg ea.
• Zinc Sulfate Monohydrate (2-4-6) – 50mg yield, dose for 113 kgs person
• Copper (1-2-2) - 2 mg
• L Carnitine (1-2-2) – 500 mg, I like to keep L Carnitine mostly in the morning, powerful detox
instruction.
• Berberine Sulfate (1-2-2)
• Chaparral (1)
• KGP flush (1) full dropper in Cranberry Juice to keep kidney tubes clear, optional P5P and
piridoxamine
• Spirulina (4-4-10) capsules 500mg or optional teaspoon (5 grams) Spirulina powder in yogurt
PM Antiparasitics
• First 30 days (2) Albendazole 200mg (10mg/kg/D) – up to 6 months for persons over 50 years
old
• first 30 days Piperazine citrate 1 teaspoon - 1 tablespoon PPZ, taper after 90 days?
• 30-60 days Praziquantel powder ½ teaspoon (measuring spoon) in cottage cheese or
Greek yogurt
PPM
• Borage seed oil (2)- GLA is DNA antioxidant G=no replication errors in DNA, no cancer please.
• Ester C (2) - 1000mg tabs
• St John’s Wart (1) optional for sleep
• GuaiAid (2-3-3) (Guaifensyn) - 600mg, Cut mucin, repairs DNA base pair, stops cells from burning
sugar.
• Dodder Seed Extract (1-2-2) 20-1, 30-1 strength Bartlow
• White willow bark (2) (3SP)
• Milk fats, cottage cheese, milkshake, butter, cream, any milk fat product.
PPM Anti-parasitics at bedtime

• Praziquantel powder ½ teaspoon (measuring spoon) in cottage cheese or Greek yogurt
• 30-60 days Piperazine citrate 1 teaspoon - 1 tablespoon PPZ, taper after 90 days
141
Time Line
Each phase may take about a month. My phase 4 took 6 weeks because I maintained Vitamin A and
Zinc to long, keeping the Ascaris worms alive. The Flukes were dead in about 3 weeks. I am
maintaining the anti-parasitics for an additional 4 weeks, to ensure I never have to do this again. I
am at 6.8 weeks, and I have transitioned to Maintenance, discontinuing all metals, minerals, and
vitamins. My personal log tracts my progress in eliminating the round worm Ascaris infection. I will
be putting in additional effort into DNA repair, and memory supplements some time in the future.
142
Conversion Factors
To understand the quantities that are needed, you have to know the relevant units of measure:
Kg = Lbs/2.2
28 grams = 1 ounce of liquid
Teaspoon = 5 grams, 5ml of liquid (powder it is ~ ½ less)
Tablespoon = 15 grams, 15 ml of liquid
1,000 milligrams = 1 gram
1,000 micrograms (ug or ucg) = 1 milligram
143
Shopping Sources 051515
(nominal-typical-maximum)
Water
Drink pure water, or drinks that are mostly water (tea, very diluted fruit juice, sparkling
water with lemon) throughout the day.
The following drinking water treatment is recommended at a minimum.
1) Oversize Carbon filter on primary faucet water tap. (GE – or equiv)

2) Water basin filter, with essential minerals (brand XYZ)
Nutrient destroyers:
• Aspirin--destroys vitamin A, calcium, potassium, B complex and C.

• Caffeine--destroys vitamin B1, inositol and biotin, potassium and zinc and prevents calcium
and iron assimilation.
• Chlorine in water--destroys vitamin E.
• Chocolate--contains caffeine and it is very irritating to the kidneys. High in fat, which can
cause indigestion.
• Fluoride--destroys vitamin C
• Sleeping Pills--destroy folic acid and vitamin D.
• Menstruation--requires extra iron, vitamin B12, calcium and magnesium.
• Nitrates/Nitrites--Destroys vitamins A, C and E
• Stress--Physical, emotional and mental all vitamins are depleted.
144
Interventionalists
These substances can help keep you alive.

• MSM and baking soda in distilled water
• Adding ¼ of a teaspoon of baking soda into the MSM water helps in the early weeks.
• Selenium, CQ10, ALA, l-carnitine, and Milk Thistle are early interventionists, but they
do not come close to solving the toxin problem.
• 2Grams CQ10 in d alpha E oil
• 2Grams L Carnitine (Acytl or Chelated forms.
• 2Grams ALA
HOW TO USE A DRUG / SUPPLEMENT
Vitamin process …factor, cofactors, steering amino acid: MAK
Each drug or vitamin supplement usually has a base (supply of material the drug/supplement uses
during its activity, like oxygen is required for a flame, the supplement provides an essential
element(s) that is/are consumed during the activity process.
Vitamin + consumed mineral + amino acid (steering acids)= result
Each drug or vitamin have co-factors. These co-factors can take the form(s) of genetic steering
acids, or complementary nutrition process elements or substances, catalysis’s, minerals, or process
consumables, which assist or direct the drug or vitamin to do a specific task, do it with more
intensity, or behave in the presence of other body processes. Like an instruction to go here and do
that it is the entire group of substances, collectively, that enable a function.
It is in this formulation and support of a drug or vitamin that one needs to understand fully to use
the chemical process to accomplish a specific purpose, task, or result. The formulation of how one
uses a drug or vitamin should always be shaped or customized so that a specific end result is
achieved.
145
Since parasites disturb many body processes, and the formulations become quite long and
extensive, the vitamin list provided was reduced from long form, by selectively
incorporating substances which were capable of performing many simultaneous roles,
withing a reduced framework. This reduction reiterative process took quite some time, and
was performed while the process, and anti-parasitic substance evaluations were being
performed. The omission of even a single substance could have a profound effect, so the
vitamin list may not be exactly optimized, but is the closest formula I could develop.
I have found that the formulation (kind or base) of a vitamin makes a huge difference if it
has any positive effect on the body. The formulation has everything to do with its effect, if
the vitamin will perform its intended task. Different kinds of copper, i.e. Chelate, citrate,
metalic fraction, each go to different areas of the body or cells. Do not deviate from the
specified vitamin type (form).
A perfect example of a vitamin not doing its function properly is Rosehip C, a chemically created
vitamin tablet. Rosehips are a natural seed product. If taken in the chemically reduced form, like a
pill, it has the same name but a different function. If taken in large pill form concentrations can
generate crystals in the kidneys. If the natural rosehip seeds are ground, and put into tea, a much
higher level of C and A can be obtained, with no harmful side effects.
This is of particular importance to me since I damaged my kidneys during several bouts with staff
infection as a child. Thankfully the doctors saved me after my kidneys shut down, and they were
restored to function.
Vitamin Links
146
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin
http://www.raysahelian.com/
www.peacefulmind.com/anti-aging.htm
http://www.lef.org/anti-aging/
http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/list-all/
http://www.ifnh.org/
http://www.herbs2000.com/
https://www.rainpharm.com/
A primer on free radicals, pro-oxidants, and antioxidants.
Complete antioxidant protection, how
Simply defined, a free radical is a highly reactive atom that can destroy body tissues. Normally, an
atom's electrons come in pairs. If one of the electrons gets stripped away, the atom--now a free
radical--becomes unstable. It sets off on a frantic search to find another electron to complete its set,
grabbing onto any electron it can find. But by stealing electrons, free radicals destroy those other
molecules. Because the oxygen atom is most often involved as the donor of the electron, this
damaging process is known as oxidation, and is similar to the process that causes sliced apples to
turn brown or cars to rust. Compounds that promote oxidative damage are referred to as pro-
oxidants.
Free radicals come from our environment, in pollutants such as chemicals or cigarette smoke; in our
diet in the form of fats damaged by frying or the presence of nitrates in smoked or cured meats.
Even sunlight produces free radical damage. But free radicals also result from the cell's own
metabolic activity.
Free radicals shoot through the cell's membranes, tearing gaping holes, damaging the cell's delicate
structures, including DNA, (the cumulative damage they cause leads to cellular aging). This, in turn,
contributes to heart disease and cancer. Carcinogens (cancer-causing compounds or virus, mold,
bacteria infections) cause severe free radical or oxidative damage to cell structures.
Antioxidants quench the unpaired electron by donating one of its own electrons, effectively
"calming down" the free radical, resulting in help for aging, cancer and other degenerative diseases.
Because they protect cell integrity, antioxidants slow down the aging process, enhance immune
function, reduce inflammation, and fight allergies.
The ultimate combination of antioxidants requires both Part A and Part B
Antioxidants vitamin C, zinc, selenium, beta-carotene, and vitamin E. are useless without enablers
Most antioxidants require some sort of "partner" antioxidant that allows it to work more efficiently.
And scientists have discovered that it is quite easy for one antioxidant nutrient like beta-carotene to
become damaged if it's used alone ( that is, without its partner antioxidants vitamin C, vitamin E,
and selenium ).
Similarly, selenium functions primarily as a component of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione

peroxidase. This enzyme works closely with vitamin E to prevent free radical damage to cell
membranes. Studies looking only at vitamin E's ability to reduce cancer and heart disease are often
147
faulty because they failed to factor in the critical partnership between selenium and vitamin E, not
to mention the interrelationship between vitamin E and coenzyme Q10
Vitamin Classification: MAK

Vitamins are classified as either water-soluble or fat-soluble. In humans there are 13 vitamins: 4 fat-
soluble (A, D, E, and K) and 9 water-soluble (8 B vitamins and vitamin C). Water-soluble vitamins
dissolve easily in water and, in general, are readily excreted from the body, to the degree that uri-
nary output is a strong predictor of vitamin consumption.[13] Because they are not readily stored,
consistent and daily intake is important.[14]
B-complex vitamins and vitamin C are water-soluble vitamins that are not stored in the body and
must be replaced each day. These vitamins are easily destroyed or washed out during food storage
and preparation. Acid supplements: Indeed, there may be a role for vitamin C as ascorbic acid.
Ascorbic acid is acid and so improves digestion of protein. It is also toxic to all microbes including
bacteria, yeast and viruses as well as being an important anti-oxidant - indeed the eventual receiver
of most electrons from free radicals. Humans, guinea pigs and fruit bats are the only mammal
species which cannot make their own vitamin C and we have to get it in food. Scaling up from other
mammals we should be consuming 2-6 grams daily (a hundred fold more than the government RDA
of 30mgs daily!).
The B-complex group is found in a variety of foods: cereal grains, meat, poultry, eggs, fish, milk,
legumes and fresh vegetables.
Dr Earl Mindell’s Vitamin Bible
Later I find many people raving about Dr. Earl Mendel’s Vitamin Bible revision 7 on the internet. To
date I have purchased four copies of this book. Whenever I lend it out, it never comes back. I guess
that says a lot. I guess that says it all.
EARL MINDELLS NEW VITAMIN BIBLE

ISBN 0-446-614089-2
Warner Books NEWYORK BOSTON

COPYRIGHT 2004
TIME WARNER BOOK GROUP
1271 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS
NEW YORK NY 10020
WWW.TWBOOKMARK.COM
Basic Health Publications, Inc.

Printing Services
8200 boulevard east North Bergen NJ 07047
201 868 8336
http://www.basichealthpub.com/index.php
Basic Health Publications, Inc.

Publishing:
28812 Top of the World Drive
Laguna Beach, CA 92651
(949) 715-7327
148
Dr Royal Lee
We will only discuss two fractions that are lost by this processing and substitution. These are
vitamin E and the enzyme, phosphatase. The bleach and chemicals used to keep bugs out of flour
destroy both. Pasteurization destroys phosphatase in milk. Oleomargarine contains no vitamin E as
does butter. It also contains a poison, sodium benzoate, as oleo cannot be made to keep without a
chemical preservative.
Why do we need phosphatase? Simply because without it, we fail to split and assimilate the mineral
salts in our foods that are in the form of phytates. No enzyme is naturally secreted in the human
intestinal tract that splits phytates although many other animals, including the rat, do have such an
enzyme
(Cereal germ and bran are the highest common sources of phosphatase, other than raw milk
Watch against the use of white flour, refined sugar, pasteurized milk, and imitation butter.
One way this can be done is by increasing the intake of fluid which is acid in reaction, such as apple
juice, cranberry, or grape juice; for Vermont folk medicine knows that acid thins the body fluids,
keeping them liquid, while alkaline fluids thicken them, impeding circulation.”
Apple Cider Vinegar

Eat potatoes instead of bread
Eliminate white bread as much as possible
Under cook or eat fresh fruits and vegetables as much as possible
Many Functions
Vitamin F was first discovered as a part of the wheat germ oil vitamin complex; at least the term
vitamin F was first used to designate the essential fatty acid fraction.)
Water
Short Name : water
Color: Clear
Date Discovered: Millions of years ago
Properties:Since the water molecule is not linear and the oxygen atom has a higher electronegativity
than hydrogen atoms, it carries a slight negative charge, whereas the hydrogen atoms are slightly
positive. As a result, water is a polar molecule with an electrical dipole moment. Water also can form
an unusually large number of intermolecular hydrogen bonds (four) for a molecule of its size. These
factors lead to strong attractive forces between molecules of water, giving rise to water's high sur-
face tension[15] and capillary forces. The capillary action refers to the tendency of water to move up
a narrow tube against the force of gravity. This property is relied upon by all vascular plants, such as
trees.
Water is a good solvent and is often referred to as the universal solvent. Substances that dissolve in
water, e.g., salts, sugars, acids, alkalis, and some gases – especially oxygen, carbon dioxide (car-
bonation) are known as hydrophilic (water-loving) substances, while those that do not mix well with
water (e.g., fats and oils), are known as hydrophobic (water-fearing) substances.All the major com-
ponents in cells (proteins, DNA and polysaccharides) are also dissolved in water.
149
The human body contains from 55% to 78% water, depending on body size.[46] To function prop-
erly, the body requires between one and seven liters of water per day to avoid dehydration; the pre-
cise amount depends on the level of activity, temperature, humidity, and other factors. Most of this
is ingested through foods or beverages other than drinking straight water. It is not clear how much
water intake is needed by healthy people, though most advocates agree that approximately 2 liters
(6 to 7 glasses) of water daily is the minimum to maintain proper hydration.[47]
Medical literature favors a lower consumption, typically 1 liter of water for an average male, exclud-
ing extra requirements due to fluid loss from exercise or warm weather.[48] For those who have
healthy kidneys, it is rather difficult to drink too much water, but (especially in warm humid weather
and while exercising) it is dangerous to drink too little. People can drink far more water than neces-
sary while exercising, however, putting them at risk of water intoxication (hyperhydration), which
can be fatal.[49][50]
The popular claim that "a person should consume eight glasses of water per day" seems to have no
real basis in science.[51] Similar misconceptions concerning the effect of water on weight loss and
constipation have also been dispelled.[52] Hazard symbol for non-potable water. An original recom-
mendation for water intake in 1945 by the Food and Nutrition Board of the United States National
Research Council read: "An ordinary standard for diverse persons is 1 milliliter for each calorie of
food. Most of this quantity is contained in prepared foods."[53] The latest dietary reference intake
report by the United States National Research Council in general recommended (including food
sources): 3.7 liters for men and 2.7 liters of water total for women.[54] Specifically, pregnant and
breastfeeding women need additional fluids to stay hydrated. The Institute of Medicine (U.S.) rec-
ommends that, on average, men consume 3.0 liters and women 2.2 liters; pregnant women should
increase intake to 2.4 liters (10 cups) and breastfeeding women should get 3 liters (12 cups), since
an especially large amount of fluid is lost during nursing.[55] Also noted is that normally, about 20%
of water intake comes from food, while the rest comes from drinking water and beverages (caf-
feinated included).
Water is excreted from the body in multiple forms; through urine and feces, through sweating, and
by exhalation of water vapor in the breath. With physical exertion and heat exposure, water loss will
increase and daily fluid needs may increase as well.Humans require water with few impurities. Com-
mon impurities include metal salts and oxides, including copper, iron, calcium and lead,[56] and/or
harmful bacteria, such as Vibrio. Some solutes are acceptable and even desirable for taste enhance-
ment and to provide needed electrolytes.[57]
Forms: RAW, Water,
"H2O" and "HOH"USE: Essential for Life. Functions as a solvent for a wide variety of chemical sub-
stances.
Contents: Water
Herbal Medicine Store

I asked my wife to take a road trip with me to visit the Timberlake Herb Store. It was in the
middle of nowhere, on a small road between two small towns north of Raleigh North Carolina.
It was an eye-opening trip. On the shelves were raw herbs and roots of every kind in large
gallon glass apothecary containers. Each one labeled with common and Latin names. The
storeowner and herbal helper were very knowledgeable. They also had prepackaged mixes,
teas, and capsules. The number one issue of the day was help with my digestion and
constipation.
Timberlake Herb Store
150
1776 Highway 401 South
Louisburg NC 27549
1-800-213-0666
http://timberlakeherbstore.com/
We discussed Chinese medicine, and digestive issues. They carried Nature’s Sunshine Products.
Nature’s Sunshine Products, Inc.

Spanish Fork, Utah 84660
1-800-223-8225
AMINO ACIDS, FOOD, SUPPLEMENTS

Life began in the sea 4 billion years ago. Fossil records indicate that the blue-green Algae's are the most
primitive of the 1,000 or so different algae varieties on earth, dating back over four billion years. The
blue-green Algae's have managed to survive all that time while millions of other plant and animal species
became extinct. What makes blue-green Algae's so powerful and amazing for human health is the same
super-dense nutrition and energy that we can now harvest and enjoy for maximizing our human poten-
tial.
Proteins are made up of amino acids, which are the building blocks of the body.
• Our DNA is made of them.
• Our Mitochondria is packed full of them.
• The cell core process, decisions, human process, and life comes from them
• The human cell after billions of years of evolution is still able to absorb amino acids directly.
Humans have evolved to eat food, higher orders of life, but after 4 billion years, just like our appendix,
we have left over functions, gates, and secrets inside our body. Algae and Amino acids have a back door
into our cell, and are directly absorbed, bypassing or so called evolution, and can operate in a primitive
molecular code, similar to binary inside a computer, amino acids are the basis of human function.
http://www.skinnybits.com/index.php/history-algae
• It was the first plant life on earth.
• Algae was forgotten about until WW II, when the Hiroshima bomb left the Japanese without
food. The USA Government was committed to helping Japan get back on their feet and
remembered that years earlier, Germany had used algae to avoid mass starvation. So once
again, algae came to the rescue Asia much needed protein source to avert mass starvation.
• Interestingly, the algae given to the Japanese was Chlorella algae. And not only did it solve
their protein needs, it also seemed to cure their radiation poisoning (from the nuclear
bomb). This stunning discovery along with remarkable ability of algae to feed large numbers
of people led the Americans (Carnegie Institute and Rockefeller Institute) to research
chlorella algae extensively. At the time there was a growing nutrition crisis in America.
Large numbers of military personnel were returning to America after the war to start families
and there was an urgent need for fast production of healthy food to feed them. Algae
looked like it could be the answer.
• It may take up to four weeks to see results with Spirulina, so be patient and stick with it!
http://www.algaeindustrymagazine.com/department/features/special-report-spirulina/
Understanding the role of microscopic algae
http://www.superfoodsforlife.com/page/103407
• The foundation of life
• The Bible describes, when the Israelites were starving in the wilderness, God provided
‘manna’...dried algae on the rocks.
151
• Spirulina is the immortal descendent of the first photosynthetic life form. Beginning 3.5
billion years ago, blue-green algae created our oxygen atmosphere so other life could
evolve.
• Spirulina is 60-70% protein and 83 - 95% digestible
• All 10 Dietary-Essential Amino Acids - 20 amino acids total, in synergistic balance
• The building blocks for over 2,000 enzymes with 2-3 times the energy of any other 'live
food'
• Spirulina cleanses and nourishes, balances and energizes, strengthens and
protects, regenerates and rejuvenates
• Spirulina has everything you need to live on
http://www.indiana.edu/~geol105b/1425chap10.htm
When the Earth formed at about 4.6 to 4.5 billion years ago, it was initially a cold place bombarded
by meteorites, and later on it probably got so hot that the surface may even have been in a molten
state (the magma ocean). Neither condition was very conducive to life as we know it. Yet a billion
years later we have rocks that contain evidence (fossils, stromatolites) of microorganisms such as
bacteria and blue-green algae. Organic life probably existed even earlier than that, based on carbon
isotope data from the 3.8 billion year old Isua Formation of Greenland. The Isua Formation consists
of metamorphosed sediments that contain graphite with an unusual carbon isotope ratio. They are
enriched in Carbon 12 (C12) over C13 when compared to carbon isotope ratios in meteorites (pre-
sumed to record the primordial carbon isotope ratio of the solar system). Preferential uptake of light
carbon (C12) is something that microorganisms routinely do when they absorb carbon from their en-
vironment, either by photosynthesis or by metabolizing other carbon compounds. Thus, C12 enrich-
ment in these rocks suggests the presence of living organisms as early as 3.8 billion years ago.
Much of what our own DNA is also found in the DNA of other organisms, all the way down to simple
bacteria. The common thread that runs through all life is the use of the DNA molecule to store and
transmit information. Thus, in order to find out about the origins of life we have to go back to bacte-
ria and beyond. Thanks to the advances of cell biology, biochemistry, and molecular biology, scien-
152
tists are becoming increasingly adept at reading the DNA record, and also at decoding the relative
antiquity of various cell components and metabolic functions (such as oxygen based metabolism,
photosynthesis, etc.). As we try to reconstruct the earliest events in life's history we have to assume
that all that went on happened without the benefit of foresight (just as our daisies did not purposely
cooperate to stabilize Earth’s climate). Every step must be accounted for in terms of antecedent and
concomitant events, and must obey the laws of physics and chemistry. Each must stand on its own
and cannot be viewed as a preparation for things to come.
Actually, as early as the 1930s, Alexander I. Oparin in Russia and J.B.S. Haldane in England had
pointed out that the organic compounds needed for life could not have formed on the Earth if the
atmosphere was as rich in oxygen (oxidizing) as it is today. Oxygen, which takes hydrogen atoms
from other compounds, interferes with the reactions that transform simple organic molecules into
complex ones. Oparin and Haldane proposed, therefore, that the atmosphere of the young Earth,
like that of the outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, etc.), was reducing: it contained very little oxygen and
was rich in hydrogen (H2) and compounds that can donate hydrogen atoms to other substances.
Such gases were presumed to include methane (CH4) and ammonia (NH3). Oparin's and Hal-
dane's ideas inspired the famous Miller-Urey experiment, which in 1953 began the era of experimen-
tal prebiotic chemistry. Harold C. Urey of the University of Chicago and Stanley L. Miller, a graduate
student in Urey's laboratory, wondered about the kinds of reactions that might have occurred when
the Earth was still enveloped in a reducing atmosphere. In a self-contained apparatus, Miller created
such an "atmosphere." It consisted of methane, ammonia, water and hydrogen above an "ocean"
of water. Then he subjected the gases to "lightning" in the form of a continuous electrical discharge.
After a few days, he analyzed the contents of the mock ocean.
Miller found that as much as 10 percent of the carbon in the system was converted to a relatively
small number of identifiable organic compounds, and up to 2 percent of the carbon went to making
amino acids of the kinds that serve as constituents of proteins. This last discovery was particularly
exciting because it suggested that the amino acids needed for the construction of proteins - and for
life itself.
Never Underestimate the Power of Soup, Assuming that there is a way to RNA world, it very likely
was the foundation for protein synthesis, DNA formation, and the emergence of the first cells.
http://superfood-spirulina.weebly.com/spirulem.html
Spirulina is 60-70% vegetable protein; it contains 12x digestable protein than beef.
Spirulina is that it has the highest GLA (gamma-linolenic acid) next to mother's milk
http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/supplement/spirulina
Folks,
We are no longer fish.
We are no longer amoeba.
We do however have one genetic trick that has not been silenced.
Amino Food (algae) will still nourish our DNA directly, bypassing everything, and needs no
processing, 4 Billion years later.
Better than breathing with Gills.
http://blog.radiantlifecatalog.com/bid/59541/Chlorella-vs-Alga-Spirulina-which-algae-is-best
153
Chlorophyll
Composing nearly 7% of the biomass of chlorella, the pigment chlorophyll is a powerful cleansing
agent for the body. it aids in the processing of oxygen, helps to prime the key elimination system of
the body and promotes the growth and repair of your tissues.
Chlorella
Yaeyama Chlorella (2) 400mg Capsules Jarrow Formulas, Inc. 117003
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Detox, GLA, Amino mitochondrial nutrient
Powerful Heavy Metal and Pesticide Detoxification- Chlorella is a powerful detoxification aid,
strongly binding to heavy metals such as cadmium, uranium, mercury and even radioactive materials
to usher their prompt removal. Studies have indicated that it has the unique potential to remove tox-
ins while simultaneously strengthening the immune system response.
Ultra-Rich in Nucleic Aids- Chlorella is extremely rich in nucleic acids, key factors for RNA and
DNA that protect cells and raise energy levels.
Bountiful in Beta Carotene- This influential carotenoid acts as a powerful antioxidant to reduce
the harmful effects of free radicals and minimize the damage generated from oxidative stress. A fat
soluble provitamin.
Improves Bowel Function- Chlorella stimulates the growth of friendly aerobic bacteria, has a
profound, beneficial effect on bowel health, chlorella's cell walls to absorb toxic compounds
within the intestines, restoring proper gastrointestinal pH and helping to promote nor-
mal peristalsis.Chlorella:
Is a food-like all purpose mild chelator of heavy metals; it is a specially processed green-algae type
of food that is taken with meals and is quite tolerable and pleasant for many. But since chlorella is
so easily contaminated, the manufacturer’s quality control is important. detox The detoxification ca-
pability of Chlorella is due to its unique cell wall and the material associated with it. The cell walls
of Chlorella have been shown to have three layers of which the thicker middle layer contains cellu-
lose microfibrils. Atkinson et al found a 14nm thick trilaminar layer outside the cell wall proper which
was extremely resistant to breakage and thought to be composed of a polymerised carotene like
material.....Laboratory studies showed that there were two active absorbing substances - sporopol-
lenin (a naturally occurring carotene like polymer which is resistant to degradation) and the algae
cell walls." Chlorella's ability to detoxify the body is very significant because of the large amount of
chemicals we are exposed to in today's modern world. This ability to detoxify chemicals is also one
of the important differences between Chlorella and other "green" products."
Spirulina
Source of Life Multivitamin Spirulina Tablets
Source of Life – (4-8) Source Naturals with/without Iron Swanson NTP035

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tabs
154
Product ID 3058
Spirulina Capsules
Spirulina Capsules, (4-30) 500mg, Swanson SWR030

http://www.swansonvitamins.com/swanson-greenfoods-formulas-spirulina-500-mg-360-
tabs
Bulk Spirulina Powder
Now Foods 1 LB Spirulina powder
https://www.swansonvitamins.com/now-foods-spirulina-1-lb-pwdr
Spirulina is a close cousin of Chlorella and related to other robust sea vegetables including kelp,
dulse, nori, arame and wakame. Spirulina however, is a unique blue-green algae, meaning it is not a
true algae in biological terms but rather a cyanobacteria. This distinctive classification is given
because its genetic material is not organized in a membrane-bound nucleus, yet it still uses the sun
as a source of energy the way that plants do.
Easily Digested- Because the cell wall of spirulina is composed of mucopolysaccharides instead of
indigestible cellulose, it is easily broken down by the human digestive system. Nutrients are thus
highly bioavailable and become quickly assimilated into the biochemistry of the body.
Rich in Complete Protein and B12- Slightly higher in content than chlorella (which contains
about 50% protein), Spirulina is 70% full protein by biomass. Often used as a supplement for those
who consume poor quality or limited amounts of meat in their diet, Spirulina is also one of the few
plant sources of essential vitamin B12. Because of it’s highly digestible composition, the hardy pro-
tein found in this algae is high in net protein utilization and efficiency ratio, allowing all of the amino
acids to be readily utilized without cooking.
High in Fatty Gamma Linolenic Acid (GLA)- Few foods contain this substance, an omega-6 fatty
acid that plays a crucial role in brain function, reproductive health, growth and development, skin
and hair growth, bone health, and metabolism regulation. While most commonly consumed in the
form of linoleic acid and then converted into GLA within the body, spirulina contains the full form of
this fatty acid allowing for efficient absorption and potent effect.
Unique Phytochemical Phycocyanin- This outstanding phytochemical is the pigment which gives
spirulina it’s blue hue. It is unique to spirulina and studies have found it to be useful to brain func-
tion, heart health, immune system strengthening, and in supporting bone marrow function for build-
ing blood cells. In mammals phycocyanin is converted into phycocyanorubin, an antioxidant that is
helpful in protecting the tissues from free radicals.
ALA
(1-2-4) Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA) 600 mg Now Foods 3045B Capsules
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Swanson SWF282 SKU: 733739030450

Swanson SWU167
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$8.47
155
α Lipoic Acid: Enhances action of all other anti-oxidants, supplies sulfur,

weak chelator. Three dosages with different actions: a) dose (50mg/d)-
protects mitochondria and enhances ATP; b) dose (100-200mg/d)-
potent antioxidant; c) dose (400-600 mg/d)- will open the brain barrier
Lipoic acid. Lipoic acid is known as the “recycler” antioxidant because it can restore the antioxidant
properties of vitamins C and E after they have been neutralized by free radicals. It also stimulates
the production of glutathione and helps in the absorption of CoQ10 (Balch PA et al 2000; Hendler SS
et al 2001; Jamison JR 2003). The body produces this antioxidant (glutathione) in limited amounts.
ALA decelerates the loss of Vitamin s in the mitochondria
ALA helps maintain Long Term Memory
ALA is well known as a powerful antioxidant Command to RNA.Alpha Lipoic Acid is one of the most
powerful antioxidants known to man. It is found in several foods, yeast and liver, kidney,spinach,
broccoli and potatoes. It acts both intra- and extra-cellularly while fighting oxidative damage in gen-
eral, and also helps maintain a normal blood sugar metabolism.
A breakthrough study on Anti-Aging was profiled in Readers Digest some years ago. Conducted by
Dr Ames at the University of California at Berkeley, on an element know as L-Carnitine, it found that
the most potent effect was arrived at by combining the powerful antioxidant and "free radi-
cals-fighter" Alpha Lipoic Acid with Acetyl-L-Carnitine.
"Preliminary data suggests that Alpha Lipoic Acid can protect against damage to the brain or neural
tissue as well. This is generally thought to be related to potent antioxidant properties, which reduce
oxidative damage. "
ALC and ALA:
ALC is the acetyl ester of carnitine, an amino acid derivative, and is distributed throughout the cen-
tral and peripheral nervous system. Both ALA and ALC are known as mitochondrial antioxidants that
can provide anti-aging nutrition.*
How does CoQ10 + Alpha Lipoic Acid + Acetyl L-Carnitine HCl support health?
• All three nutrients help provide antioxidant protection against free radical damage.*
• All three nutrients have been shown to promote cardiovascular and cognitive health.*
• All three nutrients have been shown to be effective in maintaining blood pressure levels already
within the normal range.*
ALA with C, A, CQ10:
• ALA enhances the antioxidant activity of vitamins C and E and coenzyme Q10.
ALC is a precursor to the important brain neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which contributes to the
support of cognitive function and memory.*
ALA is a mitochondria amino acid, it works directly with the DNA in the cell.
Metabolic syndrome use ALA
156
• LA aka Lopoic Acid contains two vicinal sulfur atoms (at C6 and C8) attached by a disulfide
bond and is thus considered to be oxidized (although either sulfur atom can exist in higher
oxidation states).
• The carbon atom at C6 is chiral and the molecule exists as two enantiomers R-(+)-lipoic
acid (RLA) and S-(-)-lipoic acid (SLA) and as a racemic mixture R/S-lipoic acid (R/S-LA). Only
the R-(+)-enantiomer exists in nature and is an essential cofactor of four mitochondrial
enzyme complexes.(alpha version) [4]
ALA is the perfect antioxidant
Alpha lipoic acid is regarded by many as the "perfect" antioxidant. Scientists have known about al-
pha lipoic acid, a vitamin-like substance, since the 1930's when it was isolated from potatoes. Alpha
lipoic acid is a very small molecule that is efficiently absorbed and easily crosses cell membranes,
quenching either water- or fat-soluble free radicals both inside the cell and outside in the intracellu-
lar spaces, extending the biochemical life of vitamin C and E as well as other antioxidants.
• The “R” form is the biologically active component (native to the body) that is responsible for
lipoic acid’s phenomenal antioxidant effect.
• ALA directly reverses brain damage.
• Alpha lipoic acid is an approved drug in Germany, used for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy
( nerve disease ) for over 30 years. The value in diabetic neuropathy has been confirmed in sev-
eral double-blind studies. In studies alpha-lipoic acid:
• Improves long term memory
• Prevents cataract formation
• Workes in aerobatic chemistries involved in breaking down lipoids into simplier acids, it aids the
enzyme system in: Digesting DNA and cellular processes Phase 1.
• The release free R-lipoic acid and either L-lysine or ammonia into the bloodstream. By adeing
the digestive anti-oxidant like chemistries, it works in oil and mylin production which makes tis-
sue from fatty tissues and membranes.* distributed throughout the central and peripheral ner-
vous system
ALA Studies
• It has been the subject of many studies including Prevent organ dysfunction [36]
• Reduce endothelial dysfunction and improve albuminuria [37][38]
• Treat or prevent cardiovascular disease[39]
• Accelerate chronic wound healing[40]
• Reduce levels of ADMA in diabetic end-stage renal disease patients on hemodialysis [41]
• Management of burning mouth syndrome[42][43][44]
• Treat metabolic syndrome[46][47][48]
• Improve or prevent age-related cognitive dysfunction [49][50]
• Prevent or slow the progression of Alzheimer’s Disease [51][52][53]
• Prevent erectile dysfunction (animal models but anecdotally applies to humans as well) [54]
[55]
• Prevent migraines[56]
• Treat multiple sclerosis[57][58][59]
• Treat chronic diseases associated with oxidative stress [60]
• Reduce inflammation [61]
• Inhibit advanced glycation end products (AGE)[62]
• Treat peripheral artery disease.[63]
Antioxidant stress Cocktail
157
This suggests antioxidants may be beneficial in management of specific DNA stress. Glutathione
(GSH), N-acetylcysteine (NAC), α-lipoic acid, oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPCs), Ginkgo biloba,
and Vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry) would therefore be dietary supplements with potential
therapeutic benefit. Oxidative stress can be caused by an increase in the generation of reactive
oxygen species, of which mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial dysfunction is believed to be a
main source, or it can be caused by a decline in the efficiency of antioxidant enzyme systems.
elevated peroxynitrite causes mitochondrial dysfunction, lipid peroxidation, and, by way of positive
feedback, elevated cytokine levels. The cytokines, in turn, cause the formation of nitric oxide that
combines with superoxide to form the potent oxidant peroxynitrite, thus continuing the cycle.
Peroxynitrite targets the mitochondria and Pall notes this may help explain mitochondrial
dysfunction. As support for the peroxynitrite theory, Pall cites evidence that the mitochondrial
enzymes succinic dehydrogenase and cis-aconitase are inactivated by peroxynitrite.22,23 This makes
for an interesting finding because decreased succinic dehydrogenase activity has been found.
Pall proposes a number of nutritional and botanical interventions that may reduce peroxynitrite and
cytokine levels; among them, the soy isoflavone genistein, epigallocatechin-3-gallate from
green tea, and vitamins C and E. Keenoy et al found impaired antioxidant capacity in a sample of
patients with “subclinical” or moderate magnesium deficiency.
28 The impaired capacity involved both the total antioxidative capacity of plasma, as measured by
Trolox Equivalents Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC), and the antioxidant component dependent on
albumin. While no improvement was observed in these parameters after oral or intravenous
magnesium supplementation, some patients demonstrated increased serum vitamin E and an
associated decrease in lipid peroxidation. This finding, according to the authors, is likely due to the
sparing effect of magnesium on vitamin E by preventing its in vivo oxidation. In addition, the
researchers postulated that an elevated concentration of inflammatory cytokines might indirectly
cause diminished antioxidant capacity by inhibiting albumin transcription in the liver.
The above findings on oxidative stress suggest that supplementing with certain antioxidants, in
addition to vitamins C and E, may be valuable in a treatment protocol (Table 1). A number of
supplements should be considered for potential therapeutic intervention, including selenium
(necessary to support glutathione peroxidase activity),34 GSH, NAC, and α-lipoic acid. Although
there is conflicting evidence, a number of studies have shown oral administration of GSH
can directly increase plasma and tissue GSH concentration.35- 37 Alternately, NAC and α-lipoic
acid (ALA) can increase GSH concentration indirectly;38,39 NAC provides cysteine for GSH
synthesis, and α-lipoic acid (ALA) is believed to increase intracellular GSH levels by
reducing extracellular cystine to cysteine, bypassing the cystine transporter.40
GSH is neuroprotective and may play a role in preventing additional CNS lesions.41 α-Lipoic
acid is also neuroprotective, scavenges nitric oxide and peroxynitrite, and may be especially
promising as an antioxidant against mitochondrial dysfunction.40 The supplement coenzyme Q10
has similar neuroprotective qualities and has the ability to improve mitochondrial function.42
The botanical antioxidants OPCs and Ginkgo biloba should also be considered. Bagchi et al found
that OPCs are highly bioavailable and provide significantly greater protection against free radical
damage than beta carotene and vitamins C and E.43 These authors also reported the ability of
OPCs to provide protection from radical-induced lipid peroxidation and DNA damage, which is of
particular importance.
158
Alternative Medicine Review Volume 6, Number 5 2001
As an antioxidant and anti age stress chemistry player it: The antioxidant effects of lipoic acid (LA)
were demonstrated when it was found to prevent the symptoms of vitamin C and vitamin E
deficiency.[93] LA is reduced intracellularly to dihydrolipoic acid, which in cell culture regenerates by
reduction of antioxidant radicals, such as vitamin C and vitamin E.[90] LA is able to scavenge
reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species in vitro due to long incubation times, but there is little
evidence this occurs in vivo or that radical scavenging contributes to the primary mechanisms of
action of LA.[31][2] The relatively good scavenging activity of LA toward hypochlorous acid (a
bactericidal produced by neutrophils that may produce inflammation and tissue damage) is due to
the strained conformation of the 5-membered dithiolane ring, which is lost upon reduction to DHLA.
In cells, LA is reduced to dihydrolipoic acid, which is generally regarded as the more bioactive form
of LA and the form responsible for most of the antioxidant effects.[94] This theory has been
challenged due to the high level of reactivity of the two free sulfhydryls, low intracellular
concentrations of DHLA as well as the rapid methylation of one or both sulfhydryls, rapid side chain
oxidation to shorter metabolites and rapid efflux from the cell. Although both DHLA and LA have
been found inside cells after administration, most intracellular DHLA probably exists as mixed
disulfides with various cysteine residues from cytosolic and mitochondrial proteins. [95] Recent
findings suggest therapeutic and anti-aging effects are due to modulation of signal transduction and
gene transcription, which improve the antioxidant status of the cell. Paradoxically, this likely occurs
via pro-oxidant mechanisms, not by radical scavenging or reducing effects. [31][2][77]
• Protects the liver
159
L-Carnitine
L-Carnitine (1-5) Swanson 500mg capsule SW1000
Acetyl L-Carnitine (ALC) 500 mg Capsule GNC 37631, Now Foods
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otherSize=SW1649
(0-2 Grams) W ALA and CQ10 to dump Toxins from DNA
Builds amino acids lysine and methionine

(3) L-Carnitine: GNC 37631 or NOW Foods work equally as
well
Jarrow Formulas' CarnitAll 600 contains all 4 forms of

Carnitine.
• L-Carnitine is an amino acid which nourishes the heart, nourishes and strengthens
muscles, and nutritionally supports the circulatory system. L-Carnitine is considered to be a
"carrier" of fat to the mitochondria or "fatburning" area of the cell. This remarkable amino
acid-like substance is not only necessary for the metabolism of fat at the cellular level; it is
also essential in the forming of firm, lean muscle tissue in the body. Recent studies support
earlier research which shows that the heart has the greatest amount of L-Carnitine of any
muscle in the body. L-Carnitine has also shown to be instrumental in the metabolism of
cholesterol. Some overweight people may lack L-Carnitine in their bodies. The heart
produces most of its energy from fats; thus is dependent upon L-carnitine. An L-Carnitine
deficiency causes extreme metabolic impairment to heart tissue. On the other hand,
supplemental L-Carnitine has proved to be beneficial to heart patients.
• Carnitine is a quaternary ammonium compound biosynthesized from the amino acids

lysine and methionine.[1] In living cells, it is required for the transport of fatty acids from the
cytosol into the mitochondria during the breakdown of lipids (fats) for the generation of
metabolic energy. It is widely available as a nutritional supplement. Carnitine was originally
found as a growth factor for mealworms and labeled vitamin Bt. Carnitine exists in two
stereoisomers: Its biologically active form is L-carnitine, whereas its enantiomer, D-
carnitine, is biologically inactive.[2]
160
• The vast majority of people with CFIDS have low levels of acetylcarnitine, although their
levels of free carnitine are normal. Carnitine, vital for the conversion of fats into energy,
also plays some role in detoxification and is believed to be essential for heart function.
Finally, carnitine helps transport long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria. Carnitine
deficiencies result in muscle weakness, aches, and poor tone. When people were
161
supplemented with 4 grams daily of acetylcarnitine, half showed improvement in their
symptoms. Dosage: 4 grams acetyl-carnitine daily.
• Acetyl L-Carnitine (ALC). ALC is the acetyl ester of Carnitine, an amino acid derivative,
i.e. it supplements RNA processes of amino acid uses in the core of the cell, and will be
consumed especially when GLA is on.
• Core of the Cell Nerves: Distributed throughout the central and peripheral nervous system
• The amino acid Acetyl-L-Carnitine boosts mitochondrial energy production through its
ability to facilitate fatty acid transport and oxidation in the cell. Since 1995, Life Extension
members have been supplementing with Acetyl-L-Carnitine and deriving the many
benefits this form of Carnitine has shown in published studies. With the discovery of
Acetyl-L-Carnitine Arginate the benefits of Acetyl-L-Carnitine can now be greatly
augmented. Acetyl-L-Carnitine Arginate is a patented form of carnitine that stimulates
the growth of neurites in the brain. Studies show that acetyl-l-carnitine-arginate
stimulates the growth of new neurites by an astounding 19.5% (as much as Nerve Growth
Factor itself). Acetyl-l-carnitine-arginate acts together with acetyl-l-carnitine to
increase neurite outgrowth.Mitochondrial antioxidants that can provide anti-aging nutrition
associated with RNA Waste products, production in the cell when it is turned full on with
ALA and supported all phases with CQ10 turn cell full on, Go to the highest volume level
Cellular process connections from core to outer process loops, support ion phosephate
chemistry out the door, from the cell to waste, turn on antioxidant removal of waste
process, than feed the need good.
• Acetyl L-Carnitine (ALC). ALC is the acetyl ester of Carnitine, an amino acid derivative,
and is distributed throughout the central and peripheral nervous system. Both ALA and ALC
are known as mitochondrial antioxidants that can provide anti-aging nutrition.*
• Early evidence suggests that L-carnitine may effectively treat cirrhosis, further research is
needed to confirm these results. Preliminary evidence also suggests that L-carnitine may
be of benefit to individuals with hepatic encephalopathy, in terms of ammonia levels and
psychometric functioning. Use: An active inhibitor of intestinal protozoa. Used to prevent
and alleviate amoebic dysentery and giardia. Also good for use after antibiotic therapy and
for lingering gastroenteritis. Do not use if pregnant.
Having low levels of acety L Carnitine (ALC), although their levels of free carnitine are
normal. Carnitine, vital for the conversion of fats into energy, also plays some role in
detoxification and is believed to be essential for heart function. Finally, carnitine helps
transport long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria. Carnitine deficiencies result in
muscle weakness, aches, and poor tone. When people were supplemented with 4 grams
daily of acetylcarnitine, half showed improvement in their symptoms.
Dosage maximum: 4 grams acetyl-carnitine daily.
In animals, carnitine is biosynthesized primarily in the liver and kidneys from the
amino acids lysine (via trimethyllysine) or methionine.[3] Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is
essential to the synthesis of carnitine. During growth[4] or pregnancy,[5] the
requirement of carnitine might exceed its natural production.
Role in fatty acid metabolism
162
Carnitine transports long-chain acyl groups from fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix, so they
can be broken down through β-oxidation to Acetyl CoA to obtain usable energy via the citric acid
cycle. In some organisms such as fungi, the acetate is used in the glyoxylate cycle for
gluconeogenesis and formation of carbohydrates. Fatty acids must be activated before binding to
the carnitine molecule to form acylcarnitine. The free fatty acid in the cytosol is attached with a
thioester bond to coenzyme A (CoA). This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme fatty acyl-CoA
synthetase and driven to completion by inorganic pyrophosphatase.
The acyl group on CoA can now be transferred to carnitine and the resulting acylcarnitine
transported into the mitochondrial matrix. This occurs via a series of similar steps:
1. Acyl CoA is conjugated to carnitine by carnitine acyltransferase I (palmitoyltransferase)

located on the outer mitochondrial membrane
2. Acylcarnitine is shuttled inside by a carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase
3. Acylcarnitine is converted to acyl CoA by carnitine acyltransferase II (palmitoyltransferase)

located on the inner mitochondrial membrane. The liberated carnitine returns to the cytosol.
Human genetic disorders such as primary carnitine deficiency, carnitine palmitoyltransferase I

deficiency, carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency and carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase
deficiency affect different steps of this process.[6]
Carnitine acyltransferase I undergoes allosteric inhibition as a result of malonyl-CoA, an
intermediate in fatty acid biosynthesis, to prevent futile cycling between β-oxidation and fatty acid
synthesis.
Physiological effects
Effects on bone mass
In the course of human aging, carnitine concentration in cells diminishes, affecting fatty acid
metabolism in various tissues. Particularly adversely affected are bones, which require continuous
reconstructive and metabolic functions of osteoblasts for maintenance of bone mass.
There is a close correlation between changes in plasma levels of osteocalcin and osteoblast activity
and a reduction in osteocalcin plasma levels is an indicator of reduced osteoblast activity,[7] which
appears to underlie osteoporosis in elderly subjects and in postmenopausal women. Administration
of a carnitine mixture or propionyl-L-carnitine is capable of increasing serum osteocalcin
concentrations of animals thus treated, whereas serum osteocalcin levels tend to decrease with age
in control animals.[8]
Antioxidant effects
The carnitines exert a substantial antioxidant action, thereby providing a protective effect against
lipid peroxidation of phospholipid membranes and against oxidative stress induced at the myocardial
and endothelial cell level.[9]
Potential uses as a pharmaceutical
Heart conditions
Carnitine is primarily used for heart-related conditions. Several clinical trials show that L-carnitine
and propionyl-L-carnitine can be used along with conventional treatment for angina to reduce
medication needs and improve the ability of those with angina to exercise without chest pain.[10][11]
There is little evidence about a positive effect of the use of carnitine after a heart attack. Some
studies suggest that people taking L-carnitine may be less likely to suffer a subsequent heart attack
163
or experience chest pain and abnormal heart rhythms.[12] However, other studies have not found
similar benefits.[13] Further research on this subject is needed.
Kidney disease and dialysis
Because kidneys produce carnitine, kidney disease may lead to the deficiency of carnitine in the
body. Thus, carnitine may be prescribed to those with kidney disease.[14]
Effect in male infertility
The use of carnitine showed some promise in a controlled trial in selected cases of male infertility by
improving sperm quality.[15] L-carnitine supplementation has also shown to have beneficial effects
in the treatment of varicocele, a major cause of male infertility. [16]
As a weight loss supplement
"Although L-carnitine has been marketed as a weight-loss supplement, there is no scientific evidence to
show that it improves weight loss; however, some studies show that oral carnitine reduces fat mass,
increases muscle mass, and reduces fatigue. All of these effects may contribute to weight loss."[17]
Furthermore, whereas researchers in the 20th century failed to show that muscle carnitine content could be
increased by dietary supplementation, this may have been in part due to inadequate lengths of the
supplementation periods.[18] In 2011, researchers using L-carnitine L-tartrate supplementation for 6 months
in a well controlled study demonstrated not only increased muscle carnitine in subjects without carnitine
deficiencies, but also an impact on muscle metabolism and performance; however, measurements of lipid
oxidation were not taken in this study, and further research is needed.[19]
Regular supplements of L-carnitine, however, contribute to energy metabolism and improved
neurotransmitter function in the brain in elderly patients.[20]
As an antidote in valproic acid poisoning
"[In the treatment of valproate toxicity] L-carnitine supplementation ...is thought to provide benefit,
particularly in patients with concomitant hyperammonemia, encephalopathy, and/or hepatotoxicity."[21]
Further trials are warranted, as benefit is largely theoretical, rather than proven at this stage.
Sources
Food
Vitamin A foods
The highest concentrations of carnitine are found in red meat and dairy products. Other natural
sources of carnitine include nuts and seeds (e.g. pumpkin, sunflower, sesame), legumes or pulses
(beans, peas, lentils, peanuts), vegetables (artichokes, asparagus, beet greens, broccoli, brussels
sprouts, collard greens, garlic, mustard greens, okra, parsley, kale), fruits (apricots, bananas),
cereals (buckwheat, corn, millet, oatmeal, rice bran, rye, whole wheat, wheat bran, wheat germ)
and other "health" foods (bee pollen, brewer's yeast, carob).[citation needed]
Product Quantity Carnitine

Beef steak 100 g 95 mg
Ground beef 100 g 94 mg
164
Pork 100 g 27.7 mg
Bacon 100 g 23.3 mg
Tempeh 100 g 19.5 mg
Cod fish 100 g 5.6 mg
Chicken breast 100 g 3.9 mg
American cheese 100 g 3.7 mg
Ice cream 100 ml 3.7 mg
Whole milk 100 ml 3.3 mg
Avocado one medium 2 mg[22]
Cottage cheese 100 g 1.1 mg
Whole-wheat bread 100 g 0.36 mg
Asparagus 100 g 0.195 mg
White bread 100 g 0.147 mg
Macaroni 100 g 0.126 mg
Peanut butter 100 g 0.083 mg
Rice (cooked) 100 g 0.0449 mg
Eggs 100 g 0.0121 mg
Orange juice 100 ml 0.0019 mg
In general, 20 to 200 mg are ingested per day by those on an omnivorous diet, whereas those on a strict
vegetarian or vegan diet may ingest as little as 1 mg/day.[citation needed] No advantage appears to exist in
giving an oral dose greater than 2 g at one time, since absorption studies indicate saturation at this dose.
[23]
Minerals and Compounds

The regulation of mineral balance in the body is essential to survival. Like the body itself, each cell is
a living organism and must maintain its internal environment. And it must interact with its
surroundings in order to perform the functions assigned to it. The movement of minerals across cell
membranes, between the extracellular and intracellular fluid, forms the basis for the body's most
primary functions. Electrical activity is initiated; hearts beat, nerve cells signal. Muscles respond.
Blood vessels tighten or relax. Water balance is maintained. important minerals include calcium,
phosphorous, sodium and potassium, while trace minerals like iodine, iron and zinc appear in
smaller quantities in the body. Each of these minerals has had documented benefits. For example,
potassium works in conjunction with sodium to regulate the water balance in the body, and has
been proven effective in reducing blood pressure. Zinc has proven to be effective in helping proper
brain function and ensuring mental alertness. Some of the minerals also act like antioxidants,
fighting off those dangerous free radicals that threaten cardiovascular health through oxidation.
Selenium has been shown to be particularly effective in this regard. Each mineral performs a vital
function, and a mineral supplement will guarantee that you are receiving all of their health benefits.
Mineral supplements should be part of a complete solution that includes vitamins as well. Research
has shown that certain vitamins and minerals work well together. For example, the minerals
calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, selenium and zinc have been shown to enhance the
effectiveness of vitamin A in the body. Calcium, cobalt, copper, iron and sodium have been
shown to help vitamin D. These are just a few examples. A total solution of vitamins and minerals
such as those found in a vitamin and mineral supplement should therefore be part of your regimen,
rather than taking a mineral supplement alone.
In theory, an individual can gain the necessary supply of minerals through diet alone, however this
is no longer as feasible as it used to be. Modern farming methods have bleached a significant
amount of minerals from fruits and vegetables, making it necessary for individuals to take mineral
supplements to compensate for the loss.
165
Calcium
Calcium salts are calcium in an inorganic form that bound to chemical salts. Since these forms are
inorganic the body does not readily absorb these salts and utilize them efficiently.
Their low cost makes them a bad, and common choice for formulating products. These minerals are
often too large to pass through the intestinal walls intact so they must be restructured for
absorption. These forms of calcium are responsible for the mass publication that calcium must be
formulated with a specific ratio of magnesium for absorption.
The most natural non-ionic form of calcium is yogurt, milk, cream, butter, cheese.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3635625/
Yonsei Med J. 2013 May 1; 54(3): 626–636.

Published online 2013 Mar 19. doi: 10.3349/ymj.2013.54.3.626
PMCID: PMC3635625
Relationship between Milk and Calcium Intake

and Lipid Metabolism in Female Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
JaeHee Kim,1,* Ji-Yun Hwang,2,* Ki Nam Kim,1 Young-Ju Choi,3 Namsoo Chang, 1 and Kap-
Bum Huh 3
Author information ► Article notes ► Copyright and License information ►
Abstract
Purpose
This study was conducted to determine the association between intake of milk and dairy
products as well as calcium and biomarkers related to lipid metabolism in Korean female
patients with type 2 diabetes.
Materials and Methods
A cohort of 509 female subjects (mean age: 59.0 years; range: 35-80 years) was recruited from
Huh's Diabetes Clinic in Seoul between 2005 and 2010. Dietary intake was assessed using a
validated food-frequency questionnaire. Subjects were divided into three groups on the basis of
their daily intake of milk and dairy products [<50 g/day (0<50 g/day), 50-200 g/day, and >200
g/day (>200-1201 g/day)] and then further divided into two groups according to their daily
calcium intake: below and above the estimated average requirement (EAR).
Results
After adjustment for age, body mass index, energy intake, exercise, use of nutritional
supplements and cholesterol medication, the level of serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-
cholesterol was significantly higher in subjects with milk and dairy products consumption of
>200 g/day than in subjects in the other two groups. Those subjects with a milk and dairy
products consumption of >200 g/day had significantly higher levels of apolipoprotein A-1 and a
166
significantly lower atherogenic index than the other two groups. Patients with a calcium intake
above the EAR exhibited a significantly greater serum HDL-cholesterol level than those with a
calcium intake below the EAR.
Conclusion
Milk and dairy products, good sources of calcium, play a positive role in lipid profiles in female
patients with type 2 diabetes.
Amino acid chelated calcium is a calcium molecule bound by two amino acids making this form of
calcium organic just as minerals are found in plants. This form of calcium does NOT need to be
restructured for absorption does NOT need to be formulated with Magnesium for absorption. The
patented technology that is used to produce amino acid chelated minerals used in OHS’s products
creates molecules with molecular weight small enough to pass easily through the intestinal wall. This
patented chelation process also guarantees stability, purity, neutrality (no electrical charge).
Optimal Calcium only contains calcium in the form of amino acid chelate, an organic form of calcium.
You will notice that OHS has also included amino acid chelated magnesium in the formulation. It
was added to this product for two reasons: (1) growing evidence shows that magnesium is just as
important as calcium in the role of preventing and treating osteoporosis in fact, 60% of the body’s
magnesium is stored in bone - and (2) the overall benefits of supplementing with magnesium,
including energy production, muscle relaxation, prevention of tooth decay, and helps to prevent
atherosclerosis.
3. Is the patented amino acid chelated form of calcium safe to take long term?
Safety patented amino acid chelated calcium has demonstrated long and short term safety. Other
forms of calcium, such as calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, and other non-chelated calcium salts
have created symptoms that include constipation, diarrhea, and gastrointestinal irritation. Continued
use of calcium carbonate has also been associated with milk-alkali syndrome (hypercalcemia,
metabolic alkalosis, and renal failure).
4. What form of calcium has the highest absorption rate and best tissue retention?
As seen the graph

below, amino acid
chelated calcium has
the highest absorption
rate. Its bioavailability
is even higher than
milk.
Bioavailability refers to
the amount of nutrient
ingested and absorbed
into the body to be
used by the individual
cells. It doesn’t matter
how much of a
nutrient is in a
supplement, if the
nutrients are not made available for the body to use then you are wasting your money.
167
Activated charcoal
(2-4) PPM activated charcoal heavy metal detox Solaray/GNC Solaray/GNC,

4+ initial CAPSULES EVENING
Avoid dosing charcoal when you take other substances, the charcoal will absorb them, take charcoal
at least 2 hours before or after other dosing.
The third thing that parasites do is secrete toxins. Simply put, the secretions from parasites in our
bodies are poisons and toxins that our bodies are forced to deal with by increasing the process of
detoxification. Anyone who has experienced food poisoning or dysentery will tell you how debilitating
these toxins can be. These are intense and very high levels of toxins being released into the body at
once. On the other end, a chronic parasitic infection that secretes low levels of toxins can eventually
create an extremely stressed immune system. When the immune system is stressed over a long
period of time, it weakens. When the immune system "goes off line," our bodies become susceptible
to infections of other kinds. This can be extremely dangerous in this day and age because we are
more exposed to more viruses than ever before. Also, the viruses are changing and adapting at a
very fast rate as are the bacteria, many of which are now resistant to antibiotics and other artificial
measures that are used to combat them. Detoxing these volatile alcohol based molecules is
essential for health recovery.
Activated Charcoal powder is used medicinally as well as in air purifiers and water purifiers. Its
recorded use dates back to 1550 BC and in modern times is most widely used medicinally as a
detoxifier and poison antidote. I always keep it on hand for spider bites, accidental ingestion of
toxins or stomach bugs.
Activated charcoal is well known as a antidote as it adsorbs most organic toxins, chemicals and
poisons before they can harm the body. Some Emergency Rooms administer large doses of activated
charcoal for certain types of poisoning.
“It was 1831. In front of his distinguished colleagues at the French Academy of Medicine, Professor
Touery drank a lethal dose of strychnine and lived to tell the tale. He had combined the deadly
poison with activated charcoal.
Charcoal is not known to be toxic, though it should not be taken within two hours of
vitamins or medications because it will keep the body from adsorbing them.
Activated Charcoal will chelate Aluminum, Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Iron,
Manganese, Platinum, Tin, Thorium, Tungsten. It will NOT for Beryllium, Cobalt, Nickel, some
Lead, Rubidium, Silver, Uranium and Mercury.
Magnesium CITRATE
Magnesium CITRATE - (1-2) AM 133mg Source Naturals Product#02100

Swanson SN536
http://www.swansonvitamins.com/source-naturals-magnesium-citrate-133-mg-180-caps
168
Magnesium helps with the absorption of calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, B complex, C and
E.
Magnesium, however, is a different matter. It plays an active role in the metabolism of sodium,
potassium, and calcium. It acts on your heart and blood vessels, your nerves and muscles, and your
gut. Most of it is concentrated in tissue, so levels in the blood don't tell us much.
The Best Brain Supplement
The two most common forms of magnesium are Citrate and Sulfate. These are primarily not used for
the brain but for cleansing the body of toxins, and also for digestion.
-Within our brain there is a fine balance of sodium and potassium. Magnesium activates
an enzyme that serves to balance the levels of those key chemicals.
- One of the toxins which magnesium takes care of is called ammonia
- Magnesium helps to activate “glutamine synthetase - this substance converts ammonia

into urea
- Other enzymes magnesium activates serve your body by improving the effectiveness of
the energy glucose gives us
- which indirectly improves the amount of energy which can be used by the brain
Kidneys spill magnesium. Losses also occur in the stool and through the skin. Malabsorption can
reduce its availability from the diet. High alcohol use reduces it. Diuretics and some antibiotics
deplete it.
Levels are often low in states of severe infection, and often then rise in that setting, suggesting that
tissue damage and cell death cause its release. Then it's carried out of the body and lost. Thus
illness can deplete you rapidly; and your doctor may not know it, even if she or he tests you.
Calcium deficiency results from magnesium depletion, and may not respond to treatment without
magnesium supplementation.
Unlike calcium, there are no reserves in bone to draw on if magnesium supplies get low. But also
unlike calcium, you cannot get too much.
Recent studies show that magnesium supplementation can reduce lung injury from oxygen toxicity.
It blocks blood vessel constriction, so it can augment blood flow. It has been shown to increase the
speed of recovery from open heart surgery, and to improve the likelihood of recovery from severe,
life-threatening infection.
Since it can be hard to get magnesium in and easy to lose it, since it's so important, since you can't
get too much, and since too much can't hurt you, it makes sense to supplement.
The only time you shouldn't supplement your magnesium is in the case of kidney failure. If you can't
excrete it in the urine, it can build up. Otherwise, you're safe.
Magnesium Sulfate
Magnesium Sulfate (1-2) AM 1030mg CAPSULE ( Epsom Salt USP) Dr Hula Clark
cap 100 ct 10552-100
169
http://www.drclarkstore.com/magnesium-sulfate-usp-epsom-salt-1030-mg-100-capsules/
I heard of a PHD at MIT and struck up a dialog with her. I watched her videos, and listened to her
reasoning of how the body works. She theorized that Nitrogen loop stress depleted Sulfur, When
Nitrogen stores were depleted, the body and DNA would kludge in Carbon atoms. The body is
designed to survive. I tested the theory with a combination of Nitrogen and Sulfur Amino Acids, and
found she was right. Sulfur must dominate any plan to dominate the parasite, and Nitrogen loop
performance can only be achieved through the use of Piperazine. The actual amino acids cannot
be used, you feel better for a week, then slide back as the toxins pile up.
Piperazine removes the parasite compounds from the Ammonia and Urea, allowing them to pass
the kidneys. Magnesium Sulfate supplies the primary detox agent for the liver, and the primary
sulfur source for dominating the nitrogen loop chemistries in the body.
Sulfur must dominate Nitrogen, parasites inject so many nitrogen process stresses, the body quickly
depletes ROS elements of Sulfur, Selenium, Zinc, and copper. Magnesium Sulfate keeps the
liver flushed daily, establishes and maintains sulfur dominance, and provides an available source of
Magnesium. The Magnesium channel in the body has a maximum capacity of 700 mg per day. 50%
of the magnesium you take, or virtually anything you take orally, only enters the body with an
efficiency of 50%. So a total maximum magnesium supply is established with one or two
magnesium citrate 133mg, and a single 1030mg magnesium sulfate capsule, (266 +1030mg)
=1299/2 = 650 mg of magnesium in the form of citrate and sulfate. This leaves 50 mg for other
forms, and a little more margin if only one magnesium citrate capsule is taken. After the maximum
is achieved, the channel is maxed out, and body chemistry could be degraded. Dose magnesium as
stated, try not to deviate unless the body PH goes very acid. Magnesium citrate is the fastest
acting, and highly absorbed, and works in the citrate cycle to maintain balance.
Magnesium Sulfate used for liver cleanse

Chemical name: Magnesium Sulfate (Heptahydrate) or (Hydrated)
Chemical Formula: MgSO4 + 7H2O, Hydrated Magnesium Sulfate

Mineral: EPSOMITE (MgSO4 + 7H2O)
Other minerals: KIESERITE (MgSO4 + H2O, Hydrated Magnesium Sulfate)
Hexahydrite (MgSO4 + 6H2O)
MAGNESIUM SULFATE
Description
http://eilat.sci.brooklyn.cuny.edu/newnyc/drugs/magnesiu.htm
Magnesium sulfate reduces striated muscle contractions and blocks peripheral neuromuscular
transmission by reducing acetylcholine release at the myoneural junction. In emergency care,
magnesium sulfate is used to manage seizures associated with toxemia of pregnancy. Other uses
include uterine relaxation (to inhibit contractions of premature labor), as a bronchodilator after beta-
agonist and anticholinergic agents have been used, replacement therapy for magnesium deficiency,
as a cathartic to reduce the absorption of poisons from the Gl tract, and in the initial therapy for
convulsions. Magnesium sulfate is gaining popularity as an initial treatment in the management of
various dysrhythmias, particularly torsades de pointes, and dysrhythmias secondary to a tricyclic
antidepressant overdose or digitalis toxicity. The drug is also considered as a class Ila agent
(probably helpful) for refractory ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia after
administration of lidocaine or bretylium doses.
===========================
Magnesium sulfate is effective for severe acute asthma treated in the emergency department
170
http://www.acponline.org/journals/ebm/sepoct99/rowe.htm
Intravenous magnesium sulfate reduces the rate of hospital admissions and improves pulmonary
function in patients with severe acute asthma treated in the emergency department.
Sources of funding: Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians and National Institutes of Health.
5.8.4.1 Liver Toxin Flush

http://curezone.com/cleanse/liver/epsom_salt_and_liver_flush.asp
Magnesium sulfate reduces striated muscle contractions and blocks peripheral neuromuscular
transmission by reducing acetylcholine release at the myoneural junction. In emergency care,
magnesium sulfate is used to manage seizures associated with toxemia of pregnancy. Other uses
include uterine relaxation (to inhibit contractions of premature labor), as a bronchodilator after beta-
agonist and anticholinergic agents have been used, replacement therapy for magnesium deficiency,
as a cathartic to reduce the absorption of poisons from the Gl tract, and in the initial therapy for
convulsions. Magnesium sulfate is gaining popularity as an initial treatment in the management of
various dysrhythmias, particularly torsades de pointes, and dysrhythmias secondary to a tricyclic
antidepressant overdose or digitalis toxicity. The drug is also considered as a class Ila agent
(probably helpful) for refractory ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia after
administration of lidocaine or bretylium doses.
Bryant died because she got too much of the drug too fast. She might have given too much of the
drug to start with, or incorrectly programmed the pump that controls the IV solution. Bryant's lawyer
has said she was given a 40-gram solution, while the safety group recommends a 20-gram solution.
The dangers of magnesium sulfate led the Institute for Safe Medication Practices to classify it as one
of 25 "high-alert" medicines. Others include chemotherapy drugs, insulin and warfarin, a blood
thinner.
MSM - Organic Sulfur
MSM Powder Swanson SW851 – “Organic Sulfer” (initially teaspoon AAM - first thing of day, tea-
spoon PPM- last thing in day)
https://www.swansonvitamins.com/swanson-premium-msm-powder-16-oz-454-grams-pwdr
www.healthtalkhawaii.com
MSM (1-8-16) Swanson SWU656 1000mg cap – Methylsulphonylmethane

http://www.swansonvitamins.com/swanson-ultra-msm-1000-mg-240-caps
MSM is simply an acronym for methylsulfonylmethane, a dietary source of sulfur that naturally
supports the immune system and plays a major role in the formation of enzymes and hormones that
control body activities.
Helps manage High Homocysteine Levels
Organic Sulfur is supposed to be prominent in all living organisms; however, for various reasons it
is only present in very minute/trace quantities—not enough to be of benefit. That fact, combined
with the horrendous increase of stress and the toxins our bodies must contend with (some estimates
are over 400 or 500 times more than two generations ago) make organic sulfur crucial to our health.
MSM supplementation can significantly help lower high homocysteine (an amino acid) levels in the
body. High homocysteine levels have been associated with cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid
arthritis, renal failure, and type II diabetes.
171
My current guidance is to consider optimizing your sulfur intake through dietary sources. Onions and
Garlic are good if they are grown in sulfur replete soils but most soils are actually deficient in sulfur.
So animal-based proteins seem to be one of your best bets. Whey protein concentrate is particularly
high in cysteine, one of the two sulfur-bearing amino acids that is a direct precursor to
glutathione.
More recently, an in vitro study demonstrated both MSM and aspirin induce terminal differentiation,
utilizing COX-independent mechanisms. 10 Although aspirin was used at a low dose in this study,
MSM was used in a much higher concentration to achieve a higher level of differentiation. The COX-
independent reaction is presumed to be chemopreventive by invoking the activation of gene
functions that lead to differentiation, thereby dismantling the cellular capacity for proliferation.
Methylsulfonylmethane suppresses breast cancer growth by down-regulating STAT3 and STAT5b

pathways.Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) is a widely available 'alternative' medicine.
In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was used to detect and quantify MSM in the brains
of four patients with memory loss and in three normal volunteers all of who had ingested MSM at
the recommended doses of 1-3 g daily. MSM was detected in all subjects at concentrations of 0.42-
3.40 mmole/kg brain and was equally distributed between gray and white matter. No adverse clinical
or neurochemical effects were observed.
Combined effects of silymarin and methylsulfonylmethane(MSM) in the management of

rosacea: clinical and instrumental evaluation.
• Skin Conditions: especially acne, psoriasis, rosacea (red skin splotches), liver spots, and
disorders associated with Lupus Erythematosus have been greatly reduced or eliminated.
With mild rosacea and acne, sometimes in as little as two weeks. Skin tone, color, softness,
pliability and appearance improve after 6 - 8 months of taking this organic sulfur according
to the established guidelines.
• Allergies, Asthma, and Emphysema: some people with more serious conditions stopped
depending on the bottled oxygen they had been toting around in spite of the fact that they
continued smoking. (When combined with related EFT/energy work most mild and moderate
cases reported 100% resolution for allergies and asthma.)
• Addictions and Food Cravings: Detoxification and reduction of addictions cravings and food
cravings appears to be accelerated and reduced when people are maintaining abstinence
from addictive substances and junk food. We have reports that the detoxifying phase of
recovery is shorter and less intense.
• Autism: About 12 parents have placed their children and young adults on organic sulfur.
In 9 of those cases the parents report noticeable improvement. In two cases there was
dramatic improvement. The reported results varied. One parent reported their child was now
enrolled for regular school. Two parents reported their child was now talking and
participating in their environment. There is still too little information to make any solid
reports on this.
• Cancer and Chemotherapy: Study members undergoing cancer treatment who took 30 - 40
g of Organic Sulfur (15 - 20 g twice a day) had no nausea, diarrhea, or hair loss during
chemotherapy. There was also a surprisingly noticeable reduction of cancer cell counts as
reported by their oncologists.
• Lymphomas appear to consistently reduce in response to Organic Sulfur—both in the
associated pain and in decreased size of tumors. When combined with EFT/body energy
work, several cases of cervical, breast, and prostate cancer have been resolved without any
medical involvement (sometimes in two weeks).
• NAC forms L-cysteine, cystine, L-methionine, glutathione (GSH), and mixed di-
sulfides. Stimulates the body to produce large amounts of cysteine and glutathione, thus
greatly augmenting plasma and red blood cell content of both cysteine and glutathione;
172
Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM): MSM, like fresh Garlic, provides a bioavailable dietary
source of sulfur. MSM exerts a direct beneficial effect in ameliorating a variety of allergic
responsees and pain associated with systemic inflammatory disorders.
Potassium
Potassium citrate (1-2)99mg capsule NOW 01448

https://www.swansonvitamins.com/swanson-ultra-potassium-citrate-99-mg-120-caps
Kidney regulation
Cardiovascular health, energy production
PH Balance
Potassium nourishes the heart, kidneys, pancreas, muscles and the nerves. It assists in the growth
and repair of body tissues, and also helps conduct messages in the body through the nervous
system. Potassium helps regulate blood pressure. There must be a balanced potassium-to-sodium
ratio in the body for all systems to function at their optimum level.
Metals
Copper
Copper Citrate (1-2-6) 2mg – used to keep zinc balance, bacteria balance
BioCitrate Copper 2 mg Solaray P#04596 / or… Copper Chelate (2-6) 2 mg Twin lab copper
caps 01017, Swanson Item: SW223
Copper is a necessary part of some of the enzymes which

help inactivate free radicals. Thus it plays a part in
antioxidant protection. It is also used for making blood
cells. It is active in the metabolism of iron. Copper-
containing enzymes are involved in immune function.
Absorption can be reduced by critical illness, by high-

dose zinc supplementation, and by antacids. Deficiencies
are rare. Measurement is difficult. Excesses can be
harmful and can lead to liver failure.
Copper supplementation is not normally recommended,

except for those on TPN. However, copper deficiencies have been reported in people with HIV, and
it is further reduced with AZT treatment. One study, though, showed higher levels of copper in
people with HIV.
There is no RDA for copper. Two to 3 milligrams are generally found in daily multivitamins. toxicity
involves the action of reactive oxygen species. Low micromolar levels of copper were
sufficient to inhibit the growth of both WT and mutant strains
Bio Enzyme forms of Copper
Copper blocks their biosynthesis. Indeed, copper treatment rapidly inactivated

isopropylmalate dehydratase, an iron-sulfur cluster enzyme in this pathway suggesting
that Cu(I) damages these proteins by liganding to the coordinating sulfur atoms.
173
Microbes are particularly vulnerable to metal poisoning because they cannot control their
extracellular environment
The mechanism by which copper poisons cells has been elusive. A long-standing hypothesis is that
copper reacts with endogenous H2O2 to generate hydroxyl radicals in a process analogous to the
Fenton reaction:
Cu_ _ H2O23 Cu2_ _ OH_ _ HO_ .
Indeed, we found that copper-stressed cells produced endogenous H2O2 at a rate several fold
higher than did untreated cells (data not shown). Excessive levels of superoxide (O2_) and H2O2
can disrupt several amino acid biosynthetic pathways (18–20); therefore, we tested whether copper
creates similar blocks. (This experiment was complicated by the fact that _-amino acids chelate
copper and thereby increase the dose necessary for toxicity; to correct for this effect, alanine was
added in equivalent doses to cultures from which amino acids of interest were withheld.) The copA
cueO cusCFBA mutant could not grow aerobically in glucose/alanine medium to which 10 _M copper
was added (Fig. 2A). The addition of branched-chain amino acids partially restored growth,
indicating that this pathway is a primary target of copper toxicity. The failure to fully restore growth
indicates that additional growthlimiting damage also occurred outside of this pathway.
Copper Inactivated Iron-Sulfur Cluster Dehydratases Inside Aerobic Cells. Reactive oxygen
species block branched-chain biosynthesis because they directly damage the iron-sulfur clusters of 2
dehydratases: dihydroxy-acid dehydratase in the common branchedchain pathway and
isopropylmalate isomerase (IPMI) in the leucine-specific branch (18, 21–23). In conformity with the
The Mechanism of Copper Toxicity Is Independent of Oxygen. Other investigators have
noted that copper can poison bacterial cells in anaerobic medium (12, 17, 24), and we observed, in
fact, that both WT cells and the copA cueO cusCFBA mutant were much more sensitive to growth
inhibition by copper when oxygen was absent (Fig. S2). The anaerobic growth of the WT and
mutant strains was effectively blocked by 1 _M and 125 nM copper, respectively. At the very least,
this means that copper has an acute mechanism of toxicity that does not involve reactive oxygen
species.
Surprisingly, experiments suggested that the primary target of anaerobic toxicity was no different
from that in aerobic cells. Growth resumed when branched-chain amino acids were added to
anaerobic medium (Fig. 3). This restoration of growth was not caused by chelation of copper,
because the D-enantiomers of the amino acids failed to restore growth (data not shown). Further,
an overexpression plasmid carrying leuCD fully suppressed the growth defect, indicating that it arose
from the lack of IPMI activity (Fig. S1B). Indeed, during anaerobic exposure to 4 _M copper, the
IPMI activities of bothWT cells and copA cueO cusCFBA mutant cells decreased to less than 15% of
the activity of untreated cells (Fig. 4A). Copper also damaged fumarase B, the anaerobic isozyme of
fumarase A (Fig. 4B). These results indicated that the poisoning of these enzymes by copper
occurred through a non-oxidative mechanism.
It is likely that the same was true in aerobic media Copper Damaged the Iron-Sulfur Cluster of
Fumarase A. Saturating concentrations of malate, a substrate of fumarase A, fully protected the
enzyme activity from copper (Fig. 5B). This effect was probably mediated by its shielding the the
enzyme active site, as the protective effect tracked closely to the dose needed to form an ES
complex.
Discussion
Life evolved in an anaerobic world that was rich in iron. Evolution exploited the versatile surface
chemistry of this metal by integrating it into iron-sulfur clusters that serve to bind substrates into
enzyme active sites. This arrangement succeeded for 2 billion years, until the emergence of
photosystem 2 caused the gradual oxygenation of the environment. As molecular oxygen
174
accumulated, it oxidized dissolved sulfur compounds, which until that time had sequestered soft
metals into mineral precipitates. The subsequent solubilization of these metals evidently posed a
new problem for extant organisms. The present study reveals that one of these metals, copper,
rapidly inactivates the catalytic clusters of dehydratases. This enzyme family has representatives in
central catabolic and biosynthetic pathways, which therefore become dysfunctional in copper-
exposed cells.
These enzymes are uniquely vulnerable to chemical damage because their clusters are substantially
exposed to solvent (31). Previous studies show that O2 _ and H2O2 are small enough to invade the
active site, where they coordinate and oxidize the iron-sulfur cluster to an unstable valence (18, 21,
32). In this work, we found that these clusters are also the primary targets of copper, which
evidently displaces their iron atoms when it coordinates their thiolate or inorganic sulfur ligands.
The extreme avidity with which it does so means that cellular environments that contain such
enzymes cannot tolerate even modest levels of active copper.
Iodine
Tri-iodine (1) Terry Naturally 12500mcg #18299
Swanson Ultra Triple Iodine Complex SWU809, 12.5 mg 60 Veg Caps

http://www.iherb.com/EuroPharma-Terry-Naturally-Tri-Iodine-12-5-mg-90-Capsules/23508
Lugol’s Solution Iodine: Contains 6.3 mg of molecular iodine/iodide per drop. Useful where the
GI tract cannot be regulated (Hard/loose stool)
Iodine - a Pillar Against Infections
Iodine offers a serious and potent replacement for many antibiotics.Though it kills 90 percent of
bacteria on the skin within 90 seconds, its use as an antibiotic has been ignored. Iodine exhibits
activity against bacteria, molds, yeasts, protozoa, and many viruses; indeed, of all antiseptic
preparations suitable for direct use on humans and animals and upon tissues, only iodine is capable
of killing all classes of pathogens: gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi,
yeasts, viruses and protozoa. Iodine is by far the best antibiotic, antiviral and antiseptic of all time -
Dr. David Derry
Dr. Derry says that iodine is effective "for standard pathogens such as Staphylococcus, but also
iodine has the broadest range of action, fewest side effects and no development of bacterial
resistance." There is a world of difference between using an antibiotic – anti-life substance – and an
antibiotic, antiviral and antifungal substance like iodine, which is life serving because it is a basic and
most necessary nutritional substance.
Iodine kills single celled organisms by combining with the amino acids tyrosine or histidine when
they are exposed to the extra-cellular environment. All single cells showing tyrosine on their outer
cell membranes are killed instantly by a simple chemical reaction with iodine that denatures proteins.
Nature and evolution have given us an important mechanism to control pathogenic life forms and we
should use it and trust it to protect us in ways that antibiotics can't.
In Africa iodine (in the atomic or detoxified form) to successfully treat malaria.
Review Of Atomidine (Iodine)
www.Iodinesource.com.
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Iodine is toxic. What you get in the store I would NOT put in my mouth. Having a friend who owed
me a favor (who just happens to be a chemist), I sent him a CC of the Atomidine in a bottle for a
toxicology reading. He reported back, "Hey, this is some good stuff." I asked how much could the
average adult take in a week. His response was, "A heck of a lot more than any other iodine out
there." He seemed to feel that one or two CCs a week would not be harmful, but that side effects
should be noted if they occurred. We both agreed that it was powerful stuff and should be used with
caution. Someone once asked me, "Why do you take all of your discoveries and put them in your
mouth?"
Now I put a drop of Atomidine on the cut and it heals in less than three days. Stings, but it heals.
Cayce Concept’s Atomidine is 1% iodine in alcohol. As you can guess, or if you have a degree in
chemistry, the second is stronger (and more expensive). Both have been magnetically charged in
the manner prescribed by the Cayce readings. Baar’s product tastes salty, and does not burn much
when applied.
Phil at Cayce Concepts on the web: http://www.iodinesource.com/. He doesn’t have much of a

store online, but you can many of Cayce’s therapies (equipment) there to try on your own. Phil is
very dedicated and sincere about his work and wants to bring Cayce’s healing remedies back into
the mainstream.
Baar Products can be found at www.baar.com Though, I must rank Cayce Concepts’s Atomidine a
giant step above Baar’s product. My medicine chest will not be without a bottle at all times. Put one
in your First Aid kit too.
Additionally, Barr's product, Iodine Trichloride, should NEVER be used internally. Here is the Material
Safety Data Sheet on Iodine Trichloride; #2
CAUTION: According to Phil Thomas, all iodine has a poisonous effect upon the body unless it is first
detoxified, and even then it’s a powerful element to contend with. As is the case with everything,
the body and it’s reaction are specific to that given situation and/or individual. Iodine Source
PRODUCT: Detoxified Iodine

IodineSource.com is your source for detoxified iodine. Unlike commercially available products, which
use iodine bonded with chlorine, we use only naturally occurring iodine derived from organic Asian
seaweed, as was specified in the Cayce readings. This pure crystalline iodine is then reduced to a
1% concentration in 100% ethyl alcohol and electro-magnetically transmuted (while being
suspended in a wet bath containing a mild acid solution) into the Atomic state. This is the form
which Mr. Cayce suggested the body could recognize and fully assimilate, and indeed was his
primary contribution to the concept. From there it is bottled in 1/2 oz. (amber) dropper bottles and
unless otherwise indicated, labeled and sealed with a full bottle heat shrink. For more information
about detoxified iodine, go to Cayce Concepts. $20.00/bottle. 6 bottles/$60.00
The History of Iodine
Iodine And The Halogen Revolution, Halogen is defined in chemistry as any of the electronegative
elements, including iodine, fluorine, chlorine, bromine and astatine, that form binary salts by direct
union with metals. The term was coined in 1842 by the Swedish chemist Baron Jöns Jakob
Berzelius. It's from the Greek words halos (meaning salt) and gen (to produce). This term is used
because a salt is formed in reactions involving these elements. In my many years of testing people,
iodine has always shown up as a very important and primary nutrient in regards to people's health
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and healing. Testing has always shown an iodine deficient person to be unable to utilize their
proteins properly and an iodine deficient person will remain protein deficient.
In the past I have seen that a couple of milligrams of iodine daily will cure iodine deficiency in the
person with adequate gut absorption powers. This will allow them to utilize their proteins, however it
will not mean that they have full body iodine sufficiency (iodine receptors) in tissues such as breast,
uterus, prostate, skin, salivary glands, stomach, colon, choroid plexus, and eye. It will also not
assure that a thyroid whose receptor space is taken up with another halogen, such as bromine or
fluorine, will have a full sufficiency of iodine for hormone production.
There are four halogens: iodine, bromine, fluorine and chlorine. Only iodine and chlorine are
necessary to the body. We need iodine in all the aforementioned tissues (probably all tissues, but it
is most concentrated in the thyroid). We need chlorine in the stomach for secretion of hydrochloric
acid. Chloride ion is also an important part of the blood's regulation of its acid-base balance. You
need sufficient chloride to breathe.
All these halogens use the same receptors in the body. Therefore if a person's diet is deficient in
iodine, the iodine receptors in the thyroid and stomach, may fill up with bromine, which is commonly
present in grains, bleached flour, sodas, nuts and oils as well as several plant foods. This person's
thyroid function is deficient and the iodide-pump in the stomach will not work efficiently either.
A person whose sweat glands are low in iodine will suffer from dry skin. It is important to note here
that the present "low salt" regimes pushed by the mainstream medicine leave us chloride deficient
as well.
Fluorine from sources such as toothpaste, certain teas, and fluoridated water will also take up
receptor space.
Research shows me that once this iodine receptor space is taken up by another halogen, it takes a
certain level of iodine loading to replace the unwanted halogens with iodine. This point seems to be
especially pronounced for bromine. While I have seen that 1 to 2 milligrams of iodine daily will allow
protein metabolism to normalize, It takes much more to remove unwanted halogens from the
system.
Iodine From Sea Plant Minerals
Full body iodine sufficiency has become an item of interest to several pioneering researchers such as
Dr. Abraham and Dr. Brownstein. Both of them have done thorough and credible research into the
methods and efficiency of iodine loading in the body. Their research shows that 12.5 milligrams of
iodine daily is the minimum requirement for full body iodine sufficiency.
Iodine and Vitamin D
An apparent connection between bringing sufficient iodine into a bromine plugged thyroid and the
vitamin D metabolism of the body. It seems clear that the calcitonin-parathyroid hormone-vitamin D-
calcium balance in the body changes as people on iodine loading programs often register as vitamin
D deficient when they did not previously. It is interesting to note that when people are given
calcitonin as part of an osteoporosis program, one of the side effects mentioned is a "flushing
sensation of the skin". "A sunburn flushed feeling on the skin of their faces, arms and back." This
flushing disappeared with vitamin D3 supplementation at 2000 iu daily for a limited period of time.
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The protein that the body uses for iodine transport (sodium iodide symporter) needs to be sufficient
in quantity also in order to deal with the influx of iodine now available for utilization as the bromine
and fluorine are being pushed out. A protein deficient person will not be able to do this, so it is wise
not to begin iodine loading until your patient is no longer protein deficient.
Of course, the application of both the Sea Plant Minerals and Amino Acids together will also cause a
very rapid and thorough flushing of heavy metals such as aluminum, mercury, cadmium and lead.
Iodine
While the liquid iodine tincture (Lugol's) tests well for people, it is hard to regulate its dosage. Drs
Abraham and Brownstein promote the iodine tablet Iodoral. Iodine loading on the Vickery Sea Plant
Minerals, she replied, "It's like coming home."
I find the Vickery Sea Plant Minerals, which contain a high iodine form of organic kelp powder, to be
very gentle yet effective in iodine loading and supplementation as well as supplying ionic trace
minerals and plant processed vitamins. Kelp is also high in the essential sugars, which are an
integral part of our immune proteins (gamma globulins) and are also very important in intercellular
communication. Essential sugars are involved in red blood cell metabolism (although the mechanism
is unclear, their presence is apparent).
People in the U.S. consume an average 240 micrograms (µg) of iodine a day. In contrast, people in
Japan consume more than 12 milligrams (mg) of iodine a day (12,000 µg), a 50-fold greater
amount. They eat seaweed, which include brown algae (kelp), red algae (nori sheets, with sushi),
and green algae (chlorella).
Now iodized table salt is the chief source of iodine in a Western diet. But 45 percent of American
households buy much higher concentrations of chloride in salt (NaCl) which inhibits absorption of its
sister halogen iodine (the intestines absorb only 10 percent of the iodine present in iodized table
salt). As a result, 15 percent of the U.S. adult female population suffers from moderate to severe
iodine deficiency. A high intake of iodine is associated with a low incidence breast cancer, and a low
intake with a high incidence of breast cancer.
Russian researchers first showed, in 1966, that iodine effectively relieves signs and symptoms of
fibrocystic breast disease, iodine relieves signs and symptoms of fibrocystic breast disease in 70
percent of their patients.
It declined to approve the study, telling its lead investigator, Dr. Donald Low, "iodine is a natural
substance, not a drug." But the FDA has now decided to approve a similar trial sponsored by
Symbollon Pharmaceuticals. This company is enrolling 175 women in a phase III trial, registered on
clinicaltrials.gov. (Any women with fibrocystic disease reading this who might be interested in
participating in this study should call its sponsor, Jack Kessler, Ph.D., at 508-620-7676, Ext. 201.)
Most physicians and surgeons view iodine from a narrow perspective. It is an antiseptic that
disinfects drinking water and prevents surgical wound infections, and the thyroid gland needs it to
make thyroid hormones — and that's it. (When painted on the skin prior to surgery, tincture of
iodine kills 90 percent of bacteria present within 90 seconds.) The thyroid gland needs iodine to
synthesize thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), hormones that regulate metabolism and steer
growth and development. T4 contains four iodine atoms combined with 27 other atoms of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, but owing to its large size accounts for 65 percent of the
molecule's weight. (T3 has three iodine atoms.) The thyroid needs only a trace amount of iodine, 70
µg a day, to produce the requisite amount of T4 and T3. For that reason thyroidologists say that
iodine is best taken just in microgram amounts. They consider consuming more than 1 to 2 mg of
iodine a day to be excessive and potentially harmful.
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Expert opinion on iodine is now the purview of thyroidologists. Mainstream physicians and surgeons
accept their thyroid-only view of iodine and either ignore or discount studies that show iodine in
larger amounts provides extrathyroidal benefits, particularly for women's breasts. Thus a leading
textbook on breast disease, Bland and Copeland's The Breast: Comprehensive Management of
Benign and Malignant Disorders (2003), fails to mention iodine anywhere in its 1,766 pages.
Iodine has an important and little understood history. This relatively scarce element has played a
pivotal role in the formation of our planet's atmosphere and in the evolution of life. For more than
two billion years there was no oxygen in the atmosphere until a new kind of bacteria, cyanobacteria
(blue-green algae), began producing oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria also
developed an affinity for iodine. The most likely reason is that these organisms used iodine as an
antioxidant to protect themselves against the free radicals that oxygen breeds (superoxide anion,
hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical). Studying kelp, researchers have shown how iodine does
this and have found that kelp will absorb increased amounts of iodine when placed under oxidative
stress. Other researchers have shown that iodine increases the antioxidant status of human serum
similar to that of vitamin C.
Iodine also induces apoptosis, programmed cell death. This process is essential to growth and
development (fingers form in the fetus by apoptosis of the tissue between them) and for destroying
cells that represent a threat to the integrity of the organism, like cancer cells and cells infected with
viruses. Human lung cancer cells with genes spliced into them that enhance iodine uptake and
utilization undergo apoptosis and shrink when given iodine, both when grown in vitro outside the
body and implanted in mice. Its anti-cancer function may well prove to be iodine's most important
extrathyroidal benefit.
Iodine has other extrathyroidal functions that require more study. It removes toxic chemicals —
fluoride, bromide, lead, aluminum, mercury — and biological toxins, suppresses auto-immunity,
strengthens the T-cell adaptive immune system, and protects against abnormal growth of bacteria in
the stomach.
In addition to the thyroid and mammary glands, other tissues possess an iodine pump (the
sodium/iodine symporter). Stomach mucosa, the salivary glands, and lactating mammary glands can
concentrate iodine almost to the same degree as the thyroid gland (40-fold greater than its
concentration in blood). Other tissues that have this pump include the ovaries; thymus gland, seat of
the adaptive immune system; skin; choroid plexus in the brain, which makes cerebrospinal fluid; and
joints, arteries and bone.
Today's medical establishment is wary of iodine (as they are of most naturally occurring,
nonpatentable, nonpharmaceutical agents). Thyroidologists cite the Wolff-Chaikoff effect and warn
that TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) blood levels can rise with an iodine intake of a milligram or
more. The Wolff-Chaikoff effect, a temporary inhibition of thyroid hormone synthesis that
supposedly occurs with increased iodine intake, is of no clinical significance. And an elevated TSH,
when it occurs, is "subclinical." This means that no signs or symptoms of hypothyroidism accompany
its rise. Some people taking milligram doses of iodine, usually more than 50 mg a day, develop mild
swelling of the thyroid gland without symptoms. The vast majority of people, 98 to 99 percent, can
take iodine in doses ranging from 10 to 200 mg a day without any clinically adverse affects on
thyroid function. The prevalence of thyroid diseases in the 127 million people in Japan who consume
high amounts of iodine is not much different than that in the U.S.
Everyone agrees that a lack of iodine in the diet causes a spectrum of disorders that includes, in
increasing order of severity, goiter and hypothyroidism, mental retardation, and cretinism (severe
mental retardation accompanied by physical deformities). Health authorities in the U.S. and Europe
have agreed upon a Reference Daily Intake (RDI), formerly called the Recommended Dietary
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Allowance (RDA), for iodine designed to prevent these disorders, which the World Health
Organization (WHO) estimates afflicts 30 percent of the world's population. The RDI for iodine, first
proposed in 1980, is 100—150 µg/day. Organizations advocating this amount include the American
Medical Association, National Institutes of Health's National Research Council, Institute of Medicine,
United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization, WHO Expert Committee, and the European Union
International Programme on Chemical Safety. These health authorities consider an RDI of 100—150
µg/day of iodine sufficient to meet the requirements of nearly all (97—98%) healthy individuals.
This consensus on iodine intake flies in the face of evidence justifying a higher amount. This
evidence includes animal studies, in vitro studies on human cancer cell lines, clinical trials of iodine
for fibrocystic breast disease, and epidemiological data. An intake of 150 µg/day of iodine will
prevent goiters and the other recognized iodine deficiency disorders, but not breast disease.
Prevention of breast disease requires higher doses of iodine. Indeed, a reasonable hypothesis is
that, like goiters and cretinism, fibrocystic disease of the breast and breast cancer are iodine
deficiency disorders (also uterine fibroids).
What Albert Guérard writes about new truths applies especially to iodine: "When you seek a new
path to truth, you must expect to find it blocked by expert opinion." The reigning truth on iodine is
that the thyroid gland is the only organ in the body that requires this micronutrient, and a daily
intake considerably more than what the thyroid gland needs is potentially harmful. The new truth is
that the rest of the body also needs iodine, in milligram, not microgram amounts. Tell that to a
thyroidologist and her response will call to mind this admonition on new truths.
Iodine was used for a wide variety of ailments after its discovery in 1811 up until the mid-1900s,
when thyroidologists warned that "excess" amounts of iodine might adversely affect thyroid
function. It is effective in gram amounts for treating various dermatologic conditions, chronic lung
disease, fungal infestations, tertiary syphilis, and even arteriosclerosis. The Nobel laureate Dr. Albert
Szent Györgi (1893—1986), the physician who discovered vitamin C, writes: "When I was a medical
student, iodine in the form of KI was the universal medicine. Nobody knew what it did, but it did
something and did something good. We students used to sum up the situation in this little rhyme:
If ye don't know where, what, and why

Prescribe ye then K and I"
The standard dose of potassium iodide given was 1 gram, which contains 770 mg of iodine.
Regarding KI and other iodine salts (like sodium iodide), the venerated 11th edition of the
Encyclopedia Britannica, published in 1911, states, "Their pharmacological action is as obscure as
their effects in certain diseased conditions are consistently brilliant. Our ignorance of their mode of
action is cloaked by the term deobstruent, which implies that they possess the power of driving out
impurities from the blood and tissues. Most notably is this the case with the poisonous products of
syphilis. In its tertiary stage — and also earlier — this disease yields in the most rapid and
unmistakable fashion to iodides, so much so that the administration of these salts is at present the
best means of determining whether, for instance, a cranial tumor be syphilitic or not."
This 19th and early 20th century medicine continues to be used in gram amounts in the 21st century
by dermatologists. They treat inflammatory dermatoses, like nodular vasculitis and pyoderma
gangrenosum (shown here), with SSKI, beginning with an iodine dose of 900 mg a day, followed by
weekly increases up to 6 grams a day as tolerated. Fungal eruptions, like sporotrichosis, are treated
initially in gram amounts with great success. These lesions can disappear within two weeks after
treatment with iodine.
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For many years physicians used potassium iodide in doses starting at 1.5 to 3 gm and up to more
than 10 grams a day, on and off, to treat bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease with good results and surprisingly few side effects.
There is a case report in the medical literature of a 54-year-old man who, thinking it was iced tea,
drank a "home preparation" of SSKI in water that his aunt kept in the refrigerator for her
rheumatism. Over a short period of time he consumed 600 ml of this solution, which contained 15
gm of iodide, an amount 100,000 times more than the RDI. He developed swelling of the face, neck,
and mouth, had transient cardiac arrhythmias and made an uneventful recovery.
Dr. Guy Abraham, a former professor of obstetrics and gynecology at UCLA, mounted what he calls
"The Iodine Project" in 1997 after he read the Ghent paper on iodine for fibrocystic disease. He had
his company, Optimox Corp., make Iodoral, the tablet form of Lugol's solution, and he engaged two
family practice physicians, Dr. Jorge Flechas (in 2000) in North Carolina and Dr. David Brownstein
(in 2003) in Michigan to carry out clinical studies with it.
The project's hypothesis is that maintaining whole body sufficiency of iodine requires 12.5 mg a day,
an amount similar to what the Japanese consume. The conventional view is that the body contains
25—50 mg of iodine, of which 70—80 percent resides in the thyroid gland. Dr. Abraham concluded
that whole body sufficiency exists when a person excretes 90 percent of the iodine ingested. He
devised an iodine-loading test where one takes 50 mg and measures the amount excreted in the
urine over the next 24 hours. He found that the vast majority of people retain a substantial amount
of the 50 mg dose. Many require 50 mg a day for several months before they will excrete 90 percent
of it. His studies indicate that, given a sufficient amount, the body will retain much more iodine than
originally thought, 1,500 mg, with only 3 percent of that amount held in the thyroid gland.
More than 4,000 patients in this project take iodine in daily doses ranging from 12.5 to 50 mg, and
in those with diabetes, up to 100 mg a day. These investigators have found that iodine does indeed
reverse fibrocystic disease; their diabetic patients require less insulin; hypothyroid patients, less
thyroid medication; symptoms of fibromyalgia resolve, and patients with migraine headaches stop
having them. To paraphrase Dr. Szent-Györgi, these investigators aren't sure how iodine does it, but
it does something good.
Thyroid function remains unchanged in 99 percent of patients. Untoward effects of iodine, allergies,
swelling of the salivary glands and thyroid, and iodism, occur rarely, in less than 1 percent. Iodine
removes the toxic halogens fluoride and bromide from the body. Iodism, an unpleasant brassy taste,
runny nose, and acne-like skin lesions, is caused by the bromide that iodine extracts from the
tissues. Symptoms subside on a lesser dose of iodine.
As these physicians point out, consuming iodine in milligram doses should, of course, be coupled
with a complete nutritional program that includes adequate amounts of selenium, magnesium,
and Omega-3 fatty acids. Done this way, an iodine intake 100 times the reference daily intake is
"the simplest, safest, most effective and least expensive way to help solve the health care crisis
crippling our nation," as the leader of The Iodine Project, Dr. Abraham, puts it.
People who take iodine in these amounts report that they have a greater sense of well-being,
increased energy, and a lifting of brain fog. They feel warmer in cold environments, need somewhat
less sleep, improved skin complexion, and have more regular bowel movements. These purported
health benefits need to be studied more thoroughly, as do those with regard to fibrocystic breast
disease and cancer.
Meanwhile, perhaps we should emulate the Japanese and substantially increase our iodine intake, if
not with seaweed, then with two drops of Lugol's Solution (or one Iodoral tablet) a day.
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Recommended Reading:
Miller DW. Iodine in Health and Civil Defense. Presented at the 24th Annual Meeting of Doctors
for Disaster Preparedness in Portland, Oregon, August 6, 2006. The text for this talk, with 68
references, can be found here, and the PowerPoint slides I used for it, here.
Abraham GE. The safe and effective implementation of orthoiodosupplementation in medical
practice. The Original Internist 2004;11:17—36. Available online here. This is a good introduction to
The Iodine Project. His other research studies are online here.
Flechas, JD. Orthoiodosupplementation in a primary care practice. The Original Internist
2005;12(2):89—96. Available online here.
Brownstein D. Clinical experience with inorganic, non-radioactive iodine/iodide. The Original
Internist 2005;12(3):105—108. Available online here.
Derry D. Breast cancer and iodine: How to prevent and how to survive breast cancer. Victoria,
B.C.: Trafford Publishing; 2002. The book is a bit disorganized, has references at the end of each
chapter not cited in the text, and no index; but it is an eye-opener nonetheless.
Brownstein D. Iodine: why you need it why you can't live without it. West Bloomfield, Michigan:
Medical Alternatives Press; 2004. Well-written and referenced, with case histories.
Low DE, Ghent WR, Hill LD. Diatomic iodine treatment for fibrocystic disease: special report of
efficacy and safety results. [Submitted to the FDA] 1995:1—38. Available online here. This study
makes a strong case for iodine as the preferred treatment for fibrocystic disease.
Selenium
Selenium (2-4-8) CAP. 200 mcg 120ct NOW FOODS P#01486 SKU: 733739014856
, Swanson SWU171
https://www.swansonvitamins.com/swanson-ultra-semsc-selenium-200-mcg-120-caps
Selenium 200 mcg @ L-Selenomethionine
Selenium deficiency that results in an increase in expression of adhesion molecules, which causes
greater adhesion of neutrophils.[viii]
Immune system booster, 450CYP ROS Consumable under Ox stress, CYP450 deficiency leak,
Beneficial in the prevention of several types of infection, Selenium, which acts both as a free radical
scavenger, and as a mineral that helps prevent cells from turning cancerous, boosts white blood cell
production.
Avoid with a history of non-melanoma skin cancer
Selenium influences both the innate, “nonadaptive” and the acquired, “adaptive” immune
systems[iii]-[iv]-[v]-[vi]-[vii] The innate immune system includes barriers to infection and
nonspecific effector cells such as macrophages. Both the T and B-lymphocytes form the major
effector cells of the acquired system that mature with exposure to immune challenges. Selenium-
deficient lymphocytes are less able to proliferate in response to mitogen, and in macrophages,
leukotriene B4 synthesis, which is essential for neutrophil chemotaxis, is impaired by this deficiency.
These processes can be improved by selenium supplementation. The humoral system is also
affected by selenium deficiency; for example, IgM, IgG and IgA titers are decreased in rats, and IgG
and IgM titers are decreased in humans. In endothelial cells from asthmatics, there is a marked
selenium deficiency that results in an increase in expression of adhesion molecules, which causes
182
Selenium is also involved in several key metabolic activities through its selenoprotein enzymes that
protect against oxidative damage.[ix] Further, selenium deficiency may allow invading viruses to
mutate and cause longer-lasting, more severe illness.[x] Animal research has shown selenium and
vitamin E have synergistic effects, enhancing the body’s response to bacterial[xi] and parasitic
infections.[xii]
The use of selenium compounds as a cancer treatment predates most conventional

treatments currently in use. [91] In spite of this, comparatively little is known regarding the
use of selenium as a cancer therapy in living systems. Subcutaneous injection of 2 mcg/g
selenium into tumor-bearing mice led to a 75-percent reduction in tumor mass compared to
controls. [92] This inhibitory effect of selenium was confirmed in human breast cancer cells
in vitro. [93] In an open trial of 32 patients with treatment refractory brain tumors,
intravenous infusion of selenium (1000 mcg/day for 4-8 weeks) was associated with a slight
to definite improvement in all participants. Symptomatic decrease was seen in nausea,
emesis, headache, vertigo, and seizure activity. Although the results are largely credited to
the selenium treatment, it should be noted these patients were concurrently receiving
chemotherapy, oxygen therapy, vitamins E and A, dietary changes, and psychotherapy. [94]
Unpublished research from the 1950s outlines the treatment of over 1000 malignancies with
selenium compounds, reportedly with beneficial results. [95] Unfortunately, a study of this
magnitude has yet to appear in the peer-reviewed literature.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/1003.html
Clinical research shows that taking a combination of selenium 100 mcg along with zinc 20 mg,
vitamin C 120 mg, vitamin E 30 mg, and beta-carotene 6 mg/day once daily for 7.5 years does not
lower the overall chance of developing cancer of any type.
Selenium and iodine
Selenium is a mineral. It is taken into the body in water and foods. People use it for medicine.
Most of the selenium in the body comes from the diet. The amount of selenium in food depends
on where it is grown or raised. Crab, liver, fish, poultry, and wheat are generally good selenium
sources. The amount of selenium in soils varies a lot around the world, which means that the foods
grown in these soils also have differing selenium levels. In the U.S., the Eastern Coastal Plain and
the Pacific Northwest have the lowest selenium levels. People in these regions naturally take in
about 60 to 90 mcg of selenium per day from their diet. Although this amount of selenium is
adequate, it is below the average daily intake in the U.S., which is 125 mcg.
Selenium is used for diseases of the heart and blood vessels, including stroke and “hardening of
the arteries” (atherosclerosis). It is also used for preventing various cancers including cancer of the
prostate, stomach, lung, and skin.
Some people use selenium for under-active thyroid, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an
eye disease called macular degeneration, hay fever, infertility, cataracts, gray hair, abnormal pap
smears, chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), mood disorders, arsenic poisoning, and preventing
miscarriage.
183
Selenium is also used for preventing serious complications and death from critical illnesses such as
head injury and burns. It is also used for preventing bird flu, treating HIV/AIDS, and reducing side
effects from cancer chemotherapy.
The effectiveness ratings for SELENIUM are as follows:
•Preventing lower than normal levels of selenium (selenium deficiency).

•Autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto's thyroiditis). Taking selenium 200 mcg daily along with
thyroid hormone might decrease antibodies in the body that contribute to this condition.
Selenium might also help improve mood and general feelings of well-being in people with
thyroiditis.
•High cholesterol. Some research shows that taking a specific selenium supplement
(SelenoPrecise, Pharma Nord, Denmark) 100-200 mcg daily for 6 months can modestly
reduce cholesterol levels. Many people in this study had low levels of selenium in their body
before the start of the study. It is not clear if taking extra selenium would have any benefit
on cholesterol levels in people with normal selenium levels in the body.
•Diabetes. Some research has shown that people with low selenium levels in the body have
a higher chance of getting type 2 diabetes. But other research shows that people who have
high amounts of selenium in the body also have increased chance of getting type 2 diabetes.
Additionally, more reliable research shows that people who take a selenium supplement 200
mcg daily for an average of 7.7 years actually have a significantly increased chance of
getting type 2 diabetes.
Selenium is important for making many body processes work correctly. It seems to increase the
action of antioxidants.
Higher doses are POSSIBLY UNSAFE. They can cause significant side effects including nausea,
vomiting, nail changes, loss of energy, and irritability. Poisoning from long-term use is similar to
arsenic poisoning, with symptoms including hair loss, white horizontal streaking on fingernails, nail
inflammation, fatigue, irritability, nausea, vomiting, garlic breath odor, and a metallic taste.
Selenium can also cause muscle tenderness, tremor, lightheadedness, facial flushing, blood clotting
problems, liver and kidney problems, and other side effects.
Symptoms usually reverse when selenium is removed.
There is concern that taking selenium for a long time high dose levels might not be safe. Long-term
consumption of selenium supplements appears to increase the chance of getting type 2 diabetes. It
also seems to increase the risk of skin cancer recurrence. There is also some concern that having
too much selenium in the body might increase the risk of overall death as well as death from cancer.
Selenium use is POSSIBLY SAFE during pregnancy and breast-feeding when used short-term in
amounts that are not larger than 400 mcg per day.
Avoid long-term use of selenium supplements if you have ever had skin cancer.
Under-active thyroid (hypothyroidism): Taking selenium can worsen hypothyroidism especially in

people with iodine deficiency. In this case, you should take iodine along with selenium. Check
with your healthcare provider.
184
Surgery: Selenium might increase the risk of bleeding during and after surgery. Stop taking selenium
at least 2 weeks before a scheduled surgery.
Selenium might slow blood clotting. Taking selenium along with medications that also slow blood
clotting might increase the chances of bruising and bleeding.
Some medications that slow blood clotting include aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix), dalteparin (Fragmin),
enoxaparin (Lovenox), heparin, ticlopidine (Ticlid), warfarin (Coumadin), and others.
Medications used for lowering cholesterol include atorvastatin (Lipitor), fluvastatin (Lescol),
lovastatin (Mevacor), and pravastatin (Pravachol).
Taking selenium along with vitamin E, vitamin C, and beta-carotene might decrease some of the
beneficial effects of niacin. Niacin can increase the good cholesterol. Taking selenium along with
these other vitamins might decrease how well niacin works for increasing good cholesterol.
The body breaks down medications to get rid of them. Selenium might slow how fast the body
breaks down sedative medications (barbiturates). Taking selenium with these medications might
increase the effects and side effects of these medications.
Astragalus
Some species of astragalus accumulate large amounts of selenium, especially when grown in
selenium-rich soils. Taking products made from these plants along with selenium supplements could
cause selenium poisoning. However, most astragalus supplements contain Astragalus
membranaceus, which is not a selenium accumulator.
Zinc
Zinc might make it more difficult for the body to absorb selenium.
Dose RDA: BY MOUTH:
•Autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto's thyroiditis): 200 mcg daily.

•High cholesterol: 100-200 mcg daily of a specific selenium product (SelenoPrecise, Pharma
Nord, Denmark).
The daily recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) of selenium are: •Children 1-3 years, 20
mcg; children 4-8 years, 30 mcg; children 9-13 years, 40 mcg;
•People over 13 years, 55 mcg;
•Pregnant women, 60 mcg; and lactating women, 70 mcg. Due to the demands of the fetus
on the mother, the dietary need for selenium increases during pregnancy.
The tolerable upper limit is: •Adults, 400 mcg per day for adults and adolescents 14 years
and older.
•The tolerable upper intake level (UL) for infants up to age 6 months is 45 mcg per day;
•Infants 7 to 12 months, 60 mcg per day;
•Children 1 to 3 years, 90 mcg per day;
•Children 4 to 8 years, 150 mcg per day;
•Children 9 to 13 years, 280 mcg per day.
Atomic number 34, Dioxyde de Sélénium, Ebselen, L-Selenomethionine, L-Sélénométhionine, Levure
Sélénisée, Numéro Atomique 34, Se, Selenio, Selenite, Sélénite de Sodium, Sélénium, Selenium
Ascorbate, Selenium Dioxide, Selenized Yeast, Selenomethionine, Sélénométhionine, Sodium
Selenite.
185
Please see the Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database methodology.
Boron
Boron (1) 3mg Now 01410

Boron may retard bone loss. There are indications that boron increases the absorption of calcium,
magnesium, and phosphorus, as well as controls the urinary loss of these minerals. The ability to
use energy and to think may also be related to boron levels, but this is not yet confirmed. Boron be
be nutritionally supportive in conditions of osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, and rheumatoid arthritis.
Vandium
Vandium - (1) KAL vandyl comples 70311
http://www.kalvitamins.com
Chromium
Chromium Picolinate - (1-3 in am - 0 in pm) 200 MCG NOW FOODS 1422 01422
Chromium Picolinate 200mcg 200ct. Swanson Premium SW923

Chromium is necessary for the body to convert glucose to energy. A U.S. Department of Agriculture
study has shown that nine out of ten Americans get less than the low end range of chromium
recommended by the National Academy of Sciences. Biologically-active chromium (as found in
ChromaTone), helps maximize the body's efficient use of insulin. Insulin regulates the metabolism of
blood sugar, lipids (including cholesterol) and protein. Studies also indicate that chromium, when
combined with appropriate exercise, has very positive muscle-tissue building and toning properties.
Chromium helps insulin perform, so it's needed by your cells to take up glucose. Thus when it is
deficient, blood sugar levels can be elevated. Cholesterol and triglyceride levels rise too. Peripheral
neuropathy has been reported, as has weight loss. Heavy exercise, infection, and injury increase its
use, and hence its loss.
Chromium is found in good supply in brewer's yeast and in meats and cheeses.
The normal American diet is said to contain only about half of what we should have, but deficiencies
have rarely been reported. And the above effects are the only ones we've seen.
The RDA, which is all we have to go by here, is fifty to two hundred micrograms. There are no
studies reported on its importance in HIV.
Multivitamins contain from 15 to 100 micrograms of chromium. Trace element supplements can add
another 100 micrograms or so.
ZINC SULFATE
ZINC SULFATE (4 – 12) 600mg maximum for 30 days. Peak 9.32mg/kg/D max causes WORM
EXPLOSION, 50 mg zinc sulfate monohydrate in each 220 capsule,
Item No: 0802
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186
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Zinc has been used since ancient Egyptian times to enhance wound healing,
although the usefulness of this approach is only partially confirmed by the
clinical data of today.
Zinc can be shuttled from blood to tissue in times of stress or illness. Thus plasma levels may not
reflect its true concentration in the body. Zinc is absorbed in the small intestine. High-fiber diets and
the presence of parasites can limit its absorption. Only 25 percent of what's ingested is absorbed, at
best; with poor intestinal absorption, the amount can be even less.
Wound healing and the maintenance of membranes are among its tasks. It also plays a role in
antibody production, and other aspects of immune response.
With zinc deficiency, immune response is impaired. Hair loss can result. Night vision is lost. We may
think less clearly. Wound healing is slowed, and protein metabolism impaired.
Diarrhea can be both a cause and a result of zinc deficiency, and thus can compound the problem.
Zinc should always be supplemented in people with severe, chronic diarrhea.
A reduction or change in our sense of taste can also result from zinc deficiency. This can be
especially disturbing, as it affects both appetite and absorption.
Zinc is necessary for the functioning of more than 300 different enzymes and plays a vital role in an
enormous number of biological processes. Zinc is a cofactor for the antioxidant enzyme superoxide
dismutase (SOD) and is in a number of enzymatic reactions involved in carbohydrate and protein
metabolism.
Its immune-enhancing activities include regulation of T lymphocytes, CD4, natural killer cells, and
interleukin II. In addition, zinc has been claimed to possess antiviral activity. It has been shown to
play a role in wound healing, especially following burns or surgical incisions. Zinc is necessary for
the maturation of sperm and normal fetal development. It is involved in sensory perception (taste,
smell, and vision) and controls the release of stored vitamin A from the liver.
ZINC SULFATE (4-5 typical TID) - this is nothing, you can take 12 capsules a day for a month
easily, and according to the study, 85% of the subjects made it to the end. Within the endocrine
system, Zinc has been shown to regulate insulin activity and promote the conversion thyroid
hormones thyroxine to triiodothyronine. Many diseases have been cured with Zinc alone. It tells the
immune system to crank out more white blood cells, it antagonizes iron, that parasites love to steal,
and it helps transport oxygen. Short term use of high doses should be kept under a month or two,
an overdose is evidenced by a Zinc taste in the mouth. My hair analysis shows I still have no zinc in
my body, after 3 years of incredible dosing levels. This trick is a keeper for parasite infections.
Zinc is a double edged sword. Zinc helps the human body in crisis, it also helps some worms
survive in the long term, it kills others. Why this happens is not exactly clear, but in the case of
Ascaris, there is a study that indicates Zinc and Vitamin A need to be discontinued, to ultimately
kill that specific parasite.
Manganese
When manganese is bound or "chelated" with specific amino acids, it targets parts of the body to
help metabolism. When manganese is chelated with the amino acids proline, histidine, and glutamic
acid, it travels through the blood to the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is the organ below the
187
brain which is responsible for regulating many body functions, including temperature, appetite and
sleep. The chelated manganese increases the natural thyrotropin-releasing hormone secreted by the
hypothalamus. This hormone, known as T.R.H., has a direct effect on the master gland (pituitary).
Germanium
Germanium
This trace mineral is a potent antioxidant. It improves oxygen flow to cells, and strengthens the
immune system. It has pain-relieving properties and studies have shown that organic germanium
(sesquioxide) can nutritionally support the body's defense system. Many people have attributed
remarkable benefits with the intake of Germanium. One woman had suffered many years with
arthritis, nervous problems and a painful muscle disease called "fibrositis." She could not stand to
even barely be touched because it caused her such agony. This person began taking one capsule
daily of 30 mg. of germanium sesquioxide, which also had odorless garlic added. She said, "Now
I'm on 'cloud nine' since taking Germanium ... and I have so much energy, I don't know what to do
with it all!"
188
189
190
Glutathione, Sulfur, Sulfur Amino antioxidants
How Antioxidants Work
The body is made up of molecules, combinations of atoms constructed in a particular way to do a

specific job.
Sulfur amino-acids (which command DNA actions) perform different roles in parasitic infections.
Cysteine and Methionine can supplement parasites. The loops are best regulated by organic sulfur, l
cysteine, and other techniques.
The molecules that take part in or regulate processes in your body are held together by the forces
between their electrons, which have a sort of magnetic attraction to one another, and fit together
based on that attraction.
Many molecules within your body exist periodically in what is called an oxidized state. This means
that they have one or more unpaired electrons. They are looking for molecular partners, often at the
191
expense of other important molecular relationships. When they are in this state, they are called free
radicals.
These free radicals can react much more with their surroundings, often in ways that are damaging.
They can interact with and disrupt many finely tuned processes which are needed to maintain the
body.
In some cases, the presence of these active molecules, or free radicals, can be helpful. Cells of your
immune system, for example, rely on the destructive power of free radicals and use them as
ammunition, discharging them where infection is present in order to kill the invaders. But along with
the destruction of unwelcome cells or organisms, there can be damage to nearby tissues and
processes your body needs.
In other cases, however, free radicals are simply an unavoidable by-product of body processes -- the
leftovers, so to speak, of necessary reactions -- and serve no useful purpose. In these cases they
are like static on the radio: they mess things up a little, but the music keeps on playing.
All of this is true for every living body.
Our bodies contain natural substances, called antioxidants, which can gather up and neutralize free
radicals, limiting their capacity for destruction. Often there are not enough to do the whole job.
There are stages or circumstances in our lives in which free radicals and their damage are increased.
Much of the deterioration we see in aging, for example, results from the presence of an increased
amount of these reactive molecules. Our natural stores of antioxidants cannot successfully
overcome the increase. In states of illness or infection, free radical presence is also increased and
results in many of our symptoms.
Superfruits such as Mangosteen and Pomegranate that are valued for their very high
concentration of natural plant antioxidant s that may help boost and protect the
body's immune system. Every day you're exposed to free radicals. Some are from outside
factors, like pollution and radiation; and some from inside, like stress and hormones. Fight
back with pomegranate shots, a super-concentrated punch of an ultra-potent natural
antioxidant. It has more free-radical- fighting power than red wine, grape seed
and acai extracts.
MANGOSTEEN, known throughout Asia as the ‘Queen of Fruits’, is highly valued for it’s
antioxidant benefits. It's juice and rind contain a very high concentration of
natural plant antioxidants, called Xanthones, which may have numerous
health benefits and are richer in potency than both Vitamin C and Vitamin E.
POMEGRANATE, is loaded with Anthocyanins and polyphenol antioxidant
s
which may help boost and protect the body’s immune system. Recent studies have
suggested that pomegranate contains 3 times the antioxidant potency then
the same amount of green tea.
POMx Shot (6 Bottles) 3 Ounces $39.99
192
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3 Ounces Liquid
Serving Size: 1 bottle (3 fl oz)
ESTER C
https://www.prohealth.com/shop/product.cfm?product__code=PH319
PRO-C COMPLEX™
We've created our own-buffered vitamin C , with calcium for increased assimilation
and retention. In fact, research shows that buffered C is absorbed 400% faster than regular
vitamin C and remains in the body as much as three-times longer. Its neutral pH makes it easy
on the stomach, too!
PRO- C COMPLEX™ is synergistic blend of bioflavonoids, acerola, rose hips and rutin.*
Citrus Bioflavoids Complex contains:
Flavones
Herperidin
Eriocitrin
Naringin, Narirutin & other Flavones
Flavonols
Fat based Vitamins
Fat Malabsorption occurs as a result of bacterial deconjugation of bile salts. In addition, free bile
acids are toxic to the intestinal mucosa, resulting in mucosal inflammation and malabsorption.63,64
Deconjugated bile salts are reabsorbed in the jejunum rather than the ileum, leading to impaired
micelle formation, fat Malabsorption, and deficiencies in fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K).
Fortunately, symptoms rarely develop; however, in severe cases night blindness (vitamin A),
osteomalacia and tetany due to hypocalcemia (vitamin D), prolonged prothrombin times (vitamin K),
or neuropathy, retinopathy, and impairments in T-cell function can occur.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A - (0-2-6) 15000 IU Retinyl Palmitate, Carlson Labs P# 01102 Swanson

CSN155 $5.99
http://www.swansonvitamins.com/carlson-vitamin-a-palmitate-15000-iu-240-sgels?
otherSize=CSN155
Lifetime maximum xxx Million IU?, one week up to 10X, can kill humans at 100X
Dry eyes, night blindness, and other eye conditions are symptoms of vitamin A deficiency. In
extreme cases, blindness can result. Also, white cells can be reduced, as can red blood cells.
Resistance to infection is impaired. Thus vitamin A deficiency can result in more, and more severe,
193
diseases of many types. Even a mild deficiency has been shown to increase the risk of pneumonia,
diarrhea, and even death in children.
• Vitamin A is a subclass of a family of lipid-soluble compounds referred to as retinoic acids.

• Supports enzymes that catalyze retinyl esters.
• Help heal brush border membrane of small intestine.
• Prevent chronic liver disease, reverse portal hypertension
• Help prevent hearing loss, blindness
• Help prevent morbidity
• Help prevent mental illness.
• Retinoids, such as retinal and retinoic acid, are found in animal sources like liver, kidney,
eggs, and dairy produce. Carotenoids like beta-carotene (which has the highest vitamin A
activity) are found in plants such as dark or yellow vegetables and carrots.
• Research suggests that vitamin A may reduce fever, morbidity, and certain parasite blood
levels in patients with malaria (Plasmodium falciparum infection).
• Vitamin A helps cell reproduction. It also stimulates immunity and is needed for formation of
some hormones.Many research reports on the anti-cancer properties of vitamin A and the
related retinoids have been published over the last 20 years. Most of these studies examined
all-trans retinoic acid (RA). RA is formed in human tissues from beta-carotene and retinol,
does not accumulate in the liver, thus it is not associated with significant hepatotoxicity. [24]
Treatment with RA is associated with many side effects, including headache, lethargy,
anorexia, vomiting, and visual disturbance. [24] Another retinoid used in cancer treatment is
13-Cis-retinoic acid (cRA), also known as isotretinoin. [25]
• RA in vitro demonstrates growth inhibitory activity against at least 14 types of human
cancers. [24] Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) has been shown to respond well to RA,
but not to cRA. [26] In one study, nine of 11 patients with APL entered complete remission
after treatment with 45 mg/m2 daily oral dose of RA. [27] Similar results are reported
elsewhere, [28,29] and have been confirmed in vitro. [30]
• Local application of an RA-containing cream demonstrated low toxicity and some histological
improvement of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia II (CIN II) in a phase I study. [31]In a
phase III trial, RA led to complete regression of CIN II in 42 percent of women compared
with 27 percent in the placebo group. [32] No significant effect was noted in severe cervical
dysplasia. [32] After remission induced by conventional therapy, treatment with cRA is
associated with fewer second primary tumors in head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma.
[33]
• Retinoic acid decreased the growth rate and increased differentiation of human small cell
lung cancer lines in vitro. [34 ] Daily oral administration of 300,000 IU vitamin A as retinol
palmitate led to a significant reduction in second primary tumors and an increase in disease-
free survival post-surgery in stage I lung cancer.
Carrot oil
Contents Oil: Carrot Seed is a highly nutritious plant,

containing substantial amounts of Vitamins A, C,
B1, and B2.
• Carrot seed oil also assists in removing toxin

and water build
Research: Wikipedia1, Organic Vitamins and

Supplements Kingdom:
Organic Vitamins and Supplements
194
Kingdom: Plantae
Family: Apiaceae
Genus: Daucus
Latin Name: Daucus carota (Wikipedia)
Family Members: : angelica, anise, arracacha, asafoetida, caraway, carrot, celery,

centella asiatica, chervil, cicely, coriander/cilantro, cumin, dill, fennel, hemlock, lovage,
Queen Anne's Lace, parsley, parsnip, sea holly, and the now extinct silphium.
Preperation into product

How it is madeBases:
Raw RootBases: Oil from seeds
Bases: DNA use D alpha e base for cq10 Ryboflavin:
Phase 4 Dependant Antioxidant Chords: B, C, E
PhasesLong NameAKA Name: known as carrot or parsley family
Antioxidant Base for processes: Carrot seed oil removes toxin and water build-upBio
Activators:Base:Oil: Not to be confused with the base carrot oil which should be blended
with other base oils at 10%. The base oil contains many of the same properties. Base carrot
oil is orange and processed from the root, carrot seed essential oil is yellowShort Name :
Carrot Color: Yellow or amberDate
Discovered:Origon/Region: Plant Seeds, HungaryYear of Discovery: best technology: Best

cultivation: seed HungaryMedical Properties: Antiseptic, diuretic, settle digestion,
detoxifying, stimulant, tonic, smooth muscle relaxantClassification: VegtableForms: RAW,
Water, Oil Contents: Raw roots have a strong tonic action on the liver and gall bladder,
good for treatment of jaundice [ ]
http://www.personalhealthfacts.com/aromatherapy/carrot-seed.htmlUSE: Physical Benefits:,
Asthma, Bronchitis, Colds, Colitis, Emphysema, Flu, Gastric spasms, Gout, Hair loss,
Headaches, Herpes, Hiccups, Migraines, Mouth ulcers, Muscle aches, Pains, Sinus
congestion, Skin toner, Stress-related allergies, Varicose veins
Hypervitaminosis A refers to the effects of excessive vitamin A (specifically retinoid) intake.

Effects include birth defects, liver problems, reduced bone mineral density that may result in
osteoporosis, coarse bone growths, skin discoloration, hair loss, excessive skin
dryness/peeling, a inflammatory lesion at the corner of the mouth, and often presents as
deep cracks or splits in the skin.
Hypervitaminosis A
Hypervitaminosis A occurs when the maximum limit for liver stores of retinoids is
exceeded. The excess vitamin A enters the circulation causing systemic toxicity.
Betacarotene, a precursor of vitamin A, is selectively converted into retinoids, so
it does not cause toxicity.
Although hypervitaminosis A can occur when large amounts of liver (including cod liver oil
and other fish oils) are regularly consumed, most cases of vitamin A toxicity result from an
excess intake of vitamin A in the form of vitamin supplements. Toxic symptoms can also
arise after consuming very large amounts of preformed vitamin A over a short period of
time. The U.S. Institute of Medicine says that the Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level
(LOAEL) for vitamin A, when taken over an extended period of time is 21,600 IU.[2] Most
195
multivitamins contain vitamin A doses below 10,000 IU, therefore multi-vitamins are unlikely
to cause vitamin A toxicity when taken at their recommended dosages. But in high doses, its
central nervous system toxicity can be enhanced by its lipid solubility because it is readily
transported across the blood brain barrier and concentrated in the brain.
Vitamin A causes cells to swell with fluid; too much vitamin A causes them to rupture in
hyposmotic environments, hence the toxicity. Toxicity has been shown to be mitigated
through vitamin E (tocopherol), cholesterol, zinc, taurine, and calcium.
The U.S. Institute of Medicine has established Daily Tolerable Upper Levels (UL) of intake
for vitamin A from supplements that apply to healthy populations, in order to help
prevent the risk of vitamin A toxicity. These levels for preformed vitamin A in micrograms
(µg) and International Units (IU) are:
0–3 years: 600 µg or 2000 IU

4–8 years: 900 µg or 3000 IU
9–13 years: 1700 µg or 5665 IU
14–18 years: 2800 µg or 9335 IU
19+ years: 3000 µg or 10,000 IU
B complex B50
B50 (1) or B25 vitamin B multi B Complex - NOW or GNC 017913, Swanson
https://www.swansonvitamins.com/swanson-premium-balance-b-50-complex-250-caps?
otherSize=SW057
Will turn urine yellow or orange when B12 saturates, take to keep urine yellow.
The “Enzyme Vitamin” - B
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
Thiamine is needed for conversion of carbohydrates into energy, for transmission of signals
from your nerves to your muscles, and for maintaining the structure of membranes in the
nervous system.
It is absorbed high in the small intestine and stored mainly in muscle tissue. Raw fish,
coffee, and tea can break it down. Deficiency can occur quickly, as the body can't store this
vitamin for long. Malabsorption, malnutrition, alcohol, diarrhea, and low folate levels can all
contribute to B1 deficiency. Antacids and other medicines that reduce stomach acidity can
destroy it.
Need is increased with fever, heavy exercise, or high caloric intake.
Deficiency can result in weight loss, irritability, poor appetite, and paresthesias-the burning
or prickling sensations we associate with peripheral neuropathy-especially in the feet and
lower legs. When deficiency is more severe there can be weakness and changes in mental
status.
One to two milligrams a day is said to prevent frank deficiency. Excess thiamine goes out in
the urine, so too much can't hurt you.
196
Most multivitamins contain 1.5 to 3 milligrams of thiamine. High-potency pills and B-complex
supplements contain 50 to 100 milligrams.
Dietary sources of thiamine include red meat, whole grains, potatoes, peas, beans, nuts, and yeast.
As this nutrient is water-soluble, it can be lost when food is cooked in liquids.
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
Riboflavin is also absorbed in the small intestine. It is needed for many reactions in the
body, and particularly for the metabolism-the energy economy-of amino acids, the basic
units from which proteins are constructed. It is also needed to convert dietary vitamin B6 to
its active form in the body.
Deficiency can result in burning and itching eyes, painful sensitivity to light, tongue and
mouth pain, anemia, and personality changes. In addition, metabolism of drugs can be
altered.
Three milligrams a day are recommended to prevent riboflavin deficiency. Again, if you don't
need it, you excrete it.
Supplementation in standard multivitamins is in the range of 1.5 to 3.5 milligrams. High-

potency sources and B-complex preparations contain 75 to 100 milligrams.
People who supplement their B2 notice that their urine shines a bright, fluorescent yellow.
That's why you see this now, if you're taking a B-complex supplement.
Natural sources of riboflavin include dairy products, meat, fish, and green leafy vegetables.
Whole grain cereals are also good sources, as are egg whites. Riboflavin is broken down by
light, so exposure while cooking (by broiling, for instance) can deplete it.
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
Niacin is needed for the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. It is absorbed
throughout the intestine and excreted in the urine. In large doses, it can have beneficial
effects on cholesterol and triglyceride levels.
Without serious malnutrition, we rarely see nutritionally based niacin deficiency. Classically,
deficiency has been found only in people who eat a corn-based and otherwise unbalanced
diet.
Five to 20 milligrams a day are enough to protect against niacin deficiency, and large
amounts may not be good for you. What you get in your diet should go a long way toward
meeting your needs. Beyond that, my patients stick to what they get in their multivitamin
pills.
Symptoms of niacin deficiency include generalized weakness and indigestion. Headaches

and insomnia can follow. Severe deficiency can cause characteristic skin rashes, massive and
bloody diarrhea, and even dementia.
Symptoms of supplementation include flushing and temporary tingling and burning

sensations. Over supplementation can cause vomiting, diarrhea, and even fainting, due to a
fast heart rate and low blood pressure. At very high doses ulcers, liver damage, and high
blood sugar can also result. This is not a vitamin to play around with.
197
Standard preparations contain 20 to 30 milligrams, which is a minimal amount. B-complex
supplements can contain up to 100 milligrams. Even at that dose you may get some flushing
and a characteristic prickling feeling.
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
Pyridoxine is also absorbed in the small intestine, and any excess is excreted in the urine.
Deficiency can develop in two or three weeks. Like vitamin B2, it is active in the metabolism
of amino acids. It also plays a role in making neurotransmitters-the chemicals that brain
cells use to communicate with one another. It is essential to many enzyme reactions.
Symptoms include irritability and depression, followed by skin rashes and tongue and mouth
tenderness. Nausea and vomiting, as well as seizures, are late manifestations. B6 deficiency
can also cause anemia, and it has been shown to further impair immune function.
Standard multivitamin preparations contain 2 to 5 milligrams. B-complex pills can have 5 to

100 milligrams.
Foods rich in B6 include meat, fish, egg yolks, beans, fruits, and vegetables. Liver is a good
source, as are whole grain cereals. Losses occur during cooking.
Biotin B7
Biotin (2-4) 5mg Swanson sw877

Biotin - AM/PM 2 Biotin 5000 mcg Bluebonnet 00447/Swanson SW877 • 5 mg 100 Caps
Biotin, also known as vitamin H or coenzyme R,[2] is a water-soluble B-vitamin (vitamin

B7).
It is composed of a ureido (tetrahydroimidizalone) ring fused with a tetrahydrothiophene

ring. A valeric acid substituent is attached to one of the carbon atoms of the
tetrahydrothiophene ring. Biotin is a coenzyme for carboxylase enzymes, involved in the
synthesis of fatty acids, isoleucine, and valine, and in gluconeogenesis.
The only human health condition for which there is strong evidence of biotin's potential
benefit as a treatment is biotin deficiency.[3]
All oxidation from gut inflammation has the potential to affect proteins. Oxidation is a
normal process of cells that use oxygen to produce energy from various substrates,
including those cells lining the intestinal tract. This process is called oxidative
phosphorylation.
Biotin is an essential water-soluble B vitamin. The name Biotin is taken from the Greek
word bios meaning "life." Without biotin, certain enzymes, including acetyl-CoA carboxylase
and pyruvate carboxylase, do not work properly, and complications can occur involving the
skin, intestinal tract, and nervous system. Metabolic problems including very low blood
sugars between meals, high blood ammonia, or acidic blood (acidosis) can occur. Death is
theoretically possible, although no clear cases have been reported. Recent studies suggest
that biotin is also necessary for processes on the genetic level in cells (DNA replication and
gene expression).
Folate B9
There is an epidemic of folic acid deficiency. Folic acid deficient people are extremely
susceptible to viral, fungal and bacterial infections. Alcohol destroys folic acid stores in the
198
body. Folic acid has been shown to slow the onset of Alzheimer’s and minimize the severity
of symptoms. Mentally disturbed individuals show definite benefit by the addition of folic
acid to their treatment. Folic acid also helps combat the circulation problem so common in
our aging population; it acts as an effective dilator of small vessels.
Folic acid is a vitamin that stimulates the formation of normal red blood cells. Folic
acid helps nourish the skin and nervous system
Folate changes into its active form after it has been absorbed by the body. It is excreted
through the gastrointestinal tract. It is necessary for making red blood cells and for
neurological function. Thus deficiencies in folate, as with vitamin B12 deficiencies, are
associated with neurologic symptoms. This can be particularly important to people with HIV.
More folate is needed in the presence of severe infection, cancer, and pregnancy.
One report measured folate in the cerebrospinal fluid -- the fluid that bathes the brain and
spinal cord -- in children infected with HIV. Results showed a lower level of folate in that
fluid than in the blood. Thus we may be folate-deficient where we need it most, even when
we test in the normal range. And, as is found with vitamin B12 deficiencies, the red-blood-
cell changes normally associated with folate deficiency are often not seen in the presence
of HIV.
Alcohol is a special villain. It also blocks folate absorption, and people who regularly use
substantial amounts of alcohol are often seriously deficient. Vitamin B12 deficiency can also
lower available folate levels, as it is needed to change folate into its active form.
Loss of appetite, nausea, diarrhea, hair loss, and mouth and tongue pain can all be
symptoms of folate deficiency. Fatigue is common too. As things get worse, changes in
blood cells may be seen.
Folate deficiencies are treated with 1 to 2 milligrams a day. One milligram or less a day is
given thereafter for maintenance. Over supplementation is not thought to be dangerous.
Leafy vegetables, organ meats, and yeast are good dietary sources.
Multivitamin folate levels are usually set at 4 milligrams. Folate is not normally
included in B-complex preparations.
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
Vitamin B 12 is an Nitric Oxide scavenger and may be useful in detoxification.
Methylcobalamin B12 are nothing short of astounding. Research has shown it to provide
significant protection for everything from Neuropathy (even restoration of feeling in feet and
legs after years of total lack of feeling), to dramatic reversal of Bell’s palsy, to improvements
of chronic depression and a remarkable reduction in the frequency/severity of disabling
headaches and improvements in neurological conditions.
Benefits in prevention of Alzheimer’s, aging, cancer and arteriosclerosis have been realized.
The most important of the B Vitamins, Studies have found that some people committed for
life to mental institutions could be restored to full functioning simply by correcting their
Vitamin B-12 deficiency, which are associated with mild disorders of mood, Mental Changes
from B12 Deficiency, to severe psychotic symptoms.
Absorption of vitamin B12 is more difficult than that of the other B vitamins. Cells in the
stomach produce a factor which binds to B12 and permits it to be absorbed in the small
intestine. Thus there are two points in its journey at which oral absorption can be impaired.
199
On the other hand, the body can recycle some of what gets in, shuttling it back and forth
between the intestine and the liver, for reuptake and reuse. It is stored in the liver in ample
quantities, so B12 deficiency takes longer to occur than other B-vitamin deficiencies.
Doctors may also not consider the enormous contribution of malabsorption to nutritional
status and disease progression, which might otherwise encourage them to check B12 levels
automatically. Thus, when not checked routinely, B12 deficiency can often be missed.
A low level of vitamin B12 is especially because of its potential role in problems with nerve
conduction or function (neuropathy) and spinal cord abnormalities (myelopathy). they have
substantial impact on quality of life. In Studies, people presenting with neuropathy or
myelopathy were low in B12. Of those who had both conditions, vitamin B12 was found to
be low in more than half.
Vitamin B12 deficiency has also been associated with early, subtle changes in mental
function in people. Those changes include the speed with which we process information,
and our performance on tasks requiring visual-spatial coordination. Because they are subtle,
we may not pick these changes up.
Vitamin B12 is provided in the diet by meat, fish, and eggs, so vegetarians are particularly
at risk. It can be obtained in lesser amounts from milk and milk products. Generally, it is not
destroyed by cooking.
Your basic multivitamin has 6 to 18 micrograms of B12. B-complex preparations include

from 12 to 500 micrograms. Separate B12 oral supplements are also available, in doses from
25 micrograms to 1 milligram. An excess of B12 won't hurt you, but it may not be
necessary.
We'll talk more about vitamin B12 supplementation later. Because absorption is so
frequently a factor in B12 deficiency, you may need some help from your doctor.
Mushrooms, Tomatoes, Artichokes, Lima beans, Onions, yellow snap Beans, raw Parsnips,
green peas, carrots, Brussels sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower, raw skin Potatoes, yellow sweat
Corn, Potatoes O’Brian home prepared, Cowpeas,
Shellfish are a great source of vitamin B12 and can be eaten raw, baked, steamed, fried, or
made into chowder.
Popular in Mediterranean, Japanese, and Hawaiian cuisine, octopus is a vitamin b12 rich
food.
Known for their omega 3 fats and for being a high protein food, fish are also a good source
of vitamin B12. Mackerel provides the most vitamin B-12 with 19μg per 100g serving
(317% RDA), followed by Herring (312% RDA), Salmon (302%), Tuna (181%), Cod
(167%), Sardines (149%), Trout (130%), and Bluefish (104%).
Crab and lobster are most commonly served baked, steamed, or in bisque. A 100g serving
of crab contains 11.5μg of vitamin B12 (192% of the RDA),
Beef is also a good source of protein, zinc, and heme-iron. The amount of vitamin B-12 in
beef depends on the cut, lean fat-trimmed chuck contains the most vitamin B12 with
6.18μg (103% RDA) per 100g serving, 11.49μg (103% RDA) in a chuck steak, and 5.25μg
(88% RDA) in a 3 ounce serving. Chuck is followed by sirloin (62% RDA), rib-eye (60%
RDA), and ribs (58% RDA).
200
Cheese is a good source of calcium, protein, and Riboflavin (Vitamin B2).
When it comes to chicken eggs the raw yellow has most of the vitamin B-12 with 1.95μg
per 100g serving (33%), however, this equates to 0.33μg per yolk or just 6% of the RDA.
Ester C
Ester C - (1-2-6-8) 1000mg with Citrus Bioflavonoids, American Health P#16984

Swanson AM123, AM122 AM091
https://www.swansonvitamins.com/american-health-ester-c-citrus-bioflavonoids-1000-mg-120-
veg-tab
• We do not produce our own vitamin C — it must be obtained from our diet. Science
continues to confirm, with ever increasing evidence, the benefits of the C vitamin
family to especially nourish the body's structural and defense systems. Vitamin C
strengthens cells and tissues and helps build the body's defense system.
• Excellent food sources are oranges, grapefruits, lemon and lime juice, tomatoes,
and strawberries. Potatoes, broccoli, cabbage also have some vitamin C. And,
green chillies, if you can take them, are rich, rich, rich in Vitamin C!
• To ensure you're getting the right amount of C, take a nutritional supplement.

It's a wise move for your overall health but particularly for your heart. We don't
take any chances with this one!
• Recent studies on vitamin C at the National Institutes of Health and the Harvard
School of Public Health,
• found that vitamin C supplementation appears to protect against heart disease.
• The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition reported that an adequate intake of

vitamin C might protect against stroke and heart attack by lowering blood
pressure and LDL ("bad cholesterol") levels, and helping to thin the blood to
protect against clots. It also helps prevent atherosclerosis (commonly known as
hardening of the arteries) by strengthening the artery walls as it manufactures
collagen, the protein that gives shape to connective tissues and strength to skin
and blood vessels.
• Vitamin C is one of the most important of all vitamins. It plays a significant role as an
antioxidant, thereby protecting body tissue from the damage of oxidation. Antioxidants act
to protect your cells against the effects of free radicals, which are potentially damaging by-
products of the body’s metabolism. Free radicals can cause cell damage that may contribute
to the development of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Vitamin C has also been found by
scientists to be an effective antiviral agent.
• Buffered vitamin C, with calcium for increased assimilation and retention. In fact,
research shows that buffered C is absorbed 400% faster than regular vitamin C and
remains in the body as much as three-times longer. Its neutral pH makes it easy on the
stomach, too!
• Research has demonstrated that this combination of non-acidic C with metabolites is well
absorbed and retained in blood cells and tissues. Ester C is enhanced by bioflavonoids,
acerola, rose hips and rutin.*
201
Citrus Bioflavoids Complex contains:
• Flavones
• Herperidin
• Eriocitrin
• Naringin, Narirutin & other Flavones
• Flavonols
Vitamin D3
D3 - (1) 1000 IU Vitamin D Swanson SW1030

D3-5 5000 IU NOW 3072
D3-50 (1) 50,000 IU Bioteh Fayettville AK
• 12,500 times daily value, can be done for a few weeks strait, thereafter lower dose.
https://www.biotechpharmacal.com/catalog/d3-50-50000-iu/
Immune system support, helps flush out infections, excessive D can suppress immune function, best
taken in pulsed high dosing, daily long term level should not exceed 1000 iu.
Vitamin D is an oil-soluble vitamin
• This substance seems to act more like a hormone than a vitamin. Hormones affect our various
systems, making those systems run better. Vitamin D regulates and enhances the body's
production of certain antimicrobial peptides called "bacterioncins." These peptides attack
bacteria, mold, fungi, and viruses by dissolving their cell walls. At this same time, the body
responds with inflammation, and vitamin D takes a roll in this process by preventing the immune
system from releasing too many inflammatory agents (cytokines) especially into the lung area.
• It helps to absorb dietary calcium and
phosphorus from the intestines.
• It suppresses the release of parathyroid
hormone, a hormone that causes bone
resorption.
• Helps prevent Calcium dumping, maintains
PH stores of Calcium
• Responsible for intestinal absorption of
calcium and phosphate.
• Essential for good health, helps prevent
premature aging, prevention of cancer
• Essential for endocrine system, intestine,
cardiovascular, nerve function, tyrosine
expression, adrenal gland function, bile
acid production,
• Vitamin D supplements both innate and
adaptive immunity, and hormone function.
• Antiviral supplement.
• Insufficiency leads to genome wide degradation.
• Increased Brain Healing, and Memory
Researchers have discovered that Vitamin D is required to metabolize stored fat and that more than
60% of people tested are severely deficient. You can help your body burn abdominal fat and lose
weight naturally by regulating your vitamin D intake. The results of a study published in the Journal
of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism reveal that 59% of young women tested had too little
202
circulating vitamin D and nearly one-quarter were grossly deficient in the active form of the vitamin.
Vitamin D insufficiency has been shown to be a factor in the accumulation of excess body fat as the
fat-soluble vitamin becomes locked away in adipocytes (fat cells). In the absence of sufficient
vitamin D, the body increases the number and size of newly formed fat cells that promote and
accelerate abdominal obesity.
It's been discovered that people lacking in vitamin D catch more upper respiratory illnesses than
those with sufficient vitamin D. This is another reason that the cold and flu season hits in the winter
months when there is less sun to make vitamin D and we simply do not spend as much time out of
doors.
Vitamin D appears to have effects on immune function.[32] It has been postulated to play a role in
influenza with lack of vitamin D synthesis during the winter as one explanation for high rates of
influenza infection during the winter.[33] For viral infections, other implicated factors include low
relative humidities produced by indoor heating and low temperatures that favor virus spread.[34] In
healthy adults, sustained intake of more than 1250 micrograms/day (50,000 IU) can produce
overtoxicity after several months;[79] those with certain medical conditions such as
primaryhyperparathyroidism[80] are far more sensitive to vitamin D and develop hypercalcemia in
response to any increase in vitamin D nutrition. main symptoms of vitamin D overdose are those of
hypercalcemia: anorexia, nausea, and vomiting can occur, frequently followed by polyuria,
polydipsia, weakness, insomnia, nervousness, pruritus, and, ultimately, renal failure. Proteinuria,
urinary casts, azotemia, and metastatic calcification (especially in the kidneys) may develop.
• Vitamin D2 may be useful in fungal infections.
Vitamin E
Vitamin E - AM (1-3) D alpha e 800 IU CAP.CARLSON 00381, SWANSON SW145,

4 or more may cause shakes.
Deactivates wormwood effectiveness on parasites
Vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant and helps the body cope with toxic substances. It also helps
protect the cells and increase oxygen to them.
http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/vitaminE/
During feeding experiments with rats Herbert McLean Evans concluded in 1922 that besides
vitamins B and C, an unknown vitamin existed.[11] Although every other nutrition was present, the
rats were not fertile. This condition could be changed by additional feeding with wheat germ. It took
several years until 1936 when the substance was isolated from wheat germ and the formula
C29H50O2 was determined. Evans also found that the compound reacted like an alcohol and
concluded that one of the oxygen atoms was part of an OH (hydroxyl) group. As noted in the
introduction, the vitamin was given its name by Evans from Greek words meaning "to bear young"
with the addition of the -ol as an alcohol.[12] The structure was determined shortly thereafter in
1938.[13]
Vitamin E deficiency causes neurological problems due to poor nerve conduction. These include
neuromuscular problems such as spinocerebellar ataxia and myopathies.[8] Deficiency can also
cause anemia, due to oxidative damage to red blood cells.
Vitamin E is proberbly the most misunderstood vitamin. Vitamin E exists in eight different forms,
four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. All feature a chromanol ring, with a hydroxyl group that can
donate a hydrogen atom to reduce free radicals and a hydrophobic side chain which allows for
penetration into biological membranes.
203
Both the tocopherols and tocotrienols occur in alpha, beta, gamma and delta forms,
determined by the number and position of methyl groups on the chromanol ring.
Natural alpha-tocopherol is the RRR-alpha (or ddd-alpha) form. The synthetic dl,dl,dl-
alpha ("dl-alpha") form is not as active as the natural ddd-alpha ("d-alpha") tocopherol
form.
Mixed tocopherols
“Mixed tocopherols” in the US contain at least 20% w/w other natural R, R,R- tocopherols, i.e. R,
R,R-alpha-tocopherol content plus at least 25% R, R,R-beta-, R, R,R-gamma-, R, R,R-delta-
tocopherols.
Some brands may contain 200% w/w or more of the other tocopherols and measurable tocotrienols.
Some mixed tocopherols with higher gamma-tocopherol content are marketed as "High Gamma-
Tocopherol." The label should report each component in milligrams, except R, R,R-alpha-tocopherol
may still be reported in IU. Mixed tocopherols can also be found in other nutritional supplements.
Vitamin E is absorbed in and with fat; it requires pancreatic and biliary enzymes for absorption. Its
antioxidant properties serve to protect and stabilize cell membranes. It is found in vegetable oils,
and to a lesser degree in eggs, whole grain cereals, and butter. You can get a little from vegetables.
Frank deficiency is rare and takes a long time to occur, but can be seen when there is lasting, severe
fat malabsorption. It can also be seen after long-term TPN administration. Effects of vitamin E
deficiency include peripheral neuropathy, poor position sense and balance, and a reduction in knee-
jerk and other reflexes.
Cell membranes have a fat, or lipid, layer. Free radicals in these membranes react with oxygen and
initiate a chain reaction forming new free radicals at every step in the chain. Vitamin E counters this
process by entering the lipid membrane and uniting with the free radical. The molecule which results
has a different shape; it sticks its head out of the membrane, where it becomes visible to vitamin C.
When attacked by vitamin C, it can be reduced back to a stable molecule, and the chain of damage
is halted.
It's important to know what kind of vitamin E you're taking. If its not alpha tocopherol, which is
naturally produced, Vitamin C won't recognize it, and you won't get all of this effect. If it's gamma
tocopherol, such as is found in soybean oil, it will be excreted quickly. So you should try to find
supplements which contain alpha tocopherols. These have the most activity. Most vitamin E is sold
in the alpha form.
Vitamin E protection
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble compound and an antioxidant and protects cell membranes from oxidation
and destruction. Approximately eight naturally occurring vitamin E compounds have been described,
including alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta- tocopherol. The only forms of tocopherol that are
efficiently maintained in human plasma are four of the many isomers of alpha-tocopherol (RRR-,
RSR-, RRS-, and RSS- alpha-tocopherol, which are present in "all racemic" synthetic vitamin E; only
the RRR-form is present in foods). These are the forms of vitamin E that are most biologically active.
• Lowers LDL oxidation rate

• Prevention of cardiovascular disease, blood cell deformities, colitis, digestion loss, vision
loss,
• Resist cyst formation
204
• Resist billiary cirrhosis, malabsorbtion, maintains balance of lipid soluble vitamins
• Acute Anterior Uveitis (in Combination With Vitamin C )
• Alzheimer's Disease
• Cancer Treatment Support
• Cataracts
• Cyclical Mastalgia
• Deep Venous Thrombosis (Prevention)
• Diabetic Neuropathy and Other Complications of Diabetes
• Diabetic Neuropathy
• Epilepsy
• Immune Support
• Macular Degeneration
• Male Infertility
• Menopausal Symptoms
• Menstrual Pain
• Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
• Preeclampsia (Prevention)
• Restless Legs Syndrome
• Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Sports Performance
• Tardive Dyskinesia
• Vascular Dementia In general, food sources with the highest concentrations of vitamin E are
vegetable oils, followed by nuts and seeds including whole grains. Adjusting for typical
portion sizes, however, for many people in the United States the most important sources of
vitamin E include commercial breakfast cereal and tomato sauce.[17] Although originally
extracted from wheat germ oil, most natural vitamin E supplements are now derived from
vegetable oils, usually soybean oil.
Vitamin E content
In general, food sources with the highest concentrations of vitamin E are vegetable oils, followed by
nuts and seeds including whole grains. Adjusting for typical portion sizes, however, for many people
in the United States the most important sources of vitamin E include commercial breakfast cereal
and tomato sauce.[16] Although originally extracted from wheat germ oil, most natural vitamin E
supplements are now derived from vegetable oils, usually soybean oil.
per 100 g of source include:[18][19]

Wheat germ oil (215.4 mg)
Sunflower oil (55.8 mg)
Almond oil (39.2 mg)
Sunflower seed (35.17 mg)
Almond (26.2 mg)
Hazelnut (26.0 mg)
Walnut oil (20.0 mg)
Peanut oil (17.2 mg)
Olive oil (12.0 mg)
Poppyseed oil (11.4 mg)
Peanut (9.0 mg)
Pollard (2.4 mg)
Maize (2.0 mg)
Poppy seed (1.8 mg)
Asparagus (1.5 mg)
205
Oats (1.5 mg)
Chestnut (1.2 mg)
Coconut (1.0 mg)
Tomatoes (0.9 mg)
Walnut (0.7 mg)
Carrots (0.6 mg)
Goat's milk (0.1 mg)
Tocopherol
Tocopherols (or TCP) are a class of chemical compounds of which many have vitamin E
activity. It is a series of organic compounds consisting of various methylated phenols.
Because the vitamin activity was first identified in 1936 from a dietary fertility factor in rats,
it was given the name "tocopherol" from the Greek words “τόκος” [birth], and “φέρειν”, [to
bear or carry] meaning in sum "to carry a pregnancy," with the ending "-ol" signifying its
status as a chemical alcohol.
Tocopherols are fat-soluble antioxidants.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocopherol
alpha-Tocopherol is the main source found in supplements and in the European diet, where
the main dietary sources are olive and sunflower oils,[1] while gamma-tocopherol is the most
common form in the American diet due to a higher intake of soybean and corn oil.,[1][2]
alpha-Tocopherol is the main source found in supplements and in the European

diet,[citation needed] while gamma-tocopherol is the most common form in the
American diet.[1] The compound α-tocopherol, a common form of tocopherol added to
food products, is denoted by the E number E307.
Vitamin E Forms
Vitamin E exists in eight different forms, four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. All feature a
chromanol ring, with a hydroxyl group that can donate a hydrogen atom to reduce free
radicals and a hydrophobic side chain which allows for penetration into biological
membranes.
Both the tocopherols and tocotrienols occur in alpha, beta, gamma and delta forms,
determined by the number and position of methyl groups on the chromanol ring.
Alpha-tocopherol
Main article: alpha-Tocopherol

Alpha-tocopherol is the form of vitamin E that is preferentially absorbed and accumulated in
humans.[7] The measurement of "vitamin E" activity in international units (IU) was based on
fertility enhancement by the prevention of miscarriages in pregnant rats relative to alpha-
tocopherol.
Although the mono-methylated form ddd-gamma-tocopherol is the most prevalent form of
vitamin E in oils, there is evidence that rats can methylate this form to the preferred alpha-
tocopherol, since several generations of rats retained alpha-tocopherol tissue levels, even
when fed only gamma-tocopherol through their lives.
206
There are three stereocenters in alpha-tocopherol, so this is a chiral molecule.[8] The eight
stereoisomers of alpha-tocopherol differ in the arrangement of groups around these
stereocenters. In the image of RRR-alpha-tocopherol below, all three stereocenters are in
the R form. However, if the middle of the three stereocenters were changed (so the
hydrogen was now pointing down and the methyl group pointing up), this would become the
structure of RSR-alpha-tocopherol. These stereoisomers can also be named in an alternative
older nomenclature, where the stereocenters are either in the d or l form.[9]
RRR stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, bonds around the stereocenters are shown as dashed lines
(pointing down) or wedges (pointing up).
1 IU of tocopherol is defined as ⅔ milligrams of RRR-alpha-tocopherol (formerly named d-alpha-

tocopherol or sometimes ddd-alpha-tocopherol). 1 IU is also defined as 1 milligram of an equal mix
of the eight stereoisomers, which is a racemic mixture called all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate. This
mix of stereoisomers is often called dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate, even though it is more precisely
dl,dl,dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate). However, 1 IU of this racemic mixture is not now considered
equivalent to 1 IU of natural (RRR) α-tocopherol, and the Institute of Medicine and the USDA now
convert IU's of the racemic mixture to milligrams of equivalent RRR using 1 IU racemic mixture =
0.45 "milligrams α-tocopherol".[10]
Tocotrienols
Tocotrienols, although less commonly known, also belong to the vitamin E family.
Tocotrienols have four natural 2' d-isomers (they have a stereoisomeric carbon only at the 2'
ring-tail position). The four tocotrienols (in order of decreasing methylation: d-alpha, d-beta,
d-gamma, and d-delta-tocotrienol) have structures corresponding to the four tocopherols,
except with an unsaturated bond in each of the three isoprene units that form the
hydrocarbon tail, whereas tocopherols have a saturated phytyl tail (the phytyl tail of
tocopherols gives the possibility for 2 more stereoisomeric sites in these molecules that
tocotrienols do not have). Tocotrienol has been subject to fewer clinical studies and seen
less research as compared to tocopherol. However, there is growing interest in the health
effects of these compounds.[11]
d-alpha tocopherol (FOR cq10)
Alpha-tocopherol
In the U.S., the average intake of alpha-tocopherol from food (including enriched and
fortified sources) for individuals 2 years and older is 6.9 mg/day (14); this level is well below
the RDA of 15 mg/day of RRR-alpha-tocopherol (4). Many scientists believe it is difficult for
an individual to consume more than 15 mg/day of alpha-tocopherol from food alone without
increasing fat intake above recommended levels. All alpha-tocopherol in food is the form of
the isomer RRR-alpha-tocopherol. The same is not always true for supplements. Vitamin E
supplements generally contain 100 IU to 1,000 IU of alpha-tocopherol. Supplements made
from entirely natural sources contain only RRR-alpha-tocopherol (also labeled d-alpha-
tocopherol). RRR-alpha-tocopherol is the isomer preferred for use by the body, making it the
207
most bioavailable form of alpha-tocopherol. Synthetic alpha-tocopherol, which is often found
in fortified foods and nutritional supplements, is usually labeled all-rac-alpha-tocopherol or
dl-alpha-tocopherol, meaning that all eight isomers of alpha-tocopherol are present in the
mixture. Because half of the isomers of alpha-tocopherol present in all-rac-alpha-tocopherol
are not usable by the body, synthetic alpha-tocopherol is less bioavailable and only half as
potent. To calculate the number of mg of bioavailable alpha-tocopherol present in a
supplement, use the following formulas:
RRR-alpha-tocopherol (natural or d-alpha-tocopherol):

IU x 0.67 = mg RRR-alpha-tocopherol.
Example: 100 IU = 67 mg
all-rac-alpha-tocopherol (synthetic or dl-alpha-tocopherol):
IU x 0.45 = mg RRR-alpha-tocopherol.
Example: 100 IU = 45 mg
Tocotrienols
Tocotrienols, which are related compounds, also have vitamin E activity. All of these various
derivatives with vitamin activity may correctly be referred to as "vitamin E." Tocopherols
and tocotrienols are fat-soluble antioxidants but also seem to have many other functions in
the body.
The tocotrienols have the same methyl structure at the ring and the same Greek letter-
methyl-notation, but differ from the analogous tocopherols by the presence of three double
bonds in the hydrophobic side chain. The unsaturation of the tails gives tocotrienols only a
single stereoisomeric carbon (and thus two possible isomers per structural formula, one of
which occurs naturally), whereas tocopherols have 3 centers (and eight possible
stereoisomers per structural formula, again, only one of which occurs naturally).
Each form has slightly different biological activity.[2] In general, the unnatural l-isomers of
tocotrienols lack almost all vitamin activity, and half of the possible 8 isomers of the
tocopherols (those with 2S chirality at the ring-tail junction) also lack vitamin activity. Of the
stereoisomers which retain activity, increasing methylation, especially full methylation to the
alpha-form, increases vitamin activity. In tocopherols, this is due to the preference of the
tocophrol binding protein for the alpha-tocopherol form of the vitamin.
As a food additive, tocopherol is labeled with these E numbers:
E306 (tocopherol),
E307 (α-tocopherol/alpha-tocopherol),
E308 (γ-tocopherol/gamma-tocopherol), and
E309 (δ-tocopherol/delta-tocopherol).
These are all approved in the USA,[3] EU[4] and Australia and New Zealand[5] for use as
antioxidants.
Vitamin E Alpha-tocopherol
Alpha-tocopherol is the form of vitamin E that is preferentially absorbed and accumulated in

humans.[6] The measurement of "vitamin E" activity in international units (IU) was based on
fertility enhancement by the prevention of miscarriages in pregnant rats relative to alpha-tocopherol.
Although the mono-methylated form ddd-gamma-tocopherol is the most prevalent form of vitamin
E in oils, there is evidence that rats can methylate this form to the preferred alpha-tocopherol, since
208
several generations of rats retained alpha-tocopherol tissue levels, even when fed only gamma-
tocopherol through their lives.
There are three stereocenters in alpha-tocopherol, so this is a chiral molecule.[7] The eight
stereoisomers of alpha-tocopherol differ in the arrangement of groups around these stereocenters.
In the image of RRR-alpha-tocopherol below, all three stereocenters are in the R form. However, if
the middle of the three stereocenters were changed (so the hydrogen was now pointing down and
the methyl group pointing up), this would become the structure of RSR-alpha-tocopherol. These
stereoisomers can also be named in an alternative older nomenclature, where the stereocenters are
either in the d or l form.[8]
RRR stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, bonds around the stereocenters are shown as dashed lines
(pointing down) or wedges (pointing up).
1 IU of tocopherol is defined as ⅔ milligrams of RRR-alpha-tocopherol (formerly named d-alpha-

tocopherol or sometimes ddd-alpha-tocopherol). 1 IU is also defined as 1 milligram of an equal mix
of the eight stereoisomers, which is a racemic mixture called all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate. This
mix of stereoisomers is often called dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate, even though it is more precisely
dl,dl,dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate). However, 1 IU of this racemic mixture is not now considered
equivalent to 1 IU of natural (RRR) α-tocopherol, and the Institute of Medicine and the USDA now
convert IU's of the racemic mixture to milligrams of equivalent RRR using 1 IU racemic mixture =
0.45 "milligrams α-tocopherol".[9]
Vitamin E Tocotrienols
Tocotrienols, although less commonly known, also belong to the vitamin E family. Tocotrienols
have four natural 2' d-isomers (they have a stereoisomeric carbon only at the 2' ring-tail position).
The four
Vitamin F
NOW Foods EFA DHA
Vitamin F, also known as Essential Fatty Acids (EFA), cannot be made from the body - they
must be supplied in the diet. Essential fatty acids nourish the body at the very foundation of
health . . . at the cellular level. They strengthen cell membranes to fortify against the invasion
of harmful microorganisms. These nutrients also help dissolve body fat and increase
metabolism and energy production. Thus, they are also very helpful in a comprehensive
weight management program.
Vitamin K
Vitamin K K2 PM 1-3 K2 100 mcg NOW 0990
Salicylates can also block Vitamin K. This may be important for some people with
fibromyalgia, as easy bruising is a common symptom in some people with fibromyalgia, and
a vitamin K deficiency could cause this. However, Vitamin K does much more than this. It is
also a significant antioxidant, controls insulin release, and is important in protecting
209
osteoporosis. Additionally, vitamin K reduces IL-6, an inflammatory cytokine, which some
people theorize places a role in creating fibromyalgia pain. Vitamin K deficiencies have also
been linked to mitral valve prolapse and hypermobility, both conditions which also commonly
overlap in some people with fibromyalgia. Therefore, reducing salicylates may be helping
some people with fibromyalgia by increasing levels of vitamin K.
The best source of Vitamin K is found in Salads and Green Vegetables. Vitamin K is fat-
soluble and plays a critical role in blood clotting. It regulates blood calcium levels and
activates at least 3 proteins involved in bone health.
Vitamin K occurs in two forms. It can be obtained in the diet from green leafy vegetables
and liver. Bacteria in the gut provide another form, which is less active. Vitamin K is stored
in limited amounts in the liver, where it is used to make factors that promote blood clotting.
Thus a vitamin K deficiency can result in anticoagulation. If the liver is damaged, it may
not be able to use vitamin K, even when present or provided in adequate amounts.
Malabsorption or the long-term use of powerful antibiotics, which sterilize the gut, can lead
to a vitamin K deficiency. So can long-term use of TPN. Such deficiencies respond to
injections of vitamin K, if the liver is healthy.
When a deficiency is documented in people with long-term malabsorption and diarrhea.
QGEL water-soluble CQ10 for the kidneys
https://www.google.com/search?q=Qgel+for+kidneys&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8
CQ10
CQ10 (1-4) 400 mg with Vitamin E (as d-alpha Tocopherol), NOW Foods 3198
1-2 CQ10 400 mg with Vitamin E (as d-alpha Tocopherol 30 IU)
http://www.swansonvitamins.com/now-foods-coq10-400-mg-60-sgels
NOW Foods 400 mg 60 Sgels Item: NWF739 Swanson $41.99
Cofactor: Works with vitamin e and ALA, original Japanese formulation, most studied form
of CQ10.
CoQ10 is notoriously difficult to absorb. When it comes to choosing a CoQ10 supplement,

the primary factor is how many swallowed milligrams actually make it into your bloodstream.
CQ10 Activity
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is an essential component of healthy mitochondrial function. It is

incorporated into cells’ mitochondria throughout the body where it facilitates and regulates the
oxidation of fats and sugars into energy. Aging humans have been found to have over 50% less
CoQ10 on average compared to that of young adults. This finding makes CoQ10 one of the most
important nutrients for people over 30 to supplement with. About 95% of cellular energy is produced
in the mitochondria. The mitochondria are the cells “energy powerhouses” and many maladies have
been referred to as “mitochondrial disorders.” A growing body of scientific research links a deficiency
of CoQ10 to age-related mitochondrial disorders.
210
The biosynthesis of CoQ10 from the amino acid tyrosine is a multistage process requiring at least
eight vitamins and several trace elements. Coenzymes are cofactors upon which the comparatively
large and complex enzymes absolutely depend for their function. Coenzyme Q10 is the coenzyme for
at least three mitochondrial enzymes
The mitochondria are the cells’ energy powerhouses, and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is an essential
component of healthy mitochondrial function.16 CoQ10 is required to convert the energy from fats
and sugars into usable cellular energy. Yet, the body’s production of CoQ10 declines significantly
with advancing age.17 With an ample amount of CoQ10, mitochondria can work most efficiently
throughout the entire body—including the most densely populated area, the heart.18 CoQ10 is also
a potent antioxidant, helping protect proteins, and DNA of mitochondria from oxidation and
supporting mitochondrial function.16
Coenzyme Q10 is the coenzyme for at least three mitochondrial enzymes (complexes I, II and III)
as well as enzymes in other parts of the cell. Mitochondrial enzymes of the oxidative phosphorylation
pathway are essential for the production of the high-energy phosphate, adenosine triphosphate
(ATP), upon which all cellular functions depend.
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10). CoQ10 is a fat-soluble, vitamin-like compound found in every human cell.
It’s used by the mitochondria (“power plants”) of cells to produce energy. CoQ10 is found in highest
concentration in cells of organs that require large amounts of energy, such as the heart. It also
functions as an antioxidant. While the body produces CoQ10 on its own, levels decline over time,
with a steady decrease beginning after age 30. Factors such as aging, genetics, and cholesterol-
lowering statins can lead to a CoQ10 deficiency
COENZYME Q10 By PETER H. LANGSJOEN, M.D., F.A.C.C.
Permission is granted to reproduce this material for noncommercial use provided that the
text, author's name, and copyright statement are not changed in any way.
CQ10 DEFINITION
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ 10) (CQ10)or ubiquinone is essentially a vitamin or vitamin-like

substance. Disagreements on nomenclature notwithstanding, vitamins are defined as
organic compounds essential in minute amounts for normal body function acting as
coenzymes or precursors to coenzymes. They are present naturally in foods and sometimes
are also synthesized in the body. CoQ10 likewise is found in small amounts in a wide
variety of foods and is synthesized in all tissues. The biosynthesis of CoQ10 from the amino
acid tyrosine is a multistage process requiring at least eight vitamins and several trace
elements. Coenzymes are cofactors upon which the comparatively large and complex
enzymes absolutely depend for their function. Coenzyme Q10 is the coenzyme for at least
three mitochondrial enzymes (complexes I, II and III) as well as enzymes in other parts of
the cell. Mitochondrial enzymes of the oxidative phosphorylation pathway are essential for
the production of the high-energy phosphate, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), upon which all
cellular functions depend. The electron and proton transfer functions of the quinone ring are
of fundamental importance to all life forms; ubiquinone in the mitochondria of animals,
plastoquinone in the chloroplast of plants, and menaquinone in bacteria. The term
"bioenergetics" has been used to describe the field of biochemistry looking specifically at
cellular energy production. In the related field of free radical chemistry, CoQ10 has been
studied in its reduced form (Fig. 1) as a potent antioxidant. The bioenergetics and free
radical chemistry of CoQ10 are reviewed in Gian Paolo Littarru's book, Energy and Defense,
published in 1994(1).
211
CQ10 HISTORY
CoQ10 was first isolated from beef heart mitochondria by Dr. Frederick Crane of Wisconsin,
U.S.A., in 1957 (2). The same year, Professor Morton of England defined a compound
obtained from vitamin A deficient rat liver to be the same as CoQ10(3). Professor Morton
introduced the name ubiquinone, meaning the ubiquitous quinone. In 1958, Professor Karl
Folkers and coworkers at Merck, Inc., determined the precise chemical structure of CoQ10:
2,3 dimethoxy-5 methyl-6 decaprenyl benzoquinone (Fig. 1), synthesized it, and were the
first to produce it by fermentation. In the mid-1960's, Professor Yamamura of Japan became
the first in the world to use coenzyme Q7 (a related compound) in the treatment of human
disease: congestive heart failure. In 1966, Mellors and Tappel showed that reduced CoQ6
was an effective antioxidant (4,5). In 1972 Gian Paolo Littarru of Italy along with Professor
Karl Folkers documented a deficiency of CoQ10 in human heart disease (6). By the mid-
1970's, the Japanese perfected the industrial technology to produce pure CoQ10 in
quantities sufficient for larger clinical trials. Peter Mitchell received the Nobel Prize in 1978
for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the
formulation of the chemiosmotic theory, which includes the vital protonmotive role of
CoQ10 in energy transfer systems (7,8,9,10).
In the early 1980's, there was a considerable acceleration in the number and size of clinical
trials. These resulted in part from the availability of pure CoQ10 in large quantities from
pharmaceutical companies in Japan and from the capacity to directly measure CoQ10 in
blood and tissue by high performance liquid chromatography. Lars Ernster of Sweden,
enlarged upon CoQ10's importance as an antioxidant and free radical scavenger (11).
Professor Karl Folkers went on to receive the Priestly Medal from the American Chemical
Society in 1986 and the National Medal of Science from President Bush in 1990 for his work
with CoQ10 and other vitamins.
COENZYME Q10 DEFICIENCY
Normal blood and tissue levels of CoQ10 have been well established by numerous
investigators around the world. Significantly decreased levels of CoQ10 have been noted in
a wide variety of diseases in both animal and human studies. CoQ10 deficiency may be
caused by insufficient dietary CoQ10, impairment in CoQ10 biosynthesis, excessive
utilization of CoQ10 by the body, or any combination of the three. Decreased dietary intake
is presumed in chronic malnutrition and cachexia(12).
The relative contribution of CoQ10 biosynthesis versus dietary CoQ10 is under

investigation. Karl Folkers takes the position that the dominant source of CoQ10 in man is
biosynthesis. This complex, 17 step process, requiring at least seven vitamins (vitamin B2 -
riboflavin, vitamin B3 - niacinamide, vitamin B6, folic acid, vitamin B12, vitamin
C, and pantothenic acid) and several trace elements, is, by its nature, highly vulnerable.
Karl Folkers argues that suboptimal nutrient intake in man is almost universal and that there
is subsequent secondary impairment in CoQ10 biosynthesis. This would mean that average
or "normal" levels of CoQ10 are really suboptimal and the very low levels observed in
advanced disease states represent only the tip of a deficiency "ice berg".
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors used to treat elevated blood cholesterol levels by blocking
cholesterol biosynthesis also block CoQ10 biosynthesis(13). The resulting lowering of blood
CoQ10 level is due to the partially shared biosynthetic pathway of CoQ10 and cholesterol.
In patients with heart failure this is more than a laboratory observation. It has a significant
harmful effect which can be negated by oral CoQ10 supplementation(14).
212
Increased body consumption of CoQ10 is the presumed cause of low blood CoQ10 levels
seen in excessive exertion, hypermetabolism, and acute shock states. It is likely that all
three mechanisms (insufficient dietary CoQ10, impaired CoQ10 biosynthesis, and excessive
utilization of CoQ10) are operable to varying degrees in most cases of observed CoQ10
deficiency.
TREATMENT OF HEART DISEASE WITH COENZYME Q10
CoQ10 is known to be highly concentrated in heart muscle cells due to the high energy
requirements of this cell type. For the past 14 years, the great bulk of clinical work with
CoQ10 has focused on heart disease. Specifically, congestive heart failure (from a wide
variety of causes) has been strongly correlated with significantly low blood and tissue levels
of CoQ10 (15). The severity of heart failure correlates with the severity of CoQ10
deficiency (16). This CoQ10 deficiency may well be a primary etiologic factor in some types
of heart muscle dysfunction while in others it may be a secondary phenomenon. Whether
primary, secondary or both, this deficiency of CoQ10 appears to be a major treatable factor
in the otherwise inexorable progression of heart failure.
Pioneering trials of CoQ10 in heart failure involved primarily patients with dilated weak
heart muscle of unknown cause (idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy). CoQ10 was added to
standard treatments for heart failure such as fluid pills (diuretics), digitalis preparations
(Lanoxin), and ACE inhibitors. Several trials involved the comparison between supplemental
CoQ10 and placebo on heart function as measured by echocardiography. CoQ10 was given
orally in divided doses as a dry tablet chewed with a fat containing food or an oil based gel
cap swallowed at mealtime. Heart function, as indicated by the fraction of blood pumped out
of the heart with each beat (the ejection fraction), showed a gradual and sustained
improvement in tempo with a gradual and sustained improvement in patients' symptoms of
fatigue, dyspnea, chest pain, and palpitations. The degree of improvement was occasionally
dramatic with some patients developing a normal heart size and function on CoQ10 alone.
Most of these dramatic cases were patients who began CoQ10 shortly after the onset of
congestive heart failure. Patients with more established disease frequently showed clear
improvement but not a return to normal heart size and function.
Internationally, there have been at least nine placebo controlled studies on the treatment of
heart disease with CoQ10:two in Japan,two in the United States, two in Italy, two in
Germany, and one in Sweden (17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25). All nine of these studies have
confirmed the effectiveness of CoQ10 as well as its remarkable safety. There have now been
eight international symposia on the biomedical and clinical aspects of CoQ10 (from 1976
through 1993 (26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33)). These eight symposia comprised over 300 papers
presented by approximately 200 different physicians and scientists from 18 different
countries.
It should be mentioned that a slight decrease in the effectiveness of the blood thinner,
coumadin, was noted in a case by a Norwegian clinician (34). This possible drug - CoQ10
interaction has not been observed by other investigators even when using much higher
doses of CoQ10 for up to seven years and involving 25 patients treated with coumadin
concomitantly with CoQ10 (this is still, as of this date, unpublished data).
1. What is CoQ10?
It is a fat-soluble vitamin-like substance present in every cell of the body and serves as a
coenzyme for several of the key enzymatic steps in the production of energy within the cell.
It also functions as an antioxidant which is important in its clinical effects. It is naturally
213
present in small amounts in a wide variety of foods but is particularly high in organ meats
such as heart, liver and kidney, as well as beef, soy oil, sardines, mackerel, and peanuts. To
put dietary CoQ10 intake into perspective, one pound of sardines, two pounds of beef, or
two and one half pounds of peanuts, provide 30 mg of CoQ10. CoQ10 is also synthesized
in all tissues and in healthy individuals normal levels are maintained both by CoQ10 intake
and by the body's synthesis of CoQ10. It has no known toxicity or side effects.
2. Should I take CoQ10?
This question can be asked in two ways. First, should a reasonably healthy person take
CoQ10 to stay healthy or to become more robust? At present I do not believe anyone
knows the answer to this question. Second, should a person with an illness such as
congestive heart failure take CoQ10? As with any change in nutrition, diet, medication, or
even activity, CoQ10 should be discussed with one's physician. An simprovement in heart
function occurs, a patient should have regular medical follow up with particular attention to
concomitant drug therapy. The attached references will provide detailed information on the
clinical use of CoQ10 and can be obtained from any good medical library.
3. What is the dosage of CoQ10?
The dosage of CoQ10 used in clinical trials has evolved over the past 20 years. Initially,
doses as small as 30 to 45 mg per day were associated with measurable clinical responses in
patients with heart failure. More recent studies have used higher doses with improved
clinical response, again in patients with heart failure. Most studies with CoQ10 involve the
measurement of the level of CoQ10 in blood. CoQ10 shows a moderate variability in its
absorption, with some patients attaining good blood levels of CoQ10 on 100 mg per day
while others require two or three times this amount to attain the same blood level. All
CoQ10 available today in the United States is manufactured in Japan and is distributed by a
number of companies who place the CoQ10 either in pressed tablets, powder-filled
capsules, or oil-based gelcaps. CoQ10 is fat-soluble and absorption is significantly improved
when it is chewed with a fat-containing food. Published data on the dosage of CoQ10
relates almost exclusively to the treatment of disease states. There is no information on the
use of CoQ10 for prevention of illness. This is an extremely important question which, to
date, does not have an answer.
Since CoQ10 is essential to the optimal function of all celltypes,it is not surprising to find a
seemingly diverse number of disease states which respond favorably to CoQ10
supplementation. All metabolically active tissues are highly sensitive to a deficiency of
CoQ10. CoQ10's function as a free radical scavenger only adds to the protean
manifestations of CoQ10 deficiency. Preliminary observations in a wide variety of disease
states have already been published (48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58).
Another interesting topic is the relationship between the immune system and CoQ10.
Immune function is extraordinarily complex and undoubtedly is influenced by numerous
nutritional variables. There are some encouraging preliminary data from the study of AIDS
patients (50,51). End stage AIDS, like other overwhelming illnesses, has been associated
with a significant deficiency in CoQ10. Regarding AIDS and cancer, it would be foolish to
make premature statements about future utility of CoQ10, but it is even more foolish to
ignore the importance of adequate CoQ10 levels in these disease states. Adequate CoQ10
supplementation (with close attention to plasma CoQ10 levels) is analogous to adequate
hydration, and any treatment of critically ill patients should not ignore this easily measured
and correctable deficiency.
214
The antioxidant or free radical quenching properties of CoQ10 serve to greatly reduce
oxidative damage to tissues as well as significantly inhibit the oxidation of LDL cholesterol
(much more efficiently than vitamin E) (60,61). This has great implications in the treatment
of ischemia and reperfusion injury as well as the potential for slowing the development of
atherosclerosis. In keeping with the free radical theory of aging, these antioxidant properties
of CoQ10 have clear implications in the slowing of aging and age related degenerative
diseases. There is epidemiologic evidence in humans that uniformly shows a gradual decline
in CoQ10 levels after the age of twenty.
Until recently, attention has been focused on requirements for CoQ10 in energy conversion
in the mitochondrial compartment of cells or on the antioxidant properties of CoQ10. New
evidence shows that CoQ10 is present in other cell membranes. In the outer membrane it
may contribute to the control of cell growth, especially in lymphocytes (the implications are
far reaching (62,63,64,65)). The clinical experience with CoQ10 in heart failure is nothing
short of dramatic, and it is reasonable to believe that the entire field of medicine should be
re-evaluated in light of this growing knowledge. We have only scratched the surface of the
biomedical and clinical applications of CoQ10 and the associated fields of bioenergetics and
free radical chemistry.
Herbs and Herb extracts

http://www.all-natural.com/herbguid.html
Borage Seed oil
Borage Seed oil - (1-2-4) (GLA) 1000 mg, NOW P#01722, SUN 05051 60CT 1500MG
Borage seed oil is neither a vitamin or an amino acid, but it has characteristics of both. Its most
useful aspect, is that of Being one of the highest natural forms of Gamma Liolenic Acid
(GLA), a substance that can directly help the DNA make additional genetic error check sum
processes, ensuring accurate genetic replication within the mitochondria.
Natural GLA Sources:
Gamma linolenic acid (GLA) is an omega-6 unsaturated fatty acid made in the human body from
linoleic acid, an essential fatty acid found in vegetable oils and egg yolks. The main
supplemental sources of GLA are oils of the seeds of evening primrose, borage, and black
currant plants.
Black Currant Oil
Black currant oil is rich in linoleic acid and gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). This substance
supports the body's manufacture of hormone-like substances known as prostaglandins
which help regulate functions of the circulatory system. GLA assists the body with its energy
processes and is a structural component of the brain, bone marrow, muscles and cell
membranes.
GLA Complex encourages the growth of healthy cells and stops the growth of cancer cells, but
interferes with the ability of cisplatin to kill cancer cells. (Super gla ingredients - 130 mg
gamma-linolenic acid), Evening Primrose Oil (9% GLA)†, Black Currant Oil (13% GLA) †,
Borage Oil (21% GLA) † )
215
USES
Synthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes 109 from arachidonic acid9.3. Most NSAIDs
inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2 1129.4. Metabolism of arachidonic acid and EPA 114by
aspirin-modiﬁed COX-29.5. Physiological actions of prostaglandin E2. 1159.6. Steroids
inhibit release of arachidonic acid 120 from membrane phospholipids10.1. Carcinogenesis
12410.2. Angiogenesis can be inhibited by NSAIDs 128and COX-2 inhibitors10.3. NSAIDs
can promote apoptosis (cell death) by suppression 129 of prostaglandin E2 production10.4.
Structures of vaccenic acid, linoleic acid, and two 130of its conjugated isomers10.5.
Anticancer effects of conjugated linoleic acid 13210.6. Production of mevalonate is inhibited

by statin drugs 13614.1. Relationship of body mass index to hypertension 184and high blood
cholesterol14.2. Metabolic consequences of lack of exercise and high sugar
197consumptionA.1. Normal bonding in organic chemistry 215A.2. Saturated and
unsaturated molecules 216A.3. Neutral molecules 216A.4. Molecular polarity 217C.1.
Eicosanoids synthesized from arachidonic acid 222C.2. Eicosanoids synthesized from
eicosapentaenoic acid 223C.3. Eicosanoids synthesized from dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid
224D.1. Schematic illustration of a lipoprotein particle 226E.1. Enzymatic conversion of
glutamate to GABA 228E.2. Neuronal excitation 229E.3. Basic structure of a neuron 230E.4.
Ions and depolarization
Valerian root extract
Valerian root extract (2) (Swanson 200mg 0.8%) at PM very good for sleep
http://www.vitacost.com/solgar-valerian-root
Solgar Valerian Root –300mg - Valeriana officinalis Valerian Extract (4:1) [root] 100ct
Planetary Herbals Full Spectrum Valerian Extract PF063
http://www.swansonvitamins.com/planetary-herbals-full-spectrum-valerian-extract-650-mg-60-tabs
500 mg Swanson SWR047 69ct $8,50,
Valerian root extract (6-4, 12, 20) (Swanson 200mg 0.8%) at PM very good for sleep
http://www.newswithviews.com/Howenstine/james16.htm
Two of the drugs used to treat psychosis and bipolar disorder (Haldol and Valproic Acid)
inhibit the growth of t. gondii in cerebrospinal fluid and blood at concentrations below that
being treated with these therapies suggesting that improved mental status might actually be
due to killing t. gondii not anti-psychotic effects.
over its 128 year history valproic acid has periodically risen in importance from the ashes like
the phoenix bird* as new properties of it were discovered and new important applications
found for it. In 1962 it was found to be a powerful anticonvulsant and it soon evolved to
become a favorite mood stabilizer. Currently valproic acid seems to have strong potential
applications for treating cancers and Alzheimer’s disease, and for guiding stem cell
regeneration of nerves in cases of spinal cord injuries.
Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) is a perennial plant of European and Asian origin. Dietary
supplements have traditionally been made from its roots and have been used as a sedative
for dealing with insomnia(ref). My wife tells me that back in the 60s valerian was often found
in hippy cookbooks, and has been thought to have magical powers. “Its magical reputation
is Evil and Protective, and it is used to Force Love. It is burned in Black Arts Incense for
hexing, but added to Uncrossing Incense to destroy jinxes if burned with a yellow
216
candle(ref).” Magic apart, research in the 1990s suggests that valerian achieves its effects
through acting on the GABAA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) receptor, promoting the
expression of GABA(ref). “In conclusion, our data show that the extent of GABAA receptor
modulation by Valerian extracts is related to the content of valeric acid(ref).” Valproic acid
(also known as valproate and abbreviated VPA) is a synthetic substance, not present in the
valerian plant. “Valproic acid (by its official name 2-propylvaleric acid) was first synthesized
in 1882 by Burton as an analogue of valeric acid, found naturally in valerian.[1] (ref)” As we
shall see, VPA too is a strong modulator of the GABA receptor. Although mostly not known
to be evil, it is also strongly protective.
Valeriana wallichii root extract
http://www.amazon.com/Valeriana-wallichii-improves-modulates-
monoamine/dp/B00AJFDGHU
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00436-010-2127-0
Abstract
Leishmanial diseases, posing a public health problem worldwide, are caused by

Leishmania parasites with a dimorphic life cycle alternating between the
promastigote and amastigote forms.Promastigotes transmitted by the vector are
transformed into amastigotes residing in the host tissue macrophages. Presently,
new antiparasitic agents are needed against Leishmania donovani andLeishmania
major, the respective organisms causing visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis, since
the available treatments are unsatisfactory due to toxicity, high cost, and emerging
drug resistance. Over the years, traditional medicinal flora throughout the world
enriched the modern pharmacopeia. Hence, roots of ‘Indian Valerian’ (Valeriana
wallichii DC) were studied for its antileishmanial activity for the first time. The
methanol and chloroform extracts showed activity against L. donovanipromastigotes
and both promastigotes and amastigotes of L. major. The most active fraction, F3,
obtained from the chloroform extract, showed IC50 at ∼3–7 μg/ml against both the
promastigotes and 0.3 μg/ml against L. major amastigotes. On investigation of the
mechanism of cytotoxicity in L. donovani promastigotes, the ‘hall-mark’ events of
morphological degeneration, DNA fragmentation, externalization of phosphatidyl
serine, and mitochondrial membrane depolarization indicated that F3 could induce
apoptotic death in leishmanial cells. Therefore, the present study revealed a novel
and unconventional property of V. wallichii root as a prospective source of effective
antileishmanial
http://www.herbalsafety.utep.edu/herbs-pdfs/valerian.pdf
Active Principles
• Valepotriates (which decompose to form Baldrinals)

• Sesquiterpenes
• Sesquiterpene carboxylic acids (valerenic acid and others)
• GABA (gamma- amino–butyric acid)
• Lignans (hydroxypinoresinol)
• Monoterpenes (pinenes and camphene)
• Flavonoids
Valerian
http://www.amazon.com/Valerian-Root-Powder-Valeriana-Botanicals/dp/B002DXVJP2
217
Valerian Root Powder - Valeriana wallichii, 1 lb,
http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/medicinal-uses-benefits-valerian-7793.html
Valeriana, a genus of perennial flowering plant native to Europe, North America and South
America, contains several species with potentially medicinal benefits, collectively referred to
as valerian. Herbalists have used valerian, a mainstay in traditional medicine, since 200 A.D.,
according to the University of Maryland Medical Center. Consult your doctor about the
appropriate use of valerian.
http://www.nutragreenbio.com/product/valerian-root-extract-powder
http://www.jenabioscience.com/images/b3e879b381/Ghosh_2011_antileishmnial_Valeriana_
extracts.pdf
Treatment of Human Parasitosis in Traditional Chinese Medicine
By Heinz Mehlhorn, Zhongdao Wu, Bin Ye
http://smithspharmacy.com/ns/DisplayMonograph.asp?
storeID=A2CA0A52C8E242409B8D577B01E035A1&DocID=valerian
(1R,3R,5R,7S,8S,9S)-3,8-epoxy-1-O-ethyl-5-hydroxyvalechlorine, (1S,3R,5R,7S,8S,9S)-3,8-epoxy-1-
O-ethyl-5-hydroxyvalechlorine, (1S,3R,5R,7S,8S,9S)-3,8-epoxy-1,5-dihydroxyvalechlorine, 2S(-)-
hesperidin, (5S,6S,8S,9R)-1,3-isovaleroxy-?4,11-1,3-diol, (5S,6S,8S,9R)-3-isovaleroxy-6-
isovaleroyloxy-?4,¹¹-1,3-diol, (5S,6S,8S,9R)-6-isovaleroyloxy-?4,¹¹-1,3-diol, (5S,7S,8S,9S)-7-
hydroxy-8-isovaleroyloxy-?4,¹¹-dihyronepetalactone, (5S,7S,8S,9S)-7-hydroxy-10-isovaleroyloxy-?
4,¹¹-dihyronepetalactone, (5S,8S,9S)-10-isovaleroyloxy-?4,¹¹-dihyronepetalactone, 6-
methylapigenin, 6'-O-acyl-beta-D-glucosyl-clionasterols, 14-methylpentadecanoyl, actinidine, all-heal,
amantilla, Balderbrackenwurzel (German), Baldisedron®, Baldrian (German), Baldrian-Dispert,
Baldrianwurzel (German), baldrinal, baldrion, Belgian valerian, blessed herb, capon's tail, chlorogenic
acid, chlorovaltrates A-O, clionasterol-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, common valerian, English
valerian, Euvegal® forte, flavonoids, fragrant valerian, garden heliotrope, garden valerian, German
valerian, great wild valerian, Harmonicum Much®, heliptrope, herba benedicta, hexadecanoyl 8E,
hexadecanoyl, 8E,11E-octadecadienoyl, homobaldrinal, Indian valerian, irioids, isovaleric acid,
Jacob's ladder, Japanese valerian, jatadoids A-B, jatairidoids A-C, Katzenwurzel (German), kessanes,
laege-baldrian (Danish), Li 156, lignans, Mexican valerian, monoterpenes, Nature Made®, Nature's
Resource®, Nature's Way Valerian, Nervex®, Neurapas® balance, Neurol®, Orasedon®, Pacific
valerian, phu, phu germanicum, phu parvum, pinnis dentatis, racine de valériane (French), radix
valerian, red valerian, rupesin B, Sanox-N®, Seda-Kneipp, Sedamine, Sedonium®, sesquiterpenes,
setewale capon's tail, setwall, setwell, tagara (Sanskrit), terpenoids (valepotriates), theriacaria,
Ticalma®, vaimane, valariana, Valdispert, Valdispert forte, valepotriates, valeranone, valerenal,
valeriana (Italian), Valeriana edulis, Valeriana edulis Nutt., Valeriana faurieri, Valeriana foliis pinnatis,
Valeriana jatamansi, Valeriana jatamansi Jones, Valeriana officinalis L., Valeriana officinalis var.
latifolia, Valeriana procera Kunth (Mexican valeriana), Valeriana radix, Valeriana sitchensis, Valeriana
sitchensis Bong., Valeriana wallichii, Valeriana wallichii DC., Valerianaceae (family), Valerianae radix,
Valerianaheel®, valériane (French), Valerina Forte®, Valerina Natt®, valerinic acid, Valmane®,
valtrate, Valverde®, Valverde Sleeping Syrup, vandal root, Vermont valerian, volatile oils, volvaltrate
B, wild valerian, Ze 185, Ze 91019, Ze 911.
· Note: Valeriana procera Kunth (Mexican valerian) is sometimes used as a substitute for Valeriana
officinalis L. Other valerian species used in commercial preparations include Valeriana jatamansi
Jones, Valeriana edulis Nutt., and V. sitchensis Bong. Although the primary focus of this bottom line
218
is on Valeriana officinalis, information pertaining to other Valeriana species has been identified
whenever possible.
Background
• Limited evidence suggests that valerian may benefit women with moderate-to-severe
menstrual cramps by relieving pain and reducing the need for pain relievers.
• Valerian is often used to treat sleep disorders and anxiety. Early studies suggest that valerian
may help improve sleep quality. Ongoing use may be more effective than single-dose use.
However, more high-quality research is needed before firm conclusions can be made.
• Studies report that valerian is generally well tolerated for up to 4-6 weeks. It may rarely cause
mild side effects such as dizziness, hangover, or headache. Early research suggests that
small doses of valerian may lack effect on alertness, concentration, coordination, and
reaction time. However, other studies report that valerian may slow the processing of
complex thoughts for a few hours after use.
• Acne, amenorrhea (lack of menstrual period), anorexia, anti-spasm, antiviral, arthritis, asthma,
bloating, chest pain, colic, constipation, cough, cramping, cyanosis (blue skin due to lack of
oxygen), digestive problems, dizziness, epilepsy, fatigue, fever, gas, hangovers, headache,
heartburn, heart disease, heart failure, high blood pressure, HIV, hypnotic, hypochondria,
improving urine flow, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), kidney stones, liver disorders, measles,
memory enhancement, menstrual flow stimulant, migraine, musculoskeletal conditions,
nausea, nerve pain, nervous system disorders, pain relief, peptic ulcer disease, premenstrual
syndrome (PMS), respiratory disorders (lung spasms), restless legs syndrome, rheumatic
pain, seizures, skin disorders, skin sores, stomach disorders, stomach upset, sweating,
urinary tract disorders, vaginal yeast infections, vision enhancement, withdrawal from
tranquilizers.
• Valerian is likely safe when taken by mouth in doses of 400-600 milligrams of root extract
daily by otherwise healthy people for the short term. Valerian root is widely thought to be
safe in recommended doses for 4-6 weeks.
• Valerian may cause changes in heart rate, delirium, diarrhea, dizziness, excitability,
headache, heartburn, heart failure, hypothermia (low body temperature), impaired
concentration or thinking, increased breast cancer risk, insomnia, liver toxicity, movement
problems, muscle fatigue, nausea, shaky hands, skin rash, sperm abnormalities, stomach
pain, uneasiness, upset stomach, valerian withdrawal, and vomiting.
• Drowsiness or sedation may occur. Use caution if driving or operating heavy machinery.
• Valerian may increase the risk of bleeding. Caution is advised in people with bleeding
disorders or taking drugs that may increase the risk of bleeding. Dosing adjustments may be
necessary
• Use caution when taking preparations that have high concentrations of valepotriates and
baldrinals.
• Use cautiously in people who have breast cancer, heart disorders, liver dysfunction, and
stomach or intestine disorders, or those taking agents that affect gamma-aminobutyric-acid
219
A (GABA[A]) receptors, agents that are toxic to the liver, antidepressants, central nervous
system (CNS) agents, sedatives, and sleep-inducing agents.
• Use cautiously in children, especially those under three years of age.
• Avoid two weeks before and during surgery, and in pregnant or breastfeeding women.
• Avoid in people with known allergy or sensitivity to valerian, its parts, or members of the
same family.
Interactions with Drugs
• Valerian may increase the risk of bleeding when taken with drugs that increase the risk of
bleeding. Some examples include aspirin, anticoagulants ("blood thinners") such as warfarin
(Coumadin®) or heparin, anti-platelet drugs such as clopidogrel (Plavix®), and non-
steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen (Motrin®, Advil®) or naproxen
(Naprosyn®, Aleve®).
• Valerian may cause low blood pressure. Caution is advised in people taking drugs that lower
blood pressure.
• Valerian may interfere with the way the body processes certain drugs using the liver's
"cytochrome P450" enzyme system. As a result, the levels of these drugs may be increased
in the blood, and may cause increased effects or potentially serious adverse reactions.
People using any medications should check the package insert, and speak with a qualified
healthcare professional, including a pharmacist, about possible interactions.
• Valerian may increase the amount of drowsiness caused by some drugs. Examples include
benzodiazepines such as lorazepam (Ativan®) or diazepam (Valium®), barbiturates such as
phenobarbital, narcotics such as codeine, some antidepressants, and alcohol. Caution is
advised while driving or operating machinery.
• Valerian may also interact with acetaminophen, agents for the heart, agents that affect blood
vessel width, agents that affect the immune system, agents that affect the lungs, agents
that affect the nervous system, agents that harm the liver, alcohol, anti-anxiety agents,
anticancer agents, antidepressants (including monoamine oxidase inhibitors [MAOIs] and
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [SSRIs]), anti-diarrhea agents, antihistamines, anti-
seizure agents, anti-spasm agents, aromatase inhibitors, barbiturates, benzodiazepines,
beta-blockers, caffeine, codeine, diphenhydramine (Benadryl®), disulfiram (Antabuse®),
flunitrazepam, hormonal agents, loperamide (Imodium®), lorazepam, loreclezole,
metronidazole (Flagyl®), mood stabilizers, morphine, pain relievers, pentobarbital, skin
agents, stomach agents, tamoxifen, and vasopressin.
Interactions with Herbs and Dietary Supplements

•Valerian may increase the risk of bleeding when taken with herbs and supplements that are
believed to increase the risk of bleeding. Multiple cases of bleeding have been reported with
the use of Ginkgo biloba, and fewer cases with garlic and saw palmetto. Numerous
other agents may theoretically increase the risk of bleeding, although this has not been
proven in most cases.
• Valerian may interfere with the way the body processes certain herbs or supplements using
the liver's "cytochrome P450" enzyme system. As a result, the levels of other herbs or
220
supplements may become too high in the blood. It may also alter the effects that other
herbs or supplements possibly have on the P450 system.
• Valerian may cause low blood pressure. Caution is advised in people taking herbs or
supplements that lower blood pressure.
• Valerian may increase the amount of drowsiness caused by some herbs or supplements.
• Valerian may also interact with anti-anxiety herbs and supplements, anticancer herbs and
supplements, antidepressants (including monoamine oxidase inhibitors [MAOIs] and
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [SSRIs]), anti-diarrhea herbs and supplements,
antihistamines, anti-seizure herbs and supplements, anti-spasm herbs and supplements,
caffeine, herbs and supplements for the heart, herbs and supplements for the skin, herbs
and supplements for the stomach and intestines, herbs and supplements that affect blood
vessel width, herbs and supplements that affect the immune system, herbs and supplements
that affect the lungs, herbs and supplements that affect the nervous system, herbs and
supplements that harm the liver, hops, hormonal herbs and supplements, kava, lemon balm,
melatonin, mood stabilizers, motherwort, pain relievers, passionflower, and St. John's
wort.
Evening Primrose Oil
Evening Primrose Oil Seed 500 mg Cis-Linoelic LA CLA, Gamma GLA

Royal Brittany
http://www.americanhealthus.com/
Silymarin
Silymarin (4 per day - 2 (AM) 2 (PM)
• Protects liver and kidneys as toxins leave the body Silymarin provides support and protec-
tion against liver toxins which can cause free-radical-mediated oxidative damage. Silymarin
is many times more potent in antioxidant activity than vitamin E. In addition, it increases
liver production of glutathione and protects red blood cell membranes against lipid peroxi-
dation and hemolysis.
NAC
And NAC –“Amino Sulfer” (use NAC with caution).
(1) AM NAC 600mg - w molydbenum amino acid chelate and selenomethionine Sulphur
amino Acid protein cell 4 processes/GLUtathone NOW Foods #0086
Why N-Acetyl-Cysteine ( NAC )?
NAC is a derivative of the naturally occurring amino acid, cysteine. It boosts tissue levels of
glutathione--a small protein composed of three amino acids--cysteine, glutamic acid, and
glycine. Glutathione is involved in detoxification mechanisms, binding to fat-soluble toxins
Useful in situations like heavy metals, solvents, and pesticides to transform them into a
water-soluble form allowing more efficient excretion via the kidneys.
NAC is readily turned into glutathione by your body. Glutathione is essential for normal
phase two detoxification in your liver. You can buy oral glutathione, but it is considerably
221
more expensive than NAC and there is some controversy among biochemists and clinical
nutritionists as to whether it passes through your digestive system intact.
Glutathione
Glutathione's combination of detoxification and free radical protection makes it one of the most
important cancer and aging fighters in our cells. Without the protection of glutathione, your cells die
at a faster rate, making you age more quickly and putting you at risk for toxin-induced diseases
including cancer. People who smoke, who are chronically exposed to toxins, who suffer from
inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis or chronic conditions such as diabetes, AIDS, or
cancer typically have lower levels of glutathione.
*** Glutathione – is the most important antioxidant in the body, and gamma-aminobutyric acid,
GABA- GABA prevents cell oxidation, or damage from accumulated toxins and cellular waste prod-
ucts. Toxin overload occurs when cells become overworked. Glutathione and GABA are two impor-
tant molecules your body manufactures from amino acids.
Both GABA and Glutathione molecules use the amino acid glutamine as the base molecule,
their final chemical structures are quite different. Glutathione, is most important antioxidant of
your brain and of your liver. Glutathione keeps your body toxin-free and is part of an enzyme
known as glutathione peroxidase loop. GABA, a neurotransmitter, resides in your brain, where it
helps process aspects of cognitive, adrenal, antioxidant, and emotional function.
Parasites destroy stores of Glutathione and GABA. It is not possible to supplement the con-
struction of these molecules directly by supplementation. Offloading of the process loops is
possible indirectly by supplementing the sulfur supply, and GABA production, but the Glutathione
molecule will always be in short supply. Maintaining MSM dosing every day is essential to preserving
any assemblage of Glutathione status and supply.
Toxin Removing Herbs
Goldenseal Root and Oregon Grape Root turn urine dark yellow and remove smelly toxins
While plants like Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis), Barberry (Berberis vulgaris), Goldthread
(Coptis trifolia), and Amur cork tree (Phellodendron amurense) all contain Berberine, they aren’t
necessarily used in the exact same manner. The differentiation is evident.
222
Scientific Name(s):
Berberis vulgaris L. and Mahonia aquifolium Nutt. Family: Berberidaceae

Common Name(s): Barberry , Oregon grape , Oregon barberry , Oregon grapeholly , trailing
Mahonia , Berberis , jaundice berry , woodsour , sowberry , Pepperidge bush , sour-spine 1 , 2
Uses
The fruits have been used in jams, jellies, and juices. Plant alkaloids have been found to be
antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antidiarrheal. Berberine is a uterine
stimulant.
Dosing
Barberry berries and root bark have been used as a source of Berberine. Daily doses of 2 g of the
berries have been used, but there are no clinical studies to substantiate barberry's varied uses.
Chemistry
The root and wood are rich in protoberberines (Berberine, palmatine, jatorrhizine) and
bisbenzylisoquinoline derivatives (oxyacanthine, berbamine) as well as other alkaloids such as
bervulcine, magnoflorine, and columbamine. 2 , 3 , 8 , 9 The root may contain as much as 3%
alkaloids, which impart a yellow color to the wood. Berberine, berbamine, and oxyacanthine are
considered the 3 most important alkaloids. 10 The edible berries are rich in vitamin C, sugars, and
pectin.
Anti-inflammatory
Products of lipoxygenase metabolism enhance the pathophysiology of psoriasis. Each of the 6

bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids (oxyacanthine, armoline, baluchistine, berbamine, obamegine,
aquifoline) isolated from M. aquifolium exhibited various lipoxygenase inhibitory activity resulting in
an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect. 11
Antibacterial
Berberine and several related alkaloids are bactericidal, in 1 study exceeding chloramphenicol (e.g.,
Chloromycetin ) against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Neisseria meningitidis, Escherichia coli, and
other bacteria. 2 Another study reported that amethanolic extract (containing 80 mg of dried plant
material) from the root of M. aquifolium exhibited antifungal activity against Trichoderma viridae and
was considered more effective than nystatin. 13
Anti-diarrheal
Berberine does not appear to exert its antidiarrheal effect by astringency.
Goldenseal
Goldenseal Root (1-2) 570 mg Natures Way 13900

http://www.IHERB.com (taper quickly as infection under control)
http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/lt_rpts/tr562.pdf
We conclude that goldenseal root powder caused cancer in the liver of male and female rats and
male mice. There was no effect of goldenseal root powder on female mice.
Because goldenseal is a mixture of several alkaloids, it is not possible to clearly attribute
the effects noted in this study to any one of the constituent alkaloids.
http://www.swansonvitamins.com/natures-way-goldenseal-root-570-mg-100-caps
223
Dislodges mucus, moderates anti inflammatory response, a powerful antimicrobial, and a digestive
tonic The rhizomes and roots of this herb contain isoquinoline alkaloids, such as hydrastine,
canadine, Berberine, l-hydrastine, canadaline, and traces of fatty oil, essential oil, and resin. High
content of alkaloids is responsible for the anti-infective, antibiotic, and immune stimulating
properties of goldenseal.
Used for 3 months to detoxify the physique. The way goldenseal helps the body is by flushing
illness and toxins outside of your body. This has many advantages for the digestive tract, the
lymphatic system, and the cardiovascular system. Goldenseal also is thought to help support the
immune system, helps in curing ear infections, calming the central nervous system
Goldenseal helps the body is by flushing illness and toxins outside of your body. Digestion, such a
gas, indigestion, irritable bowel, and trouble with not absorbing nutrients correctly, herbalists
suggest a mix of cayenne pepper and equivalent parts goldenseal, in tincture or capsules, right
before/after you eat.
The goldenseal herb and its extracts help in preventing and treating heartburn, particularly caused
by emotional stress. It helps in lowering the levels of acids, thus soothing the digestive system and
reducing heartburn.
Manages several kinds of diarrhea from “travelers diarrhea” to the severe kind
The alkaloid Berberine can be extracted from the roots of several plant species, notably Berberis
aquifolium (Oregon grape), Hydrastis Canadensis (goldenseal) root, and Coptis chinensis
(goldthread). Berberine has protostatic and protocial activity against E. histolytica, G. lamblia and
B. hominis.i[57] ii[58]iii[59]
Like pokeroot, yellow dock (Rumex crispus) can compromise red blood cells if improperly overused.
Or in other words, unless used properly, it can have toxic properties. But also like pokeroot, if used
properly, studies have shown that it has strong anticancer properties.
Goldenseal is one of the five top-selling herbal products in the United States. A small amount of
research reports that Berberine, a chemical found in goldenseal, may be beneficial in the
treatment of chloroquine-resistant malaria when used in combination with pyrimethamine. Due to
the very small amount of Berberine found in most goldenseal preparations, it is unclear whether
goldenseal contains enough Berberine to have these effects. More research is needed before a
recommendation can be made.
Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to goldenseal or any of its constituents, like Berberine and
hydrastine. Use cautiously with bleeding disorders, diabetes, or low blood sugar.
As your body responds to the toxic characteristics, getting large doses can be poisonous for one’s
body and trigger nausea. Taking too high of a dosage of goldenseal can also result in a shortness
of breath and trouble breathing. Overdosing could lead to severe muscle spasms and potentially
paralyze the nervous system.
Taking too much goldenseal for a lengthy amount of time may lead to problems of the digestive
tract, including constipation and diarrhea. It may also trigger extreme states of stress, and in some
cases delirium hallucinations. It could cause some of the issues that it is intended to aid with if taken
for too long a time.
224
* Antibacterial * Antifungal * AntiViral * Bitter * Cholagogue * Hepatic * Immunostimulant *
Vermifuge
Goldenseal is also a bitter herb that stimulates bile and can be used to improve digestive problems
from peptic ulcers to colitis. It works well against diarrhea caused by intestinal bugs and can be
used in formulas to treat intestinal parasites. Hoffman
MAK - blood cleanser and, as its extremely bitter taste would suggest, to stimulate the liver and
gallbladder. It purifies the blood and cleanses the liver by helping to stimulate bile flow and releasing
toxins and helping purge the spleen. It also helps the liver metabolize wastes and toxins and,
because of its anti-pathogenic properties used by natural healers in the treatment of chronic
hepatitis-B.
Oregon Grape Root
Oregon Grape Root (1) 500mg Natures way 14159
http://www.IHERB.com
PM 2 Oregon Grape Root 500mg Natures way 14159 IHERB
Oregon grape root is strong cooling, draining and detoxifying herb. Helps with digestion of fats,
and in elimination of a congested Liver
Ability to fight infection as well as its affinity for the liver, effects the liver and the gallbladder. The
bitter taste on the tongue stimulates saliva, which then creates a whole cascade of digestive
functions and digestive enzymatic secretions.
Heat in the body is characterized by redness, inflammation, yellow secretions (or a yellow coating of
the tongue) and, of course, heat. Moistness in the body is just that: weepy or infections that seep
pus or leak fluids, especially fluids that are yellow.
Contains a specific multidrug resistance pump inhibitor (MDR Inhibitor) named 5′-
methoxyhydnocarpin (5′-MHC)3
Strongly potentates the action of Berberine by disabling the bacterial resistance mechanism against
both synthetic and natural antimicrobials.
Eye infections, vaginal infections, wounds on the skin, mouth infections, inflammatory bowel
conditions, infectious diarrhea (e.g., giardia and other parasites), infections in the upper digestive
tract (h. pylori), urinary tract infections, and sore throats
Goldenseal: Berberine, an alkaloid that may act complementary to proanthocyanidins in inhibiting

bacteria from adhering to the walls of the bladder, is present in Goldenseal, as well as Oregon grape
and other plants.
BARBERRY
Barberry bark (1-2) 500mg Berberis Vulgaris 4:1 Swanson sw1150
225
The ingredients of Barberry - Berberine, columbamine, and oxyacanthine have anti-bacterial and
anti-viral properties with some suggestion that Berberine sulfate might be amebicidal and
trypanocida.
Berberine Sulfate trihydrate (1) 500mg

www.Nutriguard.com
Natural AMPK activator
Research indicates that Berberine is specifically effective against cholera, giardia, shigella,
salmonella and E. coli The Berberine, aids in the secretion of bile and is good for liver problems, that
is also a mild laxative, and helps the digestive processes.
Berberine also fights Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Salmonella, Shigella and Eschorichia Coli,
cholera and chronic candidiasis (yeast).Berberine is highly bactericidal, amoeboidal and trypanocidal.
Barberry is antihelicobacter, fungicidal and anti-parasitic Barberry acts in the same way as
chloramphenicol, a commonly prescribed antibiotic drug.
Barberry helps to purify the respiratory and digestive systems and also has an anti-parasitic effect.
The potential for an increase in free bilirubin, jaundice. Use cautiously with cardiovascular disease,
gastrointestinal disorders, hematologic disorders, leukopenia, kidney disease, liver disease,
respiratory disorders, cancer, hypertyraminemia, diabetes, or low blood pressure.
Berberine suppresses MEK/ERK-dependent EGR-1 signaling pathway and inhibits vascular smooth
muscle cell regrowth after in vitro mechanical injury. Biochem Pharmacol 2006;71:806-817.
Tumor metastasis is the major barrier for tumor treatment. Some metastases occur in 5 or 10 years
and some even in 20 years after tumor is controlled, but the metastases are impossible to defend
effectively till now.
Damage - Deficit in connectivity among cells, enhancement of matrix catabolic enzymes activity,
increasing level of variant surface glycoprotein, reduction of cell immunogenicity, lack of hormone,
growth factors and vitamin D receptors on tumor cells surface, and modification of cellular
morphology (noncircular and irregular). [4],[5] All the above processes are correlated with cell
metastasis potential. We will mainly overview tumor metastasis related molecules in this part.
Metastasis is regulated and controlled by many related genes, such as cancer gene, metastasis-
related gene and relevant metastasis suppressor gene. [81] When these related genes were
modified in some conditions, either activated or inactivated, tumor cells metastases would be
induced. It is found that some TCM can inhibit tumor metastases through affecting these genes.
Arsenic trioxide up regulated the expression of metastasis suppressor gene mn23 and down regulate
the expression of metastasis-related gene N-myc so as to inhibit tumor metastasis. [82] Berberine
strengthened the inhibiting effects of arsenic trioxide on the expression of tumor metastasis-related
genes myc and jun, consequently inhibiting the invasion and metastasis of glioma cells. [83]
Norcantharidin facilitated the expression of tumor cell metastasis suppressor gene mn23 and inhibit
the metastasis of human gallbladder carcinoma. [84] Zhong et al., reported that allicin decreased
the expression of VEGF, uPAR, and HPA, and inhibited the invasion and metastasis of human colon
cancer cells in vitro.[85]
Fucoidan Extract
226
Fucoidan Extract (2-12) Swanson Green Foods 500mg SWR047
• “full spectrum” Brown Seaweed (Wakame) Undaria pinnatifida extract sw1504 with
Fucoxanthin, $$
• (2) 250mg “Natures Vision Brown Seaweed 08375” - fights Flagellated Promastigote, forces
TH1 immune dominance– 4wks, $$
• Bladderwack Fucus vesiculous thallus Swanson SW1399 (antiviral - cold sore zoonosis)
mild relief of constipation.
• Kelp Kelp contains nearly thirty minerals which nourish the glands (especially the thyroid
and pituitary). By enhancing the action of the glandular system, it helps balance the body's
metabolism and rate at which it burns calories. Kelp, also known as seaweed, grows in the
rich ocean beds, far below surface pollution levels. Because of its high nutrient content, this
herb is reputedly beneficial for a wide range of applications. It is known to nourish the
sensory nerves, brain membranes, also spinal cord and brain tissue.
Turkey Tail
Turkey Tail – Antibacterial, AntiViral, Antifungal

http://www.iherb.com/Fungi-Perfecti-Host-Defense-Turkey-Tail-60-NP-Caps/21457?at=0
In traditional Chinese medicine, Turkey Tail Mushroom extract is used to treat liver cancer and some
types of jaundice. 160 In modern medicine, the best known and most researched medicinal extract
of Turkey Tail Mushroom is PSK. It is used in Asia as an anti-cancer drug under the brand name
Krestin. 188
Two Japanese studies in the 1990's encompassing a total of 486 patients showed an increased
survival rate from gastric cancer when PSK was added to conventional chemotherapy treatment.
161, 162, 163 It's also been found that PSK reduces cancer metastasis and recurrence. 161, 162,
164
Two other polysaccharides from Turkey Tail Mushroom extract have been found to have an
inhibitory effect on leukemia. The polysaccharide CVP was shown to inhibit leukemia cell
proliferation without any negative effect on normal lymphocytes. 165, 166, 167 Another smaller
polysaccharide named SPCV also had an inhibitory effect on leukemia cells. 168
The compounds of Turkey Tail Mushroom extract appear to work in two ways to combat cancer:
1) They demonstrate a direct inhibitory effect on the proliferation of cancer cells, and 2) They
stimulate the activity of NK (Natural Killer) cells in the patient. 169, 170, 171 NK cells are an
important part of the immune response to fight cancer.
Though the effectiveness against different forms of cancer varies, PSK is currently used to treat
cervical cancer in conjunction with radiation. Studies have linked it to increased survival rate from
cervical cancer. 134 It also decreases tumor cell regeneration in hormone responsive prostate
cancer, as demonstrated in a 2001 study at New York Medical College. 172
Other forms of cancer that PSK has been tested against with promising results include certain forms
of sarcoma, carcinoma, breast, lung and colon cancer. 25, 173 However, it appears ineffective
against Sarcoma 180. 174
227
PSK has also been proven as a potent antibiotic, in particular against strains of Staphylococcus
aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Escherichia coli and
Listeria monocytogenes. 175, 176, 177, 178, 179
Tests in vitro (test tubes / Petri dishes - not live subjects) have even shown a compound (PSP) from
Turkey Tail Mushroom extract to inhibit the replication 180 and infection of HIV. 181
In a study conducted in 1995, PSK demonstrated effectiveness at normalizing the immune function
of people with chronic rheumatoid arthritis. 182
Paul Stamets, in his book Growing Gourmet and Medicinal Mushrooms, says he's aware of several
individuals with Hepatitis C who have reported relief of symptoms on a regimen of medicinal
mushroom tea. In particular, he mentions a man with a swollen spleen and liver. Every day, he
would drink a tea made from Reishi and Turkey Tail. The swelling disappeared after two weeks. His
liver enzymes normalized as HCV was reduced from 1.3 million to 140,000. 183
In conclusion, Turkey Tail Mushroom extracts also contain many antioxidant compounds
184,185, 186, 187, and may assist the recovery of the spleen after radiation. 189
In his book "Mycelium Running," medicinal mushroom expert Paul Stamets also lists the following
areas where research has shown Turkey Tail extract to have a beneficial effect: Kidney Tonic;
Uterine Cancer. 134
Ginkgo
Ginkgo Biloba (2-4-6) 60mg Swanson sw893 /01893-

BRAIN CAPILLARIES, prevents blood clots.
Ginkgo biloba seeds are crushed and believed under TCM to treat asthma.[62] Ginkgo has been
used in TCM for nearly 5,000 years.[63] Further studies to establish the efficacy both as used under
TCM beliefs and for proposed uses as an evidence based medicine are required.[63]
Ginkgo Biloba extract from the ginkgo tree has been shown to benefit visual function by improving
microcirculation to the eyes especially among patients suffering from senile macular degeneration, a
common condition thought to involve free radical damage, says Steven Schechter, N.D., author of
Fighting Radiation & Chemical Pollutants With Foods, Herbs &Vitamins (Vitality, Ink).
More than 280 scientific studies indicate standardized ginkgo extract prevents and/or benefits
ailments such as vertigo, tinnitus, inner ear disturbances, memory impairment, ability to
concentrate, anxiety, depression, neurological disorders, senility, circulatory disorders, edema and
Raynaud's disease (a vascular disorder). Ginkgo extract improves the quality and increases the
quantity of capillary circulation, thus increasing blood flow to the brain, heart and tissues in organs
and glands, Schechter says. In addition, he notes, the flavonoids in ginkgo are potent free radical
scavengers.
Ginkgo Biloba
1. Experts at the Mayo Clinic state some patients have success when taking the
herbal supplement “ginko biloba”. The herb has been reported to relieve
leg pain in some PAD patients by thinning the blood.
228
The experts at the Mayo Clinic caution people who are considering “ginko biloba” as
an alternative treatment. The herb can cause severe amounts of bleeding when taken
in large doses. Many PAD patients are prescribed anticoagulant and anti-platelet
therapy, such as aspirin and other medications; adding ginkgo biloba, also an
anticoagulant, may increase bleeding to dangerous levels. A standard dose of ginkgo
biloba is 120 mg/day; however, a 1999 study found a dose double the
standard dose was more effective in treating symptoms of leg pain.
Ginger
Ginger Root (1) 550 mg Nature’s Way 13108
• Ginger root Zingiber officinale) has been used in China for over 2,000 years under a belief
that it aids digestion and treats uspet stomach, diarrhea, and nausea. TCM also teaches that
it helps treat arthritis, colic, diarrhea, and heart conditions. Traditional Chinese medicine
believes that it treats the common cold, flu-like symptoms, headaches, and menstrual
cramps. Today, health care professionals commonly recommend to help prevent or treat
nausea and vomiting associated with motion sickness, pregnancy, and cancer
chemotherapy. It is also used as a digestive aid for mild stomach upset, as support in
inflammatory conditions such as arthritis, and may even be used in heart disease or cancer.
[61]
• Ginger has been used as a stimulant of the peripheral circulation in cases of bad circulation,
chilblains and cramps. In cases of fever, ginger may act as a diaphoretic to promote
perspiration. It may also be effective, as a gargle, in relieving sore throats.
• The second spice that should be on everyone’s mind (pun intended) is Ginger. It was
reported several years ago that ginger might indirectly lower the risk of Alzheimer’s via its
anti-inflammatory properties.
• It turns out that ginger decreases prostaglandins. These are the body’s chemicals that lead
to inflammation and perhaps other chronic diseases. Thus, ginger may ease those minor
aches and pains in much the same way as aspirin (without the side effects, such as upset
stomach), while simultaneously helping maintain brainpower.
• Ginger pens enzymes , help with dissolving unsoluables, along with enzyme 15 -
Serrapeptase
• The second spice that should be on everyone’s mind (pun intended) is Ginger. It was
reported several years ago that ginger might indirectly lower the risk of Alzheimer’s via its
anti-inflammatory properties. It turns out that ginger decreases prostaglandins. These are
the body’s chemicals that lead to inflammation and perhaps other chronic diseases. Thus,
ginger may ease those minor aches and pains in much the same way as aspirin (without
the side effects, such as upset stomach), while simultaneously helping maintain brainpower.
• Take for stomach discomfort
• Ginger may darken the color of your urine, Alkalizing herbs – alkalize the urine, lessen
inflammation caused by bruising or trauma, or from infection, Streptococcus faecalis,
Candida, Klebsiella, E. Coli
• Chinese medicine - Beets, blackberries and rhubarb can turn your urine red or pink,
Antimicrobial UTI use ginger, the most common cause of bacterial urinary tract infections,
from adhering to the inner walls of the bladder.
• Dark circles around eyes, puffy eyes and frequent urination
• Alkaline cell performs its task of respiration, it continues to secrete metabolic wastes that
are acidic in nature.
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• Remove lactic acid, healthy pH levels, increase oxygen affinity of haemoglobin, and protect
minerals including calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium
• Symptoms of a weakened urinary system include aching teeth, brittle bones and joints
(primarily lower back, knees and ankles), hair loss, poor circulation, fluid retention, swollen
tongue, dark circles around eyes, puffy eyes, and frequent urination. Nature's Sunshine's
Juniper and Parsley Combination is the key product for strengthening the urinary system.
Tumeric
Tumeric is a member of the Ginger family

Natures Bounty Inc. Turmeric Capsules
Natures Bounty 450 mg
NIH/ Ultimate Herb/DNA
This is the spice that makes Indian food yellow and is responsible for curry’s delectable flavor. It is
also the spice that gives mustard its bright yellow color. Interestingly, in Biblical times, the smell of
turmeric was so loved that it was used in perfume making. Its unique and quite pleasant scent
makes this spice one of my all-time favorite aromas. Be careful though, some people use the term
curcumin interchangeably with turmeric. But curcumin is just an extract of turmeric. So be sure to
buy and use the whole spice tumeric, because it contains all of the ingredients and micronutrients.
Studies have shown that turmeric activates the expression of a gene that is a powerful antioxidant in
the brain. Moreover, researchers at UCLA reported five years ago that one of the ingredients in
turmeric actually inhibited the production of amyloid plaques in the brains of rats. Guess what?
These plaques are the same plaques implicated in Alzheimer’s disease. In fact, not only did the spice
inhibit the NEW production of these plaques, the OLD plaques actually decreased! This is something
no drug has ever done! Eat the spice turmeric whenever you can. It is a powerful chemical that
probably deactivates the plaque-forming process due to its similarity to the plaque’s structure (just
like ginger). More science is forthcoming, but it is pretty clear that this spice is another winner if
you’re looking to improve your brainpower.
Curcumin, the Indian Spice Turmeric (Zingiberaceae).Curcumin is an antioxidant, anti-

inflammatory, active principal ingredient of the curry spice, turmeric. The compound is marketed as
a dietary supplement [140] and has attracted interest as a cancer-preventive agent [57]. It is well
known that curcumin prevents the onset of inflammation by inhibiting the activation of nuclear
factorkappa beta (NF-κB), the production of TNF-α, interferongamma (IFN-γ), and NO, and the gene
expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) [141–143]. It acts by transrepressing NF-κB,
activating protein-1, and the signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 [144–148]. Curcumin
activates PPAR-γ in Moser cells, a human colon cancer cell line [145], and is able to suppress sepsis
through PPAR-γ [146]. In addition, it increased PPAR and decreased iNOS gene expression in
infected macrophages, as well as downregulated IFN-γ production by primed lymphocytes [147].
Curcumin action on PPAR could involve a curcumin-responsive element that resides in the PPAR-γ
gene regulatory region [148].
The value of Curcumin
Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric ( curcuma longa )--the chief ingredient in curry, with
beneficial antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. One of the advantages of curcumin over
vitamins C and E is that while these nutritional antioxidants are effective against only water- and fat-
soluble pro-oxidants, respectively, curcumin is effective in protecting against both. Curcumin
enhances the body's levels of antioxidant compounds such as glutathione and superoxide
dismutase, promoting the proper detoxification of cancer-causing compounds by the liver. Cigarette
smokers receiving curcumin demonstrate significant reduction in the level of urinary-excreted
230
mutagens--an indication of the ability of the body to rid cancer-causing compounds via detoxification
mechanisms.
Guaifenesin
Guaifenesin (2-4-8) 600 mg GuaiAID 00026

http://www.guai-aid.com/
Guaifenesin: Derived from a tree bark extract called guaiacum, guaifenesin was first used during
the 16th century. It has been found to be very effective in the treatment of colds and flu.as it helps
loosen phlegm (mucus) and thins bronchial secretions to rid the respiratory passageways of mucus.
Guaifenesin reversal process, which rids the body of "metabolic debris", Lumps decrease in size,
Guaifenesin increases urinary excretion of 5HIAA, a serotonin metabolite, Sodium-phosphate
cotransporters. Guaifenesin pulls ATP to convert to a simple form, pulling the Mitochondria into G0.
Dodder seed
Dodder seed (2) extract 600mg 20:1 60-Cap, Barlowes Herbal Elixars – Tu Si Zi, $12.95
https://barlowesherbalelixirs.com/search?
orderby=position&controller=search&orderway=desc&search_query=dodder
http://www-personal.umich.edu/~rburnham/SpeciesAccountspdfs/CuscepitCONVFINAL.pdf
Background (herbs2000,com)
• AKA (Latin) Cuscuta epithymum (Cuscuta epithymum extract) Etymology: In Latin, Cuscuta means
Dodder. However, Cuscuta is thought by some to have Arabic origins in the word “Kushkut.” The
specific epithet suggests the plant that this dodder was found growing on: Thyme. The Greek prefix
“epi“ means upon or over, and “thymum” is Latin for thyme
• Cuscuta epithymum Sievers ex Ledeb., Cuscuta epithymum Webb & Berthel., Cuscuta epithymum
Thuill., Cuscuta epithymum Bové ex Choisy
• Yellow-orange, spaghetti-like vine
• Dodder contains flavonoids (including kaempferol and quercitin) glycoside, saponins, and
hydroxycinnamic acid.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuscuta
• The methanol extract of the plant showed moderate antibacterial activity against four
bacterial strains such as Bacillus megaterium (11.63±0.10 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa
(6.13±0.10 mm), Escherichia coli (9.72±0.21 mm) and Salmonella typhi (9.95±0.07 mm)
• Previous studies have indicated that some species of Cuscuta possess anticancer activity on
various cell lines.
◦ Volatiles, including 2-carene, α-pinene, limonene, and β-phellandrene.
• Dodder posses medicinally properties, mentioned in the “Materia Medica” written by the
Greek physician Dioscorides around the 1st century AD, the physician states dodder was
used in an herbal combination with honey to purge “black bile" from the body.
• In the Middle Ages in Europe, the European herbalist Nicholas Culpeper in his writing in
1652 recommended plucking Dodder from the thyme it was parasitizing, according to
Culpeper it was effective in treating parasite problems. This early herbalist thus makes an
interesting inference the use of the dodder "to purge black or burnt choler" from the body.
231
• Free radical scavenging properties (Middleton and Kandaswami, 1992; Okwu and Orji,
2007).
• Carminative - prevent formation of gas
• Anti-bilious - Countering liver disorder
• Cuscuta epithymum possesses mild laxative and diuretic properties.
• LC50 and LC90 values of 36.31 μg mL-1 and 83.18 μg mL-1 by brine shrimp lethality
• Test shows yellow urine removal ammonia only happens when 2 dodder capsules taken.
White Willow Bark
White Willow Bark (1-2-6) 500mg Swanson SWH148

AM/PM 2-1 White Willow bark 400mg NOW 04775
(natural aspirin - blood clot probability reduction)?
http://www.swansonvitamins.com/swanson-superior-herbs-maximum-strength-white-willow-bark-500-
mg-60-veg-caps
Salix genus plants were used since the time of Hippocrates (400 BC) when patients were advised to
chew on the bark to reduce fever and inflammation. Willow bark has been used throughout the
centuries in China and Europe to the present for the treatment of pain (particularly low back pain
and osteoarthritis), headache, and inflammatory conditions such as bursitis and tendinitis. The bark
of white willow contains salicin, which is a chemical similar to aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid). It is
thought to be responsible for the pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory effects of the herb. In the
1829, salicin was used to develop aspirin. White willow appears to be slower than aspirin to bring
pain relief, but its effects may last longer.[90]
Promotes joint and muscle comfort, Without stomach irritation

Reduce blood clotting and reduces stroke potential
Horse chestnut
Horse chestnut (1-2) 300mg NOW 4713 std. 20% Aescin
http://www.swansonvitamins.com/now-foods-horse-chestnut-300-mg-90-caps
NOW Horse Chestnut Extract 300 mg 90 Caps Swanson $8.99 Item: NWF553
Horse chestnut may be useful against edema, inflammation, and venous insufficiency, especially
with circulation in the legs
Heal veins, stop lymph fluid leaks, Repair vein weaknesses and holes, Horse chestnut: Vein
strengthener
Horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) products (including both oral and topical dosage forms)
are the single most widely prescribed remedy in Germany for edema with chronic venous
insufficiency (CVI)—a condition sometimes associated with varicose veins. At least thirteen placebo-
controlled, double-blind studies published between 1973 and 1996 show that oral standardized horse
chestnut relieves CVI.
Horse chestnut extracts help veins withstand damage, reduce capillary-wall permeability, and
prevent absorption of damaging UV radiation. A compound in the extracts called aescin (or escin)
helps seal tiny openings in capillary walls, reducing the outflow of fluid into surrounding tissue
232
http://www.motherearthliving.com/health-and-wellness/treat-varicose-veins-
naturaly.aspx#ixzz2lstfk3Vm
Drives parasites from body by means of suppression.
https://books.google.com/books?
id=XNwDq7hpo28C&pg=PA215&lpg=PA215&dq=parasites+niacin&source=bl&ots=2779kYOy6v&si
g=tMn03PDGuUFh7jxCAtesGvX99pE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8d2MVI_8MpT-
yQTw1ILoCw&ved=0CEoQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=parasites%20niacin&f=false
Milk Thistle
Milk Thistle (2-4-8) 300mg CAP.- Silymarin 80% w dandelion, NOW FOODS
P#0476(5)3,SKU: 733739047533
4753B/ Swanson NWF092
AM/PM 2 Silymarin 300mg 80% w dandelion NOW P#0476(5)3, 4753B/ Swanson

NWF092
https://www.swansonvitamins.com/now-foods-silymarin-2x-300-mg-100-vcaps
At first, in my naive mind I thought all I had to do was take my milk thistle along with lecithin (which
contains high levels of PC) and I would enjoy this valuable benefit of more milk thistle getting to my
liver. Researching further I discovered that the process was much more sophisticated than that. The
researchers had actually bound one molecule from the milk thistle extract to two molecules of PC on
a molecular level. The resulting compound was called Silybin Phytosome. The end result was more
like a medicine and less like a supplement. I think of it as a cofactor delivery system. Your body
soaks up PC like a sponge soaks up water. The milk thistle extract gets to go along for the ride
through your bloodstream to where it does the most good, your liver.
Commission E Monograph (EU) has this to say, "The therapeutic activity of silymarin is based on two
sites or mechanisms of action: (a) it alters the structure of the outer cell membrane of the
hepatocytes in such a way as to prevent penetration of the liver toxin into the interior of the cell; (b)
it stimulates the action of nucleolar polymerase A, resulting in an increase in ribosomal protein
synthesis, and thus stimulates the regenerative ability of the liver and the formation of new
hepatocytes." This means it both helps to protect and regenerate healthy liver cells.
Dandelion root:
Dandelion root: Contains bitter compounds that enhance efficiency of elimination and
detoxification functions. Dandelion root also restores normal liver function and increases the flow of
urine. It is used as a strong diuretic and relieves false sensations of urgency.
Protects liver - 4 Milk thistle capsules every day Milk Thistle 300mg CAP.- Silymarin 80% w
dandelion,
NOW P#0476(5)3, 4753B/ Swanson NWF092
Milk Thistle is the #1 recommended natural herb for liver health, confirmed by hundreds of clinical
studies to protect the liver against virtually all types of damage. Many years of research shows the
active flavanoid-lignan (flavanolignan) group of constituents, called silymarin, contained only in the
seed shell has liver-protective and regenerative properties, as well as antioxidant effects. The liver
protective effects were known and written about in ancient times, leading to the active chemical,
pharmacological, and safety research beginning in Germany in the 1950s
233
"I consider standardized milk thistle seed extract the most beneficial herbal product for
liver detoxification, regeneration and protection, and, in general, one of the most
universally necessary herbal products for the 1990s," says Schechter. He notes that the
stress of toxins from chemical pollutants, pharmaceuticals, alcohol, tobacco smoke,
drugs and different forms of radiation have cumulative side effects that need to be
addressed.
More than 120 scientific studies have shown that milk thistle extract
regenera t es, regulates and strengthens liver functions. Because free
radicals attack the liver, primarily the fat tissue in the liver, the antioxidant
qualities of milk thistle are extre m ely beneficial. Milk thistle stimulates
your body to produce superoxide dismutase, which is one of two primary
antioxidants the body can manufacture .
Piperine
Piperine (3-6) - 10mg Bioperine Nutrient Absorption Enhancer, 10 mg 60 Caps, Swanson Item #:
SWU308
http://www.swansonvitamins.com/swanson-ultra-bioperine-nutrient-absorption-enhancer-10-mg-60-
caps
Supplementation of piperine with coenzyme Q 10 for long time or at a high dose only can increase
the bioavailability. It is assumed that piperine follows nonspecific thermogenic or bioenergetics
properties for augmentation. [31].
Malic Acid
Solaray
Malic acid comes from apples and is important in energy production at a cellular level. Several
physicians have found malic acid supplementation reduces fatigue and pain. Malic acid helps to
chelate excess aluminum.
SOD
SOD (1-2) 250mg SOD SWANSON Blend 60CT SW157 02157, Source naturals
SN519 90ct $6.19
Elecampane Root
Elecampane Root (4) 675mg Inula helenium Natures Wonderland 15400

Elecampane Capsules 2@ $8.99 ea. P154x http://www.PennHerb.com
Or Swanson full spectrum 4:1 root 100mg SW1297
Firms stool, helps turn stool brown, dried up oil in stool, bulk up the stool.
Blessed Thistle
Blessed Thistle (2-4-6) 400mg Cnicus benedictus Natures Wonderland 05400
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Black Cumin Seed
Black Cumin Seed Oil (1-2-3) Swanson EFAs Liq Vegcap 60 500 mg Liq Vegcap
Item # SWE063
Many of black cumin's traditionally ascribed health benefits have been thoroughly confirmed in the
biomedical literature. In fact, since 1964, there have been 458 published, peer-reviewed studies
referencing it.
We have indexed salient research, available to view on GreenMedInfo.com on our Black Seed
(Nigella Sativa) page, on well over 40 health conditions that may be benefited from the use of the
herb, including over 20 distinct pharmacological actions it expresses, such as:
• Analgesic (Pain-Killing)
• Anti-Bacterial
• Anti-Inflammatory
• Anti-Ulcer
• Anti-Cholinergic
• Anti-Fungal
• Ant-Hypertensive
• Antioxidant
• Antispasmodic
• Antiviral
• Bronchodilator
• Gluconeogenesis Inhibitor (Anti-Diabetic)
• Hepatoprotective (Liver Protecting)
• Hypotensive
• Insulin Sensitizing
• Interferon Inducer
• Leukotriene Antagonist
• Renoprotective (Kidney Protecting)
• Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Inhibitor
Oregano
Oregano Oil (0-3) Swanson Premium Sgels 120 150 mg Sgels Item # SW1016
* Limit to 3 weeks duration, to prevent toxic buildup. SIBO
Oregano: Early study shows that taking oregano by mouth may help get rid of parasites. Further
research is needed to confirm these results. Research suggests that oregano is well tolerated in
recommended doses. Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to oregano or to other herbs from the
Lamiaceae family including hyssop, basil marjoram , mint, sage and lavender. Use cautiously with
diabetes and bleeding disorders because oregano may increase the risk of bleeding or decrease
blood sugar levels. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should not consume oregano at doses above
those normally found in food.
Oregano: Early study shows that taking oregano by mouth may help treat parasites. Further
research is needed to confirm these results. Avoid in individuals with a known allergy or
hypersensitivity to oregano. Based on historical use, it appears that oregano is well tolerated in
recommended doses. However, reliable clinical trials demonstrating safety or efficacy of a particular
dose or for a recommended treatment duration are currently lacking in the available literature.
Oregano may lower blood sugar levels. Caution is advised in patients with diabetes or hypoglycemia,
235
and in those taking drugs, herbs, or supplements that affect blood sugar. Serum glucose levels may
need to be monitored by a healthcare provider, and medication adjustments may be necessary.
Oregano is not recommended at doses above those normally found in food during pregnancy and
lactation due to a lack of available scientific evidence.
Pumpkin Seed
Pumpkin Seed Oil (0-2) Swanson Premium Sgels 100 1,000 mg Sgels Item # SW364
http://www.amazon.com/Pumpkin-Seed-Oil-000-Sgels/dp/B00068U44S/ref=sr_1_1/188-1732236-
2714103?s=hpc&ie=UTF8&qid=1449945957&sr=1-1&keywords=swanson+pumpkin+seed+oil
Unfortunately One needs to eat pounds of pumpkin seeds a day to equal 1 TBS of Piperazine
citrate.
Pumpkin seed: Able to kill eggs, contains a natural fat that is toxic to parasite eggs. Curcurbitin in
pumpkin seeds has shown anti-parasitic activity since it has the ability to paralyze worms so they
drop off the intestinal walls Chinese scientists used pumpkin seeds to treat acute schistosomiasis
and Tapeworm infestations. OIL
Nutmeg with Buttermilk for Amoebiasis
Nutmeg is the seed of the nutmeg tree that is a source of essential oils and is known for its health
benefits. One of the health benefits is the ability of nutmeg to detoxify the liver and kidney, which
plays a particularly important role when it comes to home remedies for amoebiasis.
When there is excessive strain on the liver on account of accumulation of toxin, it would help to take
in a tonic of nutmeg towards detoxification. You could add freshly grated nutmeg to a glass of fresh
buttermilk and enjoy the drink as a delicious home remedy for amoebiasis
Chaparral
Chaparral (2-4) 500 mg Arizona Naturals 20201
Chaparral is essential for balancing Psora body types against a critical pathway in FXR Farnesoid
chemistry where the uric acid and Bile acid are regulated by Ornathine chemistry. This critical
missing acid at FXR can completely throttle your bodies ability to rid itself of Ammonia, and Uric
Acid. I smelled like an Ammonia bottle for months. Got a crusty patch of skin on your knee or
elbow? that is a genetic reversal of DNA that causes an immune response to a infection to attack
your body, not the invader, causing local area of excess white blood cells that try to overwhelm the
invader by mass movement of fluid and other T factors, which fights your body, not your infection,
causing a real strain on your white blood cell chemistry. 30% of the world has a Psora body type,
known for 5000 years, but medicine today is clueless about Psora. Chaparral deals with this
reversal of genetic glue, to lower the inflammation of certain Tcell Thelper responses, preserving
more IL6 IL10, IL17 function for your parasites, not destroying your own immune system.
Taurine
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Taurine: Taurine, or 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, was originally discovered in ox ( Bos taurus) bile
and was named after taurus, or bull. A nonessential amino acid-like compound, taurine, is found in
high abundance in the tissues of many animals, especially sea animals, and in much lower
concentrations in plants, fungi, and some bacteria. As an amine, taurine is important in several
metabolic processes of the body, including stabilizing cell membranes in electrically active tissues,
such as the brain and heart. It also has functions in the gallbladder, eyes, and blood vessels, and it
may have some antioxidant and detoxifying properties.
Magnolia bark extract
2-3 magnolia bark 600 mg

CO2 extract (shield white blood T4 cells against microbes, levels IG and IL balance)
http://www.amermed.com/magnoliabark.htm
Magnolia Extract (0-4) capsules, Amermed note: 12 capsules will stop the heart Magnolia Bark
extract 600 mg CO2 extract method 600mg Magnolia Bark extract 4:1 Amermed, PPAR Gamma
Interluken 17 antagonist, forces Tilter 1
Magnolia Bark
Magnolia bark
neo-ligand binds to site PPARγ that mytotoxin grabs, preventing immune system alteration. Plant
lectins that can bind to sialylated glycans are from the leguminous tree Maackia amurensis. Although
these lectins are discussed here, they do not show a “classical” R-type domain but instead have an
L-type lectin domain. The cysteine-rich R-type domain of the MR binds other sulfated glycans and
also N-glycans on pituitary glycoprotein hormones containing 4-SO4-GalNAcβ1–4GlcNAcβ1–2Manα1-
R.nutraceutics that are reported to be able to modulate PPAR-γ expression or action.
There are other R-type plant lectins in the RIP-II class that are not toxic, and these include several
proteins from the genus Sambucus (elderberry), such as nigrin-b, sieboldin-b, ebulin-f, and ebulin-
r. All of the B subunits of these proteins appear to bind Gal/GalNAc, but they may have some
differences in affinity and may recognize different Gal/GalNAc-containing glycoconjugates. Cell lines
selected for resistance to killing by modeccin are not resistant to abrin and ricin, and vice versa. The
glycan-binding specificity of these lectins should be explored more fully in the future using glycan
microarrays and related screening approaches.
Previous studies have shown that MR expression (Yeast Response) can be positively modulated in
vitro by many agents, in particular by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (8), prostaglandin E2 (Standard
Process Cataplex E2 90 Tablets) (9), IL-4, and IL-13 (10, 11).
Tunjuk Langit (Magnolia seeds)
Sweetina Magnolia seeds (1) chopped in yogart Tunjuk Langit - rasha herbal
Used for: Severe immune malfunctions, very useful in blood toxin poisoning, near death recoveries
http://rahsiaherbal.com/Herbal/TunjukLangit.aspx
http://www.amazon.com/Natural-Herbal-Fructus-Swietenia-
Macrophylla/dp/B00C4QBYUI/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1387469365&sr=8-
1&keywords=All+Natural+Asian+Herbal+Remedy%2C+Sky+Fruits+%5BTunjuk+Langit+
%2F+Fructus+Swietenia+Macrophylla%5D+%2850g%29
Magnolia bark neo-ligand binds to site PPARγ that mytotoxin grabs, preventing immune system
alteration.
237
Once activated by their ligands, the PPARs translocate into the nucleus, form heterodimers with the
retinoid X receptor (RXR), and subsequently bind to PPAR response elements (PPREs) that are
located in the promoter regions of PPAR-responsive target genes (Bardot et al., 1993).
Binding of the PPAR-RXR heterodimers to the PPREs triggers further recruitment of diverse nuclear
receptor coactivators (SRC-1, TRAP220, cAMP response element-binding binding protein, p300, PGS-
1, and/or others), contributing to the transcriptional regulation of the target genes (Yu and Reddy,
2007). A combination of PPAR-γ ligands with a retinoid X receptor agonist (i.e., LG100268) or a
retinoic acid receptor agonist (i.e., all trans-retinoic acid) enhanced immune differentiating effects.
FlaxSeed
Flaxseed — one of the most concentrated vegetarian source of Omega-3 fatty acids found
in nature — contributes to heart and while providing an energy source for the body. High-
quality natural Flaxseed Oil is dispensed and processed without solvents, under a nitrogen
blanket and special yellow lights, then encased in a protective amber-colored gelatin shell
involved in cardiovascular disease, as well as inflammatory and immune disorders.
Flaxseed may have anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic activities. Development of

atherosclerosis has been reduced by up to 69% in some studies using diets enriched with
flaxseed. Flaxseed has been recommended by some for hyperlipidemia, to decrease platelet
aggregation, and to help prevent heart attack and stroke. It may have some ability to lower
blood pressure and to have anti-inflammatory effects in persons with arthritis, as well as
assist in fighting breast cancer.
Cod Liver oil

DHA (Docosahexaenoic Acid)
Essential fatty acids are dietary fats required for a healthy nervous and immune system. For
example, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an important constituent of brain cell membranes.
Many fats can be synthesized by the body, but some, like DHA, must be obtained through
the diet. DHA is an omega-3 polyunsaturated fat, and the omega-3-type fats must be kept in
balance with omega-6 fats to insure that proper physiological functioning can be maintained.
While omega-6's are abundant in the typical American diet - occurring in most vegetable oils
- omega-3's are harder to come by. One good source, however, is fish.
Long term use of Fish Oil help prevent aging skin, menopausal symptoms, promote better
circulation, lower cholesterol, prevent blood clots, reduce heart related risk, and the pain of
arthritis.
Omega-3 and polyunsaturated fatty acids found in fish and Alaska Deep Sea Fish Oil help
to protect against heart and blood vessel disease. Natural, essential fatty acids are essential
to normal human cell and tissue growth and maintenance. If not found regularly in the diet,
the diet must be supplemented. These fatty acids are especially abundant in brain cells,
nerve relay stations (synapses), visual receptors (retinas), adrenal glands, and sex glands.
The most biologically active tissues in the body
GABA relaxer, Country Life
B6, GABA, …
GABA helps force sleep pattern, offloads Gluthione loop
238
Melatonin
Melatonin w P5P Take with GABA relaxer above to sleep, ProHealth PH65
Stop ROS/ PLS talking from cell
Melatonin is produced in the body by the pineal gland in the brain.
Tryptophan, an amino acid found in food, is taken in by the body and made into
serotonin, a neurotransmitter (conductor of nerve signals).
The pineal gland takes the serotonin and makes it into melatonin, but only during
the night. (The enzymes in the brain which change serotonin into melatonin are
inactivated by light). Norepinephrine is another neurotransmitter which assists in
melatonin production.
It acts as a catalyst to melatonin production by stimulating cells in the pineal gland

to begin making melatonin in the absence of light. Sometimes, for one reason or
another, the body does not produce adequate amounts of melatonin for its needs.
This can result in insomnia and depression, among other symptoms. The body's
ability to synthesize melatonin may decrease with age. Melatonin is a highly potent
antioxidant, which has been described as the pacemaker of the aging clock in
humans. It is released every night as part of our time-dependent biorhythms to help
induce sleep and recuperation from fatigue. Published studies indicate the
importance of maintaining youthful levels of melatonin to help protect against age-
related degenerative diseases.
St. John's Wort
St. John's Wort (Hypericum) has been studied for its potential antidepressant and antiviral
effects. (Caution: Dr. Donald Brown of Bastyr University recommends that persons with fair
skin avoid exposure to strong sunlight and other sources of ultraviolet light when taking St.
John's Wort because of some cases of photosensitivity that have been reported. He also
advises avoiding foods that contain tyramine, alcoholic beverages, and medications such as
tyrosine, narcotics, amphetamines, and over-the-counter cold and flu remedies while taking
St. John's Wort. St. John's Wort should not be taken while also taking prescription
antidepressants. It is also Dr. Brown's opinion that St. John's Wort should not be used during
pregnancy or lactation.)
Yogurt
Greek Gods Plain Greek Yogurt
DHEA
DHEA 25 mg - w calcium carbonate, Adrenal exhaustion, chronic infection with

NAC
Natrol DHEA 50 # 16106
DHEA (Dehydroepiandrosterone)
239
25 mg, 100 capsules
Item Catalog Number: 00335
DHEA promotes Th1 immune response.
It has been shown that the serum hormone DHEA often declines by 75%–80% from peak
levels by age 70, leading to hormonal imbalances that can affect one’s quality of life. Peak
blood levels of DHEA occur at approximately age 25, decreasing progressively thereafter.
Since 1981, several thousand studies have been published on DHEA’s various benefits,
including immunomodulatory properties as well as positive effects on mood, quality of life,
and body composition. It has been proposed that restoring the circulating levels of DHEA to
those found in young people may improve well-being and sexual function. The studies of
DHEA therapy in women with adrenal insufficiency also suggest beneficial effects on well-
being, mood, and sexuality. DHEA could be of benefit to the normal aging brain.6-8 Some
studies have reported DHEA may improve mood and alleviate melancholy. In addition,
recent studies have shown that DHEA has the capacity to improve endothelial function by a
number of complex processes. One of them is increasing nitric oxide synthesis.
In a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial, DHEA replacement therapy for one year
helped protect hip bone mineral density in older adults and spine bone mineral density in
older women. DHEA has also been shown to support a healthy circulatory system and
joint/bone health.
DHEA usage and safety precautions
Because of the overwhelming evidence connecting low levels of DHEA to problems

associated with aging, Life Extension suggests that all people over age 40 begin DHEA
therapy. For most people, the starting dose of DHEA is between 15–75 mg, taken in one
daily dose. Many studies have used a daily dose of 50 mg.
Since almost everyone over age 35–40 has lower than optimal levels of DHEA, most people
begin supplementation and then test their blood DHEA levels later to make sure they are
taking the proper dose. People over age 40 who do not supplement with DHEA usually have
serum levels well below optimal since a steady decline takes place after the third decade in
life.
DHEA precautions for men
Before attempting to restore DHEA, men should know their serum PSA (prostate specific
antigen) level. Men with prostate cancer or severe benign prostate disease are advised to
avoid DHEA since it can be converted into testosterone (and estrogen). Therefore, men are
advised to have a PSA and digital rectal exam before initiating DHEA to rule out existing
prostate disease.
Other daily nutrients:
•Vitamin D 5,000 – 10,000 IU

•Vitamin E (D-tocopheryl succinate) 400 IU
•Selenium 200 mcg
•Gamma E Tocopherol with Sesame Lignans 200 mg
240
•Lycopene Extract 10 – 40 mg
•Boron 3 – 10 mg
•Cruciferous Vegetable Extracts 500 – 1000 mg
DHEA precautions for women

Women should consider estrogen and testosterone testing when they take their DHEA
blood test in order to evaluate DHEA’s effect on their blood levels of these hormones.
Women who have been diagnosed with an estrogen-dependent cancer should consult their
physicians before beginning the DHEA restoration process.
Taking the following other nutrients to maintain a healthy balance each day:
•Melatonin 300 mcg – 3 mg (nightly)

•Vitamin E (D-tocopheryl succinate) 400 IU
•Broccoli Extract (as found in Triple Action Cruciferous Vegetable Extract) 400 mg
•Indole-3-carbinol (as found in Triple Action Cruciferous Vegetable Extract) 80 – 160 mg
•Vitamin D3 5,000 – 10,000 IU
•Gamma Tocopherol with Sesame Lignans 200 mg
NADA
NADH: The object of new and ongoing research is an element, a co-enzyme called NADH,
short for Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, with the ‘H’ standing for hydrogen. On the
basis of such research, NADH is considered by many to be amongst the most biological
potent elements found in the body.
" Science is learning that NADH may have a direct positive involvement in enhancing the
immune system, fighting disease and in repairing the body damage caused by disease. "
NADH is also a potent energy producer that works directly with your metabolism to create
more energy for every cell in your body, including muscle, nerve cells and the brain cells.
While creating energy, it helps your body to burn all foods. And, it has a potent effect on the
memory cells, too, in addition to being a mood enhancer (as it has a role in the development
of serotonin and dopamine, that cause a feeling of well being).
Cranberry
Cranberry contains a compound that prevents bacteria from adhering to the walls of the
bladder and rest of the urinary tract. This prevents the bacteria from spreading and
eventually results in the halt of infection. Using cranberry on a regular basis may help
prevent the formation of kidney stones.
5.5.15 Nutmeg with Buttermilk for Amoebiasis

Nutmeg is the seed of the nutmeg tree that is a source of essential oils and is known for its
health benefits. One of the health benefits is the ability of nutmeg to detoxify the liver and
kidney, which plays a particularly important role when it comes to home remedies for
amoebiasis.
When there is excessive strain on the liver on account of accumulation of toxin, it would
241
help to take in a tonic of nutmeg towards detoxification. You could add freshly grated
nutmeg to a glass of fresh buttermilk and enjoy the drink as a delicious home remedy for
amoebiasis
5.5.15.1 Amoebiasis and Giardiasis: Fennel Seed

Amoebiasis and Giardiasis, the following have been found to be effective; goldenseal or
barberry or oregon grape, together with garlic, wormwood and / or grapefruit seed extract.
Foeniculum vulgare and Anethum Foeniculum, Bari-Sanuf, Bitter Fennel, Carosella, Common
Fennel, Fennel Oil, Fennel Seed, Finnochio, Florence Fennel, Foeniculi Antheroleum,
Foeniculum Officinale, Foeniculum Capillaceum, Garden Fennel, Large Fennel, Sanuf,
Shatapuspha, Sweet Fennel, Wild Fennel.
CONSTITUENTS
The essential oil contains anethole (50 to 80%), limonene (5%), fenchone (5%), estragole
(methyl-chavicol), safrole, a-pinene (0.5%), camphene, b-pinene, b-myrcene and p-cymene.
The seed also contains fiber and complex carbohydrates.
Fennel seed teas are helpful for colicky infants, but fennel seed oil should never be given to
infants or young children because of the danger of spasms of the throat.
Weight loss lost an average of 19.3 pounds in 28 days
Give her fennel extract or boil 1 spoon of fennel seeds in 1 glass water,when water reduced
to 1/4 th ,cool it at room temp and give 5 spoons in every 2 hours.Avoid dairy
products,spicy things,raw veggies and salads. Can give her isabgol husk mixed with yogurt
and roasted cumin seeds.Powdered nutmeg consumed with buttermilk every day, is also an
effective cure for amoebiasis.
In cases of Blastocystis, consider using oregano, wormwood, black walnut, cloves, quassia,
and goldenseal.
In cases of Cryptosporidiosis, consider using products containing garlic with oils of coconut,
oregano, clove and cinnamon.
A number of products contain a variety of anti-parasitic agents. I find that most products
from well-known suppliers are very effective. It is best to follow the suggested dose on the
container and to treat for approximately one month, although recommendations vary from
two weeks to three months.
The duration of treatment really depends on the severity of the problem, the speed with
which your client responds to treatment and whether conventional antibiotics, such as
Metronidazole, Tinidazole, Paromomycin or Doxycycline, have been prescribed.
Some practitioners give high doses for the first two weeks then reduce to recommended
doses.
Remember that these herbs can themselves cause nausea and vomiting and can aggravate
stomach ulcers and inflammatory bowel conditions such as Crohn �s Disease. Care should
be taken to check the suitability of your chosen product in pregnancy and lactation, and in
children.
All cases should be followed-up for a month after symptoms have disappeared.
5.5.16 Picrorhiza kurroa
http://www.nutripeople.co.uk/print/692
Background & objectives: Picroliv, isolated from the root and rhizome of Picrorhiza kurroa, is
known to have significant hepatoprotective activity. Its effects against Entamoeba histolytica
induced liver damage are not studied. This study aims to evaluate the hepatoprotective
action of picroliv against the hepatotoxic changes induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)
and E.histolytica infection in three animal models.
picroliv isolated from the root and rhizome of Picrorhiza kurroa (Scrophulariaceae)
242
Thyme leaves
Thymus vulgaris
See Tomillo
ALSO KNOWN AS
Thymus vulgaris, Creeping Thyme, French Thyme, Garden Thyme, Common Thyme,
Mountain Thyme. Botanists refer to the species of the herb used in cooking as garden thyme
and to other species as simply “thyme” As with other mints, there are many thyme variants
with interesting tastes and fragrances, including lemon thyme, orange thyme, and caraway
thyme.
CONSTITUENTS
Alpha-linolenic acid, anethole, apigenin, borneol, caffeic acid, calcium, chromium, eugenol,
ferulic acid, geraniol, kaempferol, limonene, lithium, luteolin, magnesium, manganese,
methionine, p-coumaric acid, potassium, rosmarinic acid, selenium, thymol, tryptophan,
ursolic acid.
Bulk mountain rose herbs 4 0z 3.00

Do not take thyme as a medicine if you have a duodenal ulcer or if you have thyroid
disease.
THYMUS SERPYLLUM
Action ► Antiseptic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antispasmodic, mild sedative,
expectorant. T. serpyllum and T. vulgaris L. are used for coughs and common cold.
Key application ► German Commission E approved T. vulgaris for symptoms of bronchitis,
whooping cough and catarrhs of the upper respiratory tracts. Also to treat stomatitis.
(ESCOP.)
The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia recognizes expectorant activity of T. serpyllum.
T. serpyllum contains more linalool and p-cymol than Garden Thyme (T. vulgaris). Major
constituent of the volatile oil of both the species (highly variable) is thymol; with carvacrol
(lesser amount in T. serpyllum, higher in T. vulgaris), 1,8-cineole, borneol, geraniol, linalool.
bornyl and lina- lyl acetate, thymol methyl ether and alpha-pinene.
Flavonoids include apigenin, luteolin, thymonin, naringenin; other constituents include
labiatic acid, caffeic acid, tannins.
The flavonoid fraction has shown to have a potent effect on smooth muscle on guinea-pig
trachea and ileum.
Thymol is expectorant and antiseptic. Thymol and carvacrol are spasmolytic. Thymol is also
urinary tract antiseptic and anthelmintic.
Dosage ► Whole plant—3–5 g powder. (CCRAS.)

https://www.google.com/search?
hl=en&source=hp&q=mountain+rose+herbs&gbv=2&oq=mountain+rose+herbs&gs_l=heirloo
m-hp.3..5j0l9.3125.9813.0.9969.19.15.0.4.4.0.188.2045.0j13.13.0....0...1ac.1.34.heirloom-
hp..2.17.2232.kAW1yjv5IuI
5.5.17 Culantro
http://www.caribbeanseeds.com/culantro.htm
243
Culantro (Eryngium Foetidum) is a flavorful herb used in caribbean cooking. Puerto Rico
uses it extensively in all kinds of stews, soups, beans, asopao, etc. It is a more flavorful
substitute for Cilantro for all your culinary creations. It is definitely NOT EASY to come by
the seeds for this fragrant herb until now. Another name for this herb in Puerto Rico is
RECAO. In Asia it is also known as Long Coriander. Culantro is also known as: ngo-gai, spirit
weed, long coriander, false coriander, shadon beni, black benny, recao de monte, Mexican
coriander, and well over 65 more names in different parts
5.5.18 Clove Buds
CLOVES (Syzygium aromaticum)

Syzygium aromaticum. They are native to the Maluku Islands in Indonesia, and are
commonly used as a spice. Cloves are commercially harvested primarily in Indonesia, India,
Madagascar, Zanzibar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka—and the largest producer, Pemba Island, just off
the coast of Tanzania.
The clove tree is an evergreen that grows up to 8–12 m tall, with large leaves and sanguine
flowers grouped in terminal clusters. The flower buds initially have a pale hue, gradually turn
green, then transition to a bright red when ready for harvest. Cloves are harvested at 1.5–
2.0 cm long, and consist of a long calyx that terminates in four spreading sepals, and four
unopened petals that form a small central ball.
Active compounds[edit]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eugenol_acsv.svg
The compound eugenol is responsible for most of the characteristic aroma of cloves.
Eugenol comprises 72-90% of the essential oil extracted from cloves, and is the compound
most responsible for the cloves' aroma. Other important essential oil constituents of clove oil
include acetyl eugenol, beta-caryophyllene and vanillin, crategolic acid, tannins such as
bicornin,[22] gallotannic acid, methyl salicylate (painkiller), the flavonoids eugenin,
kaempferol, rhamnetin, and eugenitin, triterpenoids such as oleanolic acid, stigmasterol, and
campesterol, and several sesquiterpenes.[23][24]
Eugenol can be toxic in relatively small quantities; with a dose of 5 - 10 ml severely affecting
a 2 year old child.[25]
cloves remove the parasite eggs.
on the labeling of blood constituents with technetium-99m and on the morphology of red
blood cells
Modulatory influences of clove (Caryophyllus aromaticus, L) on hepatic detoxification
systems and bone marrow genotoxicity
Today in America Clove is used to treat worms, viruses, candida, and various
bacterial and protozoan infections
2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)-phenol
Caryophyllus Aromaticus night sweats pungent heat upon the
skin; on which account I have discarded them from all of my sweating mixtures
Eugenia ... It also promotes sweating with fevers, colds, and flu, which is very healing.
A strong antiparasitic and digestive oil of ... cramps, hot flashes, night sweats, water
retention, cellulite, and headaches.
https://www.google.com/search?
hl=en&source=hp&q=Caryophyllus+Aromaticus+night+sweats&gbv=2&oq=Caryophyllus+Ar
omaticus+night+sweats&gs_l=heirloom-
hp.3...59796.65687.0.65890.14.3.0.11.0.0.141.376.0j3.3.0....0...1ac.1.34.heirloom-
hp..12.2.266.ROiI2K2pajI
244
http://www.essential-oils-farmacy.com/there-is-an-oil-for-that.html
http://www.scortishealthcare.com/productinfo.asp?itemno=Gynex-Forte
http://www.hogwartsishere.com/library/book/2026/read/?chapter=1
http://everveda.com/library/
http://www.potentiallifeinstitute.com/essential-oils-and-herbs
http://www.herbalremedies.com/clove.html
Ingredients
Clove Powder.
Directions
Take 1/2 to 1 Teaspoons in juice or tea. Or as directed by recipe.
Our Low price: $8.99
Product Details:
Product Name: Starwest Botanicals Organic Cloves WholeSize: 1 LbUPC: 767963025470

Whole cloves come from a tree with the Latin botanical name of Syzygium aromaticum,
where the flower buds are dried to produce this popular spice. The tree is native to India
and Indonesia, but is also found in Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Zanzibar and Madagascar. We offer
this spice in powder and whole forms, as well as organic and kosher varieties. When you
buy cloves from Starwest Botanicals, you will notice that we directly source our dried spices
and herbs from our producers worldwide, and then process them all in-house in order to
bring you the finest quality dried herbs and spices available today.
Mountain rose herbs 4 oz $6.50

https://www.mountainroseherbs.com/search?page=1&q=clove&utf8=%E2%9C%93
Monterey Bay Spice company 1 pound 14.00

http://www.herbco.com/p-555-cloves-whole.aspx
Cloves: This magical flower bud is a powerhouse of goodness when it comes to clearing
your gut of creepy crawlies! From the plant Syzygium aromaticum, clove has also been used
since ancient times in both Ayurvedic and Western herbal medicine. Originally used as a
carminative (preventer of intestinal gas formation/expulsion), cloves have also been proven
to work for indigestion, abdominal cramping and pain, nausea, and even as a topical
application for toothaches! For our purposes, the key constituents in clove that pertain to its
anti-parasitic activity are eugenol, eugenol acetate, beta-caryophyllene, flavonoids, tannins
and phenolic acids, with EUGENOL being the main medicinal property. Both water and
alcohol preparations of clove bud have shown to be nematocidal and particularly effective
against Anisakis spp. Larva, Caenorhabditis elegans, Rhabditis macrocerca and Ascaris
suum. Perhaps most important though is that clove doesn’t differentiate between the eggs
of different species and can be instrumental in preventing recurrent infections by dislodging
eggs from the intestinal wall and killing them.
There is a particular phenomenon outlined in the above-mentioned Townsend Letter article
that illustrates this concept (however gruesomely). It is called “Larva Bursting” and involves
tearing the larva’s outer covering, exposing its intestines. Eugenol in cloves has been shown
again and again to cause this bursting of worm larvae, especially when synergistically
combined with tannins which are normally not larvicidal on their own. Together, the two
chemicals double the killing capacity of both substances. To sum up, “the synergistic action
of tannins and an anthelmintic not only damages the worms irreversibly, but also, in some
instances markedly reduced the required amount of the anthelmintic.”(pp.4) Take less of
both together to increase your killing capacity!
5.6 Oil of Oregano
245
· Oregano oil package: The European herb Oregano is one of the most nutritious substances
on earth, with 42 times more antioxidants than apples and 30 times more than potatoes.
· Additionally, it's loaded with antimicrobial compounds that fight cold-causing bacteria and
researchers found that it destroys giardia.
· Giardia is an amoeba, common throughout the world. There are more than 200 million
people infected with Giardia each year. Research studies indicate that oregano is effective
against Giardia.[8] In one study, oregano oil proved to be more effective than the commonly
prescribed drug, tinidazol.[9]
· Oregano oil even protects against parasitic infiltration both within the body, as well as the
physical environment. This includes round worms, tape worms, bed bugs, lice, fleas and
mosquitoes.
· Follow package directions, each manufacturer may have different strength.
· In vitro studies have demonstrated antibacterial activity of the essential oils against some
of the most common food-borne pathogens including Listeria, Salmonella, E-Coli, and
Shigella dysenteria (causes dysentery).[10,11] In fact, you can add oregano oil to your
eggs, meat, seafood, salad, or other dishes to actually prevent food poisoning microbes
from growing. You can also add a few drops to your left-overs to prevent food spoilage.
· Effective against and inhibits growth of E. Coli (Escherichia coli O157:H7)
· Effective against and inhibits growth of Proteus, bacteria that also cause UTIs.[5,6]
· Oregano oil may be a more powerful anti-fungal agent than many commercial products on
the market
· Oregano oil is effective in eliminating the fungus that causes athlete’s foot as well as
treating fungal infections on the skin and nails.
· Oregano oil benefits also include inhibiting the Candida fungi (yeast). It is more effective
than other natural supplements in cases of yeast infections resistant to the conventional
drug fluconazole (Diflucan), according to research published in the Canadian Journal of
Microbiology.[7]
5.7 Make your own capsules

- take enzymes containing large amounts of Protease (which digests protein and parasites,
bacteria and viruses are protein)
Household herbs:
Nutmeg, Bay Leaves and Cloves contain Eugenol, a powerful killer of parasite larva and eggs
Turmeric- anti-inflammatory wound healing worm-expelling body purifier

Dosing
Take once a day before lunch
First day- 1 cap
2nd day- 3caps
3rd day- 6 caps
4th day- 10 caps if on food, 5 caps if on total liquid cleanse
days 5 to 90- 10 caps, 1 day of rest per week
STAY ON THIS FOR 3 MONTHS !!! Adult parasites leave eggs behind when they die. It takes
time to rid your body of all stages.
Take probiotics at the end of the day because Parasite-Free™ is powerful and knocks out
everything
Take some sort of fiber during cleanse, also colon cleansing is recommended to flush out
the dead parasites.
246
Do NOT feed the parasites ! This means NO bread, pasta, sugar, dairy, meat, sushi, cereal,
baked, processed or fast foods
Scrub your hands, keep fingernails clean, Wash all produce, pet owners wear slippers,
practice impeccable hygiene
5.8 Critical Organs and Systems
5.8.1 Blood PH
1 tea. Bob’s Red Mill Baking Soda in water
5.8.2 Circulation Veins
Ginkgo Boblica, White Willow bark, Asprin in a pinch
5.8.3 Magnesium
Magnesium Citrate, Potassium Citrate, Magnesium Sulfate in water
5.8.4 Liver Protection and Detoxification Sulfates
1 tea. MSM in water
Clevland Clinic formula
· Milk Thissle
· CQ10
· ALA
· L-Carnitine
5.8.4.1 Liver Toxin Flush
http://curezone.com/cleanse/liver/epsom_salt_and_liver_flush.asp
Magnesium sulfate reduces striated muscle contractions and blocks peripheral
neuromuscular transmission by reducing acetylcholine release at the myoneural junction. In
emergency care, magnesium sulfate is used to manage seizures associated with toxemia of
pregnancy. Other uses include uterine relaxation (to inhibit contractions of premature labor),
as a bronchodilator after beta-agonist and anticholinergic agents have been used,
replacement therapy for magnesium deficiency, as a cathartic to reduce the absorption of
poisons from the Gl tract, and in the initial therapy for convulsions. Magnesium sulfate is
gaining popularity as an initial treatment in the management of various dysrhythmias,
particularly torsades de pointes, and dysrhythmias secondary to a tricyclic antidepressant
overdose or digitalis toxicity. The drug is also considered as a class Ila agent (probably
helpful) for refractory ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia after administration
of lidocaine or bretylium doses.
Bryant died because she got too much of the drug too fast. She might have given too much
of the drug to start with, or incorrectly programmed the pump that controls the IV solution.
Bryant's lawyer has said she was given a 40-gram solution, while the safety group
recommends a 20-gram solution. The dangers of magnesium sulfate led the Institute for
Safe Medication Practices to classify it as one of 25 "high-alert" medicines. Others include
chemotherapy drugs, insulin and warfarin, a blood thinner.
Rosehip seed
3-4 cups of rosehip seed tea

(restores IL17 T helper cells, prevents D3 twist in DNA helix)
http://www.mountainroseherbs.com Rosa spp. Origin- Chile
https://www.mountainroseherbs.com/search/search.php?
page=3&refine=y&keywords=Rosehips
247
If your immune system is shot, start by buying

Rosehip seeds from Mountain Rose Herbs, buy 4
pounds of seeds. get a krupps grinder. put the
seeds in the grinder and make a powder, takes
about 16 seconds. I put in enough seeds to cover
the blade. Put the seeds in a coffee machine, do
not use chlorine water. drink several coups a day.
The vitamin A and C from chilean rosehip seeds
is the best in the world. Take a little stinging
nettle root, say 3-4 per day. Start with 4 zinc
sulfates per day. Start with 3-4 selenium chelate
per day. Take magnolia bark extract 4:1
Ameramed. take 2-3 per day.
Rosehip seed tea. Mountain rose herb, bulk rosehip buds,

grind in coffee maker.
https://www.mountainroseherbs.com/products/rosehips/profile
Rosehip seeds grabs Vitamin D3 ( Primary

Disease adaptogen 3T3 receptor, preventing white
blood cells from inhibiting learned immune response T helper cells- invader infection signals.
Immune system is no longer controlled by mytotoxin. Rosehip seed is an excellent source of
topical trans-retinoic acid (vitamin A) in a natural form. Retinoic acid, found in Tretinoin,
Steroid receptor superfamily has identified certain members as molecular targets for cancer
therapy (1). They include estrogen receptors, retinoic acid receptors, retinoid X receptors
(RXR; the RXR-specific ligands are termed “rexinoids”), and the vitamin D receptor (the
vitamin D–specific ligands are termed “deltanoids”). These nuclear receptors are putative
cancer therapy targets because they function as transcription factors that control the
expression of many genes related to cell differentiation (1, 2). The strongest evidence for
the therapeutic potential of this approach comes from the
efficacy of retinoic acid receptor a activation in the treatment
of acute promyelocytic leukemia (3). Over 90% of patients
with acute promyelocytic leukemia achieve complete
remission following treatment with the naturally occurring
retinoid all trans-retinoic acid (ATRA; ref. 4).
Glass Jug
Luminarc® Quadro 1.7-Liter Glass Jug with Infuser
Krups grinder
Krups 203-42 Grinder, Fast Touch
Rosehip seed tea recipe
248
Orange Juicer and Zester
Metrokane juicer from Target
IQ citrus zester from williams and sonoma
Orange Juice Recipe C with Bioflavinoids
Lemon Juice PH Bioflavinoid Drink
Tomato Juice Recipe C
Stinging nettle
Stinging nettle root capsules 600mg Swanson sw968, 0-2.4G + TID

Stinging nettle robs fungus of hard outer shell - "chitinin"
http://www.swansonvitamins.com/swanson-premium-stinging-nettle-root-500-mg-100-caps
Danish RoseHips CAPSULES
Danish RoseHips Swanson SWU424

https://www.swansonvitamins.com/swanson-ultra-pure-danish-rose-hips-750-mg-60-caps
249
Choline
(1) AM CHOLINE 293mg - CHOLINE Bitartrate Builds membranes back - Country Life
Choline:
• Choline is an essential nutrient related to the water-soluble B-complex vitamins,
folate, pyridoxine, and B12, and to the essential amino acid, methionine. It is
synthesized in the body as well as consumed in the diet. The largest dietary source
of choline is egg yolk. Choline can also be found in high amounts in liver, peanuts,
fish, milk, brewer's yeast, wheat germ, soy beans, bottle gourd fruit, fenugreek
leaves, shepherd's purse herb, Brazil nuts, dandelion flowers, poppy seeds, mung
and other beans, and a variety of meats and vegetables, including cabbage and
cauliflower.
• Choline is a major building block of lecithin. Choline is a precursor to
acetylcholine, a chemical used to transfer nerve impulses. Therefore, choline is
believed to have neurological effects.
• Choline is a constituent of phosphatidylcholine (PC), which is a component of
cell walls and membranes. It is involved in fat and cholesterol metabolism and
transport. In this form, choline aids in fat metabolism and transport away from the
liver.
• Choline is likely effective when used orally as a nutritional supplement in infant
formula. Also, choline is likely effective when used intravenously to treat total
parenteral nutrition associated liver dysfunction.
• The liver uses choline to break down cholesterols in order to create hormones and
the like. In a body that is too acidic (precisely the environment where candida
thrives), cholesterols get oxidized and there you get the beginning of bile stones.
Phosphatidylcholine (supplemental) has been quoted as helping a great deal in

liver flushing, together with ox bile (bile is primarily cholieric materials).
Bromelain
Fresh raw pineapple, pineapple enzyme Bromelain helps clear and counteract parasite
enzyme changes in the gut Bromelain is a pineapple extract thought to be effective for
reducing swelling (inflammation), especially of the nose and sinuses, after surgery or injury.
It may also be used for a variety of other effects that remain scientifically unconfirmed and
not authorized by regulatory authorities like the Food and Drug Administration. These may
include: hay fever, treating a bowel condition that includes swelling and ulcers ulcerative
colitis, removing dead and damaged tissue after a burn debridement, preventing the
collection of water in the lung pulmonary edema, relaxing muscles, stimulating muscle
contractions, slowing clotting, improving the absorption of antibiotics, preventing cancer,
shortening labor, and helping the body get rid of fat. Bromelain also contains chemicals
that might interfere with the growth of tumor cells and slow blood clotting, according to
laboratory research only.[1]
"Bromelain" is also used as a culinary ingredient, primarily as a tenderizer. The term

"bromelain" can refer to either of two protease enzymes extracted from the plant family
Bromeliaceae, or it can refer to a combination of those enzymes along with other
compounds produced in an extract.
Bromelain extract is a mixture of protein-digesting enzymes—called proteolytic enzymes or

proteases and several other substances in smaller quantities. The proteolytic enzymes are
250
referred to as sulfhydryl proteases, since a free sulfhydryl group of a cysteine side-chain is
required for function.
The two main enzymes are:
Stem bromelain - EC 3.4.22.32

Fruit bromelain - EC 3.4.22.33
The other substances typically include peroxidase, acid phosphatase, protease inhibitors,
and calcium.
History
The first isolation of bromelain was recorded by the Venezuelan chemist Vicente Marcano[2]
(BU1 1.Phar. 5,77) in 1891 from the fruit of pineapple. In 1892, Chittenden, assisted by
Joslin and Meara, investigated the matter fully (Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci. 8, 281-308),
and called it 'bromelin'. Later, the term 'bromelain' was introduced and originally applied to
any protease from any plant member of the plant family Bromeliaceae.
Bromelain was first introduced as a therapeutic supplement in 1957. Research on bromelain

was first conducted in Hawaii but more recently has been conducted in countries in Asia,
Europe, and Latin America. Germany has recently taken a great interest in bromelain
research; bromelain is currently the thirteenth-most-widely-used herbal medicine in
Germany.
Source
Bromelain is present in all parts of the pineapple plant (Ananas sp.).[citation needed]
However, the stem is the most common commercial source,[citation needed] presumably
because it is readily available after the fruit has been harvested. Pineapples have had a long
tradition as a medicinal plant among the natives of South and Central America.
• 2 Bromelain/4800 mg GDU with water on empty stomach (anti-inflammatory,

reduces tumor invasion/migration, boosts immunity, blocks the production of PGE2,
reduces radiation side effects)
• The maximum recommended dosage of Bromelain is 1000mg 3x daily.
• Jarrow Fibrinogen (Blood Clots) Support -- Bromelain Enzymes
• Helps improve removal of waste from body
• Dissolve chitin and moves the shit out
Bromelain enzyme supplementation has also been shown to be effective for sport injuries
and traumatic injuries. It helps to break down the clots that form as a result of the trauma.
Here is how it works. The Bromelain enzymes tend to promote the synthesis of anti-
inflammatory hormones such as the prostatagland series one. As you promote the
prostatagland in series one, you tend to have an anti-inflammatory effect. It also inhibits the
release of inflammatory kinnins that are part of the inflammatory process in most
inflammatory conditions. It then helps to break down abnormal clots from traumatic injuries,
sport injuries, car accidents as well as other types of trauma that we might incur.
Bromelain does this by encouraging activation of what is called plasmin, found in the blood
vessel wall, which helps to break the clot down.
As you can see, Bromelain enzymes can be very helpful at reducing inflammation and
helping patient’s speed up the recovery of traumatic injuries. However, you have to know
251
how much to take. Also, there are some very important drug nutrient interactions to know
about with respect to using Bromelain so that it does not become a dangerous supplement
for you.
Drink homemade pineapple fruit juice recipes. The importance here is that the pineapple
juice is taken fresh before its natural enzymes die off. One such enzyme is called
Bromelain and is believed to kill off tapeworms. Only use organic pineapples as others
have almost zero Bromelain content.
Probiotic 225
Probiotic 225 Brand: Ortho Molecular Products
Item Number: OM1219

http://www.iherb.com/ortho-molecular-products-probiotic-225-gastrointestinal-support-15-
packets-3-g-each/45207
https://www.pureformulas.com/probiotic-225-15-sachets-by-ortho-molecular-products.html
MFG # 470015
UPC # 615033004705
Probiotic 225 is a high potency formula delivering substantial amounts of beneficial bacteria
to support gastrointestinal health and proper micro flora balance. Disruption of normal flora,
called dysbiosis, by reducing beneficial bacteria colonies and populations, allows space for
the yeast colonies to grow. Normally, beneficial bacteria colonies cover the intestinal
surface, crowding out disease-producing organisms like yeast. In this way, yeast though
present, are kept to a minimum.
Select Organisms
Ortho Molecular (Gut Repair Kit) Potential Game Changer

Anyone who has used VSL#3 or Mutaflor has spent enough on Probiotic to make a car
payment. It's not just the cost of Clinical grade Probiotic; but, the price of all the testing,
Upper GI, Stool samples, Bla, Bla, Bla
Probiotic 225 contains a combination of six unique strains of live organisms, scientifically
selected for their superior resilience, endurance and effectiveness.
Mix with yogurt
Activia Yogurt by Dannon
Active strain of Bifidobacterium lactis DN-173 010. Researchers assembled a study group of
people diagnosed with active IBS. Reporting its findings in the January 2009 issue of
“Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics,” the team said test subjects who were
regularly fed yogurt containing the probiotic over the course of four weeks showed a
significant reduction in bloating and stomach distension.
Kidney Flushing
KGP Flush
252
KGP Flush
https://www.baselinenutritionals.com/products/kidney-liver-detox-package.php
https://www.baselinenutritionals.com/products/KGP-Flush.php
PM KGP Flush For Optimum Kidney Health Baseline Nutritionals
Certified medicine (NDC 75830-002-04) to relieve kidney stones and gallstones. $49.95
https://www.baselinenutritionals.com/products/KGP-Flush.php
KGP Flush™ 4 fl oz $49.95
Hydrangea arborescens, Eupatorium purpureum - gravelroot , Althea officinalis -

marshmellow, Black Cherry Concentrate, Solidago virgaurea- goldenrod, Zingiber officinale
rosc – Ginger, B6, Magnesium oxide, Uva ursi- bearberry, Parsley – Dr Clark
Enzymes
Enzyme Supplements did little for me. Serrapeptase helped circulation ache, Bromelain (pineapple
and pineapple juice) helped digestion. When you have a paraste infection you essentially have no
enzymes, and almost no amount of supplementation helped me, excepting the two above. I looked
elsewhere for feeling and getting better.
Serrapeptase
https://www.herbspro.com/default.asp
https://www.herbspro.com
customerservice@herbspro.com
33453 Western Ave.
Union City, CA-94587.
Order Date: 9/30/2011 6:07:00 AM
Item: Best Serrapeptase 40,000 units

Item no: 69142
UPC: 753950001497
type: 90vc
quan 2 $12.71
$25.42
Dosage:
Directions: Take 1 to 2 capsules twice a day bu itself. Take on an empty stomach. Take
capsules at least 30 to 60 minutes before or 2 hours after a meal with 8 oz. of water.
Do not take during a time where you take other vitamins.
If you are taking any medication or under medical supervision, consult your doctor before
use. Discontinue use and consult your doctor if any adverse reactions occur.
Store in cool, dry place with the lid tightly closed. Avoid excessive heat. Keep out of the
reach of children. Not intended for use by persons under the age of 18.
Supplement enzymes
253
CoFactors:
Papain,Bromelain, Amylase, Lipase, Rutin and Amla.
Elimination of potentially toxic substances from the body is a crucial part in the metabolic
processes for optimal health. A variety of health issues can develop without a proper store
of enzymes or if toxins within the body impair enzyme function or availability.
When sulfur and vitamin A are combined in the body with all the other required
nutrients including minerals (like zinc and silica) and amino acids (including lysine and
proline), the body immediately starts producing enzymes.
Zinc is required to produce most collagen and keratin enzymes, which in turn initiate the
chemical reaction that produces keratins (combining the nutrients chemically to form the
many unique types of this protein) and deposits them where they are needed in the
body – this is simply how DNA works! In fact, thousands of the genes in human DNA are
identified as being keratin and collagen genes. The various types and amounts of keratins
produced depend on the types and amounts of amino acids and minerals present and how DNA
naturally “directs” the production of these proteins. The production of collagens works the
same way except that it is sulfur and vitamin C that are combined with the other
nutrients.
Enteric Coated Serrapeptase
Used by silkworms to digest and emerge from their silken cocoons; studied extensively for
more than 50 years; an excellent fibrinolytic (fibrin digesting) and powerful anti-
inflammatory enzyme*
Protease
Hydrolyze (break-down) proteins like casein, steak, gelatin, soy, fish and other plant and
animal proteins to smaller chains of polypeptides (small proteins) and amino acids for easier
uptake throughout the body
Bromelain*
A collective name for the proteolytic (protein-digesting) enzymes found in the pineapple
plant (Ananas comosus); known for its anti-inflammatory properties. A good substitute for
animal-based enzymes a good substitute for pepsin and trypsin for digestive support*
Papain*
Obtained from the latex of the fruit of the Papaya tree; used for centuries as an effective
digestive aid*
Papain; Papain is a protein digestive enzyme that really works synergistically with herbs to
further break down material. This Digestive enzyme will help restore your intestinal tract to
its normal state, which makes it inhospitable to parasites. Papain taken 30 minutes before or
after meals helps kill worms.
254
Amylase
Breaks down carbohydrates, or more specifically, starches, into smaller dextrins and sugars;
produced naturally by humans, microorganisms and plants
Lipase
Catalyzes the break-down of fats into essential fatty acids needed for healthy tissues and
cells*
Amla
Also known as Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis); a natural, efficacious antioxidant,

and one of the richest sources of absorbable vitamin C
Rutin
Bioflavonoid; strengthens and tones arteries and veins; provides antioxidant support
against free-radicals and inflammation*
Serrapeptase actions
Serrapeptase is a proteolytic enzyme isolated from the non-pathogenic bacteria Serratia

species found in the digestive tract of the Japanese silkworm. The enzyme is used by the
worms to digest their cocoons. Serrapeptase has been used as a nutritional supplement in
Europe and Asia for nearly three decades. Each vegetarian capsule of Best Serrapeptase
contains enteric-coated pure serrapeptase designed for optimal absorption in the intestinal
tract.
* Dietary supplement. Serrapeptase has been used widely in clinical practice in Japan and
Europe for decades. Dr. Hans Nieper, a legendary medical doctor known for his extensive
use of proteolytic enzymes, named it the Miracle Enzyme because of its unique abilities.
Serrapeptase is made by the bacteria Serratia E15 found in the digestive tract of silkworms,
which harness the serrapeptase enzyme to break down food and the walls of their silk
cocoons as they emerge in their moth state.
Serrapeptase is a powerful systemic enzyme that supports the body's response to

inflammation and the respiratory and sinus systems. The bacteria Serratia mercesans
produces Serrapeptase, an enzyme that enables the silkworm to dissolve its silken cocoon
and emerge after metamorphosis. Serratia is now grown in cultures to produce serrapeptase
by fermentation. Numerous research and clinical studies have demonstrated serrapeptase
has anti-inflammatory, proteolytic (protein dissolving) and fibrinolytic (fibrin dissolving)
properties. Studies also show serrapeptase promotes respiratory and sinus health, improves
tissue healing and significantly reduces inflammation.
Serrapeptase also has the unique ability to digest non-living tissue that is a by-product of
the healing response without harming living tissue. Fibrin is a tough protein arranged in long
fibrous chains. It is formed from fibrinogen, a soluble protein produced by the liver and
255
found in blood plasma. Fibrin tends to form circulating complexes that create barriers
against the absorption of healing nutrients in and around areas of inflammation.
Serrapeptase supports normal fibrin metabolism, blood viscosity and blood flow. In addition,
serrapeptase supports healthy inflammatory response by reducing metabolic inflammation,
usually an asymptomatic inflammatory process in response to stress, improper nutrition and
other environmental issues. There is also evidence of inhibition of C-Reactive Protein, a
marker of inflammation that has been linked to cardiovascular health.*
Many people reach for NSAIDS (non-steroid anti-inflammation drugs) such as aspirin,
ibuprofen and naproxen to address pain and inflammation. They are effective but come
with serious side effects such as gastric bleeding, joint/cartilage damage, disrupted
metabolism, increased blood sugar, loss of bone and emotional disorders, among others.
Serrapeptase can significantly reduce inflammation when taken alone and provide a
synergistic affect when taken in low doses with aspirin.
For instance, the immune system can be overwhelmed with bacteria, fungi, toxins and even
food particles that doesn’t get completely digested in the gastro-intestinal tract. In many
instances, proteins the body detects as foreign initiate an immune response. Recognized as
antigens, the immune system produces antibodies to start the process of their degradation
and removal. After coupling with one another, these antigens and antibodies form
circulating immune complexes (CICs), which induce attack and destruction by the immune
system’s macrophages (cells specifically designed to destroy CICs). In cases where
inflammation is prolonged or when CICs are predominant within the body’s tissues and
organs, the body may not have enough enzyme potential to begin the next process of
renewal and recovery. Moreover, research has demonstrated that a lack of proteolytic
enzymes may not adequately address a large accumulation of CIC’s in the body.
To address this problem, Exclzyme has been formulated with an ample supply of various
proteases to facilitate the body’s immune defenses and breakdown free-roaming CICs which
can keep the body in a constant state of inflammation. Exclzyme also contains papain and
bromelain, enzymes known for their potent systemic properties. Enteric-coated
serrapeptase highlights this powerful mix of proteolytic enzymes with its scientifically proven
fibrinolytic power.
In addition to these systemic and digestive proteases, lipase and amylase also offer their
own enzyme activity to bolster the body with extra catalytic energy, especially for the
complete digestion of fats, sugar and protein complexes. And for extra synergy, Exclzyme is
rounded with anti-oxidant support in the form of rutin and amla, herbs well known for their
unique bioflavanoid content, especially useful for tissue rejuvenation and recovery.
Systemic Enzyme Therapy for Men and Women
For nearly 40 years, serrapeptasehas been at the heart of systemic enzyme therapy.
Systemic enzymes such as serrapeptase have been used for optimal cell, tissue, organ and
metabolic function. Likewise, companies, health practitioners and consumers have turned to
the original Exclzyme formulation for their systemic enzyme therapy needs.
The reality is that inflammation affects everyone, men and women alike. However, along
with nearly all other tissue and organs, inflammation can affect reproductive tissue and
organs particularly. For instance, many women experience painful swelling of the breast as
256
well as uterine fibroids. In men, prostate health is a major concern. Although inflammation
in each case may manifest differently in both men and women, inflammation has one thing
in common: fibrin.
Fibrin is an essential protein that is produced during inflammation. As a blood clotting

protein, the body utilizes fibrin to contain blood loss and keep infection at bay after injury.
It is the initial first step in the body’s attempts at recovery. However, when inflammation
has become prolonged, fibrin along with other proteins such as collagen can begin to
transform original tissue into a tough fibrous matrix. Differentiated and sometimes
sequestered apart from healthy tissue, this fibrous matrix still has the biological markers of
inflammation. Nutrients and other building blocks are still needed for healthy and normal
tissue.
Systemic and proteolytic enzyme research over the years suggests that fibroids in women
and swollen prostrate glands in men are indications that the body has not been able to get
past inflammation. The resulting fibrous tissue usually accumulates toxins that have not
been adequately removed by the body.
Enzymes are energetic catalysts that push essential chemical reactions in the body in the
right direction. In its quest for internal balance, the body always turns to enzymes for help.
In this way, Exclzyme helps get inflamed tissue over the hump.
Exclzyme’s superior proteolytic action assists the body in removing those larger protein
molecules from damaged cells and tissues as well as the inflammatory response itself. In
helping breakdown these compounds, the impediments for sustaining healthy cell and tissue
growth are removed and the processes for rejuvenation and recovery can move forward.
Exclzyme is the #1, non-animal derived systemic formulation on the market today. Why not
use it as a part of your continual systemic enzyme therapy?
USES:
Researchers in India conducted a study to assess the response of serrapeptase in patients

with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). They wanted to determine if a conservative, non-
surgical approach would be beneficial. Twenty patients with CTS were evaluated clinically
after 6 weeks taking serrapeptase. Sixty five percent showed significant clinical
improvement, which was supported by improvement in electrophysiological parameters. No
significant side effects were observed. The doctors concluded that serrapeptase therapy may
prove to be a useful alternative conservative treatment.3
Another study was conducted comparing the efficacy of two proteolytic enzymes in the
treatment of venous inflammatory disease. The efficacy of Serrapeptase and Seaprose S was
assessed using good or excellent results as the measure of effective treatment.
Serrapeptase was effective in 65% of the cases compared to 85% for Seaprose S. Though
Seaprose S had better overall results, both enzymes were effective. It can thus be confirmed
that both enzymes were effective in patients with inflammatory venous disease.4 (Note:
Seaprose S has since been withdrawn from the market).
A clinical evaluation of serrapeptase was conducted to determine its efficacy in reducing

inflammation in patients with breast engorgement. Serrapeptase was noted to be superior to
placebo for improvement of breast pain, breast swelling and induration and while 85.7% of
the patients receiving serrapeptase had "Moderate to Marked" improvement. No adverse
reactions were reported with the use of serrapeptase. The researchers conclude that
serrapeptase is a safe and effective method for the treatment of breast engorgement.5
257
A prospective study was conducted on the effect of serrapeptase on post-operative swelling

and pain of the ankle. In the serrapeptase group, the swelling decreased by 50% on the
third post-operative day, while in the control groups (no treatment and treatment with ice)
no reduction in swelling occurred. A decrease in pain correlated for the most part with the
reduction in swelling. On the basis of these results, serrapeptase would appear to be an
effective preparation for the post-operative reduction of swelling, in comparison with the
classical conservative measures, for example, the application of ice.6
Moving to another part of the body, a study was conducted in men with amicrobial prostato-
vesiculitis (APV is a non-infectious inflammation of the prostate). The researchers wanted to
determine if treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDS) drugs, including
serrapeptase, could reduce inflammation and swelling of the prostate. The doctors conclude
that in APV patients, the treatment with NSAIDS, including serrapeptase is an effective
therapy, producing multiple positive effects.7
The efficacy of serrapeptase was evaluated in a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-

controlled study of 193 subjects suffering from acute or chronic ear, nose or throat
disorders. After 3-4 days' treatment, significant symptom regression was observed in
serrapeptase treated patients. Statistical comparison confirmed the greater efficacy of
serrapeptase against all the symptoms examined. It was concluded that serrapeptase has
anti-inflammatory, anti-edemic and fibrinolytic activity and acts rapidly on localized
inflammation.8
A multi-centre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was carried out to investigate the

clinical efficacy of the anti-inflammatory enzyme Serratiopeptidase in 174 patients who
underwent Caldwell-Luc antrotomy for chronic empyema(puncturing and draining pus from
the nasal maxillary sinus). This puncture is placed under the top lip and above the gum line.
Changes in swelling at the puncture sites after the procedure were observed. The degree of
swelling in the Serratiopeptidase-treated patients was significantly less than that in the
placebo-treated patients at every point of observation. No side-effects were reported.9
Other Applications
Serrapeptase is widely used in clinical practice in Japan. One research trial in Japan
investigated the effect of serrapeptase on sputum properties and symptoms in patients with
chronic airway diseases. After 4 weeks of serrapeptase treatment, sputum output, viscosity
and sputum neutrophil count decreased significantly. In addition, the frequency of coughing
and of expectoration also decreased. The researchers concluded serrapeptase may exert a
beneficial effect on mucus clearance by reducing neutrophil numbers and altering the
viscoelasticity of sputum in patients with chronic airway diseases.10
Another clinical study evaluated the effect of serrapeptase on the elasticity and viscosity of
the nasal mucus in adult patients with chronic sinusitis. Serrapeptase was administered
orally for 4 weeks. The dynamic viscosity of the mucus at week 4 was significantly lower
than that at week 0. The authors conclude that serrapeptase may have some application in
patients with chronic sinusitis.11
An unusual clinical trial evaluated the effectiveness of serratiopeptidase in the eradication of

a periprosthetic infection (an infection at the site of an implanted orthopedic device) in an in
vivo animal model. Infections of slime-forming bacteria are especially difficult at these sites.
Rats were inoculated with Staphylococcus epidermidis at the prosthetic site. After two
weeks, infection persisted in 63.2% of animals in the no-treatmentgroup; 37.5% of
258
animalsin an antibiotic-only group; and only 5.6% of animals in the serratiopeptidase-and-
antibioticgroup. The authors conclude that serratiopeptidase was effective at eradicating
infection this experimental animal model and may enhance antibioticefficacy in the
treatment of staphylococcal infections.12
259
Food
Grandparents
My grandpa Welker was a farmer, in eastern Ohio. My family went out almost every summer
to visit my mom’s parents and then my dad’s parents. Grandma Welker was a little deaf, and
so was grandpa. They used to holler at each other in different rooms, each one not hearing
the other. It made us kids laugh when they hollered at each other. It was even funnier
when they swore in Dutch under their breath. Grandpa used to take me through the fields,
show me the apple trees he had, he would pick one, cut it up with his pocketknife, and give
me a slice. We went out in the woods to pull down trees, cut wood, or just generally take
care of the land. I loved driving that old Farmall tractor. At night, we would sit out on the
patio and eat watermelon, spitting the seeds on the ground.
A couple of summers grandpa and grandma drove out from Ohio to where we lived in New
Jersey, in an old 1960’s Chevy. It was loaded stem to stern and up to the ceiling with
wooden bushel baskets of fresh produce, grown on the Welker farm in Ohio. We would cut,
and peel, can and jar, tomatoes, corn, beans, peas, carrots, and all sorts of vegetables. The
process would go on for days.
On the summers we kids spent in Ohio we got to experience the farm. Grandpa had retired
years ago but he still helped run the hardware store, made furniture and picture frames,
sold cider and apples on the road, and had a 10-acre garden. In the morning the breakfast
table was a full out chow down spread. Grandma would put on the coffee and start setting
the breakfast table. There was always grapefruit sliced and sectioned, and cantaloupe
(orange or green honey dew) sliced into sections, with a bowl of fruit, homemade bread,
browned toast, sliced tomatoes, OJ, cereals of every type, wheat germ, homemade apple
sauce with cinnamon on top, homemade apple butter jelly, butter, cottage cheese, milk,
fresh honey, sugar, salt, pepper and what-not. The whatnot could be almost anything. I was
always amazed to sit down to my grandparent’s breakfast table, looking at all the stuff put
out on the table. It was very unusual, I thought, I had never seen such a breakfast table
spread like this, and to this day I have not seen one quite like it.
As kids we would sit down at the table and look out at the table in disbelief. I got used to
eating grapefruit and cantaloupe. I guess I rotated cereals, as I never had Cheerios,
Wheaties, or Shredded Wheat at home. I was a Captain Crunch guy. There was always a
box of Total on the table, but I never tried that one. I learned to enjoy sugar on my
grapefruit; it was too strong a taste to take without sugar. Fill your tank, Grandpa would say
at the table, your tank is only half-full, Slop Nye … he would say, (an old Pennsylvania Dutch
saying I guess. I decided to look up the translation).
Slop (n.)
Dutch Translation:
Food, nutriment, eat, feed, expression, formulation, sentimentalism, overemotional, eat up,
nutrient, nourishment; sustenance; aliment; fare; eats; food; solid food; Making up;
preparation; the art of cooking;
Alimentation: The act or process of giving or receiving nourishment. Support; sustenance.
Webster’s:
Nye (n) a brood or flock of pheasants
260
The workday started at nine AM. After grinding up apples or corn meal, and a few trips out
to the barn or the fields working on this or that, Grandpa would talk while he worked about
his life, the jobs he had, the war, about the depression, and how little food there was. He
told us of the places he lived, and where he had traveled, and how he came to buy and then
build the farm during the depression so he could provide the family with plenty of food.
Grandpa loved to eat. It was good he bought a farm…I thought to myself… as he loved to
eat! He told the same stories many times, including his first cow that he bought for the farm
had no teeth. I always showed respect and looked like I was listening even if I was not. I
wish now I had listened more.
Coming in from the fields for lunch was also a special treat. Grandma would start setting the
lunch table about 11:30. There was always something hot, and something cold. Grandma
would cook ham, beef, or homemade vegetable beef soup. There was always a plate of
thick sliced baloney, beef salami, and cheese. There was always a plate of sliced lettuce,
tomatoes, and onions. There were jars of homemade butter pickles, homemade red beets,
and of course out came the breads, rye, wheat, and white. Bowls were filled with
applesauce, and cottage cheese. There was a pitcher of milk and cans of soda. Grandpa
would say that you are what you eat, and you should eat all kinds of food, a little bit of
everything to be sure. This was a dining room table that proudly displayed Pennsylvania
Dutch cooking. Grandma would make buttermilk lettuce in a pan as I watched in fascination.
Her scratch gravy and sauces were masterful. The dining room was a place for conversation
and good food. Grandpa’s philosophy: there are good habits and bad habits; we get to
choose which habits we are stuck with through life. Eat a bit of everything; it is all good for
you. Keep it moving, (keep the bowels moving). Work hard, eat well. Grandpa’s home spun
philosophy of life. Both my grandparents lived well into their late 80’s and I was sorry to
lose them.
The Dinner setting – or was it called supper?, anyway there would be a chicken or pot-roast,
at least three cooked vegetables, a full chopped salad, and you guessed it, a ton of stuff
from breakfast and lunch to clean-up. Along with the applesauce, cottage cheese, a pitcher
of ice water, and coffee again. Let’s not discuss dessert, the endless rotation of homemade
pies (apple, rhubarb, peach, blueberry, lemon, or mince), cakes, and sweet tarts. I have
never been at a dinner table that served so much good food. In total there were 6 of us at
the table, a table that could serve many more. On occasion, I remember two or three
joining us for dinner, and there was always plenty of food. Grandma cooked for an army
from habit. When the farm was in business, the farm help and field workers would have
always come in for a meal, and Grandma was always prepared.
Micronutrients by Food Groups
Dairy:
1. The primary source of calcium in your diet.

2. Heavy in saturated fat
3. Calcium, potassium, phosphorus,
magnesium, and iodine [10]
4. Protein [13]
Eggs
Yogurt
Kefir
261
• What is Kefir?
• How to make Kefir
• How to Second Ferment Kefir
• How to Make Kefir Cheese and Whey
Fatty Fish:
1. Omega-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] & docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) [12]
2. Protein [13]
3. Iron
Fruits:
1. Because fruits are normally eaten raw, they are the primary source of many water-soluble
/ living nutrients your diet.
2. Soluble dietary fiber (such as pectin) [6]
3. Folic acid
4. 57.9% of the total vitamin C intake [7]
5. 40.6% of the total beta-carotene intake [7]
6.Plant families of Fruits:
A.Citrus Fruits (orange, tangelos, tangerine)
•Monoterpenes (inhibits carcinogen activation) [18]
•Vitamin C
B.Carotene rich fruits (raw tomatoes, cantaloupe, mango, papaya, dried apricots &
peaches)
Whole-Grains / Cereal:
1. Bran, which may contain the most important bioactive nutrients.[20]

2. Insoluble fiber (such as cellulose) [6]
3. Sodium, iron, magnesium, manganese, and iodine [9],[10]
4. "The long list of cereal antioxidants includes vitamin E, tocotrieonols, selenium, phenolic
acids, and phytic acid. These multifunctional antioxidants come in immediate-release to
slow-release forms and thus are available throughout the gastrointestinal tract over a long
period after being consumed."[20]
5. B vitamins, vitamin E, selenium, zinc, copper, and magnesium.[8]
6. Protein [13]
7. Lignans [20]
8. See Health Benefits of Whole-Grains for additional information.
Flax Seeds
Legumes:
• Soluble dietary fiber (such as pectin) [6]

• Insoluble fiber (such as cellulose)
• Protein [13]
4. "Legumes are rich sources of slowly digestible starch promoting moderate postprandial
glycernic and insulinemic responses." [14]
Limas
262
Green Beans
Meat:
1. Saturated fat
2. The primary source of iron, zinc, and vitamin B-12 in your diet. [11]
3. Protein [13]
4. Copper, phosphorus, selenium, and zinc [9]
Grass Fed Beef

Salmon
Nuts:
1. Low in saturated fatty acids and high in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids
[16]
2. Protein, copper, magnesium [16]
3. Best natural source of vitamin E and are relatively concentrated repositories of
magnesium, potassium, and arginine [17]
4. Protein [13]
Almonds
Vegetables:
1. Vegetables are normally eaten

cooked in order to break down fiber
and to destroy toxins. Thus, they are
the primary source of many nutrients
that are improved by the cooking
process.
2. Soluble dietary fiber (such as
pectin) [6]
3. Insoluble fiber (such as cellulose)
4. Magnesium, potassium [9]
5. Folic acid
6. Greens (calcium and magnesium)
7. 34.8% of the total beta-carotene
intake [7]
8. 17.3 % of the total vitamin C intake
[7]
9.Plant families of Vegetables:
A.Brassica or Cruciferous
vegetables
(broccoli, cabbage, kale, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower)
•Aromatic isothiocyanates (inhibits carcinogen activation ) [18]
•Glucobrassicin & indoles (inhibits carcinogen activation )[18]
. Beta Carotene rich vegetables
([dark-green leafy vegetables (kale, collard greens, spinach, greens in
general) and deep-yellow-orange vegetables] (cooked tomatoes, carrots,
sweet potato, pumpkin)
•Approximately 80-90% of the carotenoids present in green, leafy vegetables such
as
broccoli, kale, spinach and brussel sprouts are xanthophylls, whereas 10-
20% are carotenes. Conversely, yellow and orange vegetables including
carrots, sweet potatoes and squash contain predominantly carotenes. [15]
263
C.Allium vegetables (onion, garlic, leek, chive).
•Organosulphur compounds (inhibits carcinogen activation ) [18]
Carrots
Special Nutrition Foods
Spinach – Source of Iron
http://www.healthaliciousness.com/nutritionfacts/nutrition-comparison.php?
o=11458&t=11458&h=11148&s=100&e=180.000&r=175.000
Bananas – Source of Potassium
Oranges – Source of Bioflavinoids
http://www.healthaliciousness.com/nutritionfacts/nutrition_facts.php?id=Oranges%20Raw
%20With%20Peel&idn=9205
Lemons – Source of Limonoids
http://www.healthaliciousness.com/nutritionfacts/nutrition_facts.php?id=Lemons%20Raw
%20With%20Peel&idn=9151
Blueberries – Source of Lutin
http://www.healthaliciousness.com/nutritionfacts/nutrition_facts.php?id=Blueberries
%20Raw&idn=9050
Manganese
Olives
Green Onion
Tomatoes
Sweet Potatoes
Bell Peppers
264
Swiss Chard
We’ve been reminding you about the importance of vitamin K lately. Swiss chard
happens to be one of the best sources. This powerhouse green is chewy, substantial
and richly flavored. You’ll enjoy this pungent leaf’s nutritional benefits, too: fiber,
manganese, magnesium, vitamin A, vitamin C, iron, vitamin E, potassium, and
plenty of other nutrients. It’s one of the most comprehensive greens, in terms of
vitamins and minerals, so eat it regularly.
Read more: http://www.marksdailyapple.com/power-foods/#ixzz3wDzE7uEl
Olive oil – the healthiest oil on earth, Scilian is world renown for its C22 C23 carbon chains.
Garlic
Garlic provides nourishment for the circulatory, immune and urinary systems. It aids in
supporting with normal circulation, nourishing stomach tissues, maintaining normal blood
pressure and aids the body's natural ability to resist disease. Garlic is a natural antibiotic
and fungicide.
Garlic:
Garlic is able to slow and kill over 60 types of fungus and 20 types of bacteria, as well as
some of the most potent viruses. Garlic has a history of killing parasites and controlling
secondary fungal infections, detoxifying while gently stimulating elimination, and has
antioxidant properties to protect against oxidation caused by parasite toxins.
The active components in garlic that kill parasites are Allicin and Ajoene. These compounds
can kill ameba’s including one-cell varieties, as well as pinworms and hookworms. Allicin is
not present in garlic in its natural state. When garlic is chopped or otherwise damaged,
the enzyme alliinase acts on the chemical alliin converting it into allicin, the active
component contributing for its success for killing parasites.
Garlic, Allium sativum : Poor Man's Treacle, Bawang, Bauang

Monocot Perennial : Readily available and inexpensive garlic may be the first line of defense
in treating high blood pressure, and dealing with common skin and fungal infections....
Cayenne
Cayenne is a pepper well known for its benefits to the circulatory system. It aids the
body to balance pressure levels and resist abnormal bleeding. Cayenne also
nourishes the digestive system. This plant assists in the body's utilization of other
herbs, when used in an herbal combination. When applied topically, it helps relieve
minor discomfort.
Celery Seed
Celery seeds contain vitamins A, C and B-complex. Use a Krups coffee grinder.
Cinnamon
Cinnamon has received much publicity since early 2004 about its effectiveness in reducing high
cholesterol and triglycerides. Cinnamon bark or oil has been used to fight microorganisms, diarrhea
and other gastro-intestinal disorders, and dysmennorhea.
265
Cranberry
Cranberry contains a compound that prevents bacteria from adhering to the walls of the
bladder and rest of the urinary tract. This prevents the bacteria from spreading and
eventually results in the halt of infection. Using cranberry on a regular basis may help
prevent the formation of kidney stones.
Red Raspberry
Red Raspberry Seed (Ellagitannin): Raspberry seeds usually pass through our bodies, but
when ground up, contain one of the most powerful antioxidants known- Ellagitannin (Ellagic
acid). Use a Krups coffee grinder. Aside from being used very successfully in cancer
treatment, Ellagitannin has also been found to be a powerful destroyer of parasites. It's a
very strong anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-viral that lowers cholesterol and protects our
DNA. This is very expensive and hard to get but worth every molecule.
Goats Rue
Goats Rue; Goat’s rue is a wild legume used during the Middle Ages to treat the plague. It
was also used to induce sweating to break fevers and to treat infections with parasitic
worms and snakebite. This herb can help balance blood Sugar levels, help women balance
hormones and The plant has no odor unless a stem or leaf is bruised, causing the release of
a stench, hence the name “goat’s rue.” Effective in both humans and animals alike.
Cruciferous Vegetables
Research conducted by Dr. Jon Michnovicz of the Institute for Hormone Research and Dr. Leon
Bradlow of the Strang Institute, suggests that increased consumption of cruciferous vegetables such
as broccoli, cabbage and Brussels sprouts may reduce the risk of certain cancers, particularly breast
cancer. Cruciferous vegetables contain indoles - a unique class of phytonutrients that have been
scientifically shown to balance hormone levels, detoxify the intestines and liver and reinforce the
body's immune system.
Rosemary
Rosemary extract standardized for carnosic acid
Natural polyphenols such as carnosic acid found in rosemary have potent antioxidant activities.
Unlike vitamin C or E, which have little impact on protecting against damage to DNA, rosemary
extract and carnosic acid have been shown to offer significant protection against DNA damage.
Rosemary extract also works synergistically with lycopene ( see below ) in protecting against free
radical damage to LDL cholesterol. When lycopene is combined with rosemary extract there is
significant protection against LDL damage.
266
Rosemary has been reported to decrease capillary permeability and fragility. Extracts have been
used in insect repellents. The plant may have anticancer properties and has spasmolytic actions,
liver and immune effects, and other various actions from asthma treatment to aromatherapy. It has
antimicrobial actions against a variety of bacteria, fungi, mold, and viruses. (Caution: Taking large
quantities of rosemary internally can result in stomach and intestinal irritation as well as kidney
damage. Allergic contact dermatitis has been associated with the plant, but rosemary is not generally
considered to be a human skin sensitizer. Rosemary's constituents, monoterpene ketones, are
convulsants, and have caused seizures in large doses. Rosemary is also an abortifacient.)
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) is a woody, perennial herb with fragrant evergreen needle-like
leaves. It is native to the Mediterranean region. It is a member of the mint family Lamiaceae, which
also includes many other herbs.
Rosemary contains a number of biologiccompounds, including antioxidants such as carnosic acid and
rosmarinic acid. Other bioactive compounds include camphor (up to 20% in dry rosemary leaves),
caffeic acid, ursolic acid, betulinic acid, rosmaridiphenol, and rosmanol.
Natural polyphenols such as carnosic acid found in rosemary have potent antioxidant activities.
Unlike vitamin C or E, which have little impact on protecting against damage to DNA, rosemary
extract and carnosic acid have been shown to offer significant protection against DNA damage.
Rosemary has a very old reputation for improving memory, and has been used as a symbol
for remembrance (during weddings, war commemorations and funerals) in Europe and Australia
The results of a study suggest that carnosic acid, found in rosemary, may shield the brain from free
radicals, lowering the risk of strokes and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Lou
Gehrig's.[9]
Carnosic acid is a phytochemical that occurs naturally in rosemary, According to studies conducted
by U.S. and Japanese medical researchers, carnosic acid has powerful antioxidant properties that
protect the brain from free radical damage. Carnosic acid seems to assist in preventing damage from
neurodegenerative conditions and can also help to boost brain functioning by increasing blood
circulation in the brain. Naturally-occurring phenolic compound with antioxidant properties. Inhibits
lipid peroxidation induced by NADH or NADPH oxidation. Isolated from Rosmarinus officinalis.
Thyme
Thyme has been used internally for respiratory and digestive infections. It has also been used as a
gargle in laryngitis and tonsillitis - to soothe sore throats and irritable coughs. As a cough remedy, it
assists in producing expectoration and reducing unnecessary spasm. It may be helpful in bronchitis,
whooping cough and asthma.
Small Red potatoes Mashed With B bio Recipe DNA
Garlic Mashed Red potatoes optional whole food

Mashed with Skin
Bio available B and C
Boil for till hard soft
Salt kosher
Boil with herb like thyme if you like
Boil with Sicilian olive oil
Drain
Salt - kosher sea salt
Pepper Cracked
Paprika Lite
267
Chopped raw rosemary
Land of lakes butter – ¼ stick
½ Cup ½ and ½ Cream Land of Lakes
Fresh Basil Leaf (optional)
Vermont Maple syrup (optional)
Roasted Garlic (optional)
Upper State NY. Or Wisconson Chedder Cheese Orange-Yellow)
Mash Rough With skin and butter salt. Wait cream mash to smooth, chicken Broth, or with some
more butter, or olive oil Sicily, or roasted garlic, with raw herb, dr Mash Rough With skin and butter
salt. Wait cream mash to smooth, chicken Broth, or with some more butter, or olive oil Sicily, or
roasted garlic, with raw herb, dry Sherry(optional with garlic or olive oil only) Fresh basil, red
onion, Garlic shop fine, Vermont Maple syrup complex carbon sugars are ok.
M Recipe C @ copyright
4 Ounce Meat Dinner
4 oz meat grilled chicken or steak

Baked patoe with chives, butter, sour cream, cheddar, scallions
Raw carrot chopped
Fresh pressed Garlic veggies dip
Glass cranberry, or oj
alkaline-forming foods
Habit foods:
Lemons, watermelon, lentils, blackberries, raspberry, pineapple, strawberries,

limes, grapefruit, mangoes, asparagus, onions, vegetable juices (excl tomato),
broccoli, garlic, grapes, berries, apples, pears, almonds, radishes, yams, endives,
beetroots, celery, lettuce, organic carrots, ginger, cantaloupe melon, bean
sprouts, almonds, cashews, chestnuts, millet, quinoa, goats milk, apple cider
vinegar, bananas, oranges, fresh ginger root, watermelon, avocados, mandarin
oranges, tangerines, horse-radish root, pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds, sweet
potatoes, kiwi fruit, oats, wild rice, chestnuts, natural olives, green leafy
vegetables, sea vegetables, sea salt, natural still mineral water, umeboshi
vinegar.
Antiparasitics
DEC=Dimmitrol for dogs $13.00/100

Piperazine = Liquid dog dewormer 250mg/teaspoon Piperazine Citrate PPZ 4 oz $4.00 ea
IVM = Durvet 1.87% horse paste tube Invermectin $3.00 ea
Albendazole = fish tablet 200mg 100ct. ALB $35.00
Praziquantel = powdered fish Praziquantel 50 Grams $55.00
Fenbendazole = powdered fish 250 mg x 3 for $5.95
Alinia = pharma
PinX
268
PAMOATE
AM 4 TEA Pyrantel PAMOATE 200LBS + Reeses Pinworm Medicine 1-Oz.,

NDC 10956-618 01
WITH some FOOD

If vomit, take DROPS Pyrantel PAMOATE and work up for 14 days,
then try a standard box label dose.
Dose every 3 weeks, until GI is clear for 2 or 3 more 3week doses.
Parasites could come back at 6 weeks, or 9 weeks later.
It is intended that once the GI tract is clear, anti-parasitics will maintain and
keep the GI tract clear, with no further need for PinX. if GI tract parasites
are not gone after 3 weeks,
o Take PinX at 5am 5 hours minimum before L Cysteine dose
The natural alternative is ozonated olive oil.
State of the art
Anthelmintics are drugs that are used to treat infections with parasitic worms. This includes
both flat worms, e.g., flukes and tapeworms and round worms, i.e., nematodes. They are of
huge importance for human tropical medicine and for veterinary medicine. The World Health
Organization estimates that a staggering 2 billion people harbour parasitic worm infections
http://www.who.int/wormcontrol/statistics/
Parasitic worms also infect livestock and crops, affecting food production with a resultant
economic impact. Also of importance is the infection of domestic pets. Indeed, the
companion animal market is a major economic consideration for animal health companies
undertaking drug discovery programmes. Despite the prevalence of parasitic worms,
anthelmintic drug discovery is the poor relation of the pharmaceutical industry. The simple
reason is that the nations which suffer most from these tropical diseases have little money
to invest in drug discovery or therapy. It comes as no surprise therefore that the drugs
available for human treatment were first developed as veterinary medicines. There is thus a
pitifully small repertoire of chemotherapeutic agents available for treatment (see Table 1).
In some respects, this situation has been exacerbated by the remarkable success of
ivermectin over the last twenty years (Geary, 2005), which has decreased motivation
for anthelmintic drug discovery programmes (Geary, Sangster and Thompson, 1999). This
prompts concern, as anthelmintic resistance has been widely reported in livestock and it
may also only be a matter of time before this phenomenon occurs in parasites of humans.
269
Albendazole
A weak anti-parasitic
Test Dose
Albendazole (ALB) start 200mg, after 12 hours increase. If no reaction go to 600mg or
800mg loading for over 150 lbs. maintain for minimum of 3 days no reaction. If worm kill
starts, increase to 1200-1600 mg for 7 days. Repeat every 1-3 months for a year to ensure
kill and worms sterile.
Co Factor
Albendazole has been studied at lower doses in combination with other anti-parasitic meds.
It appears that if albendazole does not work directly, it has the potential to assist other anti-
parasitic meds.
Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 73(1), 2005, pp. 115–121

Copyright © 2005 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
TOLERANCE AND EFFICACY OF COMBINED DIETHYLCARBAMAZINE AND

ALBENDAZOLE FOR TREATMENT OF WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI AND
INTESTINAL HELMINTH INFECTIONS IN HAITIAN CHILDREN
LEANNE M. FOX, BRUCE W. FURNESS, JENNIFER K. HASER, DARDITH DESIRE, JEAN-MARC
BRISSAU,
MARIE-DENISE MILORD, JACK LAFONTANT, PATRICK J. LAMMIE, AND MICHAEL J. BEACH*
Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Program Office, and Division of Parasitic
Diseases, National Center for Infectious
Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Hôpital Sainte Croix,
Leogane, Haiti
270
Abstract. This randomized, placebo-controlled trial investigated the tolerance, efficacy, and
nutritional benefit of combining chemotherapeutic treatment of intestinal helminths and
lymphatic filariasis. Children were infected with Ascaris (30.7%), Trichuris (53.4%), and
hookworm (9.7%) with 69.9% having more than one of these parasites. A total
of 15.8% of the children had Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae. Children were randomly
assigned treatment with placebo, albendazole (ALB), diethylcarbamazine (DEC), or
combined therapy. The combination of DEC/ALB reduced microfilarial density compared with
placebo, ALB, or DEC (P # 0.03). Albendazole and DEC/ALB reduced the prevalence of
Ascaris, Trichuris, and hookworm more than placebo or DEC (P # 0.03). Among Trichuris-
infected children, those receiving ALB and DEC/ALB demonstrated greater gains in weight
compared with placebo (P # 0.05).
Albendazole and DEC/ALB were equally efficacious in treating intestinal helminths and for
children with W. bancroftimicrofilaremia, DEC/ALB was more effective than DEC, with no
increase in severity of adverse reactions.
Data from this study indicate that combination therapy was

significantly more effective at suppressing microfilaremia when compared with placebo, ALB,
or DEC alone at the
six-month assessment. Although both combination therapy
and DEC alone demonstrated a decrease in the prevalence of
microfilaremia, combination therapy decreased the geometric
mean MF density to a greater extent than did DEC alone,
resulting in a geometric mean reduction of 80.4% in MF density
six-months post-treatment. Although this study was not
designed to detect the macrofilaricidal effects of DEC or
ALB, particularly since there was no ultrasonographic assessment
of adult worms, DEC and combination therapy both
demonstrated modest, but significant reductions in filarial antigen
densities six-months post-treatment when compared
with placebo or ALB alone, which is suggestive of a macrofilaricidal
effect of DEC.
Additionally, this study suggests a microfilaricidal role for
ALB.34 Although there was no difference in prevalence of
microfilaremia, at the six-month follow-up, a significant geometric
mean percent reduction in MF density was seen between
ALB and placebo (34.7% versus 10.3%, respectively).
271
However, this microfilaricidal effect is less than has been seen
in studies of ivermectin.30,35 Moreover, this data differs from
previous trials where no statistically significant differences
have been seen in either MF prevalence or density between
ALB and placebo.12,30
Compared with the ivermectin/ALB combination, for
which reductions in geometric mean MF density of between
98.9% at four months and 88.6% at 12 months, respectively,
have been shown, the DEC/ALB combination exhibited a
slightly lower MF density reduction of 80.4% at six months,
suggesting the enhanced microfilaricidal properties of the
ivermectin/ALB combination.10,30 Since we re-treated the
children in this study at six months, we were unable to determine
if MF prevalence and density would continue to decrease
after six months, as suggested by others.36,37
In this study, ALB and combination therapy successfully
reduced both the prevalence and intensity of intestinal helminths,
although less of a decrease was seen with Trichuris
than with Ascaris or hookworm (Table 3). Similar to previous
studies with children in Haiti, our study population was parasitized
to a lesser degree (the prevalence of each helminth
infection was less than 55%) and the intensity of helminth
infection in this population was comparatively low (> 90%
were light infections).11
Benzimidazoles
thiabendazole
Brand Name: Mintezol
Take with food

tell your doctor about any other medical conditions that you have, especially liver or kidney
disease. You may not be able to take thiabendazole, or you may require a dosage
adjustment or special monitoring during treatment if you have any other medical conditions.
Usual Adult Dose for Angiostrongylosis:
25 mg/kg (up to 1 g) orally 2 to 3 times a day for 3 days.
The recommended maximum daily dose is 3000 mg.
Usual Adult Dose for Capillariasis:
25 mg/kg (up to 3 g) orally once a day for 30 days.
The recommended maximum daily dose is 3000 mg.
Usual Adult Dose for Ascariasis:
orally 2 times a day for 2 successive days. Alternatively, a single dose of 20 mg/lbs (50
mg/kg) may be used.
Dosage calculated using patient's weight:
272
If 30 lbs, give 250 mg

If greater than or equal to 150 lbs, give 1500 mg
The recommended maximum daily dose is 3000 mg
Thiabendazole (thye" a ben' da zole) is a benzimidazole antihelmintic agent similar in

structure and mechanism of action to albendazole and mebendazole. The benzimidazoles
act by selective binding to beta-tubulin of parasitic worms, causing their immobilization and
death. Thiabendazole was approved in the United States in 1967 but has subsequently been
withdrawn because of the availability of other, better tolerated antihelmintic agents, such as
ivermectin, albendazole and mebendazole. Thiabendazole is, however, still available in
other countries and is used in veterinary medicine in the United States. Its major indication
is strongyloidiasis infestation. Thiabendazole was formerly available in chewable tablets of
500 mg under the trade name of Mintezol and as an oral suspension. The typical dose in
adults was 1500 mg orally daily for 1 to 3 days.
Hepatotoxicity
Thiabendazole therapy is associated with serum aminotransferase elevations in up to 36%
of patients, but it is usually given for a brief period only and its effects on serum enzyme
levels after single dose administration has not been systematically evaluated. Importantly,
thiabendazole therapy has also been associated with clinically apparent liver injury which
can be prolonged and severe. The onset of injury is usually within 1 to 2 weeks of finishing
a 1 to 5 day course of therapy. The pattern of serum enzyme elevations is typically
cholestatic. Autoantibodies are usually negative and fever, arthralgias and rash are
uncommon. Several reported cases have been associated with sicca complex marked by
parotid enlargement and tenderness, dry eyes and dry mouth arising before the onset of
jaundice. The cholestatic injury can be associated with damage to small bile ducts and with
prolonged jaundice and/or pruritus and alkaline phosphatase elevations. Several instances
of prolonged cholestasis and chronic vanishing bile duct syndrome and end stage liver
disease has been reported even after a single dose of thiabendazole.
Mechanism of Injury
Thiabendazole hepatotoxicity appears to be due to an immunological reaction to the drug,
which is directed largely at bile, lacrimal, and salivary gland ducts.
Outcome and Management

While most reported cases of thiabendazole induced liver injury were self-limited, many
were marked by severe and prolonged cholestasis. Several cases of prolonged jaundice with
vanishing bile duct syndrome and evolution to cirrhosis leading to liver transplantation have
been reported. Patients with acute liver injury attributed to thiabendazole should avoid
repeat exposure. It is unknown whether there is cross sensitivity with other benzimidazoles
(such as mebendazole), but there probably is and switching to another class of antihelmintic
agents is appropriate if therapy is still needed.
The first of this class, thiabendazole, was discovered in 1961 and subsequently a number
of further benzamidazoles were introduced as broad spectrum anthelmintics. There is an
extensive literature on these compounds reporting a number of different biochemical effects.
273
Nonetheless, it is clear that their anthelmintic efficacy is due to their ability to compromise
the cytoskeleton through a selective interaction with b-tubulin (Borgers and de Nollin, 1975;
for review see Lacey, 1990). The effects of benzimidazoles on C. elegans, which include
impaired locomotion, reproduction and a detrimental effect on oocytes, are consistent with
disruption of processes requiring integral microtubules. The sensitivity of C. elegans to
benzimidazoles is mediated by a single gene, ben-1, which encodes b-tubulin (Driscoll et al.,
1989). This has provided a platform to investigate the molecular basis of benzimidazole
resistance in parasitic nematodes. It has been noted that benzimidazole resistance in
Haemonchus contortus seems to be associated with the presence of specific alleles for b-
tubulin in the drug resistant isolates (Kwa et al., 1994). Whether or not a specific b-tubulin
isoform could confer resistance to the drug was tested by experiments which showed that
the sensitivity of C. elegans ben-1 mutants to benzimidazole can be rescued by expressing a
H. contortus allele of b-tubulin from benzimidazole susceptible isolates but cannot be
rescued by the allele present in the resistant isolates (Kwa et al., 1995). This unequivocally
demonstrated that a single amino acid sustitution, Y for F, in b-tubulin, can confer
anthelmintic resistance.
Praziquantel – Prazi - PZQ
Praziquantel = powdered fish Praziquantel 50grams PZQ $50.00

Powdered Fish Praziquantel normally comes in a 4 ounce bottle = 112 ml
1 teaspoon = 5 ml, ½ teaspoon =2.5ml
2.5ml X 50G/112ml = 1.12 Grams Praziquantel per level teaspoon.
Heaping ½ teaspoon = 1.5 Grams.
Average slightly domed = 1.31 Grams
2 doses per day = 2.62 Grams
3 doses per day = 3.93 Grams.
For 113 kgs, the daily 3 dose is 3.93/113=35mg/kg
Initial test
Praziquantel (PZQ) or oxamniquine try 6mg/kg test, in 12 hrs move to 40mg/kg

one day.
Prazi works for about 6 hours +/_ at 1/2 teaspoon, I mix in Greek Gods Greek Yogurt.
Each 1/2 teaspoon of compacted Prazi powder contains about 1650mg of powder, when
the kitchen measuring spoon is just slightly domed. Keeping the lid on tightly prevents
powder compaction. Gently use the kitchen measuring spoon while removing the powder. A
single 4 ounce bottle of Prazi lasts a little longer than a week.
The compacted dose produces a yield of 1650/113 kgs (my weight) or about 15 mg/kg
dose.
Most research papers indicate the maximum dose is 100 mg/kg. The nominal dose is like 40
mg/kg, and the minimum dose is about 20 mg/kg. I take Prazi at 6PM, and at bedtime, for
a much improved sleep. If I awaken at 3AM, I may dose again.
My total dose is 30 - 45 mg/kg/D.
If you kill to quickly, it is just as bad as not killing quickly enough.
274
I read several studies that indicated Albendazole actually makes the transport of Prazi
deep into the body, possible.
I dose Prazi mostly at night, and Albendazole during the day, which appears to perform a
very deep kill. Dosing Prazi with Albendazole appears to kill slower, probably due to the
Prazi paralyzing the mouths of the worms.Praziquantel
http://www.labome.org/expert/korea/seoul/chai/jong-yil-chai-883442.html
…The efficacy of praziquantel on the blood, liver, and lung fluke infections is
considered to be due to the polarized metabolite form, which constitutes the majority of
the praziquantel in the plasma; this form has only slightly lower anthelmintic efficacy
compared with its unmetabolized form [1, 2].
The efficacy of praziquantel against cerebral cysticercosis, in which the larval cestode is
located in the brain parenchyme or ventricle, is probably due to the passing of the
metabolized form of the drug through the blood-brain barrier, despite the drug's overall low
concentration in the CSF (only 1/7-1/5 of the plasma concentration) [2].
…Praziquantel is rapidly taken up through the gut (in humans more than 80% of the orally
administered dose is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract) and reaches its maximal
plasma concentration within 1-2 hours [2].
If a person was orally administered 20-50 mg/kg praziquantel, the peak plasma
concentration would become 0.2-1.0 µg/mL [2].
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentration can be 1/7-1/5 of the plasma concentration [1].
Most of the praziquantel absorbed is metabolized in the liver by the cytochrome P450
system and becomes a hydroxylated polar metabolite form which has a lower protein
binding capacity (lower helminthotoxic activity) than the unmetabolized form [1, 2]. The
excretion of praziquantel occurs mainly through urine (60-80%) as well as bile and feces
(15-35%) and is completed within 24 hours [1].
The elimination half-life of praziquantel in the human body is 1-2 hours [2], and after 24
hours, only a trace amount remains in the human body.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0090301907004028
FLUKE Fascioliasis can be successfully treated using Praziquantel.
http://www.parasitetesting.com/Praziquantel.cfm
Praziquantel increases the permeability of the membranes of schistosome cells

towards calcium ions. The drug thereby induces contraction of the parasites, resulting in
paralysis in the contracted state. The dying parasites are dislodged from their site of action
in the host organism and may enter systemic circulation or may be destroyed by host
immune reaction (phagocytosis). Additional mechanisms including focal disintegrations and
disturbances of oviposition (laying of eggs) are seen in other types of sensitive parasites.
Another hypothesis concerning the mechanism of action of praziquantel has been recently
reported. The drug seems to interfere with adenosine uptake in cultured worms. This effect
may have therapeutical relevance given that the schistosome, as the taenia and the
echinococcus (other praziquantel sensitive parasites), is unable to synthesize purines such
as adenosine de novo. Bayer's Animal Health Division website states, "Praziquantel is active
275
against cestodes (tapeworms). Praziquantel is absorbed, metabolized in the liver and
excreted in the bile. Upon entering the digestive tract from the bile, cestocidal activity is
exhibited. Following exposure to praziquantel, the tapeworm loses its ability to resist
digestion by the mammalian host. Because of this, whole tapeworms, including the scolices
(plural of "scolex"), are very rarely passed after administration of praziquantel. In many
instances only disintegrated and partially digested pieces of tapeworms will be seen in the
stool. The majority of tapeworms are digested and are not found in the feces." Praziquantel
is administered as a racemate, but only the (R)-enantiomer is biologically active; the
enantiomers may be separated using a resolution of an amine obtained from praziquantel.
Praziquantel side effects
The majority of side effects develop due to the release of the contents of the parasites as
they are killed and the consequent host immune reaction. The heavier the parasite burden,
the heavier and more frequent the side effects normally are. Central nervous system:
Frequently occurring side effects are dizziness, headache, and malaise. Drowsiness,
somnolence, fatigue, and vertigo have also been seen. Almost all patients with cerebral
cysticercosis experience CNS side effects related to the cell-death of the parasites
(headache, worsening of pre-existing neurological problems, seizures, arachnoiditis, and
meningism). These side effects may be life-threatening and can be reduced by
coadministration of corticosteroids. It is strongly recommended that all patients with
cerebral cysticercosis are hospitalized during treatment. GI Tract: Approximately 90% of all
patients have abdominal pain or cramps with or without nausea and vomiting. Diarrhea may
develop and may be severe with colic. Sweating, fever, and sometimes bloody stools may
occur together with diarrhea. Liver: Asymptomatic and transient increases of liver enzymes
(AST and ALT) are noted frequently (up to 27%). No case of symptomatic liver damage has
ever been seen so far. Sensitivity reactions: Urticaria, rash, pruritus and eosinophilia in white
blood cell counts Other locations/body as a whole: Lower back pain, myalgia, arthralgia,
fever, sweating, various cardiac arrhythmias, and hypotension.
TCBZ
Triclabendazole sheep TCBZ, if they ask, enter any number for animal and flock
Piperazine Citrate
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001706X06001392
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1980175/?page=2
http://wormbook.org/chapters/www_anthelminticdrugs/anthelminticdrugs.pdf
Piperazine was first used as an anthelmintic in the 1950s and it is still the active
constituent of over the counter remedies for thread worm infection in children. Its mode of
action has primarily been studied in A. suum. There is surprisingly no literature on its action
in C. elegans though there is no indication that it acts differently from its effects in A. suum.
In A. suum it acts as a weak GABA-mimetic and causes a flaccid, reversible paralysis of body
wall muscle. Single channel recordings provide evidence that it is a low efficacy, partial
agonist at GABA-gated chloride channels (Martin, 1985).
Piperazine Causes parasites to detach from the blood supply. Natural body
processes will remove the worm debris, if the worm is detached for a period of time. A
flaccid paralyzing agent that causes a blocking response of ascaris muscle to acetylcholine.
276
Piperazine blocks Ascaris suum larval moulting and development processes and affects
larval stages. PPZ potently inhibited moulting of A. suum LL3 in a dose-dependent
manner and that moulting was completely blocked (100%) at 50 mM concentrations. PPZ
exposure also inhibited expression of 13 immunogenic protein spots in unmoulted LL3. More
importantly, PPZ exposure inhibited activity of a moulting-specific enzyme,
inorganic pyrophosphatase of A. suum (AsPPase), by 26%. PPZ interfered with growth and
ecdysis of the cuticle and caused damage to gut tissues of the larvae.
Piperazine phosphate treated worms seamed a little less active than other salts of
Piperazine.
Dosing of piperazine falls within a very narrow window, and must be accurately
dosed.
Can cause liver damage at levels at or above 50mg/kg/D

NOEL = no observable damage
Advise: max level less than 90 days at 14 mg/kg/D
Dosing
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Single dose 9 days on and 21 days off, 9pm to 9am , tested 3AM
Pulse probiotic every week for 4 weeks to ensure good gut bacteria.
Black Pepper (Piperazine) Background

https://www.mountainroseherbs.com/products/peppercorn-black/profile
Common Name
Standardized: pepper
Other: maricha
Botanical Name
Piper nigrum L.1

Plant Family: Piperaceae
Parts Used
Dried fruits often referred to as 'peppercorns'
Overview
Black pepper is one of the most commonly used spices in the world, adding warmth and zest to
savory dishes. It has been popular in India for thousands of years and is now easy to find almost
anywhere on the planet. It has been employed medicinally in both Ayurveda and TCM and more
recently in herbal folk healing practices. In modern times, numerous studies have confirmed its
healing properties. Several derivatives of black pepper, such as piperine, have shown promise in
supporting the health of the digestive system and as an antioxidant. Further, it has demonstrated
that it can enhance the absorption of other nutrients when taken simultaneously. 3-10
Botany
A member of the Piperaceace family alongside long pepper (Piper longum), and kava kava (Piper
methysticum), black pepper is native to southern India and Sri Lanka and widely cultivated in the
tropics.1,11 The pepper plant is a tropical perennial vine requiring a trellis or some other support
such as a tree to grow along.11,12 It has aromatic, green, ovate leaves that give off a strong
fragrance and greenish yellow flower spikes.12 The generic name Piper is Latin in origin and is
derived from the Sanskrit name for long pepper 'pippali.' 13
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Cultivation And Harvesting
Black pepper is the most traded cultivated spice12 and is propagated by cuttings that are grown by
the base of trees.14 They bear fruit three to four years after planting and cease around the fifteenth
year. The black peppercorns and ground pepper of commerce are actually immature fruits that are
collected as soon as they turn red and dried in the sun. 14 The peppercorns turn black after three
days of drying, and when ground, produce black pepper powder. 11 When the fruits are left to ripen
and the red outer covering is removed, then white pepper is obtained. Malabar produces the highest
quality commercial pepper and Sumatra and Java supply much of the U.S. demand. 11 Some of the
main pepper producing countries include: Brazil, India, Indonesia, Madagascar, and Malaysia. 15
History And Folklore
Black pepper has been grown in Southern India for over two thousand years. 13 Next to salt, pepper
is the most popular spice being used continually for thousands of years, and in fact, used in Indian
cooking since at least 2,000 BCE.11 Alexander the Great fought his way through central Asia making
way for new trade routes which led to the eventual availability of black pepper in the West. It
became increasingly popular and was highly traded by the Arabic spice merchants. 13 Pliny the Elder
(23-79 CE), the Roman naturalist, wrote in his book Natural History:
It is quite surprising that the use of pepper has come so much into fashion, seeing that in other
substances which we use, it is sometimes their sweetness, and sometimes their appearance that has
attracted our notice; whereas, pepper has nothing in it that can plead as a recommendation to
either fruit or berry, its only desirable quality being a certain pungency; and yet it is for this that we
import it all the way from India!16
And, as the story goes, during the 5th century CE, Attila the Hun demanded 3,000 pounds of pepper
as a ransom for the city of Rome.14 Although pepper was very expensive, it was still utilized often in
cooking by the ancient Romans, and by the Middle Ages, became a symbol of fine cuisine. 13 Due to
the high prices of pepper, Europeans often used pepper substitutes such as chaste tree ( Vitex sp.),
grains of paradise (Aframomum melegueta), and myrtle berries (Myrtus communis) amongst
others.13 However, by the 15th century Europeans ventured out to regions where spices where
grown so that they could trade directly with growers, therefore cutting out the middlemen who had
driven up the prices. This venture was led by the Portuguese, British, Spanish, and Dutch. 13
Black pepper was believed to be imbued with magical qualities, to be ruled by the planet Mars, and
represented by the fire element. It was thought to protect against the 'evil eye.' Further, it was said
that wearing a peppercorn would free one of envious thoughts. 17 In Asia, black pepper is considered
a powerful medicinal plant useful in supporting healthy aging, liver detoxification, circulation, and
digestion and is thus a prominent healing herb in TCM (traditional Chinese medicine) and Ayurveda
(traditional healing system from India).2 In both TCM and Ayurveda pepper is considered to be a
pungent tasting and energetically heating spice (khalsa/TCM wiki). In Ayurveda, it is often found in
the formula called 'Trikatu' which is a combination of black pepper (Piper nigrum) and also its
relative long pepper (Piper longum) and ginger (Zingiber officinale), and is used to support
digestion.2,5 It effects the stomach and large intestine meridians in TCM and is thus employed in
digestive complaints and in cases where qi (energy) needs to be directed downward. 18
Flavor Notes And Energetics
Pungent tasting and energetically heating2,18
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Herbal Actions
Alterative, expectorant, energizer, carminative
Constituents
Essential oil containing the monoterpenes sabinene, pinene, limonene, terpinene, pinene, myrcene,
carene and mono¬terpene derivatives (borneol, carvone, carvacrol, 1,8-cineol, linalool),
sesqui¬terpenes such as caryophyllene, humulene, bisabolone and caryophyllene oxide and
ketone,13 alkaloids such as piperine, chavicina, piperic acid, piperidine, various vitamins and
minerals.12
Scientific Research
The alkaloid derived from black pepper, piperazine, is used as an anthelmintic drug called Entacyl.
The derivative piperine has been shown to be useful in increasing bioavailability and the absorption
of nutrients.3,4,5 Piperine has also demonstrated monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitory activity.
Certain derivatives from black pepper have proven to be useful insecticides against various mosquito
species as well.7
Used as alternative treatment for ascariasis caused by Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm) and
enterobiasis (oxyuriasis) caused by Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm). It is also used to treat partial
intestinal obstruction by the common roundworm, a condition primarily occurring in children.
LD50 = 5 g/kg (Human, oral). Symptoms of overdose include muscle fatigue, seizures, and difficulty
breathing.
https://pharmacycode.com/Entacyl.html
Entacyl Brand Names Mixture

• Canoids Cap (Aloin + Areca Catechu + Arecoline HBr + Benzocaine + Piperazine Citrate
+ Santonin)
• Dyrex T F (Phenothiazine + Piperazine + Trichlorfon)
• Feloids Tab (Aloin + Areca Catechu + Arecoline HBr + Benzocaine + Piperazine Citrate
+ Santonin)
• Multi Wormer for Cats (Dichlorophene + Piperazine (Piperazine Citrate))
• Multi Wormer for Dogs (Dichlorophene + Piperazine (Piperazine Citrate))
• Ripercol Horse Wormer (Piperazine (Piperazine Hydrochloride) + Tetramisole HCl)
Entacyl
http://edudrugs.com/E/Entacyl.html
Entacyl is an organic compound that consists of a six-membered ring containing two opposing
nitrogen atoms. Entacyl exists as small alkaline deliquescent crystals with a saline taste.
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Entacyl was introduced to medicine as a solvent for uric acid. When taken into the body the drug is
partly oxidized and partly eliminated unchanged. Outside the body, piperazine has a remarkable
power to dissolve uric acid and producing a soluble urate, but in clinical experience it has not proved
equally successful.
Entacyl was first introduced as an anthelmintic in 1953. A large number of piperazine compounds
have anthelmintic action. Their mode of action is generally by paralysing parasites, which allows the
host body to easily remove or expel the invading organism.
Entacyl is a GABA receptor agonist. Piperzine binds directly and selectively to muscle membrane
GABA receptors, presumably causing hyperpolarization of nerve endings, resulting in flaccid paralysis
of the worm. While the worm is paralyzed, it is dislodged from the intestinal lumen and expelled live
from the body by normal intestinal peristalsis.
Phenothiazines - Taking piperazine and a phenothiazine together may increase the risk of
convulsions (seizures).
Pyrantel (e.g., Antiminth) - Taking piperazine and pyrantel together may decrease the effects of
piperazine.
Patients with hypersensitivity to piperazine salts or a history of renal function

impairment should avoid this medication
Invermectin
Ivermectin (macrocylic lactones and milbemycins)

Ivermectin was introduced as an anthelmintic in the 1980s by Merck. It is a semi-synthetic
derivative of avermectin which is a large macrocyclic lactone fermentation product of the
micro-organism Streptomyces avermitilis. It is remarkably potent (~1nM) and persistent in
its effect and its discovery enthused other companies to invest in the development of
ivermectin analogues which include moxidectin, milbemycin oxime, doramectin, selamectin,
abamectin and eprinomectin. Here C. elegans played a role as it was employed in a screen
for further macrocyclic lactones with ivermectin-like activity (Haber et al., 1991).Ivermectin
elicits a potent and persistent paralysis of nematode pharyngeal (Brownlee, Holden-Dye and
Walker, 1997; Pemberton et al., 2001) and body wall musculature (Kass et al., 1980; Kass
et al., 1982). It has been shown to interact with a range of ligand-gated ion channels
including a7 nACh receptors (Krause et al., 1998), acetylcholine-gated chloride channels
(Bokisch and Walker, 1986), GABA-gated chloride channels (Robertson,
1989; Holden-Dye and Walker, 1990), histamine-gated chloride channels (Zheng et al.,
2002), glycine receptors (Shan et al., 2001) and P2X4 receptors (Khakh et al., 1999).
However, it is its high affinity for nematode glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCl) that
correlates with its potent anthelmintic activity.
Latrotoxin
Latrotoxin paralyses mammals by triggering neurotransmitter release, and thus the

identification of
latrophilin as an emodepside receptor raised the intriguing possibility that emodepside may
cause paralysis of nematodes by stimulating excessive neurotransmitter release at
neuromuscular sites. Studies in A. suum have highlighted muscle paralysis and point to a
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calcium- and potassium-dependent mechanism of action (Willson et al., 2003). C. elegans is
very susceptible to the effects of emodepside at nanomolar concentrations (Bull et al., 2007). The
effects include slowed development, inhibition of pharyngeal pumping, decreased
locomotion (forward movement is most affected at low concentrations), and inhibition of
egg-laying leading to ‘bagging’ in adult hermaphrodites. Thus C. elegans has provided an
excellent model in which to define the molecular target, or targets, through which
emodepside exerts its pleiotropic actions and indeed, to test whether latrophilins are
involved.SLO-1 is a calcium-activated potassium channel (Wang et al. 2001) homologous to
the mammalian BK channels. Thus the discovery of SLO-1 as an important effector for
emodepside resonates with earlier work on Ascaris muscle which showed a calcium and
potassium-dependent hyperpolarisation (Willson et al., 2003). This channel is highly
conserved throughout the animal phyla and plays a pivotal role in regulating neuronal and
muscle cell excitability (for review, Salkoff et al., 2006). In C. elegans it is widely expressed
in the nervous system and body wall muscle, but not in pharyngeal muscle. By expressing a
wild-type copy of slo-1 in specific subsets of cells in a slo-1 null background it has been
shown that emodepside can inhibit locomotor activity when SLO-1 is present in neurones or
body wall muscle but it can only inhibit feeding if SLO-1 is present in neurones (Guest et al.,
2007). Earlier studies showed that mutations in a number of genes encoding synaptic
proteins confer altered sensitivity to the effect of emodepside on feeding consistent with the
idea that it acts in the neuronal network to disrupt rhythmic feeding behaviour (Willson et
al., 2004).
Nitazoxanide
Alinia generic - 500 mg 7 tablet Rosanil Nitzzoxanida $6.50/box of 7
Nitazoxanide, a pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase inhibitor, acts against a broad spectrum

of protozoa and helminths that occur in the intestinal tract. It is currently used for the
treatment of protozoal infections (and is therefore not listed in Table 1). The site of action of
this compound has not been established in nematodes although anaerobic electron transport
enzymes may be a potential target (Gilles and Hoffman 2002). The effect of nitazoxanide
has been examined on growth and development of C. elegans (Fonseca-Salamanca et al.,
2003). After seven days culture, nitazoxanide 100 μM, only reduced population growth by
33%. In contrast mebendazole, 5μM, and albendazole, 1 μM, reduced growth by over 90%.
Nitazoxanide, 100 μM, had no effect on either embryonation or hatching in
Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Therefore the efficacy of this compound is relatively low
compared to other anthelmintic agents.
http://www.medhelp.org/posts/Hepatitis-C/Hepatitis-Researcher--Yet-again-another-Alinia-
problem/show/407002
Uh-oh.... are you taking a probiotic? Alinia will wipe out your intestinal bacteria (which you
need). Lactobacillus GG should be taken concurrently. I don't know if this the cause of your
problem though. Hopefully others will weigh in soon.
It is hard to say if Alinia is the culprit of the nausea and diarrhea. It is a broad acting
antibiotic and can reduce the intestinal flora, so using antibiotic resistant Lactobacillus from
the start seems like a good idea.
MAK - Dosing a single pill for more than 9 days seams to be counter productive.
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Levamisole, pyrantel and morantel
These anthelmintics are nicotinic receptor agonists (Aceves et al., 1970; Aubry et al., 1970)
and elicit spastic muscle paralysis due to prolonged activation of the excitatory nicotinic
acetylcholine (nACh) receptors on body wall muscle. Their precise mode of action has been
carefully studied at the single-channel level on the body wall muscle preparation of A. suum
(see Martin et al., 2005 for review). Pharmacological analysis has provided evidence for
subtypes of nACh receptor (Qian et al., 2006), an N-type (preferentially activated by
nicotine), a B-type (preferentially activated by bephenium) and an L-type (preferentially
activated by levamisole and associated with
levamisole resistance). Levamisole, and related compounds, also cause spastic paralysis and
egg-laying in C.elegans. Indeed, recordings from C. elegans body wall muscle using
levamisole and nicotine as agonists have provided further evidence that there are muscle
subtypes of nACh receptor and that these subtypes have different nACh receptor subunit
compositions. At least four subunits, unc-38, unc-29, unc-63 and lev-1 contribute to the
levamisole receptor (Culetto et al., 2004; for further information on the nACh receptor
subunit family see Rand, 2007). Thus, these anthelmintics are providing pharmacological
tools to dissect subtypes and stoichiometries of native nematode nicotinic receptors.
Perhaps more importantly, levamisole has been extremely productive in forward genetic
screens. In the earliest studies tetramisole was used (Brenner, 1974) and later this was
replaced by the more active isomer, levamisole (Lewis et al., 1980). These screens have
provided a resource of mutants that have been used over the last two decades to assign
function to genes expressed at the neuromuscular junction.
DEC
DEC-C - PM (4TID) TAB. 400 mg DEC-c (Diethylcarbamazine citrate), (Dimmitrol) 9 wks or until
Ascaris dead or wounded reproduction
DEC-C start slow provocation test, 5, 10, 25mg. If a reaction go to DEC-C progressive
start dose, start with 5mg, 10mg, 25mg, 50mg, 100mg, 200mg, load to 6mg/km with 12-24
mg/kg peak, increase from first level if there is a reaction every 12 hours. If no reaction,
double dose every 12 hours till tolerance. If reaction maintain 6 mg/kg for a month with
100-200 mg DEC level for 8 weeks.
Lymphatic filariasis causes a severe social burden because infected individuals, both men and women,
often are social outcasts and have physical limitations. Opportunities for employment and marriage are
severely reduced.
Treatment
For effective control of the disease in a community, infected individuals must have the microfilariae
completely removed (eradicated) from their blood. Until recently, a 12-day course of an antiparasitic
drug called diethycarbamazine (DEC) was given to infected individuals. Following treatment,
microfilariae are eradicated for a full year. Recent studies have shown that a single dose of DEC is
equally effective for treatment.
The most effective treatment currently available is a single dose of two drugs administered at the
same time. This two-drug treatment may include albendazole with either DEC or ivermectin and is
99% effective in removing microfilariae from the blood for one year.
Current antiparisitic drug therapy is approaching 100% effectiveness. However, some drugs have
unpleasant and sometimes serious side effects. Common side effects of albendazole, DEC, and
ivermectin include chills, fever, and muscle pain (myalgia). The intensity of side effects is significantly
283
higher with ivermectin than with DEC. Side effects usually are most severe 24 hours after taking the
medicine. Serious side effects are rare and usually occur with prolonged usage. They include loss of
vision, tunnel vision, and night blindness.
DEC-C 400 mg DEC-c (Diethylcarbamazine citrate), (Dimmitrol)

oUpsets and slows Nematodes and Roundworms
o DEC strips the parasite shell off - on some specis like w.b.
o TAKE WITH CALCIUM
http://www.vetshopmax.com/Dimmitrol-Tabs-for-Large-Dogs-67-
132lbs-400mg-P274C105.aspx
o Antihelmith, Derivative of piperazine, Hetrazan trade name

o Diethylcarbamazine is a drug that is used for the treatment of filariasis in
humans which has been used since 1947, and animals;
o It also has effects on intestinal nematodes, but its mechanism of
action remains unclear, which in an unknown way
o It leads to immobilization and sequestration of the microfilariae.
o Emodepside is a resistance-busting anthelmintic approved for treating
intestinal parasitic nematodes in animals. The novel mode of action and
resistance-breaking properties of emodepside has led to its use against
intestinal nematodes of animals, and as a candidate drug for treating
filarial parasites. We have previously demonstrated effects of emodepside
on SLO-1 K+-like currents in Ascaris suum. Here, we demonstrate that
diethylcarbamazine, which has been proposed to work through host-
mediated effects, has direct effects on a nematode parasite, Ascaris suum.
It increases activation of SLO-1 K+ currents and potentiates effects of
emodepside. Our results suggest consideration of the combination of
emodepside and diethylcarbamazine for therapy, which is predicted to be
synergistic. The mode of action of diethylcarbamazine may involve effects
on parasite signaling pathways (including nitric oxide) as well as effects
mediated by host inflammatory mediators.
o Is more effective when combined with ivermectin or albendazole [21].
Although diethylcarbamazine is a piperazine derivative, diethylcarbamazine
does not mimic the effects of piperazine by acting as a GABA agonist on
parasite muscles [22]. Here we observed that diethylcarbamazine, in the
presence of sufficient calcium, had a direct effect on the worm preparation
and increased activation of the SLO-1 K+ channel currents by shifting
the V50 in the hyperpolarizing direction. SLO-1 channels are calcium-
dependent K+ channels that are pharmacologically different from delayed
rectifier K+ channels. In low-calcium, even high concentrations of
diethylcarbamazine (mM) do not activate SLO-1 K+ currents showing that
this action requires calcium [22]. High, mM concentrations of
diethylcarbamazine, in low-calcium conditions, inhibits nicotinic acetylcholine
currents (b3 ????) and a delayed rectifier K+ current [22] but these high-
concentration effects are non-selective.
Flagyl
284
The effect of metronidazole in treating human fascioliasis.
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of metronidazole in patients who did not cure after
treatment with triclabendazole, in Guilan (Northern Province of Iran).
MATERIAL/METHODS:
Patients, who passed fasciola egg in stool and had positive serum anti fasciola antibody (ELISA), at
least three months after treatment with triclabendazole, were enrolled and received 1.5 g/day
metronidazole orally for three weeks. Two months and 12 months after end of therapy, stool
examination in 3 consecutive days and serum anti fasciola antibody were performed. Frequency of
patients with negative serology for fasciola and/or absence of fasciola egg in stool were determined.
Chi-square test was used and P value <0.05 was considered significant.
RESULTS:
Forty-six patients, 26 females and 20 males, were enrolled with mean (+/-SD) age of 34.6(+/-9.8)
years. Three patients excluded because of drug side effect and poor compliance. Two months after
end of therapy, stool exam became negative in 35 patients and in 31 patients became negative both
in serology and stool examination. (Difference in response to treat between age groups and genders
was not significant). All patients with abdominal pain became pain free after therapy. Most frequent
side effects were metallic taste in 14 (30.4%), headache in 8 (17.4%) and nausea in 6 (13%). 12
months after end of therapy, 28 out of 35 patients were examined again and all were negative both
in serology and egg in stool examination.
CONCLUSIONS:
Metronidazole, 1.5 g/day for 3 weeks, seems to be an effective, available, well-tolerated alternative
for treatment of human fascioliasis.
METRONIDAZOLE General Monograph
http://www.rxmed.com/b.main/b2.pharmaceutical/b2.1.monographs/CPS-%20Monographs/CPS-
%20(General%20Monographs-%20M)/METRONIDAZOLE.html
Extract
Metronidazole is less than 20% bound to serum proteins and is widely distributed in the body. It
reaches all tissues and fluids, with CSF concentrations reaching approximately 43% of serum
concentrations. The drug crosses the placenta and is distributed into breast milk. Metronidazole is
metabolized in the liver. It is excreted primarily in the urine as metabolites, with 20% of a dose
excreted as unchanged drug. The half-life of metronidazole in adults ranges between 6 and 12
hours. Accumulation may occur in patients with severely impaired hepatic function; dosage reduction
may be indicated. Dosage adjustment is generally unnecessary in patients with decreased renal
function.
Mebendazole (Vermox)
Mebendazole is used to treat:

• Common roundworms (ascariasis);
• Hookworm infections (uncinariasis);
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• Pinworms (enterobiasis; oxyuriasis);
• Whipworms (trichuriasis); and
• More than one worm infection at a time.
This medicine may also be used for other worm infections as determined by your doctor.
Mebendazole works by keeping the worm from absorbing sugar (glucose). This gradually
causes loss of energy and death of the worm.
Mebendazole is an antihelmintic agent used commonly for roundworm (pinworm and

hookworm) infections, trichinosis, capillariasis and toxocariasis and other parasitic worm
infections. Mebendazole when given for prolonged periods in high doses has been
associated with elevations in serum enzyme levels, and rare instances of acute, clinically
apparent liver injury have been linked to its use.
Mebendazole was approved for use in the United States in 1974 and is indicated for therapy
of common parasitic worm infections. Mebendazole is available generically in 100 mg
chewable tablets. The usual dose is 100 to 500 mg once (pinworm) or varying doses for 3
days (whipworm, hookworm and roundworm infections), or varying doses for up to 28 days,
depending upon the indication. Side effects are uncommon, but can include gastrointestinal
upset, fever and diarrhea.
Mebendazole when given in typical doses has not been associated with serum enzyme
elevations, although the duration of therapy is usually short and monitoring for enzyme
elevations has rarely been reported. With high dose therapy (which is now rarely used with
the availability of albendazole), elevations in serum aminotransferase levels (2 to 10 times
normal) can occur, but are usually well tolerated. There have been rare reports of acute
liver injury due to mebenazole, particularly when it is given repeatedly or in higher doses.
The onset is usually with fever and malaise within days of starting or restarting therapy.
The pattern of serum enzyme elevations is typically hepatocellular and jaundice is
uncommon. The abnormalities usually resolve rapidly with stopping therapy. Signs of
hypersensitivity (rash, fever and eosinophilia) are typical and liver biopsy may show
granulomas.
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Mattk3 Personal Log – Formula #3

This log starts at Day 0 of the combined Ascaris/Fluke formula. The weeks of trying things is over,
previous kills found in SIBO, SIYO, Virus. Zinc kill of worms found at 9,32mg/kg. Previous attempts
at DEC, Praziquantel, Albendazole, Piperazine taken alone did not produce a substantive kill.
This formula combines all elements, after a high dose of ALB discovered an underlying Fluke
infection. The theory being tested here is that there can be no Ascaris kill, without first eliminating
Flukes.
Early Ascaris kills were made with Zinc-Sulfate @9.32mg/kg (11/2014), I killed hundreds, then
dosed Magnesium Citrate, MSM, Magnesium sulfate, and Potassium Citrate to try to stop the
bursting. I then dosed IVM and DEC to kill the babies. The bursting continued until I took a second
dose of IVM. I dosed IVM and DEC for 2 days to ensure a total baby kill of worms.
Day 0 Attempted Albendazole and Prazi kill, totally different.

Doing full formula.
Day 14 Dumping black
Day 15 Kill starts in brain, lasts for 4 days in bed
Day 15 Massive Fluke kill
Day 15 Dumping black, killing in brain, discovered relationship between D3 and kill rate in brain.
50,000 IU D3.
Day 16 Massive stink, toxin, ammonia dumping, hundreds of flukes visible in loose stool.
Day 18, Stinky stinky stinky stools.
Day 20 Sleep over 8 hours.
Day 24 Brain clearing, 3 flights of stairs no problem.
Day 28 Stool returns to brown.
Day 30
I think I am down to 2 or one worm.
I made my throat/brain fluke sick on Prazi. I think Ascaris are long gone.
The Prazi paralyzes the mouth, and the worm just did not move, and burned.
I think it may be a matter of days, that brings is close to the 35 days I read about.
Sleep is good, so much brain to repair. Skin looking better. Finally loosing that "parasite tan".
287
Day 34 Anti-Parasitics ASCARIS FLUKE
Crazy buzzing in body, Sore throat, then Acid Reflux and GERD, Sweats, Worm burst in lung, Ascaris
giving birth, Dosed IVM. Decided to throw the alphabet at the babies, DEC, ALB, Piperazine
tablespoon, then later, second dose of IVM. The Acid kept coming up the throat for several hours,
like a burn. Then 24 hours later, at 6PM a little more birthing, Mrs worm must not be done, did a
second round to kill the babies in the upper GI to keep them from traveling.
Day 35
Headache at 2 AM, toxin sick feeling, Dosed Prazi, The brain sucking fluke stopped almost in
minutes, went back to sleep. Strange that this re-birthing came at day 35, Must be straggler worms
not killed in the first 30 days. I will have to keep the formula up for another 30 days to make sure
they are all dead, really dead, certainly dead. I will get the fluke ELISA test so I can retest at 9
months to ensure a total kill. TCBZ still on B/O.
I am not sure how long to taper.
I will review my file server and write a paper that addresses the following topics:
Day 36
I backed off meds at 30 days. I knew it was a mistake after 8 years of mischief.
I am back on the protocol, and within hours everything snaps back into view.
DEC is essential to the protocol, after several days off of the DEC, babies emerged.
I also suspect after testing Prazi at off hours, that it may work better separated in time from
Piperazine, Albendazole, and DEC. I think Prazi paralyzes the worms mouths, slowing the
ingestion of anti-parasitics. I also discovered that dosing all at once gives about 8 hours of coverage.
I still have a few things to learn I now can tell the moment some guy starts to feed, cause I sense
the toxins. They get meaner and meaner, when you deprive them of food. I think there are a few
large ones left, they almost make me sweat, but not quite.
Day 35, 36, 37 test new time separation between Albendazole and Praziquantel, works 4x better.
Day 38 – was a perfect day.
Day 43 Acid Ammonia stool

Day 44 45 smell of dead worms.
Day 49 urine, brain returning to more normal, sleep > 8 hours, reek of dead worms.
Day 50 dead worm stench subsiding
Tweak 1
? Worms die faster without Vitamin A, etc,
Day 47 Toxins and worms diminish, acid mouth skin
second 30 day period should have death prolonging a, e, etc removed from formula
Worms are smaller, focus is better, return of cold nose says missed a birth of small worms.
Day 46 – Dosed IVM, DEC AM Noon, ALB AM NOON, PIPERAZINE AM/PM
Day 54 changed up sequence of ppz, alb, dec
288
Day 55 stopped praziquantel
Day 58 new sequence works, move Cq10 to AM, etc
Day 59 Massive FLUKE?Ascaris Kill Stench

Need more vitamin C, lot of OJ, Cranberry
TWEAK 2 – Day 60
Sinuses cleared in hours, dead worms slid down lymph,

Worm stench is nauseating, moved dec alb to 6 pm, 6 am, 3 doses of ppz, 8pm 1030 pm, 3AM
Extreme sodium (salt taste) in mouth, Ascaris dying
No supplements, orange juice, cranberry juice, distilled water, after double dose of kgp the kidneys
are moving fluid.
Day 60 FLUKE?Ascaris Killing Formula
If after 60 days, Stronger antiparasitics should be considered. Several species do not respond
fully, Fenbendazole is a stronger alternative, at 2.5mg/kg for 3 days, 6 days max for stronogyloides.
If after 60 days of a systemic infection consider an additional dose of alb and DEC at noon to 3
PM to finish them off. Even one large worm can try to multiply with fervor. At day 60, being off of
Zinc and Vitamin A, and reducing supplements, the body should start to return to normal.
Day 63 Lower Albendazole, Lets get roundworms

Liver congestion, vision shows fluid retention, even with removal of vits, better kidney flow, salt
taste in mouth, cannot process even one piece of rum cake. Knocked ALBENDAZOLE down to single
pill, or 200mg. Suspect it no longer has a function. Knocked it down last night, dosing DEC alone.
AM started one DEC 400mg, and one ALB 200 mg. Will do noon DEC, PM DEC with PPZ?
No, move to final formula, dose 6 am, 6 pm PPZ, and DEC, kill GERD.
289
Day 64
Huge vitamin C craving, Smells, Fluid flowing through lymph, body detoxing in mass. Feeling better
every day. Minimal parasite activity. Lowering ALB shows kidney sensitivity to prolonged
high dose ALB. Lowered dose in main table to reflect the maximum I took in a
prolonged fashion, add caution and notes on kidney flow and ALB dosing.
Add OJ to AM/PM, the vitamin C from OJ has huge difference at this stage, not enough C in the
plan.
A banana is an excellent source of potassium.
Day 66 air burns, massive clarity increase from pulsing vitamins, add ed ALA, BAM
ivm dose
(1-2) Chlorella
Testing (4-2) Spirulona tablets
(1-2) milk thistle
(0-1) ginger
(1) B50
(1) CQ10 – testing 400mg, 200mg, 100mg
(0) ALA – develop a pulse protocol?
(2) Ginkgo
(0-1) borage oil
OJ
Cranberry Juice
Distilled h20
Milk, Greek yogurt, cream cheese, butter, half and half cream.
(1) egg pulsed
(0-1-2) ALB am
(1) DEC am/noon
(1) tbs PPZ pm,ppm,
green vegi pm
soup salad noon
fruit am, ppm
290
DAY 67
I am still on DEC at day 64. I expected to take it a total of 60 days ish. It helps suppress new born
worms, till the immune system takes over.
The formula kills flukes first, so you can get to the Ascaris.
The second kill, (taper Prazi) (lower alb) maintain Piperazine and DEC till the round worms are gone.
The DEC and Piperazine are actually related to each other, they prevent worm malting. This
prevents worms from shedding their skin, and going to the next level. While great for decreasing the
population, it takes a while before the large worms go sterile from the ALB.
The process takes as little time as possible to wipe out the worms in sequence, and totally.
Day 67, time between birth > 12 hours.
Day 70 extreme gut kill, worm smell, chlorine and peroxide smell in nose, immune system kicking
back? Leg wiggles, L3 ?, dosed Alinia 3PM
Day 72
Day 72 took Alinia 3AM, DEC at 6AM, Noon, Awoke to huge chlorine peroxide right sinus, old people
smell - killing of worms, worms deep in sinus came out to feed while I slept, immune system now
fully working, worms cannot feed, they are dying. The entire escapade was depressed immune from
fluke infection, that allowed Ascaris infection to go wild. Expect Alinia will take me to the finish line.
Day 73 dead worm smell, Alinia appears to work best 3-6 AM,
Pill slides into pharynx pouch. May slow absorption and go directly into blood stream. Sub-lingual
Alinia may work better than taking oral.
Pills sticking in throat, Left arm circulation collapse, stench of dying worms is sickening
Start drinking Tomato Juice –more vitamin C.
Day 75
291
Day 75 old person stench, dead worms in nose, clearing sinus, air burns as it enters the nose.
Neural recovery, healing.
Day 76 sinus clear day2, sinus clearing deeper, worm in throat/palate not moving. Smell subsiding,
healing pain in knees? Back, knuckles, etc. Neural issues subsiding. Light ache back of neck. Light
gut nausea, Urine flow better. Vision good. Slept, Large sinus worm causes brain stem shaking at
wake-up. Smell of dying worm (Alinia?) no babies, only a matter of time.
Day # 8 of Alinia AAM. Working Day 77 Senses coming back, sleeping 10 hours
Day 78 single dose piperazine 9 pm, no Alinia.

Day 79 dose AAM alinia, single dose DEC 6pm, Transition to herbs in process, Stay on Vitamin C.
Day 80 take probiotic 225, discontinue alinia, no babies for days. See if it holds. Can see traffic
lights ½ mile away.
Day 82 no symptoms, brain healing
Day 84 Drank Booze, took PPZ PPM at bedtime

Day 85 Worm latched on to back of brain, huge pain. Took 1 Alinia 400mg AAM, Took 1 DEC AM,
bad gut hip ache all day, black tiny carroway seeds in urine, tiny filaments floating in bowl. No
energy, body in pain.
Day 86 Drank coffee. Good day, Dosed PPZ at PPM at bedtime, Dosed Flagyl 400at AAM, Dose
single DEC 400at AM, If Alinia worked post fluke kill, maybe Flagyl will kill as well. Testing Flagyl for
3 days. Urine output increasing. Body pain decreasing. Sense to touch improving all over body,
fewer dead spots. Can see 50 feet brick joints.
Day 87 Drank coffee. Good day dosed PPZ at 6pm, Alinia at bedtime, 5AM burst of sac in lung,
smell of dead worms in fart, 8 AM GERD babies, Dosed 1 std 750 mg PPZ, ½ DEC 200mg, 1 STD
IVM.
Alternating Flagyl and Alinia seams to have killed adults, wor sac cyst in lung was unexpected. The
large quanity of fluid kind of indicates at it for a while, the massive lung pain a few days ago must
have been a small birth?
Back in Kill babies mode for 48 hours, will reorder stock, since out of almost everything.
Noon, full dose PPZ, 200mg DEC, Std dose IVM in Greek Yogurt
Day 88 Dosed PPZ at 6pm, Dosed Alinia at 9pm, slept, Smell dead worms. Woke 1AM, Flem in
lungs, fluid, no acid. dosed PPZ and ½ dec. 5AM-830AM slept, dosed ½ dec.
Day 89 Drank coffee. Dead worm smell till noon. Vision Very Very Good. So much rest, spent most
of day with healing brain. Dosed PPZ at 6PM. Worm in left lung, worm behind voice box. Dosed
Alinia at 6 PM to try to move kill earlier into evening. Rough night, Woke at 2AM, Dosed PPZ, Acid
Reflux Lung, ½ DEC (200mg) IVM std dose @430AM. Nose worm burn. ½ DEC AM.
Day 90
Day 90, Appears that last few days worms hanging exclusivly around lung. Bursts of GERD and
acid is worm attempt to multiply. No worms in other locations. Worms are exclusivly trying to
multiply by making sac of babies that burst. Dead worm smell AM, Coffee AM. ½ DEC AM. Quiet
Day. PM TBS PPZ, Alinia 9 PM, Slept to 2 AM. Dosed ½ DEC. Flow of non acid fluid from lung. No
bites or wiggles. AM ½ DEC. Worm migrated below sinus, above palate. Virtually no energy,
292
heading back to lung? No tremor for days, Do not know if any males in sinus are alive at this point.
Feel as if it is only a matter of days at this point.
PM Tbs Piperazine 6 PM, Alina at 9 PM, ½ DEC at 2 AM, ½ DEC AM. Lung pain less, Worms slowing
down.
I started Alinia. It has been 2 weeks since I started, 6-8 weeks since I finished Praziquantel. I stayed
on Prazi for 3-4 weeks after they were dead, just to make sure they were dead.
Then I started Alinia for 18 pills worth, I skipped 7 days, worms came back into nose. I take Alinia at
9 PM. I take Piperazine at 4-6 pm,
If there is GERD, I dose Piperazine, IVM, and 200 mg of DEC.

I take 200mg of DEC at 6-9AM. Good all day.
Last 4 days, worms don't move from lung, 4 days IVM. When the worms GERD continuous, they are
almost dead.
Their last gasp I hope.
Q&A
Q> How are you doing now?
A> It has been over a month since I finished killing Flukes.
I took on Ascaris.
I took 9 days of Alinia, @ 500mg 9PM, which is 1/4 the patent documented dose of 15mg/kg/D to
kill Ascaris (90%).
I then ran out of Alinia. I had Flagyl. I took 400mg spaced at 12 hours (6 AM, 6PM) for 3 days. This
is 4X the CDC dose of 100mg. I weigh 113 kgs.
Ascaris influence on the body is gone.
Is it painful?
Well Flagyl in the body kills deep, the first 2 days were large GI reaction until I learned ... and ate
food with the Mebendazole. As usual the French Drugs work. The CDC level is all wet, and it is left to
the user to figure this stuff out.
I started recovery about 2 weeks ago. After the Alinia. Getting on my feet and working took quite a
toll on me. Actual physical work after being sick for 3 years really brings the amount of physical
decline into focus. The nerves, muscles, and entire body and back bones ache. I climb stairs, 3
stories, 10 times per day. The last areas the worms were defending, center chest bone, right hip,
anus, skull, were holdout positions for the worms. Ache seams to be gone, and is replaced with the
pain of making the body work again. Quite a rehab is in store for me.
I am taking no supplements now, just to make sure I do not feed the Ascaris worm, that seams to
feed on everything. Anyway Liver is recovering, and kidneys working without using any supplement
to increase urine output. I continue to use pulsed Algae, and distilled water, to eliminate toxins. I
still am doing a high vitamin C juice habit. I plan ALA, and Algae after a period of time to verify the
worms are gone.
293
I had my doubts, but after 3 days of Flagyl, I can say I have no symptoms of Ascaris. I tested them
with a -OH liquid, and absolutely no ill effects.
I may add one more day (total of 4 days). I will have to say, that the adverse reaction seams to be
more of parasite reaction making one feel ill, and hurt, than one of the med itself. I cannot say it
hurt the body in any way. I was in lots of pain, but it appears I did not hurt the organs. I am really
busted up inside from all the worm damage, so I really do not want to do any more injury to my
kidneys. It appears that high dose, 3 day did not cause any additional injury to the body.
The documented Flagyl dose duration is 3 days, I was skeptical, but it seams to work now.
I tried Alinia 3X before, Flagyl 3X before. Nothing worked until I killed the flukes first. Now
everything seams too work.
I now have hope for the future.
Thanks to all who helped me on my journey.
I now enter the recovery phase of my strength and memory, which will be a large challenge.
I am happy to be able to say Ascaris are behind me.
I have to wait 8 more months to test their death with the Blood ELISA Ascaris test.
Mattk3
Day 93 ran out of Alinia Sub Mebendazole

Day 94 huge smell stool, killed good gut bacteria at 2. ¼ inch black nasal worm. Alinia order on
its way. Suspect Mebendazole needs probiotic 225at 6 hours later? Space 12 hours a part, 100mg X2
is optimal, interesting but not a star, put comments under MBZ in Shopping, and move on to the
new 15mg/kg 25mg/kg/D Alinia formula.
Day 94, Back ache, problem working, muscles, Lumbar, Ass, Knees hurt,
Day 95, Smelly stool from Flagyl and MBZ pulse 3 days. , Die off of good bacteria, dosing MEB 1x 4
hoours is no good seperation, huge die off, gas gone in 24 hours, need to seperate MBZ by 12
hours?, 24 hours?
Need 2, dead ¼ worm black streek out sinus.
Mucus flow huge,

Last night day off of dosing Alinia or MEB
Slept till 5 AM
Q&A
Q:> Great! Glad to hear you are doing better, How are you really doing? Does it work?
294
A:>How are you?
The crazy email traffic...
I seem to be in ok liver zone, kidneys recovering weeks later, finally pee is colored dark,
Muscles and bones in recovery
Wow back and veins in ass real painful, ouch, ouch, ouch
Walking and moving, retraining the body from all the worm invasion
Memory still not good.
Guess this is better than expected recovery

Will take real sweat to rebuild capillaries.
Q&A:
Q: Maybe I should Take Alinia, I have heard it is good.
Q:>Oh wow, should i order it? Ive heard alinia is awesome for Tapeworms and giardia, crypto also.
I have 500 mg tablet.
http://www.meds.com.mx/product_info.php/products_id/1779
I take 1 tablet at 6-9 pm. roundworms inc. large come out and feed mostly at 1-3 AM, My worms
now feed at 5AM.
• I still have several that have escaped my rounds.

•
• I take 9 days on, 1-2 days off, I bought 100.
•
• I tried high dose when I had flukes, it did nothing.
•
• I tried low dose and in 2 days sinuses were clear.
•
• Now that the flukes are gone, it works.
It really cleared out my tissues. Still have bone worms, hips, and nests. Maybe 1 large one left,
several smaller.
Mucus is starting out of lung, and sinus. Was birth a lot, after starting alinia, the worms went onto
reproduction overtime. Head worms gone, foot worms gone, muscles clear, liver healing, kidneys
still working, dumping dark urine for first time in 3 years, they filter again!
I take 9 days of Alinia, I take 2 Mebendazole (Flagyl) seperated by 12 hours, and a day off. This is
the first day off in the pattern since I do not know when.
I just got more Alinia. I am going up to the dose specified in the patent, 15 mg/kg/D.
I will hold this for I guess 9-10 days, and repeat the cycle 2-3 times to try to take out the remaining
adults.
While the worms were dying, they constantly gave birth in lungs, I dosed IVM, DEC, PPZ.
295
The discharges from the worms are now clear, my lungs and sinuses are clearing. The worm
discharge must be free of babies, or the low dose DEC, PPZ hold the babies in check. The
Mebendazole kills good bacteria, so a probiotic after, on the day off, is a good idea.
My stomach ache after Mebendazole, single pill 2X/D at 12 hour space, really rips up the gut, huge
kill of good bacteria, bad stool smell, ache in stomach. It is the ache in the stomach that leads me
to believe the Ascaris burning fluid sac;s that burst in the lung, lead to a population into the
stomach. It is in the killing in the stomach, by MBZ, Flagyl, that I believe the killing of Ascaris lie.
I will graph more in the document, next revision.
Day 98, finished 3 day flagyl for 2x per day, seperated 12 days.
Started final pass of Alina 9 days 15mg/kg/D and flagyl on days 4, 5, 6
>Dosed some Algae
Should I take any DEC or PPZ? Is the question....

Day99 headache no energy, pm fluid balls up throat, fluid up lungs no burn, chlorine in back of
sinus 2am, some odor
Day 100, Skull ache, eyes want to pop, sinus pressure, Took 1 Flagyl at noon, still doing Alinia @
1500mg/D for 113KGS. Day 3 of the plan, decided to try a MBZ early, since it can be used as a test
to see if there are any births in gut from sinus lung drainage.
Result: No killing in GI, reproduction loop is broken using Alinia and Flagyl. The exact sequence I
used, singular Alinia, Singular Flagyl, Now MBZ inside Alinia zone seams to be plausable.
No real wiggles excepting chlorine sinus @ 2AM. Think last worm may be in the skull.
Slept a lot last night.
Day 101 add 400mg dec aam or am

ascaris formula 3-111 to date, what I have been taking.
3 alinia 500, pm, ppm, am – iron (111)
Flagyl 400mg 12 hr sep, 2am, 2pm - carbs
DEC 400mg 2am – 9am for malting
Day 105 massive smelly toxin dump soft stool, Alinia at 20 mg/kg/D for second day. Symptom
free, High level of chlorine smell. Staying horizontal all day. Working and Lifting still has difficulty.
Day 107, still some small population, wake up with short ache in stomach. After 2 days of 10-12
hours sleep mild vibration, neurons still healing. Running out of Alinia, backed down to 15mg/kg/D.
Circulation issues, cold hands, etc still remain.
Day 111. smelled iodine last night. Down to 6AM, 6 PM Alinia and 200mg DEC.
Semi active day, Cocoa not Coffee. Headache PM,

took B50,
Chlorella,
Spirulina.
Back of neck, Base of skull, Back of brain, eye splitting, Suspect reconnecting neurons causing
excessive blood flow to head, very hot, cold arms, cold feet. Could be circulation imbalance,
continue to wait on horse chestnut and ginkgo during the final kill, all vitamins for that matter, due
to concern they may feed Ascaris.
9pm alinia
296
10 pm dec 400
• 2am headache gone
• left lung rib ache
• need dec 200?
• 15mg/kg/d alinia
• horse chestnut for leaky veins
2am lung birth take piperazine

8 am nose birth tiny worms take alinia
almost gone
maybe can use 25 to 15mg kg d drop to sync mbz feeding
11 runny nose burn throat DEC 400

IVM?
Day 114,
Rt sinus and lung keep birthing AAM, feels like post nasal drip, babies giving birth to babies, Adults
gone. Key is to put DEC 400 and Piperazine 750 at 6 PM, 6 AM to stop any acid fluid baby stream
from multiplying in GI.
On Jan 23, 2016, at 4:38 PM, "Matt Kaltenbach" <mattk3@fuse.net> wrote:
I did a run of 9 days 1 pill per day

I ran out. It took a week to get more, I ordered 56 pills. I was shorted 8 pills on the order.
I did a run of 4 days at 3 pills per day
Then 2 days of 3 pills
2 days of 2 pills
1 day of 1 pill
I ran out.
I have on order MBZ (I was out)

I have on order Alinia (140-160 pills?)
I received Piperazine, Ivermectin
I have Flagyl, DEC.
I have a few babies left, not much else.

I never ran a strait line, in that my research did not show dose.
Truth is it, they stopped giving birth at a number closer to 25 mg/kg/D
I found tests on animals at 50mg/kg/D and 100mg/kg/D
I am going to do an Alinia run at 25mg/kg/D with DEC 400mg, Piperazine 750mg, and MBZ on
days 4, 5, 6 at 400-600 mg.
Then I will do a low dose Alinia for a couple of more weeks.
1/24/16 final update
For the last few weeks I have sent out updates on Alinia, Test doses, Results.
297
This is an update.
I have completed two short test runs,
The first using low dose Alinia with Piperazine citrate and DEC,
The second using a ramp of Alinia dose without Piperazine Citrate and DEC.
>Piperazine citrate and DEC are intended to kill eggs and birth larvae in blood, lungs and sinus.
> Alinia is intended to kill adults L3, L4 Ascaris.
It appears that all the adult Ascaris are now dead, even using my two preliminary Alinia trials.
It appears that babies are birthing babies, I wake up with sinus drip, and lung secretions while I
sleep.
It now appears that both simultaneous dosing of DEC, Piperazine Citrate, and Alinia will be
required to kill the rapidly reproducing Ascaris offspring.
I have backordered Vermox, and Alinia on the way for a final run.
It appears that stopping babies in their track is essential to winning the battle.
Either 100mg MBZ at 6 AM, or dosing a second Piperazine and DEC at 6 AM will be required to
break the loop.
Breaking the baby loop is essential to winning the battle with Ascaris.
Several people have reported this never ending GERD, Acid Reflux, birthing situation.
I weigh 113 KGS, and I dose 400mg DEC at 6PM, 6 AM, and 750 mg Piperazine citrate at 6 PM,
6 AM.
298
I will try 100 mg of MBZ at 6 AM to break the baby loop, which should provide final victory
against my roundworm infection.
Sorry this takes so long, but the data the test process provides is very valuable.
Hope this email finds you all on the path to recovery
Matt
Matt Kaltenbach
USA
Mattk3@fuse.net (Personal)
Mattk3 at the CureZone
PS, The document is still being updated, a final release should appear shortly.
To: Matt
Subject: Re: The final solution
Mattk,
Hi mattk , how are you ?
Sleeping, Large worm free, a few straglers, cold hands, learning how to move the body, getting my
drive back.
well I am starting to get unpacked and everything is at new place, prolly take 1 more week to get
everything unboxed and start too get my plan ready , togo on the attack.
Cool
so what happened with the user name & email address thing ?
A large portion, like 50%, wanted privacy. There are still sourcing problems in various countries.
I never published your hopeful message to the group, you never gave me permission.
so I did have to stop my course of Alba , and the worms are back full force & piss'd off! omg I blew
out so many from nose tonite they filled my palm of hand was pretty yuky, so far the only way i can
get them out of nose is to use a 50/50 mix water & peroxide and pour 1/2 tsp up nose and let soak
for couple minutes, the they die! and can rinse out with regular warm water and they come out, look
like the 1/4in white spagehtti worms (females?) and the 1/4in white cotton threads (males?) the
most times are smaller the biggest ones are about 1/4 in, that doctor said he used a sniff of ethanol
299
vapor too knock them unconscious and remove live ones like that, the peroxide kills them dead! they
are all over me know I can see white threads in my skin most every where I look know, either just
under the skin or in the skin and i also see squiggly line tracks on skin I believe from the Larve
crawling across skin, i'll have to cut it open and try too pull one out, that'll tell the tale. they have
severely infested my ears know also , my ears look real bad with white threads all over and red
bumps marks most likely were the Larve is going back into me thru skin.
Are you taking DEC every day?

Are you still on Piperazine every day?
Alinia is the most powerful, and main roundworm knockout med. I have come through 2 courses, the
first course of 9 days I did at 500mg with Piperazine and DEC. I followed that with 3 days of Flagyl.
I did no meds for 6 days, worms returned.
The second coarse of Alinia I did @ 15mg/kg/D to start, Did 3 days of 200mg of Vermox at days 4, 5,
6, and then ramped Alinia to 20 mg/kg/D for a few days, then ramped to 25mg/kg/D. Worms ache,
fade, die. Without DEC they seam to have a few babies through, but mostly they birth clear non-acid
fluid, which I assume have no viable larvae. They went nuts trying to make babies, and I found at
15mg/kg/D they were trying to reproduce like mad. At 20 mg/kg/D they were kind of unable to move,
and gave little birth. At 25mg/kg/D there were virtually no worm symptoms at all, and in less than 3
days. After 3 days at this level, with virtually no side effects, I had some GI discomfort, leading me to
believe the correct dose may be in the 20 mg/kg area. I have virtually run out of meds (all of them),
my order is still being processed, they were out of Vermox I guess.
I may make a seperate order for just Alinia, and order twice as much to have stock. I am very near
the finish, so I am trying to figure out how much I really need.
Alinia is a designer drug, with so few side effects, and such a benifit to the gentle killing, that it is a
huge keeper, by itself, or in a coctail, Alinia has turned out to be the biggest player on the table.
I rank the coctail as follows:
1) Alinia - stops worms from absorbing and processing Iron

2) Vermox - stops worms from processing Carbohydrates
3) DEC - stops Larvae from Malting (sheding their skin)
4) (not using for a month) Piperazine, kills birth, eggs, larvae, and processes nitrogen uric acid for
removal
I have one final course of the formula planned, in an attempt to kill Ascaris, the toughest worm on the
planet to kill.
My plan is:
Alinia 20 mg/kg/D for 9-14 days

Vermox 400 - 600 mg a day for 3 days, at days 4, 5, 6
DEC 400 mg at 6 AM
Piperazine citrate 750 mg at 9PM
There you have it. The final formula. I have had emails from folks that take Vermox yearly to keep Ascaris in
check for life. I am unsure I will have to do this, my goal is to kill the Cysts, eggs, Adults, L4, L3, L2, L1
larvae, and the eggs. Ascaris is one of the most complex life cycle worms one can get. The formula is a bit
complex, but I have a high degree of confidence that this final formula will wipe out the systemic infection
once and for all. While I am 99.5% better, I am still looking for 100%.
300
I still have to order Alinia & Vermox & Flagyl how much did you end up needing ? 30 days? 60days?
Given your state, having visual migrans, you will need to do the formula from the beginning, need to have
prolonged doses of DEC and Piperazine, And plan on at least 3 courses of the final formula.
I would interject PZQ course, you may or may not need, for 21 days at 25mg/kg/d with 50,000 IU of D3, and
a lot of calcium. If you kill flukes, you will need another month of PZQ to make sure they are wiped out of
your body. My fluke kill seams to have worked, I bought 300 grams of PZQ, but I had several false starts,
and I weigh 238 lbs. I am guessing this preventive phase will take you some 150 - 200 grams, and it cost
about a dollar per gram. This PZQ kills flat worms of all types, and is necessary to pre-treat for flatworms
prior to killing roundworms.
First things first, we need to stop migrans, that means 2 doses of DEC per day, say 6 am, 6 pm.
Piperazine at 9pm(bed time) is critical. Piperazine additional dose (1 TBS) can be taken anytime.
Expect to need 10 mg/kg/D of Albendazole for 45 days.

Expect to need 20 mg/kg/D of Alinia, for 45 days
If you buy a couple of bottles of DEC 100ct for $10 ea that should due.
If you buy 20 + bottles of Piperazine Citrate (2.79 - 4.00 ea) from Drs Foster and Smith, you should
be set for most of the trial. Expect to use more upfront, less to none towards the end.
301
Taking IVM and ALA together causes a dramatic reduction in

brain Fog
hi friedegg,
You are the first person to offer any ideas on Ascaris.
Early on I tried several black nigra, pepper, oil.

I also tried every tumeric/curcumin/nano/lipid
I found Natures bounty tumeric curcumin 450mg was the best, but I rated it at 2%. This was way
before I found piperazine/ and now Alinia, or id/d the fluke infection.
Killing the larvae is easy, Killing the adults is hard. I think my adults are no longer producing babies,
and they just kind of move and lay there, no real energy. It is taking way to long. I tried Alinia
3times, to no avail. Now that flukes are gone, I see such a great improvement, I would call them
almost frozen.
I have about 12 day supply left of Alinia, do not know where I jump after that. I may want to try
your combination tricks, I need the last adult or two to go.
I have a crate full of stuff to retry and ponder my next approach if Alinia does not deal them a
knockout punch. I will take your information seriously, since it sounds like the edge I am looking
for.
My senses, smell, feeling, and brain are all in massive recovery mode. I am just now feeling the pain
the worm nests have put into my body. This experience is like a train wreck in slow motion. I cannot
believe how much effort is required to kill these guys. Thanks for the heads up.
Matt
hi mattk3. was reading your idea on Ascaris and how they use enzymes to avoid or alter our
immune response.
upon looking up the mechanism of action of dec and that it inhibits the synthesis of arachnid acid ---
which decloaks the worm so our immune system can then kill.
I wanted to let you know that for 2 days of using organic turmeric with black pepper which
enhances the active medicinal ingrediant in turmeric curcumin. energy levels,pain,brain fog and
happiness came back to my body.
>Piperine has been shown to increase Tumeric curcumin effect like 100X
>SOD increases the NO burst that helps immune system kill invaders.
the parasites figured out in 48 hours how to negate the benefit of turmeric.
302
turmeric with blackpepper I believe inhibited the worms ability to produce these enzymes by
inhibiting that arachnid acid they need.
holy basil which contains ursolic acid I believe and also boswhelia extact which contains its own
acids and also ursolic acid which bodybuilders are using might inhibit the arachnid acid and slow
down the worms ability to make enymes.
> I have holy thistle, and several others I have yet to document, which I also tried to no avail. I
have so many things to retest, I will add these to the list.
if it worked like turmeric did there may be hope as well as using your plan as well.
the more things the better to throw. them off guard
Q&A
Q>If I stay on my current regime this should eventually clear the gi as well?
A> Once you hit a tipping point, the anti-parasitics seam to work. I do not fully understand what I
could have done differently. I wrote it down to help others in the same dire condition I was in. It is
part magic, part daily routine, part knowledge in what each piece does, and how much to take. I
wrote down each formula, and never followed it exactly, it was always a little more of this, a little less
of that, daily. I wrote down the range, to reflect what I was doing. I think moving the body over a
mountain, takes a constant attention to good in, bad out. I knew when I saw the explosion of black, I
had moved my body to the peak of the mountain. I suspect it is all down hill from here. I hope to be
back to work shortly, a true vindication of the sequence, approach, and elements. I did it without
LEM, which I tried earlier, but just did not do enough. I also underestimated the power of OJ, but
with the fear of all that natural sugar, and my bouts with SIBO and SIYO, I never felt the risk was
justified. I also was afraid that more vitamin C would make the loose stool looser. It may not have
been a justified fear. I guess I will never know if there was a more direct pathway, I was just trying to
keep the car on the course, and not wreck the car. Me.
Q> My colon is locked again.

A> Keep Spirulina at 9 grams, Keep Chlorella at 2 - 2.5 grams. Eventually your body will get to the
top of the mountain.
They fight back with toxins. Try crushing cloves garlic, mix it with yogurt, and swallow in less than a
few minutes, the compounds in Garlic only works for 10 minutes.
TAPER PLAN – first try

Distilled water is very important when you want to normalize the body after discontinuing heavy
vitamin dosing.
I guess a month of continued anti-parasitics to mop up any Ascaris eggs/cysts.

Piperazine taper?
Attempts to remove Supplement dosing, starting a week after the large parasite kill, after 3 weeks, a
maximum of 2 days off can be tolerated.
303
I think it is best to keep a months supply on hand, in case they pop up again.
During the second month, Dosing of ALB, DEC, and Piperazine were moved to AM and Noon,
Praziquantel was moved to PM and PPM.
P>I forgot to mention that some times the tremors are worse than at other times.
Take Piperazine citrate, and later DEC with ALB

This migration of worms through the base of the brain causes tremor. The worms are looking to get
into CNF fluid to detox, or go to the brain to feed.
In either case, taking Piperazine just before bed, and just as you wake, keeps them from feeding,
making them hungry.
I am trying DEC and ALB at 1-3AM and at noon.
Piperazine makes them hungry, DEC and ALB give them the juice as they start to feed.
1) if you have flukes, you cannot kill Ascaris.

That is why Praziquantel.
2) Ascaris feed at night, mostly, into the AM. Piperazine makes them not feed, get hungry, ALB
and DEC kills them, slowly, at 8 years old, less that 2 weeks, at 60 it takes 6 months. Immune
system dominates the equation.
I originally took everything at once, alb, dec, ppz, pzq, to kill slowly, that worked.
Now I am free of flukes at day 55, so I stopped PZQ. I am now moving ALB, DEC, to 6 PM, Noon,
with PPZ at bedtime, and 3-4 AM. I keep playing with this, but I now think flat dosing will kill
Ascaris faster, that is 6 pm, 9pm, 1-3AM 6-8 AM Noon. Which ones I take, and when is the
question.
When you dose PPZ, and a worm is feeding from your blood, it gets very sick and burns for days.
When It returns to feeding, it is weaker. Give them a snoot full of DEC, they belly ache for hours.
Once you reduce their numbers, you can just tell.
I would do the plan, by you get to the second 30 days of anti-parasitics, I should have a better plan.
Start with Zinc, Dec, etc. If you get bursting think flukes, small Ascaris.
When you finish getting rid of fluke risk, and eye worms, then move on to the full plan, and spread
out the anti-ascaris meds.
I however, some 60 days, still have a few worms left, after destroying hundreds or thousands.
I have heard that it may take 6 months to kill Ascaris on Albendazole. Alinia was supposed to
work in weeks, I have tried this twice. My body is still recovering from the massive doses of stuff.
I stopped PZQ, my flukes are gone. I still sense an enzyme emission, and some brief booze smells,
leading me to believe there is more yet to discover.
I suspect Pineapple enzymes, or such may be the magic ingredient to bring the whole formula into
focus.
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I am more than 99% better. But I know, every last one must die.
I released revision 110 on the CureZone.
I am going to go deeper into the enzyme relationships of Ascaris, before I can put this one to bed.
The movement of Piperazine to last in day, first in day (3AM-6AM) has been a revelation. Ascaris are
nocturnal.
The movement of ALB and DEC to 9AM-Noon and 6PM also is showing effectiveness, just not
enough.
Enzymes are released by the worm, when they clearly ingest ALB and DEC.
Rotting fruit is what I smell.
It is what is in the worm digestive tract that alters ours, and it must be
in their enzymes where the answer lies.
HAIR Regrowth plan

I found a herb to regrow hair. I was a hairy guy, now I look like a cue ball.
http://www.maxnature.com/oxtati.html
Maintenance
This is the initial formula, that is being tested. This formula is preliminary and still under
development. It is intended that this repair and immune system formula be maintained for 7 years.
I will be doing a shutdown formula (liver repair, brain repair, etc)
I am currently working on kidneys, as they were bad years ago before I did this formula, and it
needs to be made stronger. The use of KGP flush on a continuous basis is not a good idea, in that it
depletes certain substances. It will be replaced with a mixture of herbs and substances on a regular
an or periodic basis.
Currently I am pulsing (skipping every other day) the following supplement list, to determine if
anything in the formula feeds the worms. Judging by the continued dead worm smell, I believe
everything but ALA is acceptable. ALA is essential to healing the brain. Combination of ALA and
IVM seams to show no side effects for Ascaris. It may be possible to develop natural anti
parasitics that enable the use of ALA.
AM Pulse
1 CQ10 400mg AM
1 Glass OJ
(0-2) Ester C
(2) LEM extract
Rosemary for memory (TBD)
1-2 Dropper full KGP flush for kidney function in juice
0-2 Dr Christophers Kidney formula ? TBD
1-2 Milk Thistle
(1) B50 complex for enzymes
(2) Ginkgo for brain capillaries PM
(0) low dose ALA? AM Pulse 4 every 4 days?
PM Pulse
1 glass pineapple or pineapple juice
(4) Spirulina caps 500 mg (2Grams total) PM
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(2) Chlorella
(0-1) Source of life
(1) Borage oil GLA PM
(0-1-2) GuAIAid PM
(0-1-2) Dodder Seed PM
Anti-parasitics if you are still in taper mode
DNA and DNA Repair Primer

www.yourgenome.org
I will be doing a 7 year no cancer formula, to

cleanup/mopop, and fix DNA using the 4 repair
molecules I researched some 3 years ago. Need
to look them up.
The DNA Instruction Set

DNA is in every cell of your body, the nucleus
contains DNA, the instruction set for your body.
The information in the DNA can be used for
many purposes. Tiny building blocks called cells
make up your entire body. There is DNA in
nearly every cell, within a sack called the
nucleus. The nucleus is like the brain of the cell. DNA is an endless march of characters in a 4-
letter alphabet. If you pull it apart ( the double helix), you would see the exposed ends of the
strands, thefour different chemicals in the air. Those four chemicals, called “bases” carry the
information used to make a body and to keep it running.
Scientists named each of the four bases with a letter, G, A, T or C. All of the letters in one cell make
up the human genome, a complete instruction set for making a person. If you wrote down all of the
bases in one cell, you could fill a 1,000 phone books with A's, T's, G's and C's.
Scientists are working on reading and manipulating the information in DNA. DNA is constantly
subject to mutations, accidental changes in its code. Mutations can lead to missing or malformed
proteins, and that can lead to disease.
We all start out our lives with some mutations. These mutations inherited from your parents are
called germ-line mutations. However, you can also acquire mutations during your lifetime. Some
mutations happen during cell division, when DNA is duplicated. Still other mutations are caused
when DNA gets damaged by viruses.
Few mutations are really bad for you. In fact, some mutations can be beneficial. Many mutations
have no effect, these are called silent mutations.
The mutations we hear about most often are the ones that cause disease. Diseases can be caused
by just one copy of a single defective gene. Thanks to probability and chemistry, the body has a
number of processes that weed out cells with defective genetic diseases over time. Cells renew
themselves quite often, and therefore some diseases can be reversed if the weakened cell dies, and
does not replicate. Sometimes it takes a little help to get a cell to die before reproducing.
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Scientists estimate that every one of us has between 5 and 10 potentially deadly mutations in our
genes-the good news is that because there's usually only one copy of the bad gene, these diseases
don't multiply.
Many of the worst diseases around are caused by glitches in our genes, and the therapies for these
diseases often involve a lifetime of drugs (and their nasty side effects) that help but don't really
solve the problem. Wouldn't it be great if you could just "fix" this faulty DNA? DNA can be damaged
by many sorts of mutagens, which change the DNA sequence. Mutagens include oxidizing agents,
alkylating agents. oxidants such as free radicals or hydrogen peroxide produce multiple forms of
damage, including base modifications, particularly of guanosine, and double-strand breaks.[64] A
typical human cell contains about 150,000 bases that have suffered oxidative damage.[65] Of these
oxidative lesions, the most dangerous are double-strand breaks, as these are difficult to repair and
can produce point mutations, insertions and deletions from the DNA sequence, as well as
chromosomal translocations. Many mutagens fit into the space between two adjacent base pairs,
this is called intercalation. Most intercalators are aromatic and planar molecules; examples include
ethidium bromide, acridines, daunomycin, and doxorubicin. In order for an intercalator to fit
between base pairs, the bases must separate, distorting the DNA strands by unwinding of the
double helix. This inhibits both transcription and DNA replication, causing toxicity and mutations.[67]
As a result, DNA intercalators may be carcinogens, and in the case of thalidomide, a teratogen.[68]
Others such as benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide and aflatoxin form DNA adducts which induce errors in
replication.[69
To interpret the DNA code, the cell first makes a copy of the DNA segment to be read. The copy
then travels to another part of the cell, where the code is used to assemble a chain of protein
subunits. RNA has a different sugar in its sugar-phosphate backbone; it uses ribose, rather than
deoxyribose.
RNA also uses a different base from the thymine (T) that DNA uses; The four bases found in DNA
are adenine (abbreviated A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). These four bases are
attached to the sugar/phosphate to form the complete nucleotide, as shown for adenosine
monophosphate.
The enzyme RNA polymerase makes the RNA copy, recognizing the ‘start here’ and ‘stop here’
signals that appear in the DNA code. It uses available bases, sugars and phosphate molecules. The
RNA molecule that is made - called ‘messenger RNA’ (mRNA) - then carries its ‘message’ out of the
nucleus to the outer part of the cell (the cytoplasm). The mRNA passes through the pores in the
nuclear membrane, and makes its way to cellular components called the rough endoplasmic
reticulum (ER), where proteins are made.
At the ribosomes, the mRNA is used as a template for assembling a protein molecule from its
building blocks (amino acids). This process is called translation.
There are 20 different types of amino acids; biologists have given each a code letter. For example, M
is methionine, L is leucine, F is phenylalanine (because P is proline). Translation at the ribosomes is
very similar to translating from one language to another. In this case, the translation is from the
four-letter language of DNA into the 20-letter language of proteins.
The DNA code is read three letters at a time: these DNA triplets are called codons. Since there are
four different RNA letters (A, G, C and U), there are 4 x 4 x 4 = 64 different codon combinations.
Most of the codons correspond to a specific amino acid. However, as there are only 20 different
types of amino acid, some of the 64 codons code for the same amino acid. Three of the codons are
used as ‘stop’ signals - telling the cell to end the transcript checksum.
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Replication the DNA sequence is copied into a complementary RNA sequence. Cell division is
essential for an organism to grow, but, when a cell divides, it must replicate the DNA in its genome
so that the two daughter cells have the same genetic information as their parent. Helicases are
proteins that are a type of molecular motor. They use the chemical energy in nucleoside
triphosphates, predominantly ATP, to break hydrogen bonds between bases and unwind the DNA
double helix into single strands.[97] These enzymes are essential for most processes where enzymes
need to access the DNA bases. In DNA replication, a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase makes a
copy of a DNA sequence. Accuracy is vital in this process, so many of these polymerases have a
proofreading activity. Here, the polymerase recognizes the occasional mistakes in the synthesis
reaction by the lack of base pairing between the mismatched nucleotides. If a mismatch is detected,
a 3′ to 5′ exonuclease activity is activated and the incorrect base removed.[99] In most organisms,
DNA polymerases function in a large complex called the replisome that contains multiple accessory
subunits, such as the DNA clamp or helicases.[100]
RNA-dependent DNA polymerases are a specialized class of polymerases that copy the sequence of
an RNA strand into DNA. They include reverse transcriptase, which is a viral enzyme involved in the
infection of cells by retroviruses, and telomerase, which is required for the replication of telomeres.
[44][101] Telomerase is an unusual polymerase because it contains its own RNA template as part of
its structure.[45]
Transcription is carried out by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase that copies the sequence of a DNA
strand into RNA. To begin transcribing a gene, the RNA polymerase binds to a sequence of DNA
called a promoter and separates the DNA strands. It then copies the gene sequence into a
messenger RNA transcript until it reaches a region of DNA called the terminator, where it halts and
detaches from the DNA. As with human DNA-dependent DNA polymerases, RNA polymerase II, the
enzyme that transcribes most of the genes in the human genome, operates as part of a large
protein complex with multiple regulatory and accessory subunits.[102]
To kill a cell this checksum must = defec protien 84 generated, cell dies. There are two ways in
which cells die:
•They are killed by injurious agents.
•They are induced to commit suicide.
Cell Death by suicide

Cells that are induced to commit suicide:
• shrink;
• develop bubble-like blebs on their surface;
• have the chromatin (DNA and protein) in their nucleus degraded;
• have their mitochondria break down with the release of cytochrome c;
• break into small, membrane-wrapped, fragments;
• release (at least in mammalian cells) ATP and UTP.
• These nucleotides bind to receptors on wandering phagocytic cells like macrophages and dendritic
cells and attract them to the dying cells (a "find-me" signal").
• The phospholipid phosphatidylserine, which is normally hidden within the plasma membrane, is
exposed on the surface.
• This "eat me and die" signal is bound by other receptors on the phagocytes which then engulf the
cell fragments.
• The phagocytic cells secrete cytokines that inhibit inflammation (e.g., IL-10 and TGF-β)
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The pattern of events in death by suicide is so orderly that the process is often called programmed
cell death or PCD. The cellular machinery of programmed cell death turns out to be as intrinsic to
the cell as, say, mitosis.
One of the methods by which cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) kill virus-infected cells is by inducing
apoptosis [diagram of the mechanism]. (And some viruses mount countermeasures to thwart it.
Cells respond to DNA damage by increasing their production of p53. Programmed cell death is
needed to destroy cells that represent a threat to the integrity of the organism.
There are 3 different mechanisms by which a cell commits suicide by apoptosis.

1. One generated by signals arising within the cell;
2. Another triggered by death activators binding to receptors at the cell surface:
◦TNF-α
◦Lymphotoxin
◦Fas ligand (FasL)
3. A third that may be triggered by dangerous reactive oxygen species.
• Several human papilloma viruses (HPV) have been implicated in causing cervical cancer. One of
them produces a protein (E6) that binds and inactivates the apoptosis promoter p53.
• Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), the cause of mononucleosis and associated with some lymphomas
◦ produces a protein similar to Bcl-2
◦ produces another protein that causes the cell to increase its own production of Bcl-2. Both these
actions make the cell more resistant to apoptosis (thus enabling a cancer cell to continue to
proliferate).
Even cancer cells produced without the participation of viruses may have tricks to avoid apoptosis.
• Some B-cell leukemias and lymphomas express high levels of Bcl-2, thus blocking apoptotic signals
they may receive. The high levels result from a translocation of the BCL-2 gene into an enhancer
region for antibody production.
• Melanoma (the most dangerous type of skin cancer) cells avoid apoptosis by inhibiting the
expression of the gene encoding Apaf-1.
• Some cancer cells, especially lung and colon cancer cells, secrete elevated levels of a soluble
"decoy" molecule that binds to FasL, plugging it up so it cannot bind Fas. Thus, cytotoxic T cells
(CTL) cannot kill the cancer cells by the mechanism shown above.
• Other cancer cells express high levels of FasL, and can kill any cytotoxic T cells (CTL) that try to kill
them because CTL also express Fas (but are protected from their own FasL).
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/A/Apoptosis.html
http://128.121.104.17/cfs-inform/Virus/krueger.etal01.pdf
P53: A specific protein with a mass of 53 kilodaltons that is produced by a tumor-suppressor gene.
Like other tumor-suppressor genes, the p53 gene normally controls cell growth. If p53 is physically
lost or functionally inactivated, cells can grow without restraint. Many human tumors have
mutations in the gene coding for the p53 protein.
STAT1-alpha and p53 Deficiencies are Found in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
( http://www.ncf-net.org/forum/P1-STAT1.htm )
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The genetic code is read by ‘adaptor’ molecules called transfer RNAs (tRNAs). These deliver amino
acids to the ribosomes according to the sequence of the mRNA.
Each tRNA molecule is attached specifically to one of the 20 amino acids and three critical bases
recognize the complementary codon in the mRNA. As the tRNAs bind and release, the amino acids
on adjacent tRNAs are joined to form a growing amino acid chain.
Each codon on the mRNA molecule is read, one at a time. For each codon, the tRNA molecule with
the complementary anticodon temporarily binds to the mRNA. The amino acid that is joined to the
end of the tRNA molecule is brought in line with the growing polypeptide chain, and the amino acid
links to the end of that chain. Once their amino acid is added, the tRNAs disengage from the mRNA
molecule, leaving the next codons on the mRNA molecule to be ‘read’.
Proteins carry out most of active functions of a cell. From the DNA, we can recognize and read off
the amino acids that make up the proteins in our bodies. However, we still only understand a little
about how the chain of amino acids becomes a working protein. Proteins have three dimensional
(3D) structures, which are difficult to predict just from the DNA sequence.
Many proteins are enzymes; these biological catalysts enable or speed up chemical reactions in the
cell. They can act as enzymes because of their unique and complicated 3D shapes (like the structure
of insulin at right). Each enzyme has a region into which two or more chemicals fit snugly. This
region is called the ‘active site’. While the appropriate substances are attached to the active site,
they react with each other. The reaction means that they are no longer fitted to the active site, so
they vacate it, leaving the enzyme free to catalyse another reaction.
The backbone of the DNA strand is made from alternating phosphate and sugar residues.[10] The
sugar in DNA is 2-deoxyribose, which is a pentose (five-carbon) sugar. The sugars are joined
together by phosphate groups that form phosphodiester bonds between the third and fifth carbon
atoms of adjacent sugar rings.
Sugar influences
Phosphate influences
Acid instructions
No Cancer
I will probably do Spirulina for life.
MSM
Borage oil
Dodder?
Many other cancer researchers, starting over 100 years ago in the 1880s, have isolated the cause of
cancer to be microbes, though they did not understand the mechanism inside the cell which caused
a microbe to make a cell cancerous.
Today the main mechanism inside the cell which allows microbes to cause cancer is understood. We
now know that a microbe which is able to get inside of a normal cell blocks glucose from being used
to create pyruvate, which in turn blocks the Citric Acid Cycle and in turn the Electron Transport
Chain, both in the mitochondria. Blocking these two chemical chain-reactions cause the number of
ATP molecules in a cancer cell to plummet!!
The MSM/D3 Protocol for cancer includes four substances:

1) MSM (Methyl Sulfonyl Methane),
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2) Vitamin D3
3) Colloidal Silver,
4) Ionic Magnesium
http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/fasciola/health_professionals/index.html
Fluke Treatment News

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatworm
Alpha-tocopherol has been reported to have beneficial effects in minimizing hepatic and pancreatic
damage associated with fluke migration
Triclabendazole – CDC - Update

Triclabendazole is the drug of choice for treatment of fascioliasis. It is the medication
recommended by the World Health Organization. It is not yet widely available to treat people. In the
United States, it is not approved by the Food and Drug Administration. However, it is available
through CDC, under an investigational protocol.
As with all medications, use of triclabendazole should be individualized. It is a benzimidazole

compound that is active against immature and adult Fasciola parasites. The therapy usually is
effective and safe. Triclabendazole is given orally, with food, to improve absorption.
The medication comes in scored tablets. The dosage is calculated on the basis of the patient's
weight. The typical regimen is a single oral dose of 10 mg of triclabendazole per kilogram of body
weight (10 mg/kg).
Two-dose (double-dose) triclabendazole therapy can be given to patients who have severe or
heavy Fasciola infections (many parasites) or who did not respond to single-dose therapy. Of note,
some experts routinely use 2-dose therapy, which might have a higher response rate, on the basis
of limited data.
Two-dose therapy means that the patient is given 2 individual doses of 10 mg/kg, separated in time
by 12 to 24 hours. In other words, the patient receives a total dose of 20 mg/kg, given in 2 divided
doses, 12 to 24 hours apart.
Additional Perspective About Fasciola Therapy

Fasciola serologic testing is one of the means that can be used to assess the response to therapy.
Seroreversion (loss of detectable antibodies) usually is noted 6 to 12 months after curative therapy.
On the basis of limited data, nitazoxanide might be effective therapy in some patients. The drug is
given orally, with food. The dosage regimen for adults is 500 mg po bid (twice a day) for 7 days.
Praziquantel, which is active against most trematodes (flukes), typically is not active against
Fasciola parasites. Therefore, praziquantel therapy is not recommended for fascioliasis.
Vitamin D3 and Praziquantel Discovery
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I have found that Prazi and D3 causes accelerated Death of flukes. I currently have to
take some pictures of mine. I then have to research D3 and Prazi, it takes the back of
my brain off at D3-50(50,000 IU). Today I tested D3-5 and the pain was lower than
yesterday.
I may have found a way to get around the triclabendazole problem, take D3 with Prazi?
Triclabendazole kills flukes in 2 days, unknown is how painful it is to the brain.
Trematode and Cestode Abstract

Status and emerging issues in the use of praziquantel for treatment of human trematode and
cestode infections are briefly reviewed. Since praziquantel was first introduced as a broadspectrum
anthelmintic in 1975, innumerable articles describing its successful use in the treatment of the
majority of human-infecting trematodes and cestodes have been published. The target trematode
and cestode diseases include schistosomiasis, clonorchiasis and opisthorchiasis, paragonimiasis,
heterophyidiasis, echinostomiasis, fasciolopsiasis, neodiplostomiasis, gymnophalloidiasis, taeniases,
diphyllobothriasis, hymenolepiasis, and cysticercosis. However, Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola
gigantica infections are refractory to praziquantel, for which triclabendazole, an alternative drug,
is necessary.
In addition, larval cestode infections, particularly hydatid disease and sparganosis, are not
successfully treated by praziquantel. The precise mechanism of action of praziquantel is still poorly
understood. There are also emerging problems with praziquantel treatment, which include the
appearance of drug resistance in the treatment of Schistosoma mansoni and possibly Schistosoma
japonicum, along with allergic or hypersensitivity reactions against praziquantel treatment. To
cope with and overcome these problems, combined use of drugs, i.e., praziquantel and other
newly introduced compounds such as triclabendazole, artemisinins, and tribendimidine, is being
tried.
Metabolic and Systemic Issues

Acidosis
http://www.vaclib.org/basic/health/pHandCancerAcidosisConnection.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidosis
Acidosis is an increased acidity in the blood and other body tissue (i.e., an increased hydrogen ion
concentration). If not further qualified, it usually refers to acidity of the blood plasma.
Acidosis is said to occur when arterial pH falls below 7.35 (except in the fetus- see below), while its
counterpart (alkalosis) occurs at a pH over 7.45.Arterial blood gas analysis and other tests are
required to separate the main causes.
The term acidemia describes the state of low blood pH, while acidosis is used to describe the
processes leading to these states. Nevertheless, the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. The
distinction may be relevant where a patient has factors causing both acidosis and alkalosis, wherein
the relative severity of both determines whether the result is a high or a low pH.
The rate of cellular metabolic activity affects and, at the same time, is affected by the pH of the
body fluids. In mammals, the normal pH of arterial blood lies between 7.35 and 7.50 depending on
312
the species (e.g., healthy human-arterial blood pH varies between 7.35 and 7.45). Blood pH values
compatible with life in mammals are limited to a pH range between 6.8 and 7.8. Changes in the pH
of arterial blood (and therefore the extracellular fluid) outside this range result in irreversible cell
damage.[1]
Metabolic acidosis may result from increased production of metabolic acids or disturbances in the
ability to excrete acid via the kidneys. Renal acidosis is associated with an accumulation of urea and
creatinine as well as metabolic acid residues of protein catabolism.
An increase in the production of other acids may also produce metabolic acidosis. For example, lactic
acidosis may occur from:
1. severe (PaO2 <36mm Hg) hypoxemia causing a fall in the rate of oxygen diffusion from
arterial blood to tissues
2. hypoperfusion (e.g., hypovolemic shock) causing an inadequate blood delivery of oxygen to
tissues.
A rise in lactate out of proportion to the level of pyruvate, e.g., in mixed venous blood, is termed
"excess lactate", and may also be an indicator of fermentation due to anaerobic metabolism
occurring in muscle cells, as seen during strenuous exercise. Once oxygenation is restored, the
acidosis clears quickly. Another example of increased production of acids occurs in starvation and
diabetic acidosis. It is due to the accumulation of ketoacids (ketosis) and reflects a severe shift from
glycolysis to lipolysis for energy needs.
Acid consumption from poisoning such as hypercapnia, elevated levels of iron in the blood, and
chronically decreased production of bicarbonate may also produce metabolic acidosis.
One key to distinguish between respiratory and metabolic acidosis is that in respiratory acidosis, the
CO2 is increased while the bicarbonate is either normal (uncompensated) or increased
(compensated). Compensation occurs if respiratory acidosis is present, and a chronic phase is
entered with partial buffering of the acidosis through renal bicarbonate retention.
However, in cases where chronic illnesses that compromise pulmonary function persist, such as late-
stage emphysema and certain types of muscular dystrophy, compensatory mechanisms will be
unable to reverse this acidotic condition. As metabolic bicarbonate production becomes exhausted,
and extraneous bicarbonate infusion can no longer reverse the extreme buildup of carbon dioxide
associated with uncompensated respiratory acidosis, mechanical ventilation will usually be applied.
[6][7]
The Acidosis/Hypoxia Cancer Link
Body Acidity
Through normal day to day activity in the body, acids are formed as waste products that
need to be neutralized or eliminated. Some of the acids are released with carbon dioxide
(CO2) from exhaling and others are excreted from the blood via the kidneys. But the body
can only excrete a limited amount and can easily be overburdened by an acidic diet
(meat/milk/grains, no vegetables or fruit). And an acidic diet with excess animal protein
(especially milk-derived products) causes congestion in the lymph fluid which makes acidic
cellular waste removal more difficult. According to the research paper Metabolic Acidosis
due to Drugs and Toxins several drugs and toxins have been implicated as a cause of
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metabolic acidosis including isopropyl alcohol which is in many cosmetic products that the
skin readily absorbs into the body.
Automatic Hyperventilation as a Correction of Acidosis
To try to correct the imbalance of an over-acid body condition the bodies respiratory center
will automatically increase respiration rate to lower the acidity. Recently the Journal of
Applied Physiology published a study done in the Department of Medicine, Queen's
University (Kingston, Ontario, Canada). It was found that 40 patients with cancer breathed
about 12 litres of air per minute at rest (Travers et al, 2008), instead of 6 litre/min, which is
the medical norm. Breathing frequency of these cancer patients was 20 breaths per minute
(the norm is only 12 breaths per minute at rest). What this over-breathing does is to
increase exhaled carbon dioxide (CO2) which removes it from the blood and therefore from
all the body. Carbon dioxide is a crucial variable in pH balance. Its reduction shifts the body
towards greater alkalinity (increased pH) and less acidity. But additional CO 2 exhalation is
often not enough to make a complete pH correction and the body is left with excess acid
despite all efforts at rebalancing.
Hyperventilation Causes Low Body CO2
The respiratory center, situated in the brain stem, increases or lowers breathing in order to
maintain pH according to the Henderson-Hasselbach equation. Hence, to maintain pH, the
ratio of acidic CO2 to alkaline bicarbonate in the cerebral-spinal fluid needs to remain
constant. Since the blood-brain barrier is extremely permeable to CO 2, this is readily
accomplished by regulation of breathing. To compensate for high acidity the CO2 has to be
kept low. This leaves the body tissues with low CO2 levels.
Low CO2 Causes Vascular Restriction and Low Tissue Oxygen
The low CO2 results in a profound derangement of normal body chemistry. Carbon dioxide is
a known muscle relaxant. Smooth muscle in the walls of some arteries and bronchioles is
affected by low carbon dioxide. The smooth muscle in the blood vessels going to the brain
contract during hyperventilation which is what causes the resultant dizziness. There are
many other effects of hyperventilation on the body. One of the most significant is poor
oxygenation of the cells. Apart from constriction of blood vessels causing a reduction in
blood flow, low CO2 decreases the ability of hemoglobin to release its carried oxygen to
body cells. This is know as the Bohr effect (the higher the CO2 in tissues, the more oxygen
is released to them, an exchange of one for the other). This results in low tissue oxygen.
Hypoxia (low oxygen in body tissues) as Cancer Cause
Otto Warburg discovered one of the main causes of cancer when he won two Nobel Prizes
fifty years ago for his work on proving that cancer is caused by a lack of oxygen respiration
in cells. He stated in The Prime Cause and Prevention of Cancer that: “We find by such
experiments that 35 percent inhibition of oxygen respiration already suffices to bring about
such a transformation during cell growth. Oxygen pressures that inhibit respiration 35
percent can occur at the end of blood capillaries in living animals, so that the possibility
arises that cancer may result when too low oxygen pressures occur during cell growth in
animal bodies.” Also; “tumors live in the body almost anaerobically [w/o oxygen]”
The Vicious Cycle Leading to Cancer
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So, in conclusion, it can be seen that acidity causes a chain of events which disallows normal
oxygen levels in body tissues. The acidity causes a higher respiration rate, lowering body
CO2 which causes the blood cells to deliver less oxygen to tissues. Oxygen normally has a
cleansing effect in cells, and the lack of it allows toxicity to increase. So greater acidity
causes oxygen deprivation which permits greater toxicity, including toxicity of cancer-
causing toxins. The end result is a toxic low-oxygen body which is a perfect state for normal
cells to become cancerous and multiply to form tumors.
Low Immunity Allows Cancer Growth
Of course there can be many reasons for low immunity which results in a limited response to
the presence of cancer cells by the immune system. General bad habits such as a diet poor
in fresh fruits and vegetables, lack of pure water and air, smoking, drinking, lack of deep
sleep, and others can cause your immunity to be limited. Also any dental infection with
anaerobic bacteria (non-oxygen dependent bacteria) causes a lack of response by the
immune system to cancer cells. This tidbit of knowledge comes from 30 years of research by
Dr. Dowling in his North Carolina Institute of Technology.
Stopping the Cancer Process
Stopping the growth of existing tumors and the development of new cancer tumors is as
easy as cleansing the body of its excess acid and alkalinizing the body with baking soda
(sodium bicarbonate), minerals and vegetable juice. The most time tested method of
cleansing out toxins is water fasting. Fruit juice fasting would be easier but cancer thrives on
sugar, even when its natural. The only exception allowed for this is using red grapes
because of their many cancer fighting natural compounds. Once the toxins leave the tissues
and start circulating in the bloodstream the patient will feel worse with headaches and
tiredness but it is an expected part of the cleansing process. Once the toxins are in the
bloodstream the liver and kidneys will work to eliminate them. So it will be better to
beforehand cleanse the gallbladder with olive oil, cleanse the liver with Dandelion Root
extract (capsules or liquid), and cleanse the kidneys with kidney cleansing herbal/vitamin
formulas. That way the body cleansing process can be done with maximum speed without
hindrance.
Gauging Return to Normal Body pH
The return of a normal respiration rate can be used to gauge the return of normal body pH
from being over acid. Using urine pH may not be a reliable guide because the body robs
minerals from bones and tissues to maintain blood pH balance when the body is acidic. And
urine is filtered out of the pH balanced blood by the kidneys which means that it will
maintain a relative balance. Also the amount of seconds a person can hold their breath can
be used as an indication of body oxygenation. Healthy oxygen levels in the body can allow a
person to hold their breath 40 seconds. Less than 20 seconds is an indication of
acidity/hypoxia, with more imbalance indicated with less breath-holding time.
Destroying Tumors
It is best to wait until after the body returns to normal pH before you start to burden the
body with the toxic waste of dead cancer tissue. Then you can start with anti-tumor
electrotherapy to acidify the tumors to death. Please click onto the last source listed below
for more info. Otto Warburg said “If one then brings such [cancer] cells, in which during
their growth under reduced oxygen pressure a cancer cell metabolism has been produced,
back under the original high oxygen pressure, and allows the cell to grow further, the cancer
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metabolismremains.” So the assumption that returning the body to normal oxygen levels will
destroy cancer cells has already been disproved by Otto’s experiments.
PH Measurement
http://www.WakeupGethealthy.com
Herman Aihara, in his book entitled "Acid & Alkaline" states that: "If the condition of our
extra cellular fluids, especially the blood, becomes acidic, our physical condition will first
manifest tiredness, proneness to catching colds, etc. When these fluids become more acidic,
our condition then manifests pains and suffering such as headaches, chest pains, stomach
aches, etc. According to Keiichi Morishita in his Hidden Truth of Cancer, If the Blood
develops a more acidic condition, then our body inevitably deposits these excess acidic
substances in some area of the body such so that the blood will not be able to maintain an
alkaline condition which causes the cells to become acidic and lowers in oxygen.
As this tendency continues, such areas increase in acidity and some cells die; then these
dead cells themselves turn into acids. However, some other cells may adapt in that
environment. In other words, instead of dying - as normal cells do in an acid environment -
some cells survive by becoming abnormal cells. These abnormal cells are called malignant
cells. Malignant cells do not correspond with brain function nor with our own DNS memory
code. Therefore, malignant cells grow indefinitely and without order. This is cancer."
One of the least understood concepts of nutrition is understanding what acid and alkaline
balance is. The cells of the human body depend on a balanced acid-alkaline pH. If any body
fluids are abnormal, digestive enzymes are rendered inactive, food does not digest properly,
and allergic reactions can result. Food-bound microorganisms such as yeast, bacteria,
parasites, molds, viruses, etc. breed in the body, which puts stress on the immune system.
The body is largely made up of water, a medium which is biologically useful in allowing
nutrients, oxygen and bio-chemicals to be transported from place to place. This water-based
medium can have either acid or alkaline properties that are measured by a graduated scale
called pH (for potential hydrogen), wherein 1.0 to 6.9 is considered acidic, 7.0 is neutral and
7.1 to 14.0 is alkaline. The lower the pH number, the greater the acidity, and the higher the
pH number, the greater the alkalinity.
Optimally, we want the fluids in our bodies to have a neutral or 7.0-7.2 pH level. Under 5.3
the body can not assimilate vitamins or minerals, it must be above 6.4 for maximum
utilization and weight loss.
Urine or saliva pH levels should be tested in A.M. prior to eating, drinking, or exercising.
Why should we be concerned about pH levels?
Since most of the body is water-based (50-60%), the pH level has profound effects on all
body chemistry, health and disease. All regulatory mechanisms (including breathing,
circulation, digestion, hormonal production) serve the purpose of balancing pH, by removing
caustic metabolized acid residues from body tissues without damaging living cells. If the pH
deviates too far to the acid side or too far to the alkaline side, cells become poisoned by
their own toxic waste and die. Just as acid rain can destroy a forest and alkaline wastes can
pollute a lake, an imbalanced pH corrodes body tissue, slowly eating into the 60,000 miles of
veins and arteries like corrosives eating into marble. If left unchecked, an imbalanced pH will
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interrupt cellular activities and functions, from the beating of your heart to the neural firing
of your brain. Our bodies contain many toxins, chemicals, parasites, fungus, bacteria and
yeast that, if not cleansed from our system, tend to develop into major illnesses. Most
people use soaps that contain animal-fat that may cause the pores of the skin to clog,
thereby trapping chemicals and toxins in the body.
Understanding pH Level and Why Many People Develop Cancer
According to the research of the world famous Dr. Enderlein, total healing of chronic illness
ONLY takes place when and if the blood is restored to a normal, slightly alkaline pH.
pH: what does it mean?
pH is the abbreviation for Potential Hydrogen or the measurement of hydrogen-ion

concentration of any solution. The higher the pH reading, the more alkaline and oxygen rich
the fluid is. The lower the reading, the more acidic and oxygen deprived the fluid is. The pH
scale is from 0 to 14 with 7.0 being neutral. Anything above 7.0 is alkaline; anything below
7.0 is acid.
To be considered healthy, human blood must maintain a narrow pH range of 7.365. Any
slight variation means symptoms and disease. If blood pH drops below 6.8 or increases
above 7.8, cells stop functioning and the patient dies. Blood pH is difficult to test, however,
home test kits are available to test urine and saliva pH. Optimum urine and saliva pH is 7.0
to 7.4. Test your pH each morning before food, drink or exercise.
If you have health problems, this is a sign that you are acidic.
When the body goes into extreme acidosis, the kidneys start producing ammonia, which
may cause the pH to test too alkaline (low pH). This condition is frequently found in elderly
people and is the cause of the unpleasant odor in senior citizen homes. Treating for acidosis
will help the kidneys to stop producing ammonia.
In 1964, only 1 person in 214 contracted Cancer. Today it is 1 in 3 females and 1 in 2

males. The determining factor between health and disease is pH. It is not uncommon for the
average American to test between 4 pH and 5 pH.
• Oxygen levels in the body are directly related to pH.

• Increasing pH from 4 pH to 5 pH increases oxygen to the cells by ten fold.
• Increasing pH from 4 to 6 increases oxygen by 100 times and raising pH from 4 pH to
7 pH increases oxygen levels by 1,000 times.
• CANCER CELLS HAVE AN EXTREME ACID pH AND ARE OXYGEN DEPLETED while
HEALTHY CELLS HAVE A SLIGHTLY ALKALINE pH WITH A HIGH OXYGEN CONTENT.
Research shows that unless the body’s pH level is slightly alkaline, the body cannot heal
itself. So, no matter what type of modality you use to improve your health
problem, the modality won’t be effective until the pH level comes up.
Drugs, medications and toxic chemicals have the effect of lowering the pH of the body, that
is the reason why there are side effects to drugs and none of them effect a cure.
When body pH drops below 6.4, enzymes are deactivated, digestion does not work properly;
vitamins, minerals and food supplements cannot effectively assimilate. Acid decreases
energy production in the cells, the ability to repair damaged cells, the ability to detoxify
heavy metals and makes the body more susceptible to fatigue and illness.
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Your body pH affects everything
Research has proven that disease cannot survive in an alkaline state, and that, viruses,
bacteria, yeast, mold, fungus, Candida and Cancer cells thrive in an acidic, low oxygen / low
pH environment. An acid pH can result from an acid forming diet, emotional stress, toxic
overload, and/or immune reactions or any process that deprives the cells of oxygen and
other nutrients. The body will try to compensate for acid by using alkaline minerals, like
sodium from the stomach and calcium from the bones. This is the cause of Osteoporosis and
a number of other diseases. If there are not enough minerals in the diet to compensate, a
build up of acids in the cells will occur, resulting in symptoms like pain, Arthritis,
Fibromyalgia, MS, Lupus, etc.
There are two factors that are ALWAYS present with Cancer no matter what else
may be present.
Those two factors are: 1. Acidic pH, and 2. Lack of Oxygen

Can we manipulate those two factors that always have to be present for Cancer
to develop? If we can, will we be able to reverse the Cancer? If so, we need to learn how
to manipulate pH and Oxygen.
Remember, the pH number is an exponent number of 10; therefore, a small

difference in pH translates to a BIG difference in the number of oxygen or OH-
ions. In other words, blood with a pH value of 7.45 contains 64.9% more oxygen
than blood with a pH value of 7.3.
Cancer needs an acid / low oxygen environment to survive and flourish. The bodies of
terminal cancer patients are approximately 1000 times more acidic than they should be. This
equates to dangerously low amounts of oxygen at the cellular level.
Cancer is not compatible in a healthy pH environment full of oxygen.
For example, CANCER OF THE HEART DOESN’T EXIST. This is because, blood flowing from
the lungs into the heart, are at the highest pH and oxygen levels within the entire body. As
the blood travels threw the lungs, acidic toxins are thrown out of the system leaving it rich
with oxygen and a high blood pH.
In the absence of oxygen, glucose undergoes fermentation to lactic acid. This causes the pH
of the cell to drop even lower. Urine and saliva pH of terminal cancer patients almost always
runs between 4.0 and 5.5. When the cancer goes into metastases the pH drops even lower.
Our bodies simply cannot effectively fight disease if our body pH is not properly balanced. In
other words, it’s either alkalize or die. It’s that important!
Minerals
Trace minerals? Well, low back pain is one good reason. This pain often arises from a
deficiency of trace minerals needed for the enzyme activity necessary for the formation and
repair of ligaments, tendons, and bones.
Everyone knows how important vitamins are to good health, but it is easy to overlook the
importance of minerals in a healthy diet. When taking mineral supplements, however, it is
important to remember that food also contains many essential trace elements, including
some trace elements that are not present in multivitamin and mineral supplements. These
essential trace elements are present in extremely tiny amounts in the foods we eat. These
trace minerals are everywhere, including in the soil, in foods, and in the body, but it is
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important that you get the necessary amounts of these elements from your diet or a
supplement.
Important minerals include calcium, phosphorous, sodium and potassium, while trace
minerals like iodine, iron and zinc appear in smaller quantities in the body. Each of these
minerals has had documented benefits. For example, potassium works in conjunction with
sodium to regulate the water balance in the body, and has been proven effective in reducing
blood pressure. Zinc has proven to be effective in helping proper brain function and
ensuring mental alertness. Some of the minerals also act like antioxidants, fighting off
those dangerous free radicals that threaten cardiovascular health through oxidation.
Selenium has been shown to be particularly effective in this regard. Each mineral performs a
vital function, and a mineral supplement will guarantee that you are receiving all of their
health benefits.
Mineral supplements should be part of a complete solution that includes vitamins as well.
Research has shown that certain vitamins and minerals work well together. For example, the
minerals calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, selenium and zinc have been shown to
enhance the effectiveness of vitamin A in the body. Calcium, cobalt, copper, iron and
sodium have been shown to help vitamin D. These are just a few examples. A total
solution of vitamins and minerals such as those found in a vitamin and mineral supplement
should therefore be part of your regimen, rather than taking a mineral supplement alone.
In theory, an individual can gain the necessary supply of minerals through diet alone,
however this is no longer as feasible as it used to be. Modern farming methods have
bleached a significant amount of minerals from fruits and vegetables, making it necessary
for individuals to take mineral supplements to compensate for the loss. It is recommended
that you take a complete vitamin and mineral supplement in which the minerals come in
chelated form. Chelation binds minerals to amino acids, ensuring adequate absorption in the
bloodstream. Also, choose a mineral supplement that has been scientifically formulated for
the best blend, and labeled pharmaceutical GMP compliance to ensure it meets the most
exacting standards of manufacturing.
Chromium Benefits - Chromium is an important trace mineral whose primary purpose is to

aid in the synthesis and transport of protein throughout your body, and to help metabolize
glucose for energy. Because of its ability to work with insulin in managing blood sugar, it has
been thought by some to be
Selenium Benefits - Selenium is trace mineral found in the soil, and is needed in only small
amounts by the body. The mineral, through a series of processes, converts into a potent
antioxidant enzyme and plays an important role in the functioning of vitamin E. The
vitamin and the mineral, in tandem, represent a powerful combination.
Zinc Benefits - Zinc is an important mineral present in every part of the body and is involved
in the management and direction of numerous bodily processes. It’s involved in the
manufacture of DNA—specifically, in growth and cell division.
Trace Metals
Some of the most important essential trace elements include:

Boron
Chromium
Copper
Fluoride
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Iodine
Iron
Lithium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Selenium
Vanadium
Zinc
Vitamin Links
www.peacefulmind.com/anti-aging.htm
http://www.lef.org/anti-aging/
http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/list-all/
http://www.ifnh.org/
What do adrenal hormones do?

The adrenals are your "life saving" organs because they control your body's hormones and
help you survive in stressful situations. They act as control organs for your "fight or flight"
response and secrete many of our most important hormones including: pregnenolone,
adrenaline, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, DHEA and cortisol.
When your adrenals are constantly stressed this sets off an autoimmune, inflammatory
response in your entire body. The adrenal-hypothalamus-pituitary feedback loop regulates
the secretion of cortisol.4 All of your organs AND your immunity are impacted negatively by
the resulting constant assault of cortisol. Cortisol suppresses DHEA the" youth hormone."
http://bodyecology.com/
Your brain obtains this hormone from your adrenals. DHEA is the most abundant hormone
in the body and your brain has an enormous "appetite" for DHEA.Common symptoms of
adrenal fatigue are:
■Cravings for sugar

■Cravings for salt on food when you eat
■Feel dehydrated and thirsty and require plenty of water
■Difficulty falling asleep at night, sleep lightly or wake early or often
■Difficulty relaxing, nervous, anxious or hyperactive
■Often spacey, or foggy thinking, even memory loss
■Lack willpower to accomplish
■General exhaustion
■Hormone imbalances
■Low libido
■Weight gain, especially in abdomen and waist area
■Losing muscle tone
■Sagging skin, dry, yellow or pale in color
■Hair starting to gray, thin out and become dry
■Lips losing their color
■Loss of appetite
■Anorexia
■Weight loss
■High blood sugar
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Certain nutrients, especially B-Vitamins, Vitamin C and minerals are essential for feeding
your adrenals. Of these, perhaps most important are minerals (sodium, potassium,
magnesium, zinc, copper, manganese, etc).Here are some common foods, drinks and
lifestyle habits that contribute to adrenal fatigue AND what to choose instead:1.Sugar
- Instead: Use stevia - an all-natural herbal sweetener that gives you a sweet taste without
feeding candida, raising your blood sugar or robbing your body of minerals. Learn more by
reading: The One Supplement that Should be in Everyone's Cooking Cupboard.
2. Coffee
Coffee depletes B vitamins and destroys the immune system.
- Instead: Replace your morning cup of adrenaline boosting coffee with far superior
options. Vitality SuperGreen - this gut-healing green drink is full of the nutrients that your
adrenals and thyroid love. On top of that, it provides a natural source of alkalizing energy for
your body. For more information, read: Are You at Peak Vitality? Answer these Key
Questions. A shot glass of fermented spirulina will get your energy up and almost instantly.
One ounce of black currant juice in 4 - 6 ounces of young coconut kefir is another classic
Body Ecology adrenal tonic.
3. Too much animal protein - most people don't have enough stomach acid to digest animal
protein properly, creating an acidic condition in their blood.
- Instead: follow the 80/20 rule and enjoy meals with 80% vegetables and 20% protein.
- Also use Body Ecology's ASSIST for Protein
- Fermented foods and liquids are a must for digestion of proteins. That means animal
proteins and vegetable proteins.
4. Processed foods strip your body of minerals making your blood acidic and your adrenals
weaken quickly. Over time you will look and feel older than your age. This is one of the most
important anti-aging secrets to delay and even reverse old age.
- Instead: change your diet step-by-step focus on Body Ecology's 7 key healthy eating habits
and immediately introduce at least one of our fermented foods and liquids into your diet.
These are the new and true "fast foods" of today. They are quickly becoming the new
"stars" in the natural foods industry. But no one knows fermented foods like we do here at
Body Ecology. Why would we call them a fast food? How much time does it take to open a
jar of cultured veggies or a bottle of CocoBiotic or BE Wholegrain Liquid?
5. Soda pop
- Instead: try Body Ecology's probiotic liquids for their immune-boosting and adrenal
nourishing properties. To make the new "soda pop" once again we have a great solution.
Pour a small amount of your favorite fermented liquid (like BE WholeGrain) into a glass. Add
sparkling mineral water and stevia to taste. If you are a parent or a grandparent please
introduce your own little ones to this great alternative. Then watch their health and their
behavior change for the better.
6.Drugs - this includes over the counter, recreational and prescription drugs. For more
information, read: How this All-Too-Common Habit is Making Your Blood Dangerously Acidic.
7.Stress
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- Instead - Get plenty of rest and heal negative emotions. take time for self-care routines
like meditation, yoga, deep breathing and getting plenty of sleep. Negative thoughts and
emotions can sabotage your best efforts at relaxing. Try effective emotional clearing
approaches like the Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT). Just like diet, thoughts and
emotions become habits. EFT is a great way to easily change these thought habits and start
healing your emotional health.
Cortisol
Cortisol, often referred to as the death or stress hormone, does have some life-giving tasks.
For example, cortisol helps: prepare your body for survival in stressful situations, metabolize
carbohydrates, protein and fats into energy, slow the immune system's inflammatory
response, regulate the balance of converting insulin in breaking down sugar for energy and
helps maintain your cardiovascular health and blood pressure.3
Cortisol becomes the "death hormone" when levels remain too high - which it does under
chronic stress. The human body was designed to respond effectively to stress and then have
periods of rest in between. Unfortunately, our modern day society is so full of constant
stressors that we are no longer having that time of rest.
There is an eloquent connection between your adrenals and your brain. These organs are
constantly in communication with each other using chemical messengers (or hormones) that
flow between the adrenals, the hypothalamus and the pituitary.
DHEA
When your adrenals are constantly stressed this sets off an autoimmune, inflammatory
response in your entire body. The adrenal-hypothalamus-pituitary feedback loop regulates
the secretion of cortisol.4 All of your organs AND your immunity are impacted negatively by
the resulting constant assault of cortisol. Cortisol suppresses DHEA the" youth hormone."
Your brain obtains this hormone from your adrenals. DHEA is the most abundant hormone
in the body and your brain has an enormous "appetite" for DHEA.
Cortisol Functions
Cortisol belongs to a class of hormones called glucocorticoids, which affect almost every
organ and tissue in the body. Cortisol's most important job is to help the body respond to
stress. Among its many vital tasks, cortisol helps
• maintain blood pressure and cardiovascular function

• slow the immune system's inflammatory response
• maintain levels of glucose-a form of sugar used for energy-in the blood
• regulate the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats
Pituitary
The amount of cortisol produced by the adrenals is precisely balanced. Like many other
hormones, cortisol is regulated by the brain's hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. First,
the hypothalamus releases a "trigger" hormone called corticotropin-releasing hormone
(CRH) that signals the pituitary gland. The pituitary responds by sending out ACTH, which in
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turn stimulates the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands respond by producing cortisol.
Completing the cycle, cortisol then signals back to both the pituitary and hypothalamus to
decrease these trigger hormones.
The hypothalamus sends CRH to the

pituitary, which responds by sending
out ACTH. ACTH then causes the
adrenals to release cortisol into the
bloodstream.
Aldosterone
Aldosterone belongs to a class of

hormones called mineralocorticoids,
also produced by the adrenal glands.
Aldosterone helps maintain blood
pressure and water and salt balance in
the body by helping the kidneys retain
sodium and excrete potassium. When
aldosterone production falls too low,
the kidneys are not able to regulate
water and salt balance, leading to a
drop in both blood volume and blood
pressure.
What are the symptoms of adrenal insufficiency?
The symptoms of adrenal insufficiency usually begin gradually. The most common
symptoms are
• chronic, worsening fatigue

• muscle weakness
• loss of appetite
• weight loss
Other symptoms can include:
• nausea
• vomiting
• diarrhea
• low blood pressure that falls further when standing, causing dizziness or fainting
• irritability and depression
• a craving for salty foods due to salt loss
• hypoglycemia, or low blood glucose
• headache
• sweating
• in women, irregular or absent menstrual periods
Hyperpigmentation
Parasite infections can cause hyperpigmentation, like having a tan in the winter.
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Hyperpigmentation, or darkening of the skin, can occur in Addison's disease but not in
secondary adrenal insufficiency. This darkening is most visible on scars; skin folds; pressure
points such as the elbows, knees, knuckles, and toes; lips; and mucous membranes such as
the lining of the cheek.
Because the symptoms progress slowly, they are often ignored until a stressful event like an
illness or accident causes them to worsen. Sudden, severe worsening of symptoms is called
an Addisonian crisis, or acute adrenal insufficiency. In most cases, symptoms of adrenal
insufficiency become serious enough that people seek medical treatment before a crisis
occurs. However, sometimes symptoms first appear during an Addisonian crisis.
Symptoms of an Addisonian or "adrenal" crisis include
• sudden, penetrating pain in the lower back, abdomen, or legs

• severe vomiting and diarrhea
• dehydration
• low blood pressure
• loss of consciousness
If not treated, an Addisonian crisis can be fatal.
What causes Addison's disease?
Autoimmune Disorders
The gradual destruction of the adrenal cortex, the outer layer of the adrenal glands, by the
body's immune system causes up to 80 percent of Addison's disease cases. 2 In autoimmune
disorders, the immune system makes antibodies that attack the body’s own tissues or
organs and slowly destroy them.
Adrenal insufficiency occurs when at least 90 percent of the adrenal cortex has been
destroyed. As a result, often both cortisol and aldosterone are lacking. Sometimes only the
adrenal glands are affected. Sometimes other endocrine glands are affected as well, as in
polyendocrine deficiency syndrome.
Polyendocrine deficiency syndrome is classified into two separate forms, type 1 and type 2.
Type 1 is inherited and occurs in children. In addition to adrenal insufficiency, these children
may have
• underactive parathyroid glands, which produce a hormone that regulates calcium

and phosphorus balance in the body
• slow sexual development
• pernicious anemia, a severe type of anemia
• chronic candida infections, a type of fungal infection
• chronic active hepatitis, a liver disease
Type 2, sometimes called Schmidt's syndrome, usually affects young adults and may include
• an underactive thyroid gland, which produces hormones that regulate metabolism

• slow sexual development
• diabetes
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• vitiligo, a loss of pigment on areas of the skin
Scientists think type 2 polyendocrine deficiency syndrome is also inherited because
often more than one family member has one or more endocrine deficiencies.
2Martorell PM, Roep BO, Smit JWA. Autoimmunity in Addison’s disease. The Netherlands
Journal of Medicine. 2002;60(7):269-275
What causes secondary adrenal insufficiency?
Secondary adrenal insufficiency can be traced to a lack of ACTH. Without ACTH to stimulate
the adrenal glands, the adrenals' production of cortisol drops. Aldosterone production is not
usually affected.
Less commonly, adrenal insufficiency occurs when the pituitary gland either decreases in
size or stops producing ACTH. These events can result from
• tumors or infections of the area

• loss of blood flow to the pituitary
• damage to parts of the hypothalamus
• damage to the pituitary gland
Adrenal Stimulation
• Magnesium Oxide
• Ester C
• Ashwaghanda
• Ginkgo
Ashwaghanda
Ashwaghanda is known as an
adaptogen. It helps your body adapt.
Ashwaghanda helps the adrenals

adjust to stress. It helps you to produce
stress hormones when you need them and
stop producing them when you don’t.
Studies show Ashwaghanda decreases anxiety, improves immune function, and improves
sleep. It also functions as an antioxidant. Many people report a calming effect when they take
ashwagandha, but even if you feel you have adrenal fatigue and are tired and dragging most of the
time, this herb can help you as well due to its adoptogenic properties. It will help you to produce
more epi, norepi, and cortisol if that’s what you need.
There are many other adaptogenic herbs, Ashwaghanda has the most research behind it and the
least number of potential side effects. The recommended dose is around 500mg per day. No loose
stool with this one.Adrenal burnout
These individuals exhibit a mineral pattern referred to as slow oxidation, and/or a

sodium/potassium ratio less than 2.3:1, which is indicative of adrenal burnout.
Hormone boosing DHEA 50 mg, or ENADA 10 mg are usually prescribed.
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NADH is known to trigger energy production by generating ATP (adenosine
triphosphate) which stores energy in cells. If cellular levels of NADH are depleted,
brain and muscle cells lose their ability to function effectively.
Suppression of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA axis). As a result of

adrenal suppression, sufferers tend to put out less cortisol, and also less of another
adrenal hormone called DHEA.
It seems that, if you try to replace the cortisol, it doesn't work. But replacing the
DHEA seems to bring about a small improvement in some sufferers. The dose of
DHEA is 25-50 mg for women, 50-100 mg for men, daily. It is best taken in the
morning. DHEA is freely available without prescription.
Neurotoxic Syndromes
The presentation of biotoxin exposure often parallels neurological and psychological impairment due
to the interrelationship between the ENS (Enteral Nervous System) and the CNS. The biliary tree,
gall bladder, and bile formation within the liver serve in the vital processes of detoxication (disposal
of waste products bilirubin, heavy metals, biotoxins, xenobiotics), lipid metabolism, transport and
digestion (bile acids). Abnormalities of the hepatobiliary system may involve biliary stasis whereby
infectious material or biotoxins reside within the liver, biliary tree and gall bladder, as a viscous
suspension in biliary sludge. Biotoxins as bacteria, viruses, parasites, spirochetes, dinoflagelletes,
and fungus may be within biliary sludge often creating neurotoxins that may then impact the CNS
via the ENS, or the gut (The Second Brain). The occurrence of biliary sludge may be due to
prolonged fasting, low fat intake, high carbohydrate diets or exposure to pathogens. Restriction of
dietary fat and the subsequent lack of bile production may impair biliary flow which would be
contraindicated in attempting to clear toxicity as bile is paramount to cleansing the body and getting
biotoxins and heavy metals excreted into the fecal matter.
Neurotoxins are minute compounds between 200-1000 KD (kilodaltons) that are comprised of
oxygen, nitrogen and sulfate atoms arranged in such a way as to make the outside of the molecule
fat loving and water hating. As such, once it enters the body, it tends to bind to structures that are
rich in fat such as most of our cells, especially the liver, kidney, and brain. Neurotoxins are capable
of dissolving in fatty tissue and moving through it, crossing cell membranes (transporting against a
gradient, particularly with potassium) and disrupting the electrical balance of the cell itself.
As fat soluble neurotoxins move through the cells of the body from the GI tract to sinus, to lung, to
eye, to muscle, to joint, to nerve, they eventually enter the liver and the bile. Once -neurotoxins
bind with bile they have access to the liver; the body is then poisoned over and over again as the
bile is re-circulated (first released into the intestine to digest fats, and then reabsorbed).
Neurotoxins cause damage by disrupting sodium and calcium channel receptors, attacking enzyme
reactions involved in glucose production thereby disrupting energy metabolism in the cell,
manufacturing renegade fatty acids as saturated very long chain, odd chain and branched chain
fatty acids impairing membrane function, stimulating enzymes (PLA2) which uncouple essential fatty
acids from the cell membrane and impairing the function of the nuclear receptor PPAR gamma which
partially controls transcription (the conversion of instructions held in our DNA to RNA which then
impacts protein production in the cell).
Arachidonic acid (AA) has been given a negative association, it is the most prominent essential fatty
acid in the red cell and comprises 12% of the total brain and 15.5% of the body lipid content. If AA
is depleted, the balance of the EFAs is profoundly impaired.
The increases in PLA2 activity result in premature uncoupling of the essential fatty acids (EFAs) from
phospholipids in the cell membrane. The promiscuous release of AA (it’s the highest concentrated
326
HUFA in the membrane) in the presence of an over expression of PLA2 results in a severely
compromised increase in inflammation. Carbohydrate consumption, as one of the most profound
stimulators of PLA2, must be restricted to control the insulin response and the subsequent loss of
those essential EFAs and the eventual metabolic distortion.
Unhealthy bacteria have been known to colonize the liver and its biliary system. These bacteria as
well as viruses, spirochetes, dinoflagellates, and the like can synthesize very long chain saturated or
renegade fats (Harrington et al 1968, Carballerira et al 1998) that lead to liver toxicity, biliary
congestion, impairment of prostaglandin synthesis and the release of glutathione (Ballatori et al
1990). Lipids vibrate in the cell at millions of times/second. The double bonds of the omega 6 and
omega 3 lipids are the singing backbone of life expressed through their high energy level. These
bonds are their vibratory song, and they absolutely carry a tune befitting every act and function in
the exercise of life, providing all 70 trillion of our cells their flexible nature. When renegade fats are
over represented in the cell membrane they result in off key expression, and if strong enough, may
spell cellular death and apoptosis. Healing the outer leaflet of the membrane (Schachter et al 1983),
comprised primarily of phosphatidylcholine, with phospholipid therapy, is one of our highest
priorities in addressing chronic illness and hypercoagulation.
Once neurotoxins enter the cell they move toward the nucleus turning on indirectly the production of
cytokines such as TNF alpha, IL6, and IL-1Beta (Shrief and Thompson 1993, Tsukamoto 1995,
Abordo et al 1997,Rajora et al 1997, Brettelal 1989, Hassen et al 1999, Davidson 2001). TNF alpha
will stimulate macrophages in the body to become active. The white cells are also induced to gather
in the area of cytokine (TNF alpha) release. In addition, TNF alpha induces endothelial cell adhesion.
Endothelial cells which line the blood vessels of the body become “sticky“ in conjunction with the
increase in white cells. The increased blood viscosity results in restricted blood flow in neurotoxic
patients leading to fatigue and discomfort, and quite possibly disturbed toxic photoreceptor lipid
structures that become compromised with subsequent reduction in visual performance.
The cellular impact of biotoxin and heavy metal burdens results in disturbed prostaglandin synthesis,
poor cellular integrity, and decreased GSH levels (DeLeve and Kaplowitz 1990, Dentico et al 1995,
Hayter et al 2001, Miles et al 2000, Nagai et al 2002, Zalups and Barfuss 1995, Watanabe et al 1988,
Fernandez-Checa et al 1996), with significant suppression of omega 6 arachidonic acid,
marked elevation of Renegade fats and ultimately with demyelination (depressed DMAs). The
presence of VLCFAs are evidence of peroxisomal dysfunction and suppression of the beta oxidation
of lipids and cellular respiration. Renegade fats (VLCFAs, Odd Chains, Branched Chains) are
represented as an increase in fat content in the brain as discovered in stroke patients examined by
Stanley Rapoport, Chief of the Laboratory of Neuroscience at the NIH. Biotoxins and heavy metals
are lipid soluble thus the effect upon cellular processes and hepatobiliary function is often gravely
deranged.
Peroxisomes, most prevalent in the liver and kidney, are organelles within the cell that play a crucial
role in clearing xenobiotics and the third phase of detoxification. Peroxisomes are intimately involved
in cellular lipid metabolism (Bentley et al 1993, Mannaerts and Van Veldhoven 1992, Luers et al
1990, Leiper 1995) as in the biosynthesis of fatty acids via ß-oxidation involving
physiologically important substrates for thromboxanes, leukotrienes and prostaglandins. The creation
of a prostaglandin is an oxidative event (Diczfalusy 1994). Inappropriate use of antioxidants
(mega-dosing) will inhibit ß-oxidation, the production of prostaglandins and cellular
metabolism, thus the liberal use of potent antioxidants might be contraindicated in the buildup of
Renegade fats (Akasaka et al 2000) which are the hallmark of toxicity (Kane and Kane 1997, Kane
1999, Kane 2000, Roels et al 1993, Rustan et al 1992). Peroxisomal oxidation enzymes are
suppressed by elevation of cytokines such as TNFalpha (Beier et al 1992).
Individuals with immune, CNS, cardiac, GI and endocrine disorders often present with complex
xenobiotics involving disturbances in the cytochrome P450 superfamily (hepatic detoxification
difficulties) which parallels disturbances in peroxisomal function. The cytochrome P450’s are
327
responsible for the biotransformation of endogenous compounds including fatty acids, steroids,
prostaglandins, leukotrienes and vitamins as well as the detoxification of exogenous compounds
resulting in substantial alterations of P450s (Guengerich 1991) as xenobiotics may turn off or greatly
reduce the expression of constitutive isoenzymes (Sharma et al 1988). Inadequate stores of
arachidonic acid can compromise P450 function (McGiff 1991). Oral application of hormones such as
pregnenolone, DHEA (Di Santo et al 1996, Ram et al 1994, Rao et al 1993) or thyroid stimulate
ppar peroxisomal proliferation and the ß-oxidation of Renegade fats as would nutrients (riboflavin,
pyruvate, manganese) and oxidative therapies. Anti-oxidants slow cellular metabolism and must
remain in the proper balance with all the essential nutrients and substrates (lipids, protein) to
maintain metabolic equilibrium. Removal of renegade fats in the diet is accomplished by the
avoidance of mustard, canola oil (Naito et al 2000), peanuts and peanut oil which contain VLCFAs
that can challenge patients with liver and CNS toxicity. The oral use of butyrate, a short 4-
carbon chain fatty acid, is of striking benefit (Fusunyan et al 1998, Segain et al 1983, Yin et al
2001) in mobilizing renegade fats, lowering TNFalpha, sequestering ammonia, and clearing
biotoxins.
In states of toxicity it is paramount to stabilize omega 6 fatty acids and the lead eicosanoid (Attwell
et al 1993) Arachidonic acid (AA) before introducing omega 3 lipids. There exists a crucial balance
between omega 6 and omega 3 fatty acids in human lipid metabolism which has only recently been
brought into clearer focus through the work of Yehuda (1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 2000, 2002). His
extensive research has revealed that the optimum ratio is 4:1 of omega 6 to omega 3 FAs.
AA, the lead eicosanoid, as well as the other w6 EFAs must be stable (in sufficient amounts)
before w3 fatty acids are introduced. Clinicians are often met with poor patient outcomes when
merely administering omega 3 lipids without first checking on the omega 6 fatty acid content. Low
w6s call for dietary additions of animal protein as eggs, butter and meat, which then permit
the addition of controlled addition of w3s. The preferred marine oils are generally those higher in
EPA and lower in DHA (EPA:DHA), such as Kirunol 3:1, Nordic Naturals 4.5:1, or Omega
Brite 7:1). The fear of w6s has been grossly overemphasized by focusing on AA and inflammation.
It is true that our modern diet is currently flooded with w6 oils. However, there is currently an over
expression of marine oils in a majority of our patients that easily distorts the balance of w6s and w3s
with the subsequent suppression in many patients of the all important w6s. We see this distortion
daily through the examination of their lipid profiles from Johns Hopkins U. The solution lies in dietary
control of carbohydrates which directly lowers PLA2 and inflammation, and the correct
administration of a true balance of w6s and w3s with adequate testing information. The balance of
lipids is far too important for guesswork, we must be more precise before we can impact toxic body
syndromes.
The body loses its ability to metabolize fats in states of toxicity and therefore becomes depleted in
the eicosanoids and prostaglandins. Essential fatty acids are the precursors to the regulatory
prostaglandins which are “local hormones” providing the communication controlling all cell to cell
interactions. An optimum balance of fatty acids make up the dynamic membrane. The membrane of
every living cell and organelle is composed of two fatty acid tails facing each other. This bilipid layer
is so minute (3.5 nanometers) that it would take 10,000 membranes layered on top of each other to
make up the thickness of this paper. Yet the dynamics that occur within this tiny envelope is a
microcosm that is a challenge for the human mind to envision. Mercury toxicity damages the
microtubule structure of the cell, actually dissolves them (Boyd Hailey, lecture 1997). All cells must
synthesize molecules and expel waste. All cells must create, through gene expression, the proteins
needed for cellular gates embedded in the membrane as ion channels and receptors. The ultimate
control of how those peptides behave rests with the high degree of fluidity and the balance of
omega 6, omega 3 lipds in the membrane, while the strength of the membrane rests with the
structural fats (oleic, stearic, palmitic, cholesterol). Without control of membrane function
through lipid manipulation, detoxication is compromised. In essence, the life of the cell is
intimately tied to the health of the membrane and the health of the entire organism.
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By stabilizing lipid status with intravenous Phospholipid exchange and oral EFA
supplementation we have remarkable tools to unload the body burden of neurotoxins (Jenkins et al
1982, Cariso et al 1983, Jaeschke et al 1987, Kolde et al 1992) in both pediatric and adult
populations, without side effects. Oral use of phospholipids in a Liver Flush is also an effective
intervention in addressing neurotoxic syndromes.
Immune System manipulation

4<- 6<-9 cups of rose hip seed tea (9 trans cis retinolic acid)
Throughout the day
Rose hip seeds (Rosa rubiginosa) are the only natural source of 9 cis trans retinoic acid.
Sweet briar (Rosa rubiginosa) is a native of Europe that now grows throughout the world.
The fruit or hips are rich in vitamin C and have been used in making syrups.
Rose hip seeds (Rosa rubiginosa) contain the natural form of all-trans-Retinoic acid;
Vitamin A acid C20H27O2 (9cis)-retinoic acid "Tretinoin".(the active ingredient in Retin-A),
In Chile, Spain and Argentina, where it is known as "Rosa Mosqueta", it can be found in the
wild around the Andes range and is also cultivated to produce marmalades and cosmetic
products. Orally, rose hip is used as a supplemental source of dietary vitamin C, for
preventing and treating colds, influenza-like infections, infectious diseases, vitamin C
deficiencies, fever, increasing immune function during exhaustion, gastric spasms, gastric
acid deficiency, preventing gastric mucosal inflammation and gastric ulcers, and as a
"stomach tonic" for intestinal diseases. It is also used orally for diarrhea, gallstones,
gallbladder ailments, lower urinary tract and kidney disorders, dropsy (edema), gout, aging
skin, disorders of uric acid metabolism, arthritis, sciatica, diabetes, weight loss,
hyperlipidemia, hypertension, increasing peripheral circulation, for reducing thirst, as a
laxative and diuretic, and to treat chest ailments. In foods and in manufacturing, it is used
for rose hip tea, jam and soup, and as a natural source of vitamin C.
Steroid receptor superfamily has identified certain members as molecular targets for
cancer therapy (1). They include estrogen receptors, retinoic acid receptors,
retinoid X receptors (RXR; the RXR-specific ligands are termed “rexinoids”), and
the vitamin D receptor (the vitamin D–specific ligands are termed “deltanoids”).
These nuclear receptors are putative cancer therapy targets because they function
as transcription factors that control the expression of many genes related to cell
differentiation (1, 2). The strongest evidence for the therapeutic potential of this
approach comes from the efficacy of retinoic acid receptor a activation in the
treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (3). Over 90% of patients with acute
promyelocytic leukemia achieve complete remission following treatment with the
naturally occurring retinoid all trans-retinoic acid
(Restores IL17 T helper cells, prevents D3 twist in DNA helix)
Much of the action of 1,25D can be explained by its binding to and activation of the VDR.
The VDR is a nuclear receptor and ligand-activated transcription factor (20, 49) composed
of a highly conserved DNA binding domain and an α-helical ligand binding domain (72).
The ligand-bound VDR activates transcription by heterodimerization with retinoid X
receptors (RXRs), which is essential for high-affinity DNA binding to cognate vitamin D
response elements (VDREs) located in the regulatory regions of 1,25D target genes.
VDREs are composed of direct repeats of PuG(G/T)TCA motifs separated by 3 bp (DR3) or
329
everted repeats with 6-bp spacing (ER6) (20, 26, 49, 89, 90). (Note that everted repeats
are palindromic but have symmetry [toes pointing out] opposite that of the so-called
inverted repeats [toes pointing in] originally identified as response elements for steroid
receptors.) ER8 motifs can also function as response elements for the VDR and related
retinoic acid receptors (86), thus partially integrating 1,25D and retinoid signaling. DNA-
bound VDR/RXR heterodimers recruit numerous so-called coregulatory proteins, which
control histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, and RNA polymerase II binding and
transcriptional initiation (24, 31, 56, 70, 74). The ligand-bound VDR can also repress
transcription. For example, in the presence of 1,25D, VDR/RXR heterodimers can displace
DNA-bound nuclear factor of activated T cells, thus repressing cytokine gene expression
(5, 85).
Retinoic Acid and 1,25-Dihydroxy Vitamin D3 (1,25 = (OH)2=20 D3)
Retinoic acid (RA) influences adipocyte differentiation [75, = 76] = and fat=20 deposition
[77] = and the=20 expression of adipokines such as leptin, resistin, and the serum =
retinol-binding=20 protein [78=E2=80= =9381]. = Part of=20 these effects is mediated
via RAR [82], = which can=20 interfere with the activity of PPAR-=CE=B3 [76, = 77]. =
In=20 addition, RA may influence PPAR-mediated responses by activating the RXR =
moiety=20 of permissive PPAR:RXR heterodimers [83] = and,=20 possibly, by serving as
an agonist of PPAR-=CE=B2/=CE=B4 = [49, = 84].
RA and the 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (1,25 (OH)2 D3) inhibited = adipocyte=20

differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes by repressing the upregulated = protein=20
expression of PPAR-=CE=B32 [85]. = The active=20 form of vitamin D, (1,25 (OH)2 D3),
inhibits adipogenesis in the bone = marrow of=20 SAM-P/6 mice and is associated with
reduction in PPAR-=CE=B32 = expression [86].
www.mountainroseherbs.com Rosa spp. Origin- Chile
The rose hip genius from Chile is the only tested source in NIH database for trans Retinoic
acid. RXR. Grind rose hip seeds in a coffee grinder for 15-20 seconds, put in coffee maker.
Use carbon filtered water.
https://www.mountainroseherbs.com/search/search.php?
page=3&refine=y&keywords=Rosehips
Rosehips
Rosa canina Origin- Chile
Formula PM
1X<- 2X/D 1 teaspoon MSM (Organic Sulphur) 10 drops DMSO in 8 oz water ¼ teaspoon Bobs Red
Mill non-aluminum Baking Soda.
Because of it, DMSO solvent substitutes for water as it moves through the cell membranes;
pulling substances through cells that ordinarily would not penetrate them. Its basic
therapeutic principle is its ability to alter and restore damaged cells by hydrating them,
changing their water structure, and increasing cellular permeability—which allows cells to
nourish themselves and dispose of wastes more easily.
https://www.herbspro.com/login?sef_rewrite=1
DMSO Liquid, Glass 70% CONC / 30% WATER , 8 OZ
330
1 Prohealth Guaifenesin 600 (otc Mucinex) (proton pump, phosphate inhibitor)
2<- 3<- 6 Natures Plus Source of Life 3058 - Spirulina Algae 2000 Amino Acid complex food
– or – ¾ teaspoon in the yogurt at night
1<- 2 daily vitamin NOW 3770T
2<- 3<- 4 stinging nettle leaf 400mg Swanson SW1346
2<- 3<- 4 stinging nettle root 500 mg Swanson SW968
Stinging nettle robs fungus of hard outer shell - "chitin"
Rhizomes of stinging nettle contain a small-sized lectin that exhibits binding specificity
toward chitin. This lectin inhibits growth of several phytopathogenic and saprophytic chitin-
containing fungi in vitro. The antifungal action of the nettle lectin differs from the action of
chitinases, which are a ubiquitous class of antifungal plant proteins. Moreover, the nettle
lectin acts synergistically with chitinase in inhibiting fungal growth. The nettle lectin may be a
promising candidate for possible applications in the genetic engineering of disease-resistant
crops.
http://www.swansonvitamins.com/?SourceCode=INTCON001
2<- 3<-4 magnolia bark 600 mg 4:1 CO2 extract
(PPAR neoligand shields white blood T4 cells against microbes, levels IG and IL balance) do
not exceed 6 of these capsules a day, water may build up in lungs/heart/veins, if ascites
fluid or fluid builds up in any organ or lymph tissue, increase Guaifenesin to 2 or 4 pills,
take willow bark if clots or blood flow issues show up. If legs or arms fall asleep stand up
and walk around a while. Monitor for circulation issues.
Caution: the use of PPAR-=CE=B3 ligands is associated with an increased = risk of=20
cardiovascular ischemic events.
In mammals, three isoforms have been identified (=CE=B1, = =CE=B2/=CE=B4,=20 and

=CE=B3), which are encoded by separate genes. All PPAR = isotypes form a=20
heterodimeric complex with the retinoid X receptor (RXR), and the = complex binds=20 to
the PPAR response element, which functions as the central regulator = of=20 cellular
differentiation [5], = apoptosis=20 [6],=20 inflammatory responses [7, 8], = lipid=20
metabolism, and metabolic disease [9]. = Also, the=20 farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is
involved in adipogenesis, adipocyte=20 differentiation, and lipid storage, increasing
adiponectin through a = mechanism=20 partially mediated by PPAR-gamma (PPAR-
=CE=B3) [10, = 11].
Recently, in a computer-assisted search for PPAR-=CE=B3 = agonists by=20 three-

dimensional (3D) structure homology, some neolignans emerge as = strong=20 candidates.
Two of these, dieugenol and tetrahydrodieugenol, can be = isolated=20 from Magnolia
officinalis Rehd. et Wils. bark with the use of = different=20 chromatographic methods
[163].= These=20 naturally derived compounds act as partial PPAR-=CE=B3 agonists; =
both=20 exhibited higher affinity for PPAR-=CE=B3 than for the clinically = used
agonist=20 pioglitazone (Actos) and were identified as selective activators of=20 PPAR-
=CE=B3, but not of PPAR-=CE=B1 or of = PPAR-=CE=B2/=CE=B4. In=20 addition, these
compounds induced adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 = cells in a=20 PPAR-=CE=B3-
dependent manner. The activation pattern exhibited = from 1 and 2=20 renders them
highly interesting, novel PPAR-=CE=B3 agonists that = have the=20 potential to be
explored further which may lead to the development of = novel=20 pharmaceuticals
Neutrophil-derived IL-17 was also reported in LPS-induced lung inflammation [97], kidney
ischemia-reperfusion injury [98], and systemic vasculitis [99]. TLR2 stimulation induced IL-
331
17 in macrophages [100]. Subsets of mucosal NK cells have been found to produce IL-22. ).
Over 90% of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia achieve complete remission
following treatment with the naturally occurring retinoid all trans-retinoic acid (ATRA; ref. 4).
The combination of the PPAR-γ ligand troglitazone and certain retinoids reportedly
suppressed colony formation of leukemic cells in an additive fashion (44). Because
PPAR-γ and RXR are known to function as heterodimers, we hypothesized that combined
treatment with PPAR-γ and RXR-specific ligands would significantly potentate the
antileukemic effect of PPAR-γ ligands alone. Indeed, the combination of PPAR-γ and RXR
activation (using the specific ligand LG100268) profoundly induced differentiation in HL-60
cells. Furthermore, LG100268 enhanced CDDO-induced apoptosis in an additive fashion in
primary AML and CLL samples.
http://www.amazon.com/Magnolia-Bark-Extract-Capsules-
2400mg/dp/B000VG60DY/ref=sr_1_3?s=hpc&ie=UTF8&qid=1389796657&sr=1-3
1X-3X/D (throughout day) 25 drops magnolia extract
PPAR gamma IL23 tilter restoration
Throughout the day
http://www.betterhealthherbs.com/product/3564.html
http://www.betterhealthherbs.com/
John – “I'm taking 20 to 30 drops of the Magnolia Glycerite Extract 4 to 5 times a day in
less than an ounce of water per day. (I've not detected any side effects, so would conclude
that the drop count and/or frequency could be increased without discomfort). When taking
the extract keep it under the tongue for as many minutes as comfortable; because it's
sublingual and is absorbed through oral tissue. When ordering the Magnolia Glycerite
Extract select the non alcohol option which is the Glycerite based product.”
The 4 horsemen final – ROSE HIP, Stinging Nettle, Magnolia, Spirulina
2/26/14
AM – before anything else
Hydrogen peroxide (TNF alpha stimulant)
50 drops H2O2 6 oz water
4 cups of rose hip seed tea (9 trans cis retinolic acid) Throughout the day
Formula PM
1X- 2X/D 1 teaspoon MSM (Organic Sulphur)10 drops DMSO in 8 oz water ¼ teaspoon Bobs Red Mill
non-aluminum Baking Soda.
1 Prohealth Guaifenesin 600 (otc Mucinex) (proton pump, phosphate inhibitor)
2 Natures Plus Source of Life 3058 - Spirulina Algae 2000 Amino Acid complex
1 daily vitamin NOW 3770T
2 stinging nettle leaf 400mg Swanson SW1346
2 stinging nettle root 500 mg Swanson SW968
332
2 magnolia bark 600 mg 4:1 CO2 extract
1 B complex 50 mg GNC 00018
1 Selenium 200mg NOW 1486
3 Charcoal 260 mg Source Naturals 00136
1 black currant oil (GLA) 1000 mg now 1717
1 Silymarin 300 mg now 4753
1 Ginko Biloba 24% 120mg NOW 4683
1 HORSE CHESTNUT 300 mg NOW 4713
0<-1 Willow Bark to prevent blood clots NOW
Bed Time
2 Magnolia Seeds per day chopped with shell (do not remove the shell!), chopped in yogurt. This
is a whole natural seed of the Swietenia Magnolia King tree grown in Malaysia.
Sleeping pill
3 Acidophilus Strain LA5 CHR Hanson with a 1/2 glass of milk
http://www.pureencapsulations.com/media/Lacto_Acidophilus.pdf
LEAKY GUT & IMMUNE SYSTEM

A talk given by Tessa Jupp RN in June 2003 has led to a new addition to our book range - $5.
Here is a summary of the book.
The information for this topic came mainly from a very interesting document by Willis S Langford
entitled "Autism - a comprehensive guide" which is available on the internet. Although this article is
aimed at treating autistic children, a lot of this information gleaned from world-wide research, is as
valuable to the "normal" population as well.
There is an integral link between the functioning of the gut and the immune system and what
affects one has a bearing on the other. In order to fix something, we need to understand how it
works properly in the first place. The overheads from the talk which explain all this in simple
language, have been put together into booklet form and are available at $5 each.
The important message is that there are 2 types of Helper T-cells in the immune system called Th1
and Th2. The Th1 cells deal with acute infection - like colds and flu's, infected cuts etc. The Th2
cells are responsible for antibody production so that the body can overcome a repeat infection much
faster. In simple terms - Th1 are the soldiers fighting in hand to hand combat and the Th2 cells are
those on guard duty to sound the alarm and repel invaders.
Problems occur when the Th2 cells become dominant unbalancing the Th1 cells. When this occurs
we tend to develop chronic allergies, depressive psychological disturbances, auto-immune diseases,
leaky gut and constant infections that are difficult to resolve.
The pattern can be set in childhood as vaccination stimulates Th2 production (can be further
stimulated by fluvac etc) and lowers Th1 cells. So a pattern is set up with frequent colds, flu's and
ear infections etc that are hard to throw off. We may then end up on antibiotics which kill off the
good gut flora, leading to overgrowth of candida and causing damage to the gut lining. This results
in decreased nutrient absorption, indigestion, gut ulceration, leaky gut, food intolerances allergic
reactions, chronic illness like asthma etc, build-up of toxic metals, chronic ill health and auto immune
333
disease such as Chronic Fatigue, diabetes, Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer and autism in
susceptible individuals as the Th2 climbs higher. So at any point in our lives we can be thrown into
this vicious cycle of ill-health that is self perpetuating.
T Helper 2 Cells are raised by infection, vaccines, stress, faulty digestion, leaky gut, candida, eating
processed sugars & flours, trans-fats like margarine, omega 6 fatty acids like canola oil - all of which
can lead to adrenal exhaustion, a further complication.
SIGNS Th2 IMMUNE SYSTEM is HIGH
• allergies
• muscle aches/headaches
• poor sleep/anxiety/tantrums
• leaky gut
• candida
• grain &/or dairy intolerances
• stressed, depressed, withdrawn
CAUSES of LEAKY GUT
• stress & lifestyle factors - immune dysfunction,

• poor diet - high in refined foods - low in fruit & veg
• nutritional deficiencies - poor digestion & absorption
• intestinal invaders - candida, heliobacter, parasites
• environmental toxins - chemicals & heavy metals
• medicinal drug overuse - antibiotics, NSAIDs, antacids
SIGNS of LEAKY GUT
• abdominal discomfit
• bloating, distension
• reflux, indigestion
• burping, flatulence, gaseousness
• diarrhoea &/or constipation
• problems sleeping
• irritability or weird behaviour
• allergy prone eg hayfever, sinus
• skin eruptions - rashes, acne, boils, eczema
SIGNS of LOW STOMACH ACID
• stomach uncomfortable after a meal

• burping, flatulence
• bloating, distension
• reflux, indigestion
• diarrhea &/or constipation
• undigested food in faeces
• coated tongue
• fatigue
334
CAUSES of LOW STOMACH ACID
• antacids - acid production shuts down for 9 days

• stress - physical & emotional
• bacterial overgrowth - candida, heliobacter
• grain or dairy intolerances
• inflamed irritated gut
• low zinc, magnesium, Vits B1, B3, B6
• chronic pain or illness
• surgery or trauma
• depression
• chemotherapy
• blood type A - has lower levels of stomach acid
DO YOU SEE SIMILARITIES OCCURRING HERE?
The same things keep coming up as happening with leaky gut and low stomach acid. And there is
an inter-relationship between the effect the immune system and digestive system have on each
other.
Lowered resistance to infection, by removing natural defenses, allows yeast to take hold and
multiply more freely. Stomach acid is a first line of defense against ingested organisms like yeast.
Low acid is common in celiac disease and cannot properly kill yeast to prevent them from passing
into the intestine. Lack of appropriate nutrients diminish or disable resistance of the intestinal lining
to infection. Low spleen function, also common in celiac disease, may not produce adequate
antibodies and white blood cells to fight infection.
It is important for all parts and systems of the body to get the appropriate nutrients - vitamins,
minerals, amino acids as well as the carbohydrates, proteins and fats that are needed for normal
body metabolism. Otherwise they cannot function as they are designed to and we recognize this as
disease rather than as nutritional dysfunction and therefore correctable.
Many so called "diseases"could be addressed in this fashion. Stomach acid is necessary to break
down the foods we eat, particularly proteins before they pass through to the next part of the gut to
an alkaline environment and where the doorways to absorption from the gut are like border guards
where you have to have the right passport to enter or need a sponsor to accompany your admission.
Just as stomach acid is dependent on the necessary nutrients esp zinc, B1, B6 so digestive
enzymes, bile and insulin rely on the message for release sent by stomach acidity and need certain
nutrients also for production. Each system is reliant on another working well too. For Bile to
emulsify dietary fat we need cholesterol, taurine, Vit C, manganese and sulphur to make the bile.
Estrogen and T1 T2 Balance
High estrogen levels shift the immune system from T1 to T2 allowing pathogens to grow
inside of cells. Infections that are eliminated slowly from the body can produce a shift from
T1 to T2 balance. Some people may just have a T2 dominant immune system which will
predispose them to intracellular infections.
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To reiterate, there are many symptoms of intracellular infection in CFS.
Some of these symptoms are increases in T1 cytokines causing flue-like symptoms and
tender lymph nodes. Other symptoms of increase RNase L and dysfunctional RNase L
activity are: hypoglycemia, night seats, low pain threshold, chemical sensitivity, drug
sensitivity, depression due to poor tryptophan uptake, loss of potassium, visual problems,
loss of urine concentration during the night, sodium retention, fatigue and sleep
disturbance, low magnesium levels leading to muscle weakness, weakness of respiratory
muscles leading to respiratory problems, hyperventilation, abnormal response to exercise,
low blood volume, ectopic heart beats, prominent U-wave on ECG, bladder problems,
premenstrual syndrome, slow wound healing, resistance to hormone uptake in cells.
SIGNS of LOW BILE PRODUCTION

dietary fats are not being digested well if:
• faeces float in toilet

• faeces colour is light tan or grey
• faeces are bulky and shiny
• bowel action is foul smelling
If you have problems with fatty liver or gallstones, taking taurine, carnitine, Vit E and lemon
juice can alleviate. Causes include high copper levels, excessive sugar or fats in the diet, obesity,
low stomach acid, low intake of Vit C & E, taurine, manganese
HEALING LEAKY GUT
So to fix leaky gut we need to address a lot of the causes. We need to -
1 Increase stomach acid by taking lemon juice, apple cider vinegar or hydrochloric acid
tablets immediately before a meal.
2 Avoid processed foods esp grains & sugars (includes flours, breads, pasta cereals, rice)
3 Take glutamine and Vitamin A to help repair the damaged villi (gut mucosa
absorption sites) and reduce gut hyper-permeability (inappropriate absorption)
4 Increase bile and pancreatic enymes production - take taurine, Vit E & C, B3,
chromium, zinc, manganese
5 Restore Gut Flora with acidophilus, biodynamic yoghurt, or probiotics on an empty
stomach
6 Eat organic fruit and veg
7 Use blood group diet
8 Drink more water - spring or filtered
9 Avoid constipation - take magnesium and Vit C to bowel tolerance (twice a day on empty
stomach)
10 Boost the immune system - get more sleep, gentle exercise,
Boost Th1 and balance Th2 inflammatory cytokines
http://forums.phoenixrising.me/index.php?threads/article-on-boosting-th1-surpressing-th2.17673/
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* take glutamine, Vit A, C, E, zinc, B Vitamins, essential fatty acids - according to blood
group
* boost friendly gut flora
* improve digestion - stomach acid, digestive enzymes, bile, insulin
* detox any heavy metals eg copper, mercury, lead
* reduce stress - relax, sleep, massage, meditation, gentle exercise, laugh, have fun
So we keep coming up with the same things still.
https://www.jakpathways.com/cytokines
https://www.jakpathways.com/jakpathwaysresources
JAK Pathways in Depth
JAK is a family of nonreceptor

protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs)
located in the cytoplasm of cells,
rather than on the cell surface.
When activated, JAKs stimulate a
cascade involved in the production
of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Overactivation of JAK can lead to
inflammation and tissue
destruction.1,2
The JAK family consists of 4

members: JAK 1, JAK 2, JAK 3,
and TYK 2 (tyrosine kinase 2)1,3:
• JAK 1, JAK 2, and TYK 2

are ubiquitously expressed
• JAK 3 (which pairs with JAK 1) is predominately expressed in hematopoietic cells
Each JAK protein has specificity for a different set of cytokine receptors. 3
• The function of the JAK protein is linked to the function of the cytokines that bind the
receptors
JAK Pairings and Associated

Cytokines
JAKs do not work alone—each

cytokine receptor requires at least
2 associated JAKs in order to
signal.4,6
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• JAKs may work in pairs of identical JAKs—homodimers (eg, JAK 2/JAK 2)—or as
heterodimers (eg, JAK 1/JAK 3)
Each JAK pairing has specificity for a different set of cytokines. The function of JAK pairings is linked
to the function of the cytokines that bind to the receptors. 3,4
Cytokines That Signal Through

JAK
In diseases such as RA, many pro-

inflammatory cytokines are
produced in excess at sites of
pathologic inflammation.8-10
JAK pathways are utilized by an

important subset of cytokines to
regulate immune and inflammatory
response.1,11
Cytokines that utilize the JAK

pathways historically have been
grouped into two main
categories5,12:
• Type I includes many

interleukins (ILs), both
common cytokine
receptor γ-chain and
non-γ-chain, and some growth and hematopoietic factors
• Type II includes interferons (IFNs) and IL-10
How about CONSTIPATION?
CAUSES of CONSTIPATION
• dehydration - need 8-10 glasses of water per day

• low digestive enzymes
• low nutrient levels esp Vit C & magnesium
• low protein and fibre intake
• parasites incl candida, intestinal worms
• excessive dairy intake
• low thyroid
OVERCOMING CONSTIPATION
• Drink more water
• take magnesium and Vit C to bowel tolerance
• increase stomach acid & digestive enzymes
• take supplements - essential fatty acids, zinc, chromium, B1, B6 etc
• eat according to blood group
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• eliminate problem grains & dairy
• eat balanced diet - meat, veg, fruit
• exercise - walk, swim, bounce, yoga
SIGNS OF COLON DYSFUNCTION

• lower back pain (also neck & shoulder pain)
• pain in lower stomach - particularly left side
• bloating, flatulence, gas
• fullness under diaphragm - can cause
• shortness of breath & discomfit
• fatigue, sluggishness, brain fog
• constipation or diarrhoea
• digestive problems
• leaky gut
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome, colitis
• Diverticulitis, Ulcerative Colitis, Crohn's
Anti inflammatory diet
http://www.drweil.com/drw/u/ART02012/anti-inflammatory-diet?print=1
Kidneys
http://jonbarron.org/program/full-body-detox-program
http://jonbarron.org/detox/kidney-gallbladder-flush-natural-health-newsletter-1
http://www.curezone.org/forums/am.asp?i=1052823
Kidney, Gallbladder and Pancreas Care by Jon Barron
Kidney detox and maintenance has always been part of the Baseline of Health Program. So far, I
have not used a dedicated formula for this purpose, because if you’re doing the full Program, you’re
covering the kidneys – particularly when doing the liver detox. As it turns out, a number of herbs
(chanca piedra, juniper berry, uva ursi, parsley root, dandelion root, and horsetail) are
common to both kidney and liver maintenance. Nevertheless, as the incidence of kidney problems
has soared to epidemic levels over the last ten years, the need for a stronger, dedicated formula
for doing a regular kidney flush has become paramount. In addition, as you will see, such a
formula also can play a major role in eliminating gallstones and, amazingly, even helping
with arthritis.
But first, let’s explore some background on the kidneys and the extent of the problem in the world
today.
The kidneys
The kidneys are bean-shaped organs located on either side of the lower back, just below the rib
cage. Their function is to:
• Keep the composition of your blood balanced.
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• Regulate the amount of fluid in the body.
• Control the balance of electrolytes in your blood.
• Help to control blood pressure.
• Produce hormones that are crucial for blood and bone formation.
After blood is filtered through the kidneys, the primary byproduct is urine. The production of urine is
a complex process. Far from being a simple removal of water from the body, it is, rather, a process
of selective filtration that not only removes waste and potential toxins from the blood while retaining
essential molecules, but that also serves to balance key biochemicals and hormones in the blood.
Blood enters the kidneys by way of the renal artery and is processed in tiny tubes called nephrons
and returned to circulation through the renal veins. The substances that are filtered are turned into
urine, composed of 95% water, 2.5% urea, 2.5% mixture of minerals, salt, hormones and enzymes.
Urine is then collected in the central part of the kidney and passes through the ureters to the
bladder. When the bladder is full of urine, it is emptied from the body through the urethra.
Approximately 180 liters of blood move through the two kidneys every day, about 1.5 liters of urine
are produced.
Other Functions of the Kidneys
In addition to cleaning the blood, the kidneys regulate the amount of water contained in the blood.
ADH (Vasopressin) is an anti-diuretic hormone produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the
pituitary gland. When the amount of salt and other substances in the blood becomes too high, the
pituitary glands release ADH into the bloodstream and to the kidneys. This increases the
permeability of the walls of the renal tubules, helping to reabsorb more water into the blood stream.
The kidneys also adjust the body's acid-base balance to prevent acidosis and alkalosis.
Another function of the kidneys is the processing of vitamin D. The kidneys convert this vitamin to
an active form that stimulates bone development.
The nephrons
As mentioned above, the processing (or filtering) in the kidneys is done in the nephrons. Not
surprisingly then, most kidney problems are focused in the nephrons, and correspondingly, most
kidney drugs target the nephrons. For example, most diuretics inhibit the ability of the nephrons to
retain water, thereby increasing the amount of urine produced.
The important thing to understand about the nephrons is that they are very, very tiny – and
therefore easily plugged. When plugged, they become inflamed and infected and die. Also, because
they are so small they are easily damaged by chemical imbalances in the blood that attack protein –
specifically, high blood sugar and high insulin – which is why diabetes and kidney disease go hand in
hand. The bottom line is that over time, when enough nephrons die, kidney function is compromised
to the point that the kidneys can no longer do their job. At that point they require outside support
(i.e. dialysis) or outright replacement (a kidney transplant).
For a full explanation of the anatomy of nephrons and how they work, check out
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephron.
Kidney Diseases
Diseases of the kidneys range from mild infection to life-threatening kidney failure. The most
common form of kidney disease is an inflammation of the kidneys. Kidney sludge is the result of the
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accumulated crystallized minerals that sometimes obstruct the flow of urine and damage the
kidneys. If the minerals accumulate to a sufficient degree, the sludge actually forms into rough
surfaced stones that actually rip and tear at the ureters on their way out of the kidneys.
Anyone who suffers from kidney stones knows the pain involved in passing a stone, but keep in
mind that a kidney stone is only the extreme manifestation of sludge. Just because you don’t suffer
from kidney stones doesn’t mean you don’t have a problem. Kidney sludge may not be painful
passing out the ureter, but it is nevertheless deadly over time as it slowly chokes off kidney function
nephron by nephron.
How extensive is the problem? Virtually, every living person has some degree of sludge
build up and some loss of kidney function over time. The only question is how much. Does it
reach the point where it causes painful kidney stones to form or the point where it chokes off a
critical mass of kidney tissue, ultimately leading to kidney failure.
It should be noted that although kidney stones and gallstones are not identical, the mechanisms
involved in their formation are remarkably similar. This means that the same formulas used for
eliminating kidney sludge and kidney stones will also help remove gallstones – and for that matter,
even help with removing pancreatic sludge and arthritic calcium deposits in joints.
Kidney failure occurs when the kidneys are no longer able to keep the blood balanced. In acute
kidney failure, symptoms include swelling, drowsiness, and irregular heartbeat. In chronic kidney
failure, symptoms include fatigue, loss of appetite, headaches, cramps and thirst.
In addition to sludge, the other major kidney problems are connected to infection, inflammation, and
direct damage to the protein that makes up the kidney tissue as a result of high sugar and high
insulin levels.
A growing epidemic
The National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse estimates that each year,
nearly 100,000 Americans are newly diagnosed with kidney failure. More than 100,000 currently
have End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) due to diabetes, and an astounding 7.7 million have
physiological evidence of chronic kidney disease. (1) According to the U.S. Health and Human
Services Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, an estimated 650,000 Americans will have
kidney failure by 2010 and will require renal replacement therapy, either ongoing renal dialysis or a
kidney transplant. (2) Without one of these therapies, ESRD is fatal. Yikes!
Fortunately, it's good to know there are ways to keep your kidneys healthy to avoid going down that
road.
Taking care of your kidneys
Paramount to good care of the kidneys is reducing the toxic load they have to deal with, especially
proteins and chemical contaminants which can build up in the kidneys, slowing their function,
increasing acidity and raising blood pressure. So, consider lightening the diet--instead of eating meat
every day, try going vegetarian for a day or so a week. A vegetable/fruit-based diet allows the body
system to alkalinize via the kidneys, lowering blood pressure, and contributing to a sense of well-
being. Also, drinking enough water so that the urine is a light color of yellow. A whole lot of water is
not necessarily good for the kidneys, and it is always better to drink small amounts of water
throughout the day, rather than gulping down a quart or two because you're thirsty. This just
creates kidney stress.
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The regular use of a kidney cleansing and rebuilding formula is now mandatory considering the
stresses we put our kidneys under thanks to our “modern” lifestyles. A good kidney formula/s will
include most of the following properties and ingredients.
What the formula needs to do
1. Anti-lithic (stone breaking)

2. Diuretic (water removing)
3. Antiseptic (infection killing)
4. Anti-nephrotoxic and anti-hepatotoxic
5. Soothing to urinary tract tissue
6. Anti-inflammatory
7. Stimulating to renal tissue
A note on stones
Different stones in the body have different chemical make-ups.
For example, gallstones are primarily formed from cholesterol, bile salts, and proteins. The more
protein, the harder the stones. Think of it like the protein used to make fingernails. Incidentally, this
protein primarily comes from the lining of the gallbladder. In other words, although stones get their
start in the liver, they turn problematic in the gallbladder – which is why removing the gallbladder
gets rid of symptoms, but not necessarily the underlying problem, which starts in the liver.
Pancreatic stones are formed from fatty acids, calcium, and proteins.
And kidney stones themselves vary significantly. There are four types.
• Calcium stones are composed of calcium that is chemically bound to oxalate (calcium
oxalate) or phosphate (calcium phosphate).
• Uric acid stones. If the acid level in the urine is high or too much acid is excreted, the uric
acid may not dissolve and uric acid stones may form.
Struvite or infection stones develop when a urinary tract infection alters the chemical
balance of the urine causing stones to form from ammonium, magnesium, phosphate (aka
struvite).
• Cysteine stones. Some people inherit a rare condition that results in large amounts of
cystine in the urine, which causes the formation of cystine stones that are difficult to treat.
The important thing to understand is that although all of the above types of stones have different
chemical compositions, most of them can be dissolved by the right combination of herbs in a single
formula.
What to look for in a formula
Chanca piedra (Phyllanthus niruri)
For a number of years now, I have recommended using chanca piedra before liver detoxing to
soften gallstones before trying to pass them during the detox. Chanca piedra works equally well on
gallstones, kidney stones, and kidney sludge. In fact, the name chanca piedra, as it is known in
Peru, comes from its effect on kidney stones and gallstones. The literal translation is “stone
breaker.” It effectively softens both kidney stones and gallstones for easy passage out of the body.
It is also renowned for its diuretic qualities and has been shown effective at helping relieve edema
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and urine retention. It also works as an anti-inflammatory agent in the kidneys and as an
antihepatotoxic in the liver. That is to say, it counters the effects of toxins in the liver.
References (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)
Hydrangea root (Hydrangea Arborescens)
The most common use for hydrangea is for the kidneys and bladder because of its effective diuretic
property which helps increase the flow of urine. This removes impurities from the system and
lessens the likelihood of infection along the entire urinary tract, which includes the kidneys, bladder,
prostate (in men) and urethra. Hydrangea, like chanca piedra, is also considered an anti-lithic herb,
which prevents stones or gravel from forming in the kidneys and bladder. As an anti-lithic herb, it
can also assist the body in removing stones and gravel from these organs. This was a primary use of
hydrangea by Native Americans.
Like most diuretic herbs, hydrangea is an excellent choice for treating inflamed or enlarged prostate
glands. It is commonly combined with horsetail for this purpose. Maintaining healthy urine flow
keeps the prostate less likely to constrict around the urethra, which prevents stagnant urine from
causing more infection. This can also reduce inflammation by eliminating impurities from the
prostate.
A scientific study published in Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry in 2003 noted that
hydrangea root extracts have greater antioxidant power in liver tissue than milk thistle and
turmeric combined. The findings of Japanese researchers amplify observations of nineteenth-century
American physicians who used hydrangea primarily as a treatment for "kidney gravel," small stones
in the kidneys that could be passed with a minimum of pain after treatment with the herb.
Physicians of the time also used hydrangea as a treatment for chronic chest pain caused by
bronchitis. Hydrangea root powder has a greater diuretic effect than other preparations of the
herb , but it has less of an effect on pain.
References (10, 11, 12)
Gravel root (Eupatorium purpureum)
Like chanca piedra and hydrangea, gravel root also exhibits both diuretic and anti-lithic properties.
Used primarily for kidney stones or gravel (which accounts for its name), it also helps with cystitis,
dysuria, urethritis, and pelvic inflammatory disease. It can also play a role in the systemic treatment
of rheumatism and gout as it encourages excretion of excess uric acid. And finally, it tones the
reproductive tract and is used to treat inflammation of the prostate.
References (13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19)
Marshmallow root (Althaea Officinalis)
Marshmallow's highest medicinal acclaim is as a demulcent. Internally it has a soothing effect on

inflamed and irritated tissues of the alimentary canal, and urinary and respiratory organs. It aids in
the passage of kidney stones and is used in combination with other diuretic herbs for kidney
treatments which assist in the release of gravel and stones. It works very well for urinary problems.
Marshmallow has factors which combine with and eliminate toxins, helping the body to cleanse.
This makes marshmallow an excellent herb to add to other formulas to help neutralize toxins that
are the causative factors of arthritis.
Marshmallow is also very soothing to any sore or inflamed part(s) of the body. As well as the
urinary tract, this herb will soothe an irritated digestive tract and help with diarrhea or dysentery.
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References (20, 21)
Juniper berry (Juniperus communis)
Juniper Berries are used to treat infections, especially within the urinary tract, bladder, kidneys,
and prostate. Their antiseptic properties help remove waste and acidic toxins from the body,
stimulating a fighting action against bacterial and yeast infections. Juniper Berries also help
increase the flow of digestive fluids, improving digestion and eliminating gas and stomach cramping.
As a diuretic, Juniper Berries eliminate excess water retention contributing to weight loss. Juniper
Berries' anti-inflammatory properties are ideal for relieving pain and inflammation related to
rheumatism and arthritis. In addition, Juniper Berries are beneficial in reducing congestion, as well
as treating asthma and colds. Juniper Berries make an excellent antiseptic in conditions such as
cystitis. But the essential oil present in this herb is quite stimulating to the kidney nephrons. Some
texts warn that juniper oil may be a kidney irritant at higher doses, but there is no real evidence that
this is the case, and the dosage in this formula is quite low. Nonetheless, people with serious kidney
disease probably shouldn't take juniper.
Contemporary herbalists primarily use juniper as a diuretic ("water pill") component of herbal
formulas designed to treat bladder infections . The volatile oils of juniper reportedly increase the
rate of kidney filtration, thereby increasing urine flow and perhaps helping to "wash out" offending
bacteria. The volatile oils, particularly terpinen-4-ol, may cause an increase in urine volume.
According to some sources, juniper increases urine volume without a loss of electrolytes such as
potassium. It is recommended by the German Commission E for kidney ailments.
References (22, 23, 24, 25, 26)
Corn silk (Zea mays)
Corn silk is a soothing diuretic and works as an excellent remedy for urinary conditions such as
retained urine, burning urine, kidney stones, bladder infections, gonorrhea, and as a lymphatic
system cleanser. Corn Silk is used to treat bladder infections, kidney stones, infections of the
prostate gland, and urinary infections.
Uva ursi (Arctosyaphylos uva ursi)
The chief constituent of Uva Ursi is a glycoside called arbutin. This is what is responsible for its
diuretic action. During its excretion arbutin produces an antiseptic effect on the urinary mucous
membrane and can therefore help eliminate urinary tract infections. Tannic acid is also contained in
the leaves. This herb also helps to keep the pH balance of urine from being too acid. It actually
strengthens the lining of the urinary tract and helps to relieve any inflammation in the system. It has
a direct sedative effect on the bladder walls. Allantoin, also found in Uva Ursi spurs the healing of
wounds. For chronic inflammation of the bladder or kidneys Uva Ursi has no equal. Two studies
report that urine from individuals given uva ursi is active against the most commonly involved
bacteria in bladder and urinary tract infection.
This study supports the results of a double blind study of 57 women with recurrent cystitis. After one
year, the placebo group had 20% incidence of recurring cystitis, whereas the uva ursi group had no
recurring infection.
In addition it has anti-lithic properties that help in dissolving crystals not just in the kidneys, but
throughout the body as well. It has, therefore, been used for arthritis and other painful joint
problems.
References (30, 31, 32, 33)
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Parsley root (Petroselinum crispum)
An important diuretic, parsley root also helps clear uric acid from the urinary tract and helps
dissolve and expel gallstones and gravel – and prevent their future formation. It also inhibits the
secretion of histamine and is therefore useful in treating hives and relieving other allergy symptoms.
A decoction of parsley root can help eliminate bloating and reduce weight by eliminating excess
water gain. Note: the German Commission E, an advisory panel on herbal medicines, has approved
parsley for use in the prevention and treatment of kidney stones.
References (34, 35)
Carrot tops (Daucus carota)
Carrot tops are an under-appreciated source of relief for all sorts of urinary tract problems and
symptoms. The Amish swear by it, dedicating significant acreage to carrots just for this reason.
Carrot Top Tea can clear up skin blemishes, flush the kidneys and bladder, and clean the blood of
toxins.</ p>
Carrot tops are also helpful in clearing the kidneys and urinary tract (as well as the prostate). They
are also highly alkalizing to the blood, taking stress off the kidneys.
Dandelion leaf (Taraxacum officinale)
Dandelion leaves and roots have been used for centuries to treat liver, gall bladder, kidney, and
joint problems. In some countries, Dandelion is considered a blood purifier and is used for ailments
such as eczema and cancer. It has also been used to treat poor digestion, water retention, and
diseases of the liver such as hepatitis.
Dandelion leaf is also a good natural source of potassium, and will replenish any potassium that
may be lost due to the diuretic action of the other herbs in this formula.
Studies show beneficial effects of dandelion on reducing urinary tract gravel, attributed to
disinfectant action and possibly the presence of saponins. Dandelion has also been used traditionally
to treat respiratory disorders. Dr. James Duke notes in his book, The Green Pharmacy, that
numerous clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of dandelion leaves and root for treating
pneumonia, bronchitis and upper respiratory infections. Dr. Duke recommends drinking the juice
that remains after the greens have been cooked. The German Pharmacopoeia lists dandelion leaf
and root for treating gastrointestinal complaints stemming from bile deficiency, as well as to
stimulate appetite and diuresis. Dandelion was also used in folk medicine to ease painful joint and
bone conditions. The tea reduces water retention and is considered a traditional blood purifier. The
diuretic effect is also useful for reducing swelling.
Horsetail (Equisetum arvense)
Horsetail has not been extensively studied in people, but professional herbalists recognize that the
herb has diuretic (promotes the excretion of urine) properties that may be useful for the following
health problems:
 Urinary tract infections
 Kidney stones
References (39, 40, 41, 42, 43)
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Orange peel - detox
Limonene and flavonoids found in orange peel seem to have anti-carcinogenic properties. They can
block the carcinogenesis by acting as a blocking agent. Studies have shown that limonin and
limonene can induce the enzyme activity of glutathione S-transferase, which is an important
detoxifying enzyme.
In addition, orange peel has antiseptic, bactericidal, and fungicidal properties.
Peppermint (Mentha piperita)
Peppermint has a relaxing effect on the muscles of the digestive and urinary system. It is useful
for treating spasm problems in the urinary tract. It also has strong antibacterial and anti-fungal
properties which help rid the kidneys of bacteria.
Three double-blind trials found that enteric-coated peppermint oil reduced the pain associated with
intestinal spasms, commonly experienced in IBS.
Goldenrod (Solidago virguarea)
Goldenrod is used as an aquaretic agent, meaning that it promotes the loss of water from the body
(as compared to a diuretic, which promotes the loss of both water and electrolytes such as salt). It
is used frequently in Europe to treat urinary tract inflammation and to prevent or treat kidney
stones. In fact, goldenrod has received official recognition in Germany for its effectiveness in getting
rid of kidney stones, and itis commonly found in teas to help "flush out" kidney stones and stop
inflammatory diseases of the urinary tract. Goldenrod is said to wash out bacteria and kidney stones
by increasing the flow of urine, and also, soothe inflamed tissues and calm muscle spasms in the
urinary tract. It isn't used as a cure in itself, but rather as an adjunct to other, more definitive
treatments such as (in the case of bladder infections) antibiotics.
Several studies have found that goldenrod does in fact increase urine flow.
References (50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55)
Who should use this formula and when
Since everyone accumulates sludge in their kidneys and livers, everyone is a candidate for regular
use of this formula. Even people who have had their gallbladders removed will benefit. Regular
softening and flushing of stones and gravel will keep your kidneys, liver, and gallbladder functioning
at optimum levels and, more importantly, keep areas of those organs from choking to death and
becoming non-functional. The sooner you start in life the better, but certainly the older you get, the
more mandatory regular use becomes.
And as for anyone already suffering from painful kidney stones or gallstones, this formula can be a
godsend. Whereas medical doctors can offer only surgery or expensive lithotripsy procedures (which
are also not without risk), this formula offers a safe, highly effective alternative – that can work with
remarkable speed. Painful kidney stones and gallstones can usually soften enough for easy passage
in as little as 2-8 days. And regular use of the formula can prevent any recurrence.
How to use
Simple
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Use 4-8 droppers in diluted juice three times a day until bottle is gone.
(MAK I use a lower amount of any treatment, and take longer, to prevent any
disturbance in the overall formula, I would take a lower amount!!)
Better
Take 4 ounces of this formula and mix with a quart of fresh squeezed apple juice (not bottled) and a
quart of water. Drink a pint each day over 4 days.
For most people, doing this program twice a year should be enough to keep the kidneys functioning
properly. An ideal time to do this program is shortly before doing a liver detox. Again, the same
herbs that soften kidney stones for easy passage will also soften gallbladder stones. Using this
formula shortly before doing the liver detox will greatly reduce the likelihood of discomfort when
doing the liver detox.
For those who have a predilection to getting kidney stones or gallstones, this program can be done
once a month to minimize the chances of any future occurrence.
If you have currently existing painful kidney or gallstones, you probably will want to mix up two
batches and drink it for 8 straight days.
Do not do more than once a month on a regular basis as the diuretic effect may deplete the body of
essential water soluble vitamins and minerals over time.
Note: If using in preparation for the liver detox, make sure you use within 30 days of starting the
detox so the gallstones don't get a chance to reharden before flushing.
Warning: The diuretic effects of this formula may enhance the toxic effects of certain medications,
such as digoxin (used to treat congestive heart failure), phenytoin (for seizures), anticoagulants, and
others. For this reason, people taking prescription medications should not use this formula without
first consulting a health care provider. Also, anyone with severe kidney problems should not use this
formula without first consulting their physician.
Testing the formula
There was never any question that this formula would work for many people. I’ve used variations
and pieces of it for years, and some of the herbs have been time tested over decades, if not several
centuries. But I wanted to see if this version of the formula was indeed stronger than anything I had
put together before – after all, that was the intent. I needed an extreme test case. I decided to test
it with Patty C., someone with a known, long-standing kidney condition, to see if it would help…and
do so quickly. If you're interested in reading her experiences with the formula, click here.
Introduction
The functional tissue of the kidneys is delicate and can be damaged not only by disease, but also by
drugs,especially anti-cancer chemotherapy (notoriously the platinum compounds) as well as some
immunosuppressant and antibiotic agents. Some herbal ingredients are also documented as
nephrotoxic.
Medically, laboratory values of creatinine in a blood sample are used to check kidney function;
supranormal creatinine values reflect impaired kidney function due to damage to the renal tissue.
Short term, recovery of levels can occur if the cause is rapidly rectified, but persistently elevated
creatinine is considered indicative of lasting mechanical damage and does not
usually return the previous normal range.
347
Stinging nettle *seed * is not at all known outside the herbalist community. Trained herbalists
regularly work with hundreds of herbal remedies, the majority of which lack mainstream scientific or
clinical data. Restoration of kidney function due to mechanical damage is traditionally not considered
possible, either by either conventional or herbal medicine. The following case reports show
normalization of elevated creatine levels using nettle seed as the primary herbal remedy.
Employing beneficial herb-drug interactions is a consistent theme of my practice that is well

illustrated by incorporating nettle seed into renal-protective protocols for cancer patients
undergoing chemotherapy with platinum drugs. Monitoring creatinine before during and after
platinum chemotherapy has consistently demonstrated the value of this approach, often to the
surprise of the oncologists involved.
Urtica semen reduces serum creatinine levels.
Case History Nettle Seed & Kidney Function Jonathan Treasure
Case History: Nettle Seed & Kidney Function
Introduction
Stinging Nettle Seed Extract
Urtica dioica L. and Urtica urens L., (stinging nettles) have a long history of use in folkloric and
science based herbal medicine. Traditionally used as a nutritive and “blood cleanser” or alterative
agent, a substantial pharmacological and clinical literature supports its use for arthritic and allergic
conditions (leaf/herb) and improving urological symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (root). The
available literature is based on either the aerial parts (folia/herba), or the root (radix). The root is
monographed by WHO, ESCOP and Commission E, and the herb/leaf is monographed by ESCOP and
Commission E.1-4 However none of these, or other pharmacopoeial sources identify the seed
(semen) as a medicinally distinct plant part.
The literature on constituents or pharmacology of nettle seeds is sparse. An HPLC analysis of the
lipid fraction indicates the presence of a high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids, especially
palmitic, and a small amount of omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids.5 Of interest is the presence of a
lectin in the seeds of U. pilulifera, a Turkish stinging nettle.6 A lectin from the roots of U. dioica
known as Urtica dioica agglutinin (UDA) is known as a novel T-Cell mitogen with superantigenic
properties.7 UDA has an unique pattern of T-cell activation and cytokine induction which has led to
its use as a probe in investigations of superantigen activity.8
Whether the seeds of U. dioica also contain a lectin with UDA superantigenic properties is unknown
due to the absence of research.
The clinical use of nettle seed extracts for treatment of renal dysfunction represents a novel
indication for the herb, first suggested by North American herbalist David Winston and to date
unsupported by published reports.9 The following two cases involve the use of nettle seed extracts
in patients with serious renal challenges, and utilize serum creatinine laboratory values data to
serially monitor the effects of the extract.
Serum Creatinine
348
Serum creatinine is commonly measured as an index of glomerular function. Broadly speaking serum
creatinine varies inversely with the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), other things being equal. A
number of non-renal factors may affect creatinine levels, ranging from heavy dietary meat ingestion,
medications including glucocorticoids and cimetidine, and muscle mass decrease in chronic illness.
There is also a small but variable degree of proximal tubule secretion of creatinine, which declines as
GFR decreases and which may confound interpretations of creatinine values. In cases where renal
function and GFR require more accurate evaluation, inulin, or radionuclide labelled molecules such as
125I-iothalamate are used. Nonetheless, creatinine remains a simple single measure test of nephron
function. Units of measurement vary in laboratory reports, upper limits for of normal serum
concentration in men are 1.2mg/dL (conventional units), or 110 micromol/L (SI units). Values for
women are ~85% men’s values.
Postscript 2004
Both patients were impressed with the effects of the Urtica semen. Both continued to do well with
apparently stable renal function unaided by continued herbal support. The nephrectomy patient
recently experienced an increase in creatinine levels following major surgical procedure. The
allograft patient continues to pursue an active career in performing arts in the Pacific Northwest.
Nettle seed extract
The extract of nettle seed used in the above case series was a standard tincture 1:5, 30% EtOH,
supplied by Herbalist & Alchemist Inc. 51 S Wandling Avenue, Washington, NJ. 07882-3537.
American Journal of Kidney Diseases
Volume 61, Issue 3, Pages 501–513, March 2013

Reviewing the evolution of human knowledge for these parasites discloses a lot of similarities
regarding their discovery, patterns of kidney injury, and pathogenic mechanisms. From a historical
perspective, these parasites discloses a lot of similarities regarding their discovery, patterns of
kidney injury, and pathogenic mechanisms. From a historical perspective, our relevant information
may be classified into 4 phases: (1) disease documentation in ancient and medieval scripts as far
back as 2000-3000 bce; (2) discovery of the parasites, their life cycles, and clinical correlates by
European clinicians working in African and Asian colonies during the second half of the 19th century;
(3) discovery and characterization of the renal manifestations of monoparasitic infections during the
second half of the 20th century; and (4) recognition of the confounding effects of coinfection with
bacteria, viruses, or other parasites. The spectrum of respective kidney diseases extends all the way
from acute kidney injury to glomerulonephritis, amyloidosis, urologic disorders, and malignancy.
Discovery of the common immunopathogenetic host response to parasitic infections has provided a
knowledge core that explains the similarities, diversities, and interactions with regard to kidney
injury.
First Line of Defense
The first line is to maintain a constant state of over-hydration from morning to 6 PM. Good water is
the best detox agent available and cannot be underemphasized.
Ganoderma extract has been found to be useful in detoxifying the kidneys and improving its
overall function.
349
Current Kidney Support Formula
CQ10
Milk thistle
KGP flush
New studies show P5P and piridoxamine help kidneys function in the presence of severe damage.
Chinese medicine - Beets, blackberries and rhubarb can turn your urine red or pink,
Keep us safe from the harmful effects of internal (and external) toxins by filtering blood of the
natural by-products of metabolism, drugs, and other toxins;
B6
B6 move to b section, add section to remove b2 for protozoan infection, P5P not really required, test
this version of B6
PYRIDOXAMINE | C8H12N2O2
http://www.amazon.com/PrimAGE-pyridoxamine-200-60-capsules/product-reviews/B009JMF000
Pyridoxamine, especially at 400 mg/kg per day, improved the levels of urinary ACR, fasting serum
TG, and 3DG. CML and nitrotyrosine accumulations in glomeruli were decreased.
Piridoxamine
Synonyms: PM
Superclasses: a vitamin → a vitamin B6
Chemical Formula: C8H13N2O2
Molecular Weight: 169.2 Daltons
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight: 169.0977026719 Daltons
SMILES: CC1(=NC=C(CO)C(C[N+])=C(O)1)
InChI: InChI=1S/C8H12N2O2/c1-5-8(12)7(2-9)6(4-11)3-10-5/h3,11-12H,2,4,9H2,1H3/p+1
InChIKey: InChIKey=NHZMQXZHNVQTQA-UHFFFAOYSA-O
Unification Links: CAS:85-87-0, ChEBI:57761, HMDB:HMDB01431, IAF1260:35277,

KEGG:C00534, MetaboLights:MTBLC57761, PubChem:25245492
350
Standard Gibbs Free Energy of Change Formation (ΔfG'° in kcal/mol): 78.50251
[Latendresse13]
Reactions known to consume the compound:
pyridoxal 5'-phosphate salvage I , pyridoxal 5'-phosphate salvage II (plants) :

ATP + pyridoxamine → ADP + pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate + H+
Not in pathways:
pyridoxamine + oxygen + H2O → pyridoxal + ammonium + hydrogen peroxide
Reactions known to produce the compound:
pyridoxal 5'-phosphate salvage II (plants) :

pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate + H2O → pyridoxamine + phosphate
Reactions known to both consume and produce the compound:
vitamin B6 degradation :
pyruvate + pyridoxamine ↔ L-alanine + pyridoxal
Not in pathways:
pyridoxamine + oxaloacetate ↔ pyridoxal + L-aspartate
In Transport reactions:
pyridoxamine[periplasm] → pyridoxamine[cytosol]
Enzymes inhibited by pyridoxamine, sorted by the type of inhibition, are:
Inhibitor (Competitive) of: pyridoxal kinase [White70]
This compound has been characterized as an alternative substrate of the following enzymes:
pyridoxal kinase, hydroxymethylpyrimidine kinase
http://biocyc.org/META/NEW-IMAGE?type=COMPOUND&object=PYRIDOXAMINE
http://www.iherb.com/Nature-s-Way-Vitamin-B-6-100-
Capsules/1823
http://www.vitaminshoppe.com/p/allergy-research-
nutricology-pyridoxine-p5p-vitamin-b6-275-mg-60-
capsules/ar-1051#.VnoW4k_VRqA
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridoxine
http://www.thenutritiondr.com/vitamin-b6-or-pyridoxal-
pyridoxine-pyridoxamine-phosphatesfood-sources-of-
vitamin-b6roles-of-vitamin-b6rdas/
Vitamin B6 is the
general name for six
compounds pyridoxal
(PL), pyridoxine (PN),
pyridoxamine (PM), and
their phosphate
derivatives including
351
pyridoxal 5’-phosphate (PLP), pyridoxine 5’-phosphate (PNP), and pyridoxamine 5′-
phosphate (PMP). It is the PLP form that is the most significant in human operations.
While long recognized for its pivotal role in the processing of amino acids, vitamin B6
has received attention for its role in homocysteine metabolism and reducing
cardiovascular disease risk.
Vitamin B6can be found in nearly if not all cells throughout the body with
higher concentrations found in muscle and liver tissue. Similar to most of its
water-soluble vitamin siblings, vitamin B6 is primarily lost from the body in
urine. Once inside the cells, vitamin B6 forms can be converted to the active
forms of vitamin B6, PLP (pyridoxal phosphate) and PMP (pyridoxamine
phosphate). PLP and PMP are key participants in many cell reactions. By and
large the most significant roles of vitamin B6 are:
VITAMIN B6(91% AS PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDE AND 9% AS PYRIDOXAL-5'-

PHOSPHATE)
This formula is a combination of pyridoxine hydrochloride and pyridoxal-5-phosphate

(P-5-P, the coenzyme or "activated" form of B6). As P5P, vitamin B6 is extensively
involved in the metabolism of amino acids, lipids and nucleic acids. Supplementation
with vitamin B6 as P5P can be helpful for those unable to produce it efficiently from
pyridoxine in the liver.* Excessive protein intake, alcohol or contraceptive use also
indicates a greater need for vitamin B6. Vitamin B6 plays a crucial role in the
multiplication of cells.*
Amino acid metabolism- Vitamin B6 is crucial for the processing of amino acids including
the production of nonessential amino acids made from other amino acids. During this
process, the nitrogen-containing amine portion of an amino acid is transferred to a
specific molecule (see Vitamin B6 and Amino Acids Figure), which creates a nonessential
amino acid. In fact, if an individual developed a vitamin B6 deficiency, most of the
nonessential amino acids would actually become dietary essentials.
• Glycogen breakdown - Glycogen breakdown in muscle requires vitamin B6. Glycogen

is stored glucose and the breakdown of this complex provides invaluable fuel during
exercise and work.
• Neurotransmitter production – Vitamin B6 is also necessary to convert certain amino

acids into neurotransmitters gama-amino-butyric acid (GABA) and serotonin.
• Hemoglobin- Vitamin B6 is crucial for the normal production of hemoglobin, the O2

carrying protein found in RBCs.
352
• Immunity- In addition, vitamin B6 is essential in the formation of hemoglobin and
white blood cells. Finally, vitamin B6 also seems to be necessary to break down glycogen
stores during exercise and fasting.
P5P does not have this issue. Pyridoxine actually has this issue because it is similar to
P5P and binds at the receptor at higher doses blocking endogenous p5p... ironically.
Very high doses of P5P have demonstrated zero toxicity and it is the coenzymated form.
Moral of the story synthetic, crap versions of vitamins in your total cereal are not the
same as what's found in food or your body. They can not and should not be lumped in
together and to do so is quite erroneous. Pyridoxamine is the other coenzyme form
available besides p5p. Both should have no neurotoxicity associated with them.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridoxamine
http://www.longecity.org/forum/topic/38112-vitamin-b6-pyridoxamine-neurotoxicity/
What's the difference between vitamin B6 and its vitamers? Here's a quick overview:
• Pyridoxine is the "storage form" of vitamin B6, the kind that is found in whole grains,
seeds, and other plant foods. Pyridoxine is the most shelf-stable form of the vitamin.
The body activates it by changing it to pyridoxal 5-phosphate.
• Pyridoxal is another "storage form" of vitamin B6, the kind that is found in meat, fish,
and dairy products. The human body can also change this form of vitamin B6 into the
active form of the vitamin, pyridoxal 5-phosphate.
• Pyridoxamine is a chemical combination of pyridoxine and pyridoxal. The body can

break it down it into pyridoxine and pyridoxal and then into the active form of B6.
• Pyridoxal 5-phosphate is the form of B6 the body actually uses. Strictly speaking,
there is no such thing as a recommended pyridoxal 5-phosphate dosage or a pyridoxal
5-phosphate deficiency, since our bodies make this specific chemical. Dosages are
measured for the pyridoxine that is most commonly found in food.
Pyridoxamine, however, has some functions in the body that pyridoxine and pyridoxal do not.
Pyridoxamine is a chelating agent. It can interact with and trap heavy metals. And, more
importantly, it can block the aging effects of sugar.
Pyridoxamine and Reversing the Aging Process

One of the causes of aging, especially in the skin, is the formation of "advanced glycation end-
products." Any cell in the body can become essentially sugar-coated by interaction with glucose from
the bloodstream. In diabetics, of course, the problem is much worse, since there is more sugar in
the bloodstream to "caramelize" cells.
The sugar on these cells is not a problem until it begins to break down. The advanced glycation end-
products release tremendous amounts of free radicals, so many that the cell's energy center, the
mitochondria, "burn out" when they use oxygen to make energy. The cell dies, and when enough
cells die, tissues and organs don't function as well.
This is the underlying chemical process beneath wrinkling, cataracts, atherosclerosis, certain kinds of
kidney failure, the complications of diabetes, and possibly Alzheimer's disease (although there are
other kinds of cell destruction also involved in Alzheimer's). Stopping the formation of advanced
glycation end products, if started soon enough, stops these diseases of aging.
353
That's where pyridoxamine comes in. It stops a kind of chemical reaction known as the Maillard
reaction. You may not know the chemistry, but you have definitely seen a Maillard reaction in the
real world. This combination of sugars and amino acids is what makes toast brown, or tater tots
crunchy when they've been fried, or puts the "burn" on roasted meat or barbecue, or gives maple
syrup its brown color. At a cellular level, pyridoxamine keeps your cells from becoming toast.
It's so useful you would think someone might try to patent it. And someone did.
First, P5P = PLP is converted to pyridoxal (PL) in the gut before absorption. So what is
interesting is the differences between pyridoxal (PL), pyridoxine (PN), and
pyridoxamine (PM).
Institute of Medicine : Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin
B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998):
"PN at high doses raises the plasma PLP concentration and is retained more effectively
than is PL (Shane, 1978). Similarly, dietary pyridoxamine (PM) and PL are about 10
percent less effective than PN in raising the plasma PLP concentration, and slightly more
of these vitamins is excreted in the urine as 4-pyridoxic acid (4-PA) (Wozenski et al.,
1980). Most controlled B6 studies have used PN as the added B6 source, but
requirements calculated from these studies would underestimate the B6 requirement by
only 5 percent or less for individuals deriving most of their B6 as PLP and PMP from
animal sources."
So PN is actually slightly better than the other forms at raising plasma PLP (P5P) in a
normal population. That may be different in patients with severe disease, especially liver
disease, as suggested by the studies mentioned in the Thorne report.
Pyridoxamine (PM) has some interesting research and looks better than the other forms
at least in vitro. However, it has a rather short half-life before conversion to PLP. Not
sure how much in vivo research, where it is taken intermittently, there are showing it is
better than the other forms.
Now regarding the central question of toxicity. As far as I know there is no research
showing that the non-pyridoxine forms are less toxic. That pyridoxine itself should be
damaging as compared to PLP or its metabolities seems just to be an unproven
speculation. That most cases of neurotoxicity have been seen from pyridoxine is only to
be expected since it the commonly used form. Does anyone have an actual study
showing less neurotoxicity for any of the non-pyridoxine forms?
Pyridoxamine is one form of vitamin B6. Chemically it is based on a pyridine ring structure, with
hydroxyl, methyl, aminomethyl, and hydroxymethyl substituents. It differs from pyridoxine by the
substituent at the 4-position. The phenol at position 3 and aminomethyl group at position 4 of its
ring endow pyridoxamine with a variety of chemical properties, including the scavenging of free
radical species and carbonyl species formed in sugar and lipid degradation and chelation of metal
ions that catalyze Amadori reactions.[1]
Pyridoxamine can form fairly weak complexes with a number of transition metal ions, with a
preference for Cu2+ and Fe3+.[2] The 3'-hydroxyl group of pyridoxamine allows for efficient hydroxyl
radical scavenging.[2]
Pyridoxamine inhibits the Maillard reaction and can block the formation of advanced glycation
endproducts,[3] which are associated with medical complications of diabetes.[4] Pyridoxamine is
354
hypothesized to trap intermediates in the formation of Amadori products released from glycated
proteins, possibly preventing the breakdown of glycated proteins by disrupting the catalysis of this
process through disruptive interactions with the metal ions crucial to the redox reaction.[5] One
research study found that pyridoxamine specifically reacts with the carbonyl group in Amadori
products, but inhibition of post-Amadori reactions (that can lead to advanced glycation endproducts)
is due in much greater part to the metal chelation effects of pyridoxamine.[1]
A variety of preclinical studies in animal models of diabetes indicated that pyridoxamine improved
kidney histology comparable or superior to aminoguanidine.[5] Because of these results,
pyridoxamine has been investigated for clinical utility in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.[5][6]
Pyridoxamine also inhibits the formation of advanced lipoxidation endproducts during lipid
peroxidation reactions by reaction with dicarbonyl intermediates.[7] In other preclinical research,
pyridoxamine may be efficacious in treating diabetic neuropathy and retinopathy associated with
diabetes[5][7] and kidney stone disease.[2] In one study, pyridoxamine was more effective at
protecting from ionizing radiation-induced gastrointestinal epithelial apoptosis than amifostine (the
only radioprotector currently Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved) due to pyridoxamine
reactive oxygen species and reactive carbonyl species scavenging profile.[8]
Kidney functions:
 Keep the blood balanced so that it is not too acidic or too basic;
 Balance water and electrolyte concentrations (minerals such as potassium,
magnesium, sodium, and others), and control the amount of blood volume;
 Are one of the main controllers of blood pressure;
 Produce the hormone renin, which is responsible for helping to maintain proper
blood pressure;
 Produce the hormone erythropoietin, which is responsible for creating new red blood
cells; and partly manage bone health – vitamin D is changed from the inactive to
active form within the kidneys, and is then able to signal the intestines to absorb
more calcium, ensuring the availability of adequate amounts of bone-building
calcium.
CQ10 Prevents Kidney Failure
81% Positive Response to Coenzyme Q10 Treatment for Chronic Kidney Failure
Ninety-seven patients (mean age, 48 years) with chronic renal failure (serum creatinine > 5
mg/dl), with a history of declining renal function for at least 12 weeks, were randomly
assigned to receive, in double-blind fashion, water-soluble coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10; 60 mg, 3
times per day orally) (Q-Gel) or placebo for 12 weeks.
The 45 patients who were receiving hemodialysis at the start of the study were encouraged
to decrease the frequency or stop dialysis if there was an increase in urine output and a
decrease in serum creatinine of more than 2 mg/dl. In the patients receiving hemodialysis
and CoQ10, the mean serum creatinine concentration decreased from 9.5 to 6.7 mg/dl;
mean BUN decreased from 88.2 to 79.8 mg/dl; mean creatinine clearance increased from 40
to 54.9 ml/min; and 24-hour urine output increased from 1,300 to 1,920 ml. Renal function
tended to worsen in hemodialysis patients receiving placebo, and the differences in the
changes between groups were significant (p < 0.01 to p < 0.001).
355
Significant improvements in each of these parameters relative to the placebo group were
also seen in the non-dialysis patients treated with CoQ10. The number of patients receiving
dialysis decreased from 21 to 12 in the CoQ10 group, and remained unchanged at 24 in the
placebo group (p < 0.02). Eighty-one percent of the patients receiving CoQ10 had a positive
response to treatment.
Comment by Alan R. Gaby MD:
These results suggest that hydrosoluble CoenzymeQ10 (Q-Gel) can improve renal function
and reduce the need for dialysis in patients with chronic renal failure. The public-health
implications of this study are enormous, considering that chronic renal failure is a serious
and debilitating disease and that the annual cost of dialysis in the United States is more than
$22 billion.
According to Dr. Singh, lead author of this study (Interview with Kirk Hamilton; Clinical
Pearls News, August, 2001, pp. 128-9), CoQ10 is usually effective if pre-treatment urine
output, with or without furosemide, is at least 1,000 ml/day. However, if urine output is less
than 500 ml/day, then CoQ10 usually does not work, presumably because the kidney has
been irreversibly damaged.
Dr. Singh recommends that all patients with renal failure take 180 mg/day of water-soluble
CoQ10 (Q-Gel) if their urine output is greater than 500 ml/day on dialysis. If urine output
increases to 1,000 ml/day within 12 weeks, then CoQ10 is likely to be effective. Patients
should be able to stop dialysis within 12-48 weeks if the urine output goes above 1,500
ml/day. If urine output does not increase in 12 weeks, then CoQ10 is unlikely to be
effective.
While the mechanism by which CoQ10 improves renal function is not clear, it may work by
improving cellular bioenergetics. Large controlled trials are urgently needed.
[Thus we hypothesize that using the full Metabolic Optimizer protocol with Ubiquinol instead
of standard CoQ10 may have an even greater effect.]
Comment by LEF
In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, the researchers found CoQ10

treatment decreased progression and reversed renal dysfunction in a majority of patients
with end-stage disease, many of whom were able to discontinue dialysis over the course of
the 12-week trial. The report followed up on a pilot study the scientists published in 2000
involving a smaller number of subjects.
End-stage kidney disease produces marked organ contraction and progressive dysfunction,
with corresponding increases in levels of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. Levels of
toxic waste products accumulate in the blood because the kidneys cannot clear them from
the body.
Dr. Singh and his colleagues documented significantly lower levels of serum creatinine and
blood urea nitrogen in the CoQ10-treated patients, with increases in creatinine clearance
and urine output regardless of patient dialysis or baseline status. More significantly, only half
the number of CoQ10 patients required dialysis at the end of the study when compared to
subjects receiving placebo.
The researchers also reported considerable increases in the antioxidant vitamins E and C
and beta-carotene in treated subjects, while plasma levels of oxidative stress such as
356
thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, diene conjugates, and malondialdehyde all fell
dramatically.
Although one in five patients did not respond, the researchers concluded that CoQ10 Q-Gel
supplementation improves renal function in end-stage patients regardless of dialysis status,
and can delay or avert the need for dialysis. They suggested that higher doses than those
used in their study (180 mg per day) might result in even greater improvement and
response in others.
Reference:
Singh RB, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of coenzyme CoQ10 in

patients with end-stage renal failure. J Nutr Environ Med 2003;13:13-22.
Reprinted with exclusive permission of TOWNSEND LETTER for DOCTORS and PATIENTS -
OCTOBER 2005.
Reprinted with exclusive permission of LEF - Aug 2004.
Scott Olson, ND
According to Scott Olson, ND and author of Sugarettes, there are various herbs that can help
cleanse the kidneys.
Healing Herbs:
Your kidneys don’t have to go it alone. There are many natural herbs and vitamins that can
work to help your kidneys negotiate our toxic world. Below are some examples.
 Tumeric – A root that many of us know as a spice used in cooking, research on this
powerful herb has blossomed in the last few years, and it has been discovered that
tumeric aids the liver, helps ease the symptoms of arthritis and heart disease, and
prevents and treats certain cancers. Tumeric also protects the kidneys from being
damaged by drugs and other chemicals.2
 Ginger – This herb is well known for calming the stomach, and being good for the
heart. Ginger acts as an anti-inflammatory, and it protects the kidneys from damage
by a variety of drugs and chemicals.3
 Garlic –The number of studies demonstrating the way in which Garlic is a boon to
health could fill a small room. While most beneficial for the heart, Garlic is also
great for the digestive system. It is both an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory.
Garlic aids the kidneys by protecting them from damage at the hands of heavy
metals such as lead and cadmium, and it helps reduce kidney-damaging high blood
pressure.4,5
 Aloe – This herb is great for both digestive problems, and for offering the kidneys
protection from the damage normally caused by diabetes. 6
 Milk Thistle – There is likely no better herb for the liver than milk thistle. And
current research is beginning to illustrate how milk thistle helps the kidneys
357
function better,7 and protects them from the damaging effects of a wide variety of
insults.
 Glutathione – If you want your kidneys to last a long time, make sure that you
have enough glutathione in your body. Glutathione is the all body super-
antioxidant. It can be supplemented directly, or can be recharged in the body by
taking enough vitamin C. Glutathione helps the kidneys detoxify many chemicals,
and may even help to reverse chronic kidney disease.8,9
 Methionine – The kidneys can be damaged by oxidants; the solution to this problem
is to ensure there are enough antioxidants in the blood by supplementing with
methionine, which also helps to lessen the effects of the overburdening of toxins on
the kidney.10
Dr Clark's Kidney program
http://www.drclarkstore.com/kidney-cleanse-by-dr-hulda-clark/?
__hstc=753710.2660ad2a2ef8d10f2549b89b87e9481e.1448728649482.1448728649482.14
48728649482.1&__hssc=753710.1.1448728649483&__hsfp=2245633810
Dr. Clark Kidney Cleanse contains a synergistic blend of natural herbs: Hydrangea Root,
Marshmallow Root, Gravel Root, Ginger Root and Uva Ursi. These carefully selected herbs
provide a natural cleansing action. By combining several different complementary herbs we
greatly enhance each ingredient's effectiveness. This cleanse also contains Magnesium Oxide
which inhibits calcium from binding with oxalate and forming stones, Vitamin B6 to help
maintain healthy kidneys, and Freeze-Dried Parsley to help flush out toxins by increasing
urine flow.*
Black Cherry Concentrate does more than just improve the taste of the Kidney Cleanse Tea
(Hydrangea/Marshmallow/Gravel Root). While cherries provide a nutrient profile rich in
vitamins and antioxidants that support the health of the whole body, they are also a good
source of citrate, a derivative of citric acid. Citrate reduces levels of uric acid in the blood.
High levels of circulating uric acid can contribute to kidney stone formation.*
• dried hydrangea root (Hydrangea arborescens)

• gravel root (Eupatorium purpureum)
• marshmallow root (Althea officinallis)
• Black Cherry Concentrate, 8 oz. bottles are cheap
• Pinch vitamin B2 powder
• fresh parsley
• Goldenrod
• Ginger
• Uva Ursi: one capsule in the morning and 2 capsules in the evening.
• Vitamin B6 (250mg): one a day.
• Magnesium oxide, 300mg caps
• Ginger capsules, ginger, the most common cause of bacterial urinary tract
infections, from adhering to the inner walls of the bladder.
• Magnesium oxide (300mg): one a day.
Dr Christopher's
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http://www.iherb.com/Christopher-s-Original-Formulas-Kidney-Formula-500-mg-Each-100-Veggie-
Caps/9192
Christopher's Original Formulas, Kidney Formula, 500 mg
Serving Size: 2 Capsules

Servings per container: 50
Amount Per % Daily Value
Serving
Proprietary Blend
Organic juniper berry, parsley root, organic & wildcrafted
marshmallow root, wildcrafted goldenseal root, organic uva ursi
leaf, wildcrafted lobelia herb, & organic ginger root.
https://www.herbdoc.com/k-b-formula-kidney-bladder.html
PMC3072992
Modified Citrus Pectin Reduces Galectin-3 Expression and

Disease Severity in Experimental Acute Kidney Injury
we experimentally modulated galectin-3 in folic acid (FA)-induced acute kidney injury utilising
modified citrus pectin (MCP), a derivative of pectin which can bind to the galectin-3 carbohydrate
recognition domain thereby predominantly antagonising functions linked to this role. MCP clearly
reduced renal cell proliferation but did not affect apoptosis. Later, during the recovery phase at two
weeks, MCP-treated mice demonstrated reduced galectin-3 in association with decreased renal
fibrosis, macrophages, pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and apoptosis. Other renal galectins,
galectin-1 and -9, were unchanged. Our data indicates that MCP is protective in experimental
nephropathy with modulation of early proliferation and later galectin-3 expression, apoptosis and
fibrosis. This raises the possibility that MCP may be a novel strategy to reduce renal injury in the
long term, perhaps via carbohydrate binding-related functions of galectin-3.
MCP decreased renal mRNA and protein levels of galectin-3 at 14 days after FA injection, in concert
with significantly improved renal fibrosis as assessed by reduced expression of multiple fibrotic
genes. MCP had no effect on galectin-1 and galectin-9, which are also expressed in the kidney [33],
[34], suggesting these effects do not result from MCP interactions with other galectins. The direct
correlation of less galectin-3 with less renal injury is consistent with studies by Henderson and
colleagues [35] wherein mice lacking galectin-3 have less fibrosis and decreased collagen and α-SMA
expression seven days after UUO. In contrast, a recent paper reported that fibrosis severity was
increased by day 14 post UUO in galectin-3 deficient mice [11].
We also observed a small but highly significant reduction in apoptosis with MCP in the later disease
phase. This difference is likely to be biologically important because Coles and colleagues [45]
previously demonstrated that small changes in measured apoptosis in the kidney actually reflect
larger overall changes in cell death due to apoptotic cells being cleared so quickly. Galectin-3 and
MCP have different effects on apoptosis: galectin-3 has a BH1 domain of BCL2 that can protect cells
from apoptosis [46], [47] and transfection with the lectin makes T-cells resistant to this type of cell
death [48]; MCP, in contrast, promotes apoptosis in angiosarcoma [49] and prostate cancer cell lines
[31]. This pro-apoptotic effect of MCP is formulation-dependent, however, because alterations in pH
and heat-treatment (as we used here to prepare the MCP) can abrogate these pro-apoptotic effects
[50]. We suspect that our observed reduction in apoptosis is not directly related to MCP actions on
galectin-3 but simply reflects the reduction in disease severity with the modified pectin leading to
359
less remodelling being required; in this case, decreased early proliferation might generate less
‘unwanted’ cells that need to be deleted by apoptosis later.
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular LongevityVolume 2013 (2013), Article ID 367040, 9

pageshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/367040Research Article
Magnolia Extract (BL153) Ameliorates Kidney Damage
The results showed that inflammation markers (tumor necrosis factor-α and plasminogen activator
inhibitor-1) and oxidative stress markers (3-nitrotyrosine and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal) were all
significantly increased in the kidney of HFD-fed mice compared to mice fed with a low fat diet (LFD).
Additionally, proteinuria and renal structure changes in HFD-fed mice were much more severe than
that in LFD-fed mice. However, all these alterations were attenuated by BL153 treatment,
accompanied by upregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-
1α) and hexokinase II (HK II) expression in the kidney. The present study indicates that BL153
administration may be a novel approach for renoprotection in obese individuals by antiinflammation
and anti-oxidative stress most likely via upregulation of PGC-1α and HK II signal in the kidney.
Our data demonstrated for the first time that these alterations could be reversed by BL153
administration. Several previous studies about magnolia extract obtained similar conclusions. Purified
from the Magnolia officinalis, magnolol was found to exert an anti-inflammatory property via
repressing lipopolysaccharide-induced Toll-like receptor 4 expression, subsequent nuclear factor
kappa-B (NF-κB), and MAPK signaling pathway in uterine epithelial cells [23]. Furthermore, in vivo
study indicated that honokiol, another compound isolated from the Magnolia herb, modulated
inflammation-associated cytokines, such as interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, TNF-α, and monocyte
chemoattractant protein-1, through activation of NF-κB [24]. Besides anti-inflammation properties,
Magnolia extract has also been found to take part in ameliorating oxidative stress through different
pathways. For example, 4-O-methylhonokiol, a novel compound isolated from Magnolia officinalis,
prevents the development and progression of Alzheimer’s disease by improving oxidative stress
through a p38 MAPK-dependent pathway [25]. The beneficial effects of magnolol on learning and
memory abilities were reported to be associated with superoxide dismutase (SOD) restoration in a
scopolamine-induced mouse model [26]. However, how does magnolia extract modulate kidney
inflammation and oxidative stress in obesity status is still unclear.
Phytotherapy has been used for human disease as an alternative or complement to allopathic
medicines for several centuries [8, 9]. One of the representative medicinal plants is the
Magnolia genus, which is mainly distributed in East and Southeast Asia. Up till now,
more than 250 kinds of ingredients have been isolated from the cones, bark, and leaves
of the Magnolia genus, such as magnolol, honokiol, 4-O-methylhonokiol, and obovatol
[10]. The medicinal use of this species is attributed to its different pharmacological
effects, including anti-inflammation [11, 12] and antioxidative stress [13, 14].
Uva Ursi Leaf, Juniper Berry, Horsetail Herb, Burdock Root, Corn Silk, Parsley Root
Knowledge Seeker:
You want these four products asap: Dr. Schulze s Kidney Tincture and his Kidney tea Cayenne
Tincture & powder and Superfood
You can find them at Schulzes website here:
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http://www.herbdoc.com/home_1024x768.asp
DR. Richard Schulze 'S OFFICIAL WEBSITE Or you can find the equivalent products here:
http://healthfree.com/index.html
https://www.herbdoc.com/5-day-kidney-detox-program.html
The herbs in Dr. Schulze’s K-B Formula have been shown to have three useful actions to
promote health—healthy urine flow, cleansing functions and dissolving calcium deposits.
Uva Ursi Leaf, Juniper Berry, Corn Silk, Horsetail Herb, Burdock, Parsley Leaf and Root and
others in this formula have been used for centuries as diuretics, helping to create a clean and
healthy environment within the urinary tract.
Some of these herbs, like Juniper Berry and Uva Ursi Leaf, are also powerful cleansers for your
kidneys and bladder. Uva Ursi Leaf contains powerful phytochemicals, such as volatile oils,
arbutin, quercetin, and mallic and gallic acids.
Arbutin supports a healthy and clean urinary tract. Quercetin protects the trillions of capillaries
in the delicate kidney filtering system.
Mallic and gallic acids (the same as found in apples and apple cider vinegar) have long been
used for kidney and bladder health.
The herbs in the K-B Tea have the identical action as the K-B Formula with the addition of
Hydrangea Root and Gravel Root, which are specifics for dissolving excess minerals in the
urinary system.
Cayenne Tincture contains the powerful phytochemicals Capsaicin and Oleoresin. Cayenne
stimulates the blood flow so rapidly, powerfully and completely. It has been used to improve
heart health and brain function, and to maintain healthy joints.
Your kidneys clean ALL of the blood in your body EVERY HOUR!
2 Your kidneys balance your body’s fluid levels, stopping water retention, as well as
dehydration.
3 Hypertension is the #1 reason Americans die of heart attacks and strokes. Your kidneys
regulate your blood pressure!
4 Your kidneys are responsible for the assimilation of vitamins into your bloodstream.
5 Your kidneys regulate and control the production of red blood cells, which carry oxygen to
every cell in your body.
do the ones you can but especially the 5 at the top cayenne etc)
especially do bean pod tea, juniper berry tea, parsley tea, and plantain --
#15 use at least one of these teas daily..maybe two
#16 very ill --juice fast

somewhat ill mostly raw diet -vegan healthy vegan diet..include as many of these foods as
361
possible..definitely use the recommended juices in 10,11, and 12
http://curezone.com/forums/fm.asp?i=1224134#i
Although he does not mention anything new, he did repost some of what he said about-it is possible
to get off dialysis in his book 25 ways to have the cleanest kidneys found here
http://issuu.com/gordonmorton/docs/dr._schulze_25_ways_cleanest_kidneys?e=1017808/2739059
on page 24 (subheading #14)
If you have not read this yet, please do It will give you hope.
http://naturalhealing.wikispaces.com/Dr.+Richard+Schulze
https://www.herbdoc.com/index.php/Publication.html?pgtotal=16&pubpage=09&pubtitle=2013-
06_Publication
booklet https://www.herbdoc.com/index.php/Publication.html?
pgtotal=16&pubpage=01&pubtitle=2013-06_Publication
how to access his newsletters:
https://www.herbdoc.com/index.php/Education get on new publication
For his full word on -can one get off dialysis- see the book linked above 25 ways to have the
cleanest kidneys. for an excerpt of that or for a hard copy of something to give someone, request or
see his current newsletter links above called attack of the mechanical vampires page 9 '
http://www.curezone.org/forums/fm.asp?i=1884321#i
http://www.curezone.org/forums/fm.asp?i=1884325 #
ihttp://www.curezone.org/forums/fm.asp?i=1638651#i
http://www.curezone.org/forums/fm.asp?i=1884331#i
http://www.curezone.org/forums/am.asp?i=2044478&s=7#i121
UTI
Hydrangea, parsley, and dandelion leaves are diuretics. Parsley's seeds also contain a substance that
is sometimes used to treat UTIs; it also helps reduce inflammation.
Horsetail is an astringent diuretic encouraging urine flow and halting bleeding from the urinary tract.
Marshmallow soothes inflamed areas and enhances immune function to help fight off unwanted
bacteria. Mullein also is known for reducing urinary tract inflammation.
The leaves, flowers, and especially the seeds of nasturtium contain natural antibiotics that may be
helpful in preventing UTIs. Horseradish root also contains an antibiotic substance along with a
good dose of vitamin C, both of which may be helpful in treating this condition.
Vitamins A and C, richly found in the produce from your healing garden, are good for preventing
UTIs. The vitamin A, usually in the form of beta-carotene in plants, helps cells form properly and
maintains their integrity, making them more resistant to invasion from unfriendly bacteria. Vitamin
362
C not only helps the immune system with production of certain infection-fighters, but in large
amounts it can increase urine's acidity. The bacteria that cause this infection do not survive well
under acidic conditions, so vitamin C tends to inhibit them.
However, it takes more vitamin C than can be obtained from foods. At least 5,000 mg of this
nutrient are needed to significantly acidify the urine; one orange contains about 60 mg.
Do not use goldenseal, Oregon grape, or uva ursi if you are pregnant or nursing. Also,
although a UTI may feel better, it's important to proceed cautiously. Unless you are quickly
successful with herbal remedies, it's very important to seek medical care promptly.
DNA flush formula:

DNA is in every cell of your body, the nucleus contains DNA, the instruction set for your body. The
information in the DNA can be used for many purposes. Tiny building blocks called cells make up
your entire body. There is DNA in nearly every cell, within a sack called the nucleus. The nucleus is
like the brain of the cell. DNA is an endless march of characters in a 4-letter alphabet. If you pull it
apart (the double helix), you would see the exposed ends of the strands, thefour different chemicals
in the air. Those four chemicals, called “bases” carry the information used to make a body and to
keep it running.
Weekly (unless more urgent) take in the AM:
2G ALA (4) alpha Lipoic acid 400-600mg NOW 3045B,

2G CQ10 (4) CQ10 in D alpha E oil 400mg NOW 3198
2G L Carnitine (4) 500 mg Swanson SW1001
Few amino acids work for parasite infections, l cysteine, taurine with caution, not for continuous
use.
>>>Dangerous ornathine, arginine. Temporary fix to a long-term problem. Will unbalance
loops eventually and stimulate worm growth. Piperazine does a better job in low dose, along with
chaparral for psora body types.
SIYO
It’s unwise to start fungal treatment until minerals areormalized; peripheral Body PH is 7.0+
+, and normal body enzymes in place. Failure of kidneys, liver, sepsis, or death could result.
Initial 2004 trials in hospitals had fatality rates as high as 20% or higher when IV
yeast/fungus kills were done in a few days in controlled environments. 2004 Dentistry
association says survival rate of stage 4 Candidiasis is 50%. In 2007 the survival rate fell to
30%. Failure to kill candida in the brain was the primary cause of fatality. Starting a
Yeast/Fungi kill inside your body without a full understanding of what you are doing is
foolish. Seek out competent help.
Excessive Alkalinity Of The Intestinal Tract
Individuals with candida overgrowth frequently have impaired digestive enzyme

production.
It is not easy to identify Candida albicans overgrowth in the intestine. Proliferation of candida
reportedly causes sugar and starch cravings because carbohydrates are the foods yeast ferment
(feeds on). Fermentation causes bloating as the yeast rapidly give off gases. Diarrhea and/or
constipation, abdominal pain and possible food intolerance’s occur. If the yeast invades the
363
bloodstream, fatigue, anxiety, irritability, depression, difficulty concentrating and lethargy develop
that can be extreme and life-threatening.
Fungus:
Current pharmaceutical treatments meet with about a 50% success rate, usually done in
combination. Esterol disruption, Beta Glucan therapy, and PH oxygen treatment strategies exist for
killing fungus. No success or failure studies have been performed.
Once fungus is in check, DNA disruption and Immune system recovery can be attempted….
Chitin inhibitors show promise in changing the picture as well. There are several organizations that are
studying natural plant and herb treatments around the globe. Contrast in vetro effectiveness and minimum
dose requirements are being performed for a vast array of strains, to provide alternatives to physicians.
Stinging nettle leaf AND STINGING NETTLE ROOT ARE EFFECTIVE in disrupting Chitin. There are
many other effective substances. Fungal infections push TL2 immune regulators. LEM extract is
effective in restoring TL1 normal immune regulation.
IV
IV treatments antagonize the various structures within the yeast. Beta Glucan treatment does the
opposite and stimulates the immune system, helping your own immune system to kill the yeast and
fungus naturally. A combination of chitin inhibition, and beta Glucan supplementation show in a May
2013 study very promising results. The 1920,s Hydrogen Peroxide treatments have also shown
promise.
Sacromeyces cerveste
Killing one fungus by using a better one has shown rapid alteration of the gut biodome. While it is
possible to get a good fungus infection, it is rare. 5 million units for several weeks starves the food
consumed by bad fungal infections, and can assist in clearing the GI tract.
ROS
ROS production is initiated through assembly and activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
(NADPH) oxidase in phagocytes (Babior, 2004). This triggers the respiratory burst by generating superoxide
anions (O2−) (Schrenzel et al., 1998), which are subsequently converted to hydrogen peroxide (H 2O2),
hydroxyl radical (OH°) and hypochlorous acid, the latter conversion only taking place in neutrophils.
In C. albicans, the Cat1 catalase has been implicated in counteracting the respiratory burst by protecting
cells from killing by H2O2 stress. Cells lacking Cat1 also display attenuated virulence in an invasive mouse
virulence model as reviewed in Chauhan et al. (2006). Furthermore, the C. albicans genome harbours six
genes encoding putative superoxide dismutases (SOD), four of which are copper-zinc (CuZn)-dependent,
namely the cytoplasmic Sod1 and the cell surface Sod4, Sod5 and Sod6; two SODs, the mitochondrial Sod2
and cytoplasmic Sod3, are manganese-dependent (Chauhan et al., 2006). SODs convert O2− into molecular
oxygen and hydrogen peroxide, thereby scavenging the toxic effects of O 2− and preventing higher H2O2
levels by other downstream reactions (Teixeira et al., 1998).
Like most organisms, fungi possess various antioxidant enzymes to counteract oxidative damage, including
thioredoxin, glutathione reductase, catalase, gluthathione peroxidase as well as SODs. The genome of C.
albicans encodes six putative SODs (SOD1–6, reviewed in Chauhan et al., 2006).
The SODs are believed to destroy harmful superoxides produced by converting them first to
H2O2; subsequently catalase converts H2O2 into harmless H2O and O2. We therefore
hypothesized that deletion of an SOD gene should increase superoxide levels. Because the main
364
type of ROS detected by the luminol assay is peroxide but not superoxide, we measured
superoxide levels using lucigenin as a luminescence probe (Li et al., 1998). Superoxide
accumulation in BMDMs cocultured with the wild-type strain, as well as the sod4Δ/Δ strain, was
similar. By contrast, the sod5Δ/Δ mutant showed a more than threefold superoxide
Hydrogen Peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide induces the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in RAW 264.7
macrophage cells via activation of p38 and stress-activated protein kinase.
The effect of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) on production of tumor necrosis factor

(TNF)-alpha was examined in RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells. H(2)O( 2) led to
production of TNF-alpha up to 24 h after the treatment, but not nitric oxide in RAW
264.7 cells. H(2)O(2) induced TNF-alpha production in mouse peritoneal macrophages
as well as RAW 264.7 cells. The H(2)O(2)induced TNF-alpha production was prevented
by inhibitors of p38 and stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK/JNK), and H(2)O( 2)
induced the phosphorylation of p38 and SAPK. Further, H(2)O( 2) significantly
augmented the AP-1 activity, but not nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activity in RAW 264.7
cells. A high level of intracellular reactive oxygen radicals (ROS) was detected in
H(2)O(2)-exposed RAW 264.7 cells. Ebselen, a cell permeable antioxidant, prevented
the H( 2)O(2)-induced TNFalpha production. H(2)O(2) significantly enhanced
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TNF-alpha production. Therefore, H( 2) O(2) was
suggested to induce TNF-alpha production in macrophages via activating p38 and
SAPK/JNK as oxidative stress-related signal pathways.
A small dose of hydrogen peroxide enhances tumor necrosis factor-alpha toxicity
Increases in apoptosis, Bax, lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde, LDH, and

decreases in Bcl-2, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase were observed in
TNF-alpha-treated cells. H2O2 10 microM did not cause significant lipid peroxidation
(0.75 +/- 0.03 nmol/mg of malondialdehyde protein) as compared with control (0.70
+/- 0.04 nmol/mg of malondialdehyde protein) (P > 0.05) but further enhanced TNF-
alpha-induced lipid peroxidation, upregulated Bax, and down-regulated Bcl-2 expression
and enhanced TNF-alpha-induced cell apoptosis (P < 0.05). Propofol 50 microM
attenuated TNF-alpha and H2O2-induced cell apoptosis, accompanied by decreases in
malondialdehyde and LDH production and restoration of Bcl-2 expression.
365
H2O2 “Cute” - "John Hopkins "observations - ( ~ guidelines)
Legitimate medical health agencies are obliged to embrace the widespread scientific supportive
findings regarding prooxidant hydrogen peroxide existent in the literature and encourage in
depth scientific investigation into prooxidant EMOD disease protection and prevention. Scientific
fact must supplant unsupported skepticism or flawed conclusions based on outdated data. While
emphasizing hydrogen peroxide, this review is aimed at presenting the scientific facts regarding
prooxidant EMOD health applications and cancer therapy. Based on the scientific literature
currently available, EMOD use has significant potential benefits in the treatment of a wide range
of human pathophysiologies. To deny the crucial role of hydrogen peroxide and prooxidant
EMODs in normal metabolic processes and disease protection is to deny scientific truth.
 A retrospective review of all 95,052 exposures reported, 325 (.34%) were due to
hydrogen peroxide. (- safe)
 Ingestion was the most common route of exposure (83%). (- drink it)
 3% H2O2 has resulted in very few patients who developed serious complications or
severe outcomes. (- food grade is not what you buy in the store!)
 There was a trend toward more severe outcomes in those who ingested a concentration
greater than 10% (p = 0.011). (- dilute the 35% food grade to be less than 10 %)
 The level of lipid peroxidation in patients with cancer was significantly reduced.
 Proton Pumps"" - Cytosolic acidification is an early event in apoptosis and provides an

intracellular milieu permissive for efficient death execution. In this regard, exposure of
cells to H2O2 or drugs that trigger intracellular increase in H2O2 results in a significant
drop in cytosolic pH (- body should become alkaline, enzyme systems should recover ).
Significant in vitro data exists showing that antioxidants can block EMOD-induced apoptosis for
a wide variety of cancerous cell types, such as leukemia, lymphoma, retinoblastoma, myeloma,
pheochromocytoma and human cancers of the breast, lung, pancreas, liver, colon, rectum and
endometrium. 204 This data can not be ignored. However, it has recently been shown that
EMODs may have an alternative activity, by modulating tumor cell signaling and that tumor cell
signaling mediated by EMODs are readily reversible upon treatment with antioxidants. - “If you
suppress free radicals, you suppress programmed cell death.” ( - H2O2 balances antioxidant
downsides, preventing vitamin supplementation from keeping mutated c DNA cells alive,
increasing healing rate - many times X )
Hydrogen Peroxide and Flax Seed (Linseed): H2O2 and Linseed oil:
> Killing of intracellular fungi. The stimulation of iNOS depends on a balance of cytokines that
are involved in the immunological response, such as T helper (Th)1, IFN-γ and TNF-α, together
with products released by the fungus. The variations observed in the immune response during
PCM are dependent on the level of fungal suppression mediated by macrophages. There is little
modulation of Th-1 type cytokines during the immune response to acute phase disease and Th-2
type cytokines are predominantly expressed during this phase, leading to the activation and
differentiation of B lymphocytes into plasma cells and an increase in the levels of
immunoglobulins, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10. However, during chronic and disseminated PCM, there
are high levels of TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 and a normal level of IL-4 (Sadahiro et al. 2007, Bernard
2008, Ramos & Saraiva 2008).
366
Sesamin: A Naturally Occurring Lignan Inhibits CYP3A4 by Antagonizing the Pregnane X
Receptor Activation
An important cytochrome, cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), is predominantly regulated by a

nuclear receptor, pregnane X receptor (PXR). Sesamin, a major lignan constituent in sesame
seeds and oil, exhibits a variety of biological functions; however, the effect of sesamin on the
modulation of CYP3A4 is not well understood. In this study, the effects of sesamin on the PXR-
CYP3A4 pathway were characterized, as well as the underlying mechanisms of those effects.
Sesamin potently attenuated CYP3A4 induction in a dose-dependent manner by blocking the
activation of PXR. The PXR inducer-mediated inhibition of CYP3A4 was further evidenced by
the ability of sesamin to attenuate the effects of several PXR ligands in the CYP3A4 reporter
assay. Further mechanistic studies showed that sesamin inhibited PXR by interrupting the
interacting with coregulators. These results may lead to the development of new therapeutic and
dietary approaches to reduce the frequency of inducer-drug interaction.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP3A4
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (abbreviated CYP3A4) (EC 1.14.13.97), is an important enzyme in the
body, mainly found in the liver and in the intestine. Its purpose is to oxidize small foreign organic
molecules (xenobiotics), such as toxins or drugs, so that they can be removed from the body.
While many drugs are deactivated by CYP3A4, there are also some drugs which are activated by
the enzyme. Some substances, such as grapefruit juice and some drugs, interfere with the
action of CYP3A4. These substances will therefore either amplify or weaken the action of those
drugs that are modified by CYP3A4.
CYP3A4 is a member of the cytochrome P450 family of oxidizing enzymes. Several other
members of this family are also involved in drug metabolism, but CYP3A4 is the most common
and the most versatile one. Like all members of this family, it is a hemoprotein, i.e. a protein
containing a heme group with an iron atom. In humans, the CYP3A4 protein is encoded by the
CYP3A4 gene.[1] This gene is part of a cluster of cytochrome P450 genes on chromosome
7q21.1.[2]
The CYP3A4 gene exhibits a much more complicated upstream regulatory region in comparison with its
paralogs.[4] This increased complexity renders the CYP3A4 gene more sensitive to endogenous and
exogenous PXR and CAR ligands, instead of relying on gene variants for wider specificity.[4] Chimpanzee and
human CYP3A4 are highly conserved in metabolism of many ligands, although four amino acids positively
selected in humans led to a 5-fold benzylation of 7-BFC in the presence of the hepatotoxic secondary bile
acid lithocholic acid.[5] This change in consequence contributes to an increased human defense against
cholestasis.[5]
Sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum) and their oil have been used in human diets for thousands
of years and are believed to provide health benefits. A major constituent of sesame is a lignan
called sesamin. Sesamin has a variety of biological functions including reduction of serum and
hepatic cholesterol levels [1–5] as well as serum triglycerides [6] by increasing hepatic fatty acid
oxidation [1, 2]. Sesamin's involvement in the suppression of hypertension [7, 8] and stroke
prevention has been extensively studied by many researchers [9]. Moreover, sesamin has been
shown to elevate the levels of γ-tocopherol [10];
decrease production of endotoxin-induced interleukin
(IL)-1β, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and thromboxane B2
[11]; elevate the production of IL-6 [12], thus inhibiting
endotoxin-mediated shock [11].
Some studies also suggest that sesamin has an inhibitory

effect on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced
mammary carcinogenesis [13] and inhibits the growth of a
367
variety of neoplastic cells through different mechanisms [14–18]. Thus, sesamin is believed to
protect against cancer and other chronic diseases.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesamin
Sesamin is a lignan isolated from the bark of Fagara plants and from sesame oil. It has been used
as a dietary fat-reduction supplement, although no controlled studies on this application have been
performed.[1] Its major metabolite is enterolactone, which has an elimination half life of less than 6
hours.[2] Sesamin and sesamolin are minor components of sesame oil,[3] on average comprising
only 0.14% of the oil by mass.[4]
Killing Fungus
Caprylic acid
Caprylic acid is a natural substance, a fatty acid, but it is totally lethal to most fungus.
The success of Caprylic acid products in controlling intestinal yeast indicates another nutritional
problem area for many individuals. Many people today suffer from poor fat digestion and utilization.
This is related to a deficiency of digestive enzymes, but may also be adversely influenced by an
inadequate diet, and inadequate fat metabolism. The underlying causes must go back to impaired
liver function, low energy production, deficiency of essential minerals and disabling of critical
enzymes due to toxic metals, etc.
Caprylic acid is actually a coconut oil extraction with 8 carbon atoms
Usually die off lasts only a few hours, though it can last several days. It can usually be controlled
almost entirely by the amount of ingestion of the agent and the rate or frequency it is taken.
Undecenoic acid
Undecenoic acid is actually caster bean oil extraction.
Signs of Herxheimer reaction can be many and varied but generally involve such discomfort as
aching, bloating, dizzines, nausea, and overall "goopy sick" feeling, or a worsening of original
symptoms. Fortunately, die off is generally short in duration, and although uncomfortable, is at least
a confirmation of the presence of candida and that something "good" is happening.
Yeast Strains
There are over 2700 identified species, and 100 families of yeast.
Hospitalized Candidemia is associated with significant morbidity, which is reflected by a long ICU and
hospital stay, ranging between one and several weeks [7,14]. The overall mortality in patients with
invasive Candida infections is high: 42.6% in the EPIC II study [22]; 35.2% at 12 weeks in the PATH
study [12]; 37.9% in the ECMM study [8]; and 53.4% in non-ICU vs. 85.9% in ICU patients in the
Brazilian SCOPE study [11]. In the PATH study, the highest mortality has been reported in C. krusei
infections (52.9%) and the lowest in C. parapsilosis infections (23.7%), whereas intermediate rates
were reported for C. albicans (35.6%), C. glabrata (38.1%), and C. tropicalis (41.1%) [12]. Similar
368
differences were found in the ECMM and the French surveys [7,8]. Significant differences in
mortality in age groups also were reported: 16.8% in patients 0-19 years of age, 31.3% in 19-65
years of age, and 52.7% in > 65 years of age [12]. Mortality higher than 80% was reported in
candidemic patients with septic shock [23].
Delayed detection, or hospital admission for Candida infection statistics are not promising. Early
detection and treatment are essential for survival.
Infections by pathogenic fungi, particularly Candida species, are both widespread and increasing in
frequency (68, 276). Oral colonization by Candida albicans has been reported at 17.7% in the
healthy population (40). Among hospitalized patients, oral carriage of Candida albicans rises to
40.6%. Healthy, asymptomatic women demonstrate an incidence of vaginal colonization by Candida
of 15 to 20%. This percentage rises to 20 to 40% in healthy pregnant women and to 40 to 60% in
human immunodeficiency virus-infected pregnant women (26, 209, 254, 273). Hospitals in the
United States participating in the National Nosocomial Infection Survey System reported a
nosocomial fungal infection frequency of 3.8 per 1,000 discharges in 1990, an increase from 2.0 per
1,000 discharges in 1980 (17). Candida species accounted for 78.3% of all such nosocomial fungal
infections, followed by Torulopsis (now Candida) glabrata and Aspergillus species. C. albicans was
the most frequently isolated of all the Candida species (17, 219). Furthermore, a European study
reported that fungal species in general accounted for 17.1% of intensive care unit-acquired
infections (306
Yeast (fungus) mutates the DNA of cells.
Cells start to burn sugar and not oxygen. This is called cellular ROS signaling. It is the last and most
protective mode of a cell to maintain life. Once Redox signaling has started, the cell is virtually on
its own, and has very few communications channels, enzyme pathways, or interactions with the
outside world. It is very sick. It may be pre-cancerous or cancerous.
Salt
It is essential to ingest sufficient salt every day, it helps maintain signalling, membrane potential,
processes.
Garlic
It is essential to ingest sufficient number of cloves of garlic every day. Garlic is one of the only
sources of Germanium 132 required for white blood cell production.
Minerals
It is essential to ingest a number of multivitamin tablets from a quality supplier (NOW) every day.
Copper
Bio-unavailable copper is indicated on a tissue mineral test by a copper level above 3.0 mg/% or
below 1.0 mgs/%. Other mineral indicators of a candida overgrowth are an elevated calcium level,
elevated calcium/magnesium ratio, (greater than 10/1) or a low sodium/potassium ratio (less than
2.3/1). When
copper is bio-unavailable, it cannot serve its normal function as a fungicide. Copper is involved in
enzymes in cellular oxidative (aerobic) metabolism, and this appears to be the reason for its anti-
fungal action. When copper is bio-unavailable, it cannot serve its normal function as a fungicide.
Copper is involved in enzymes in cellular oxidative (aerobic) metabolism, and this appears to be the
reason for its anti-fungal action.
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Zinc Chelate
Zinc Deficiency -Zinc metabolism is closely related to Candida because 1) the zinc/copper
Balance is critical, and 2) zinc is required for many essential enzyme systems, including production
of digestive enzymes and synthesis of all body proteins. A zinc imbalance is indicated on a tissue
mineral chart by a zinc level less than 12.0 mgs/% or greater than 20.0 mgs/%, or a zinc/copper
ratio greater than 12.0 mgs/%. A phosphorus level greater than 16 or less than 12 may also indicate
a zinc imbalance. 30 mg zinc chelate supplement is normally recommended. Zinc is essential for
white blood cell production.
Selenium Chelate
Brazil nuts and supplements
Chemistries
Thyroid supplementation - several studies show that thyroid therapies can be very helpful. The
main risks of thyroid treatment are:
1. Triggering caffeine-like anxiety or palpitations. If this happens cut back the dose and
increase by ½ to 1 tablet each 6 to 8 weeks (as is comfortable) or slower. Sometimes
taking vitamin B1 (thiamine) 500 mg 1-3x day a day will also help after about a week. If
you have severe, persistent racing heart, call your family doctor and/or go to the
emergency room.
2. Like exercise (e.g., climbing steps), if one is on the edge of having a heart attack or
severe "racing heart" (atrial fibrillation), thyroid hormone can trigger it. In the long run
though, I suspect thyroid may decrease the risk of heart disease. If you have chest pain,
go to the emergency room and/or call your family doctor. It will likely be chest muscle
pain (not dangerous) but better safe than sorry. Increasing your thyroid dose to levels
above the upper limit of the normal range may accelerate Osteoporosis. Fungus can
accumulate on the heart valves, and small heart attacks are possible. Do not agressivly
exersize. Walking for 45 minutes is best.
These individuals exhibit a mineral pattern referred to as slow oxidation, and/or a sodium/potassium
ratio less than 2.3:1, which is indicative of adrenal burnout. Hormone boosing DHEA 50 mg, or
ENADA 10 mg are usually prescribed.
NADH is known to trigger energy production by generating ATP (adenosine triphosphate) which
stores energy in cells. If cellular levels of NADH are depleted, brain and muscle cells lose their ability
to function effectively.
Glutathione
Glutathione is an amino acid and is available in vitamins. Unfortunately, free glutathione as a

supplement is not absorbed by your cells.
Enzyme and low sodium potassium
Individuals with candida overgrowth frequently have impaired digestive enzyme

production.
370
This is indicated on the tissue mineral test by low sodium and potassium levels
relative to calcium and magnesium levels, or a sodium-to-potassium ratio less than
2.3/1. Sodium and potassium are required in optimal amounts for production of
hydrochloric acid in the parietal cells of the stomach. HCL production is impaired when
tissue levels of these minerals are low. A 300 mg magnesium complex supplement is
normally recommended.
A low sodium/potassium ratio is associated with a liver dysfunction, often accompanied by an

inadequate secretion of bile acids. Bile acids also aid in maintaining intestinal pH and keep yeast
organisms in check. Using salt (NaCl is usually recommended)
Excessive Systemic Alkalinity
Excessive systemic alkalinity is present in many Candida Albicans patients. Increased systemic
alkalinity favors the spreading of the yeast infection from the intestines to other body tissues.
Feeling tired and chilly, having constipation or losing your hair, can mean your thyroid is
underactive-but these could also come from overwork, or aging, or a dozen other causes. Feeling
totally tense and overworked could mean an overactive thyroid-or just plain stress. (see Thyroid
above)
HPA Axis
Suppression of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA axis). As a result of adrenal
suppression, sufferers tend to put out less cortisol, and also less of another adrenal hormone
called DHEA.
It seems that, if you try to replace the cortisol, it doesn't work. But replacing the DHEA seems
to bring about a small improvement in some sufferers. The dose of DHEA is 25-50 mg for
women, 50-100 mg for men, daily. It is best taken in the morning. DHEA is freely available
without prescription.
Avoid B2
Among the different eicosanoids, both vitamins prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane B2

significantly enhanced serum-induced germination (30% more growth) and mutations
(300%) of C. albicans.
Lipid (oil and water)
Impaired Short-Chain Fatty Acid Metabolism
The body converts short-chain omega-3 fatty acids to long-chain forms (EPA, DHA) with an
efficiency below 5%
Alibicans sufferers usually are deficent in short chain fatty acids.
The Study of the effects of host long chain fatty acids, eicosanoids, and bacterial short chain fatty
acids on control of germination.
None of the C18 or C20 fatty acids tested had an effect on enhancing germ tube formation
(arachidonic acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid, or γ-linolenic acid).
371
Among the different eicosanoids, both prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane B2 significantly enhanced
serum-induced germination (30%) and mutations (300%) of C. albicans.
Butaric Acid
Addition of antiprostaglandin or antithromboxane antibodies to serum alone inhibited germ tube

formation by almost 30%, while control antibody had no effect, indicating that these eicosanoids are
major morphogenic factors in the serum. Since these molecules also bind to albumin, this may also
explain the hyphal transforming activity in serum that associates with albumin. Interestingly, short
chain fatty acids (butyric acid), the product of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), inhibited germination.
Acidolophilus testing showed a benifitial effect on fatty chain acid balance.
In addition, LAB culture supernatants as well as live LAB also inhibited C. albicans morphogenesis.
Overall, these results indicate that fatty acid metabolites and fatty acid pathways can up-regulate
and down-regulate germination in C. albicans.
C. albicans growth requires both oleic acid and nicotinic acid.
In general Animal source(s) of oils/fats can insite C18-C20 eicosanoids, both prostaglandin sources.
Limiting consumption to 4 ounces of animal meat is the optimum ideal. A University of Minnesota
research study of cattle says that "oil and subsequent animal feed meal with high levels of erucic
acid reduces palatability and/or are toxic to some animals, and erucic acid has been shown to be a
potential health hazard to humans.
Differentiating SIYO from the other symptoms
Relationships between Candida, Leaky Gut, Parasites and Heavy Metals
Symptoms
Common Symptoms shared by all 4 - Candida, Heavy Metals, Parasites and Leaky Gut:
 Bloating
 Constipation and/or diarrhea
 Painful gas/abdominal bloating
 Irritable bowel
 Stomach pain
 Concentration problems/ foggy thinking
 Memory Problems
 Feeling like you’re in a fog
 Personality changes
 Mood swings
 Irritability
 Anxiety
 Panic attacks
 Fatigue, Chronic fatigue syndrome,
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Incapacitating fatigue
 Concentration/focus problems
 Hyperactivity, ADD, ADHD, Autism
 Anemia
 Rashes
 Dry flaky Skin
 Headaches including migraines
 Ringing in the ears
 Tremors
 Candida
 Food/sweet cravings
 Weight changes without changes in diet
 Low sex Drive
Candida & Heavy metal shared Symptoms:

 Painful joints, muscle aches
 Vomiting
 Sweating/night sweats
 Numbness
 Burning/tingling sensation in the skin
 Dizziness
 High blood pressure
 Visual problems
 Kidney problems
 Sensitivity to heat/cold
 Skin discoloration/blotchiness
Parasite and Heavy Metal Shared Symptoms:
 Constipation or diarrhea
 Kidney problems – inability to, or frequent urination
 Malabsorption
Leaky Gut Symptoms, Candida & Parasites Symptoms:

 Skin rashes
 Head sores
 Scalp or body itchiness
 Food allergies
 Chemical sensitivities
 Nutritional deficiencies
 Anxiety
 Impaired immune system
 Impaired memory
 Moodiness or irritability
 Bloating
 Flatulence
 Brain fog
 Diarrhea or constipation
 Fatigue
 Headaches
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Heavy Metal Precursors and symptoms:
 Nausea
 Metallic taste in the mouth
 Immune suppression
 Receiving vaccinations that contain Thimerosal (mercury preservative)
 Mishandled metals at a job site
 Chemical and heavy metal spills–even from a broken mercury thermometer
 Having mercury amalgams (“silver fillings”) in teeth
 Living in a home built prior to 1978 that has lead-based paint
 Smoking and/or inhaling second-hand smoke
 Eating foods (such as contaminated fish) that contain high levels of heavy metals
 Living near a landfill
 Working in an environment where exposure to metals is prevalent (such as working in a factory
or at a dentist’s office where amalgam is used to fill cavities)
Parasite Precursors & Symptoms:

 Mild Nagging Headache
 Bronchitis
 Coughing
 Tiny Red Abrasions That Itch
 Pet Bird
 Eat Sushi, Pate, Snails, Squab, Wild Animals
 Pet Cat
 Pet Dog
 Pet Ferret
 Headaches
 Brain fog –Poor concentration
 Fatigue
 Aches or pains
 Constipation
 Diarrhea
 Skin rashes & itching
 Rectal/vaginal itching
 Irritability
Candida
Candida is the one common factor shared by all 3 of these other systemic conditions.
Deciding which of these problems you are actually experiencing and needing to treat can be difficult.
Often we hear from our customers a few months after completing a Candida cleanse that they are
again experiencing Candida symptoms or “the Candida has come back, why”.
It’s not until we get the one common denominator(Candida) eliminated and the digestion tract
repopulated with the good flora, Acidophilus & Bifidum, that we are then able to narrow things down
a bit and see if the Candida has actually retuned, or if there is yet another underlying issue.
Leaky Gut can occur as a result of not having enough good floras in our intestines. The cells in most
areas of the body are very close to one another. The cells in the intestinal tract are farther apart,
leaving more room for Candida, parasites, heavy metal deposits or other bad bacteria’s. Candida
grows rhizoids, finger like protrusions, which burrow into the intestinal walls. Parasites will often do
the same kind of damage. Once these conditions perforate the wall of the intestine, their toxins,
along with decaying food and other bacteria can enter the bloodstream. When this happens we have
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what is known as Leaky Gut Syndrome. Toxicity symptoms continue to plague us, even though we
may be doing all kinds of cleansing to feel better. L-Glutamine is an amino acid (a protein building
block) whose main function is to support cellular growth, energy and repair. It plays a role in the
health of the immune system, the digestive tract and the muscles. L-glutamine is very helpful in
repairing leaky gut and restoring intestinal health. Probiotics such as Acidophilus & Bifidum live in
the spaces between the cells leaving less room for those pesky invaders to set up house. Probiotics
also create Vitamin K, another common deficiency found in those with systemic Candida. That’s why
taking a probiotic supplement like Probiotic 11 is so important to your maintenance, after you’ve
completed a Candida cleanse like Candida Clear. It ensures the healthy environment you’ve worked
so hard to establish.
Parasites and Candida
Parasitic infestations are more common than we realize. Candida and heavy metals create acidity
and an anaerobic (lacking oxygen) environment they thrive in. Many Parasite symptoms are
confused with Candida. For instance, brain fog, fatigue, memory problems, intestinal & digestive
complaints can be parasites rather than Candida. Parasites also inhabit dark warm moist places,
especially where there is mucus, such as in the intestines, and respiratory system. Chronic coughing
up phlegm, or a nagging dull headache are often indicators of a parasitic infestation. Para Pak is a
great parasite cleanse.
Heavy Metals, Candida, and Parasites
Heavy Metals create an acidic, oxygen lacking environment in the body. This is the perfect living
conditions for parasites and Candida. We all have Candida in our intestinal flora. It’s there for a
reason. One benefit it gives, when it’s not overgrown and causing us problems, is it binds to heavy
metals, especially mercury. As the Candida dies, it then releases Mercury and other heavy metal
toxins into the body, thus we experience this strange mirage of symptoms and struggle to
understand why we aren’t getting better if we are cleansing. Heavy Metal Detox is an excellent
herbal remedy for this condition. So you can see how treating Candida alone may not relieve you of
all your symptoms and discomforts. We have personal experience with these conditions and have
successfully treated them with products we’ve found of high quality. We would very much like to
hear about your conditions and help you to a “Renewed State of Health and Well Being”. Below are
lists of symptoms caused by these systemic invasions. These lists are not all inclusive, but generally
are the most common complaints.
http://candidablog4u.com/symptoms-of-candida-leaky-gut-heavy-metals-and-parasites-are-all-
toxicity-symptoms/
SIYO Yeasts
SIYO can be caused by other yeasts besides candida. SIYO can also be caused by Saccharomyces
boulardii if opportunities arise. Boulardii is a great probiotic yeast and is very useful in certain
medical conditions, but caution should be used when supplementing if a patient has a severely
compromised immune system. Boulardii can become opportunistic if the conditions are right and
cause a condition called fungemia. If you are suffering from an opportunistic boulardii or any yeast
infection, follow my candida protocols.14
The two tests that are used to diagnose SIYO are the alcohol challenge test and an ELISA test.
During the alcohol challenge test, you ingest a lot of sugar that will feed the yeast and then you
375
measure how much alcohol is produced from the fermentation.15 An ELISA test is a test of the
antibodies that the body’s immune system produces when it is trying to fight the yeast.16 If you
read about a Candida “spit” test online, it is a fake and doesn’t prove if you are suffering from a
systemic yeast infection.17
If someone is suffering from SIYO then, the patient should try any of my candida protocols and then
after they have completed the protocols they should rebuild their gut for a month.
SIYO Symptoms
Excessive bleeding may experience a nearly 3/4 reduction in Vitamin K
Wounds that do not heal
Food reactions
White Rice
gas pain, bloating like pregnant
www.siboibs.org
Gas bloating diarrhea

Vomiting
Green stool
White tongue
Aches pains arthritis
I have a friend who has suffered for years, following a hospital stay.
He tried everything, he reported a fungal infection years ago.
After years of searching, we determined that he has some form of viral systemic fungal infection,
which responds to high dose Fucoidan and Tiger Tail in combination. He also does Dr Christopher’s
parasite liquid. which he reports a definite benefit.
His GI tract has been so disrupted, what he reports is nothing but astounding. while the disbiosis is
high, gas is high, and food allergies is high, the oil in his skin is returning, and oil in the stool has all
but stopped. I really suspected a protozoan, but nothing has budged the infection.
Fucoidan at about 9 grams per day, and turkey tail about the same, has led to a transformation in
about 2-3 weeks. He does my vitamin, metals, and mineral formulation, but the discovery and
dosing is all his.
I requested his exact formula.
He has tri-chitosan on order to try a knockout punch.
There are several seaweed groups on the east coast, that carry bladderwrack, and alike. They
appear to have been in business for decades, with many customers. We are exploring alternative
products, which cost much less than fucoidan and turkey tail sources, which currently costs a
premium due to its use by the cancer community.
SIYO Treatment
Kill the yeast
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• caprilic acid
• GSE
• Fucoidan
• Beta Glucan
• Turkey Tail
• LEM Extract
Anti-fungal formula Day 90 10/03/13
AM
(morning routine) PH and Mineral Treatment
1 teaspoon MSM 10 drops DMSO in 8 oz water
1 NOW 4753 Silymarin 300
1 Prohealth Guaifenesin 600 (otc Mucinex)
3 Natures Plus Source of Life 3058
3 Spirulina 1000 NOW 2702C
1 Selenium 200 NOW 1486
1 Zinc 30 GNC255412
1 Black currant oil (GLA) NOW 1717
1 Potassium 99 GNC 256714
1 Solaray Enzyme 14801
1 DHEA 50 Natrol 16106
AM 10//03/13
(morning routine) Fungus Treatment
5 10-undecenoic acid 250 Thorne SF722
+3 Natures Plus Source of Life 3058
1 Pau D'Arco 500 NOW 4726
1 Burdock Root 500 Wholistic Botanicals 86712
3 Saccharomyces Boulardi NOW 2934
3 Serrapeptase 90,000 IU Puritans Pride 17605
2 Caprilic Acid 600 NOW 3347
4 Gymnema Sylvestre 250 Pure Encapsulations 00535
1 Mega Quercetin Solaray 44686
1 GNC B-COMPLEX 50 code 017913
1>3 Fungus Treatment Day 14+ immune system strong enough to eat the hyphae. Start at 1 per
day NOW® Foods Beta-1,3/1,6-D-Glucan 100 mg 100 mg / 90 Vegi Caps / Item #021993. and
ramp to 3 per day.
PM 10//03/13
(evening routine) PH and Mineral Treatment
1 teaspoon MSM 10 drops DMSO in 8 oz water
1 prohealth guaifenesin 600 (mucinex)
3 chlorella 1000 NOW 2632
1 Borage Oil 1000 NOW 1722
3 Yaeyama Chlorella 400 Jarrow 17003
4 Charcoal 260 Source Naturals 00136
1 GABA 500 Swanson 01872
PM 10//03/13
(evening routine) Fungus Treatment
377
2 Caprilic Acid 600 NOW 3347
0>2 Fungus Treatment Day 14+ immune system strong enough to eat the hyphae. Start at 0 per
day and ramp to 2X per day NOW® Foods Beta-1,3/1,6-D-Glucan 100 mg 100 mg / 90 Vegi
Caps / Item #021993
3 Acidophilus Strain LA5 CHR Hanson with a tall glass of milk
Sleeping pill
1 (sublingual) Melatonin 2.5mg with 500mcg P5p (Pro Health PH65)
Fungus Formula - Day 21 july 21 2013
PH-Mineral & Fungus kill formula Version #3 (day 30+ )
AM (morning routine) PH and Mineral

1 teaspoon MSM 10 drops DMSO in 8 oz water ¼ teaspoon Bobs Red Mill Baking Soda
6-12 Natures Plus Source of Life 3058
6-12 Spirulina 1000 NOW 2702C
1-2 Selenium 200 NOW 1486
1-2 Zinc 30 GNC255412
1-2 Black currant oil (GLA) NOW 1717
1 d3 extreem 20000 pro health ph324
1 Potassium 99 GNC 256714
1 Solaray Enzyme 14801
2 plant enzymes 530 now 2967
1 DHEA 50mg Natrol 16106
AM (morning routine) Fungus

1 Pau D'Arco 500 NOW 4726
1 Burdock Root 500 Wholistic Botanicals 86712
3 Saccharomyces Boulardi NOW 2934
2 Stinging Nettle 300 mg Puritans Pride 6041
3<6 Serrapeptase 90,000 IU Puritans Pride 17605
3<6 Boiron of manganese 30c Manganum Metallicum http://www.hylands.com/
2 Caprylic Acid 600 NOW 3347
4-5 Gymnema Sylvestre 250 Pure Encapsulations 00535
1 Mega Quercetin Solaray 44686
2g (cc) – “50 drops” olive leaf Glycerite now 04898
1 GNC B-COMPLEX 50 code 017913
2<3 Fungus Treatment NOW® Foods Beta-1,3/1,6-D-Glucan 100 mg Item #021993.
*0 Host Defense® Turkey Tail Item #: NCTV60 Trametes versicolor, Coriolus versicolor
1 GNC Magnesium 250 GNC 254213
1 Ferosol Iron 65 mg14067 – Ionic form, will boost iron and feed parasites.
2 turmeric curcumin 450 natures bounty 15417
1>2 daily vitamin NOW 3770T
378
PM (evening routine) PH and Mineral
1 teaspoon MSM 10 drops DMSO in 8 oz water ¼ teaspoon Bobs Red Mill Baking Soda
4<7 Chlorella 1000 NOW 2632
1 Borage Oil 1000 NOW 1722
4 Yaeyama Chlorella 400 Jarrow 17003
4-5 Charcoal 260 Source Naturals 00136
PM (evening routine) Fungus

2 Caprylic Acid 600 NOW 3347
0.1 Fungus Treatment NOW® Foods Beta-1,3/1,6-D-Glucan 100 mg / Item #021993
2 white willow bark 400 now 4775b – prevent blood clots
2>4 St Johns wart Whole Foods 450 28087 – numb brain for pain
3 Acidophilus Strain LA5 CHR Hanson with a 1/2 glass of milk

Sleeping pill
1-2 (sublingual) Melatonin 2.5mg with 500mcg P5p (Pro Health PH65)
1 GABA 500 Swanson 01872 (2 for severe neural stress)
Caprylic acid is a nutrient from coconuts which helps burst yeast cells and hinder their reproduction.
Beta-glucans stimulate the activation of NK cells and therefore are helpful against tumors. Has also
been used to stop certain bacterial infections.
Optional fungal- Quercetin dehydrate (0-2) 800 mg NOW 3070, Sweats or worm fungus
Optional fungal - Caprylic Aid (0-2) NOW 3347, Swanson Ultra Caprylic Acid,
SWU096, 600 mg 60 Sgels, Sweats or worm fungus
Stop Biofilm Formation
The gluten-free diet must exclude carbohydrates (sugars and starches) as much as possible while
taking the anti-fungal medication. Sugars include jelly, maple syrup, table sugar, honey, molasses,
fructose, soda, fruit and fruit juices. Starches include gluten-free flours, bread, bagel, pizza, pasta,
bakery products (cookies, cakes, pies, muffins, brownies), cereals, granolas, energy/ breakfast bars,
and chips of any kind. This removes the type of food needed by the yeast to thrive. Other exclusions
are mushrooms and other fungi, yeast-raised bread, vinegar, cheese and milk products.
LEM Mushroom extract

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiitake
Christopher Hobbs L.Ac., A.H.G.
web: http://www.mdidea.com
http://www.amazon.com/Solaray-Shiitake-Mushroom-Capsules-Count/dp/B00020HYKM
Brand: Solaray 600mg 100ct , Item Number: 15805 , 2 or 3 capsules two times a day with meals or
a glass of water. 875 mg of a 4:1 extract daily, between meals. Estimate for therapeutic use: 5 to 15
grams 4:1 extract daily for several months, then taper back to 1/4 to 1/2 that amount daily
379
Known alternatively as Black Mushroom or Chinese Mushroom, wild Shiitake grows in

Asia only. The name derives from the Shii Tree, its preferred host, although Shiitake may
also grow on oaks and beeches. Shiitake mushrooms have been cultivated in China and
Japan for a thousand years.
Lentinan is a mentinus edodes mushroom abstract. It is being studied in Japan as a cancer

treatment because it can correct the balance between T1 and T2 in the immune system.
Japanese products containing LEM, a polysaccharide-rich extract from the shiitake

mushroom and similar extracts from maitake are currently undergoing trials to test their
effectiveness in treating various forms of cancer.
The b-1,3-glucan Lentinan reversed tumor growth when injected in mice. It acts by
stimulating the immune system, rather than by direct action on the tumor. Because of its
large molecular size, Lentinan is not absorbed efficiently when taken orally, but some is
absorbed. Lentinan activates the alternative complement pathway, stimulating the
macrophages, thus inhibiting tumor growth. It also may activate interleukin-1 secretion,
which helps trigger T lymphocytes. Shiitake is believed to stimulate interferon production.
Shiitake significantly inhibited the toxic immunosuppressive effects of cancer drugs such as
cyclocy-tidine, when taken with them. Lentinan restores impaired enzyme activity of X-
proline-dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase in the serum of mice with tumors. Eritadenine, a purine
alkaloid from shiitake, is similar to nucleotides in structure, and lowers cholesterol in
animal studies.
Lentinula edodes extract Mountainrose herbs
https://www.mountainroseherbs.com/products/shiitake-mushroom-powder/profile
http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?dbid=122&tname=foodspice
Active hexose correlated compound (AHCC) is an α-glucan-rich compound isolated from

shiitake.[22] In Japan, AHCC is the second most popular complementary and alternative
medicine used by cancer patients.[23] AHCC is a well tolerated compound[22] and is metabolized
via the CYP450 2D6 pathway.[24]
In addition, animal research has shown that AHCC may increase the body's resistance to pathogens
as shown in experiments with the influenza virus,[25][26] West Nile encephalitis virus,[27] and
bacterial infection.[28][29][30] Animal research has shown AHCC may enhance immune function.[31]
[32] A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 21 people supported the idea that AHCC may enhance
immune function.[33] Clinical research has shown AHCC may benefit patients with hepatocellular
carcinoma.[34][35] A published case study reported AHCC benefited a patient with prostate cancer.
[36]
The Korea Food and Drug Administration approved on January 2000 that the extracts of the
mycelium of shiitake mushrooms can protect and help the liver recover from substances such as
alcohol.[citation needed] The main chemical for this effect is the beta-glucan. The research showed
injecting the extracts of the mycelium in vitro raised the survival rates of liver cells and increased
protein synthesis.
380
The most famous immune-supportive components in shiitake mushrooms are its polysaccharides.
(Polysaccharides are large-sized carbohydrate molecules composed of many different sugars
arranged in chains and branches.) Although many fungi are well-known for their polysaccharides, no
single fungus has been more carefully studied than the shiitake mushroom.
We know that this fungus is unique in its variety of polysaccharides, and especially its polysaccharide
glucans. (Glucans are polysaccharides in which all of the sugar components involve the simple sugar
glucose.) Among the glucans contained in shiitake mushroom are alpha-1,6 glucan, alpha-1,4
glucan, beta-1,3 glucan, beta-1,6 glucan, 1,4-D-glucans, 1,6-D-glucans, glucan phosphate,
laminarin, and lentinan. Shiitake mushrooms also contain some important non-glucan
polysaccharides, including fucoidans and galactomannins. The immune-related effects of
polysaccharides in shiitake mushrooms have been studied on laboratory animals under a wide
variety of circumstances, including exercise stress, exposure to inflammation-producing toxins,
radiation exposure, and immunodeficiency. Under all of these circumstances, the polysaccharides in
shiitake mushrooms have been shown to lessen problems. There is also some evidence that
shiitake mushrooms' polysaccharides can help lower total cholesterol levels.
CAS.NO:95009-14-6
Shiitake Mushroom Extract.10:1.Lentinus edodes.lentinan 25%.CAS.NO:95009-14-

6.Synonyms:Mushroom Extract. Botanical Source:Lentinus edodes (Berk.)Sing.Armillaria mellea
Common Names&Synonyms:Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Singer, Lentinula edodes (Berkeley)
Pegler;Shii-ta-ke,Lentinus edodes,Filamentous Fungi,Lentinula edodes, Lentinus shiitake ,Cortinelus
edodes,Armillaria edodes.
Phytochemicals and constituents:
Shiitake mushrooms(lentinus edodes) contains multiple nutrition such as rich protein, fats, amino
acids,carbohydrates,trace element and soluble dietary fiber that are indispensable for human
health.Lentinan can produce the action of curing and preventing tumour. shiitake mushrooms
(lentinus edodes) is a kind of natural green health food ,high content of protein and rich nutrition.
Lentinus edodes is a delicious, nutritious, and completely edible fungus. The optimum conditions for
growth are 80 - 90% relative humidity. a 5 - 15oC in temperature range for the low temperature
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type and 10 - 20oC for the medium temperature type. It is one of the most popular cultivated
mushrooms with an annual yield of 14% of the total edible mushrooms (15 million tons) cultivated in
the world.
Active Substances: Peptidomsannan, KS-2 (a water solubilized lignin derivative), EPS-3 Shiitake is a
popular edible mushroom from the Far East, for example served in miso soup. It is cultured on logs
of the shii tree, Castanopsis (Querqus) cuspidata (Fagaceae), and exported in the dry state or
pickled. An important odoriferous principle of shiitake is 1,2,3,5,6-pentathiepane, called
lenthionine. In the pure state it is a crystalline substance Shiitake Mushroom contains 18 amino
acids ( 7-8 of which are essential) and over 30 enzymes. Eritadenine is a unique amino acid believed
to lower cholesterol. Shiitake Mushroom is high in B vitamins, especially B1, B2 and niacin; and in
its sun-dried form, it provides vitamin D (found in very few foods). Oriental herbalists have used wild
Shiitake Mushroom medicinally for many years; Oriental folklore recommends its use for tumors,
flu, heart disease, high blood pressure, obesity, sexual dysfunction, and aging. The past two
decades have provided well documented clinical studies showing that Shiitake Mushroom helps to
decrease cholesterol; 3 ounces of shiitake per day can decrease cholesterol by as much as 12%
per week. Shiitake Mushroom is an enhancer of the immune system, and it may stimulate
production of interferon.
According to Kisaka Mori, Ph.D., Shiitake Mushroom is high in enzymes and vitamins not usually
found in plant foods. In studies, extract form has helped to prevent transplanted tumors from taking
hold. Possible indications for use of Shiitake Mushroom include: heart disease, cancer, AIDS, high
cholesterol, gallstones, stomach disorders, ulcers, diabetes, vitamin deficiency, anemia, common
cold, allergies, insomnia, and neuromuscular disorders. It contains lots of bio-active substances such
as polysaccharide protein, nucleic acid derivatives, vitamin B group, ergosterol, erytadenine, and
various minerals. L.E.M. extract improves and activates the organ''''s defence functions**.
Especially, the action of erytadenine, very unique to Lentinus edodes is quite marked in
preventing the accumulation of cholesterol and protecting from arteriosclerosis. Active constituents:
Shiitake contains proteins, fiber, vitamins, and minerals. In addition, shiitake¡¯s key
ingredient¡ªfound in the fruiting body¡ªis a polysaccharide called lentinan. Commercial preparations
employ the powdered mycelium of the mushroom before the cap and stem grow. This preparation is
called lentinus edodes mycelium extract (LEM). LEM is rich in polysaccharides and lignans.
One preliminary trial suggested that oral shiitake may be useful for people with hepatitis B. A
highly purified, intravenous form of lentinan is used in China and has been reported to increase
survival in people with recurrent stomach cancer, particularly when used in combination with
chemotherapy. Similar findings have been found in one small clinical trial with people suffering from
pancreatic cancer. Case reports from China suggest that intravenous lentinan may be helpful in
treating people with HIV infection. However, large-scale clinical trials to confirm this action have not
yet been performed. Oral supplementation of lentinan from shiitake has been shown to significantly
reduce the recurrence rate of genital warts (condyloma acuminata).
A preliminary trial involving a group of men and women with genital warts found that those who
took 12.5 mg of lentinan twice a day for two months after laser surgery had significantly fewer
recurrences (10.53% recurrence rate) compared to those who only had the laser surgery (47.06%
recurrence rate).6 Key constituents are the polysaccharied protein complex, a new peptidomannan,
KS-2, and a water solubilized lignin derivative, EPS-3 Bioactive constituent: Beta-glucan,
Heteroglucan, Adenine derivative, Guanosine 5'''' - monophosphate, polyacelylene Bioactivities and
Organ''''s Defence Funtions:
1.) Anti-tumor effect: Immune enhancement, Activating macrophage, T-cell and NK-cell,
Increasing production of TNF-a, interleukins, interferon and complement C3
2.) Anti-HIV action: Producing synergistic effect with azidothymidine (AZT)
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3.) Anti-hyperlipemia: Promoting the metabolism and excretion of the eaten cholesterol
4.) Anti-thrombogenicity: Inhibiting platelet aggregation
5.) Natural antidote: Strengthening liver function of detoxication
6.) Medicational effect against woodchuck hepatitis
7.) Protection against bacterial infection
8.) Lymphocyte blastogenic activity
9.) Promotion of chemotaxis in macrophages
10.) Influence on reverse transcriptase activity
11.) Inhibitive effect on proliferation of rat ascites hepatoma
12.) L929 cells cytotoxicity
13.) In vivo neutrophil conglomerating activity
14).Expelling micro-organisms of external origin including bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa.
15).expelling harmful chemial substances (residual agricultural chemicals, environmental
pollutants, food additives), pollen and dust.
16).expelling abnormal cells (mutant cells, cancer cells)
17).expelling worn out autocells (old erythrocytes, etc.), excessively produced substances
(antigen antibody complexes), etc.
How it Works:
Shiitake Mushroom has a polysaccharide compound called lentinan which helps produce T-cells to
destroy bacteria and viruses and has anti-cancer, anti-tumor effects. It contains other nutrients
helpful in strengthening the immune system and fighting disease-causing organisms. Shiitake
Mushroom works to prevent heart disease by lowering blood pressure and cholesterol levels, helping
pull fat from the system, and working as an anticoagulant. How much is usually taken? The
traditional intake of the whole, dried shiitake mushroom is 6¡§C16 grams per day. The mushroom
is typically eaten in soups or taken as a decoction (i.e., boiled for 10¡§C20 minutes, cooled, strained,
and drunk). Recommended intake of LEM is 1¡§C3 grams two to three times per day. Purified
lentinan is considered a drug in China and is available as an herbal supplement in North America.
Directions For extracts:100mg-400mg of extract. 3 times a day, with food. Before taking any herbal
product, you are advised to consult with a trained health care professional.
Reference Link: Click for more Details Product Specifications and Supplying Conditions: Description:
Shiitake Mushroom PE. Plant Part Used: Shiitake Mycelia Extract Ratio: 10:1 Serie Code: R-59
Expiration Date: 18~24Months in Good Condition Storage Stock: Bulk in Stock Pricing Terms:
C&F;CIF;DDU;DDP. Delivery Arrange: Soonest on the Day Confirmed Appearance Showing: Yellow
Brown
Wei Qi Soup for Building Immune Strength
Excerpted from Herbs for Health Magazine, Christopher Hobbs L.Ac., A.H.G.
Directions:
Fill a pot 2/3 full with purified or spring water, then add:
• Astragalus membranaceus(5-7 sticks)

• Ganoderma lucidum(reishi) (1 medium)
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• any other tonifying mushrooms 2-3
• Slightly sprouted beans (1/4-1/2 cup)
• (aduki, black, etc.)
Bring water to boil, simmer for 20 minutes, then add:
• Organic barley (1/2-1 cup)
• (choose amount depending on thickness desired)
Simmer another 20 minutes, then add favorite vegetables such as:
• carrots & celery
• beet tops (or chard, collards, mustard greens, etc.)
• cabbage
• potatoes (optional)
• sea vegetables (nori, kelp, wakame, etc.)
• gobo (i.e., burdock root)
• nettles or other wild greens (when available)
• garlic & onions
Simmer until the vegetables are tender, then add miso and spices such as ginger, celery, or fennel
seed. Make enough for a few days and store it in the refrigerator.
Indications and Dosage: During illness, when solid food is not desirable, drink 3-4 cups of the warm
broth (add less barley and more water to make broth). For degenerative immune conditions, eat 1-2
small bowls per day, and drink the broth as desired. For autoimmune diseases such as allergies,
lupus, diabetes, and hepatitis accompanied by fatigue, weakness, or autoimmune conditions, eat the
soup when desired, or drink the broth. This soup can be used upon occasion (1-2 times per week)
for general tonification and may help to increase stamina.
Reishi
Ganoderma lucidum
The Latin wordlucidummeans ``shiny'' or ``brilliant'' and refers to the varnished surface of reishi's
cap, which is reddish orange to black. The stalk usually is attached to the cap at the side. InJapan,
99 percent of reishi growing in the wild are found on old plum trees, although wild reishi are rare.
Medical uses: For 4,000 years, the Chinese and Japanese have called upon reishi to treat liver
disorders, hypertension, arthritis, and other ailments.
Recent test-tube and human studies have demonstrated antiallergic, anti-inflammatory,

antibacterial, and antioxidant effects. When more than 2,000 Chinese patients with chronic
bronchitis were given reishi syrup in tablet form during the 1970s, 60 to 90 percent showed a
marked improvement in health, including increased appetite, within two weeks.
Maitake
Grifola frondosa
Maitakemeans "dancing mushroom'' in Japanese; in ancient times, people who found the mushroom
were said to dance with joy because it could be exchanged for its weight in silver. Alternatively, the
name may derive from the way in which the small, fan-shaped fruiting bodies overlap like butterflies
in a wild dance. In theUnited States, they also are known as hen-of-the-woods because the mass of
mushrooms looks like fluffed-up feathers. The stalks are often fused, massed at the base of stumps
and on roots. They are common in easternNorth America,Europe, andAsia. Maitake collectors always
forage alone and never divulge the location of their treasure, even to their own families. InJapan,
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they traditionally mark their hunting grounds with hatch marks on trees bordering the trove and
keep others out of their hunting areas.
Until cultivation techniques were devised in 1979, maitake was harvested from the wild. In 1990,
Japanese cultivators produced nearly 8,000 tons of maitake, and production is expected to increase
with expanding exports to the West.
Medical uses: Laboratory studies have shown that maitake extract can inhibit the growth of tumors
and stimulate the immune system of cancerous mice. Human clinical studies of patients with breast
and colorectal cancers are under way in theUnited States. In China, sixty-three patients with lung,
stomach, or liver cancers or leukemia who took four capsules of maitake extract three times daily
before meals for one to three months showed an ``anticancer'' effect. Shiitake
Shiitake
Lentinula edodes In the wild, this light amber fungus is found on fallen hardwood trees. The caps
have nearly ragged gills and an inrolled margin when young, and they are covered with a delicate
white flocking. The stem may be central or off center. Indigenous to temperate Asia, they are not
found in the wild in the United States but are widely cultivated. A similar species occurs wild inCosta
Rica.
Medical uses: A vast amount of research into shiitake's medicinal properties has been completed
and shows that it has the ability to fight tumors and viruses and enhance the immune system. For
more details, refer to the accompanying story.
Precautions: Shiitake is nonpoisonous, but researchers have observed cases of shiitake-induced

skin rashes, and some people who work indoors cultivating shiitake experience ``mushroom
worker's lung'', an immune reaction to shiitake spores. A watery extract of the whole mushroom is
reported to hinder blood coagulation, so people who bleed easily or who are taking blood thinners
should check with their health-care provider before using shiitake or its derivatives for a long
period.
LEM has shown no evidence of acute toxicity in more than seventeen years of use inJapan, even in
massive doses (more than 50 mg a day for one week), though mild side effects such as diarrhea and
skin rashes have been reported. Likewise, lentinan has no known serious side effects. People with
allergies may experience adverse reactions due to its histamine-sensitizing properties.
Taking shiitake: The traditional dose is 1 or 2 fresh shiitake mushrooms daily for preventive care
or 6 to 16 g of dried shiitake in tea, soup, or other dishes. Commercial preparations (extracts in
capsule form) of shiitake are available in the United States in health-food stores but may be
expensive. Dried shiitake mushrooms are available in Asian food stores in the United States, usually
at more affordable prices. To avert possible digestive upset from eating large quantities of fresh
shiitake, LEM, which is concentrated and easily absorbed, is preferred as medicine.
Recipe: Stuffed Shiitake
The rich taste of shiitake makes this recipe a perfect one to serve as an appetizer or offer as a light
evening meal.
• 1 dozen fresh shiitake

• 1 onion, finely chopped
• 1/2 cup celery, finely chopped
• 2 tablespoons olive oil
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• 2 cloves garlic, minced
• 1/2 teaspoon tamari
• 1/2 dozen wild mushrooms, such as oyster, chopped
• 1 cup bread crumbs
• 1/3 to 2/3 cup Parmesan cheese
• Chopped parsley to taste
• Paprika to taste
Cut the stems off the shiitakes and chop them finely. Reserve the caps. Saut‚ the onion, celery, and
garlic in the olive oil. When the onion is transparent, add the shiitake stems, tamari, oyster
mushrooms, bread crumbs, and Parmesan cheese, and saute for 3 to 4 minutes longer. Stuff the
shiitake caps with the filling, sprinkle them with chopped parsley and paprika, and place them on a
cookie sheet. Bake the shiitakes at 375øF for 15 minutes, broil for a minute longer to brown the
cheese and serve.
Preparations
Powdered extracts and capsules: Because the scientific literature indicates that whole mushrooms
are especially active antitumor agents and immune-system enhancers, I recommend taking dried
and powdered mushrooms by the teaspoon, either in a cup of ginger tea or sprinkled into soup or on
stir-fry and rice. Mushrooms that are too tough and fibrous to powder can be sliced thinly and dried
for use in teas and tinctures. Softer and thinner mushrooms can be easily powdered and put into
capsules. A size 00 capsule holds about 400 mg of powdered mushroom. For mild to moderate
immune-system support, I recommend taking two capsules morning and evening and, for specific
immune-suppressed conditions, two to three capsules three times daily.
Mushroom Teas and Soups
Teas and soups: Teas of medicinal mushrooms should be simmered for 40 minutes to an hour, or
until they are dark and taste strong. You may add one part ginger to every eight parts mushrooms
and one part licorice to every sixteen parts mushrooms to mask any bitterness.
To make a soup, begin with the mushroom tea, to which you may add broccoli, carrots, potatoes,
beets, greens, garlic, onions, and/or a little seaweed. Thicken it with a little barley. Fish, chicken, or
a little red meat can be added. Simmer for about fifteen minutes. Drink 1 to 3 cups of the soup a
day. Tender, fleshy fungi, such as shiitake and oyster mushrooms, can be eaten with enthusiasm,
but push fibrous chunks of reishi aside--the essence has already permeated the broth, and they are
far too tough to chew, even after boiling.
Christopher Hobbs is a member of the Herbs for Health Editorial Advisory Board. He is author of
Medicinal Mushrooms: An Exploration of Tradition, Healing, and Culture (Botanica Press, 1995) and
many other books. He is a fourth-generation herbalist and botanist with more than twenty years of
experience.
Shiitake - Medicine in a Mushroom
by Kenneth Jones
Mushrooms are a fascinating class of life form: vast underground mycelia that push up strange,
fruiting bodies when climatic conditions are right. They have a east range of forms, from common
fairy rings and puffballs to strange, unearthly, pale violet discs; from tiny pinheads to hubcap-sized
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saucers. Of an estimated 100,000 species of mushrooms, most are edible and very nutritious,
containing large amounts of protein, fiber, minerals (including calcium), B vitamins, and vitamin C.
Shiitake (shee-TAH-kee) mushrooms are a culinary rage in the United States today (you can even
buy kits for growing your own), but have been important in Chinese culture for thousands of years.
One of the earliest recorded uses of shiitake (Lentinula edodes) dates as far back as the 141
century, when the Chinese physician Wu- Rui described it as a food that accelerates vital or "spirit"
energy (known as Qi in Chinese), staves off hunger, "cures cold, and penetrates into the blood
circulatory system."
Today, these attributes are collectively taken to mean that shiitake makes a person more lively. Wu
also stated that shiitake was "good for treatment of Heart Troubles... beneficial to [all forms of]
Malignancy, likewise certainly [good for] Snake's poison." For the past thirty years, scientists have
been investigating some of these uses and have amassed evidence that shiitake can help the body
fight heart disease, cancer, and viral diseases. Most of the research has been carried out in Japan.
Some of the studies are discussed below.
LEM for Heart Disease
The body could not function without cholesterol, which helps break down fats, or lipids, in the small
intestine so that they can be absorbed into the bloodstream. In the liver, cholesterol combines with
lipids and proteins in the blood to form various complexes called lipoproteins (LDL or "bad"
cholesterol). It has been linked to clogged artery walls, which can lead to heart attack or stroke.
High-density lipo-proteins (HDL or "good" cholesterol), on the other hand, have been shown to
scavenge excess LDL from the bloodstream and carry it to the liver for excretion or processing into
good cholesterol.
According to studies performed in Japan during the 1970s, shiitake contains an amino acid called
eritadenine that accelerates cholesterol's processing in the liver. In addition, shiitake's high dietary
fiber helps the body process cholesterol.
In a 1974 study, 40 elderly people and 420 young women ate 9 grams of dried shiitake or the
equivalent amount of fresh shiitake (90 grams) daily. After seven days, total cholesterol level (the
types of cholesterol affected were not distinguished) had decreased 7 to 15% in the elderly and 6 to
12% in the young women.
Another 1974 study involved 30 young women. Ten added 90 grams of fresh shiitake and 60
grams of butter to their daily diet, ten added only the butter, and ten added only the shiitake. After
seven days, the total cholesterol level of the shiitake and butter group decreased an average of
4%, while that of the butter group increased an average of 14% and that of the shiitake group
declined an average of 12%. The researchers concluded that shiitake had "completely nullified" the
effect of the butter on the cholesterol level of the first group of participants.
LEM for Cancer
In 1969, researchers at Tokyo's National Cancer Center Research Institute isolated a polysaccharide
compound from shiitake that they named lentinan. Doses of 0.5 to I mg lentinan per kilogram of
body weight caused tumors in laboratory mice to regress or disappear in 80 to 100% of the
subjects. Researchers have since demonstrated that lentinan works by stimulating immune system
cells to rid the body of tumor cells. In clinical trials, lentinan administered with chemotherapy has
increased the life span of cancer patients, improved the effectiveness of chemotherapy and kept
tumors from growing. In Japan, lentinan is approved for use as a drug to prolong the lives of
patients undergoing chemotherapy for stomach cancer.
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Additional studies have shown that when shiitake mushrooms make up 10% of the daily diet of
cancerous mice, tumor growth is inhibited by nearly 40%. When shiitake is increased to 30% of
the diet, tumor growth is inhibited by nearly 78%.
Researchers have since concluded that the entire mushroom stimulates immune cells such as
macrophages and T cells, as well as natural killer cells, and contains compounds that block the
formation of carcinogens from nitrates that are found in many processed meats and some
vegetables.
Aloe Vera
Aloe vera; This plant called herb of immortality by the Egyptians, contains a soothing gel that helps
peristalsis. Aloe vera have antibacterial and antifungal activities. Also aloe destroys bacteria more
powerful than any other hypoallergenic plant known.
K Vitamin Diet
So the diet will consist of meat, fish, seafood, poultry, eggs, nuts, fats, seeds and non-starchy
vegetables such as lettuce, endive, escarole, kale, asparagus, Jerusalem artichoke, broccoli,
cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, bok choi, turnip greens, collards, onions, Garlic, celery,
tomatoes, peppers, fennel, summer squash and cucumbers. These vegetables along with cinnamon,
oregano, basil and mint help in the fight against yeast. Lemon and lime juices are OK.
Probiotic Balance in the Gut Flora
Probiotics foods or supplements with living microbes are needed to restore flora. A study in mice
demonstrated that probiotic bacteria can affect the capacity of mice to form antibodies to Candida
albicans and showed the usefulness of different probiotic bacteria to produce beneficial health
effects in mice.2 Prebiotic foods such as Jerusalem artichokes, asparagus, onion, burdock root, and
Chinese chives stimulate the growth of beneficial bacterial species.
Essential Fatty Acids (oils and butter)
• Fats have received a bad reputation, primarily from research studies done by Ancel
Benjamin Keys in the late 1950’s.
• They are essential for all body tissues
• Fats and oils are composed of chains of molecules, mostly carbon.
• High-quality fats and oils are one of the most important foods we consume every day.
• The idea to avoid fats because they may make you fat, or clog your arteries, is a lie, and is
one of the worst nutritional misconceptions of our time.
• Fats should be consumed in the natural unmodified version whenever possible, and should
not be overheated during cooking, Most fats and oils are quite damaged when overheated.
Oils and fats used by mankind are diverse in their origins and composition. The distinction between
fats and oils are that the physical state is either liquid or solid at the arbitrary room temperature
value of 20 °C . This is not scientifically meaningful to processes in the body, which buy the way is
32 C. Oils and Fats are therefore to be used interchangeably.
Interestingly enough:
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There are two exception fatty oils, fish oils and cocoa butter, which contain a mixture of oils and
fats.
Most animal sources (Bacon, Steak, Poultry) yield fats. Most vegetable sources happen to yield oils.
Meat Fat:
• hormone-free and preferably grass-fed meats, especially lamb, and healthful poultry such as
dark meat free-range chicken and turkey.
• Fish. Oily fish such as sardines contain a lot of the omega-3 fatty acids. Salmon and tuna
also have them, but can contain mercury. Fish Farm Shrimp and
Oil sources
Main sources of oil for humanity are in constant change as new vegetable cultures and cultivars
evolve replacing older ones, and as diverse consumer needs and industrial purification technologies
are developed. Soyabean is the main source of vegetable oil nowadays, but fragile in a market
acception, inasmuch as only ca. 19% by weight of this seed is extractable as oil, whereas oil
constitutes 50% of peanut or ca. 47% of sunflowerseed.
Vegetable sources of oils are both annual cultures (such as sunflower or soyabean) and perenial
(such as palm and olive trees), and oil accumulates both in seeds (as palm kernel and cottonseed)
and in fruits (such as avocado and coconut). Animal sources range from the menhaden fish caught
off the US Southeaster cost, to lard hogg, bovine, buffalo or other domesticated animals around the
world, and also to seals caught in the artic areas.
The physiological necessity of keeping lipids liquid, and the absence of internal temperature
regulation mechanisms except for warm blooded animals may mean that more unsaturated fats are
obtained in colder climates, even using the same cultivar. This characteristic is especially noticeable
with sunflower which may be predominantely oleic when subject to high temperature cultivation, or
predominantly linoleic under more usual temperature conditions.
Annual per capita consumption of oils and fats exhibits a pronounced statistical dependence from
the affluence level, with variable dependence from specific cultural or regional pReferences. Though
nutritional factors are complex and much controversy still surrounds the consumption of fats, it may
be conservatively stated, as the World Health Organisation does, that no more than 30% of total
energy be obtained from fatty components of the diet (which means no more than ca. 12% of total
dry weight), of which roughly one each should be saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated
(and of these, roughly half should be 3 and another half 6).
When annual yearly production of oils is examined, it is apparent that an increase of annual
consumption is occurring, together with population increase, that palm oil is becoming increasingly
important, having overtaken sunflowerseed in 1981, and that rapeseed production presents the
maximum overall growth rate, having overtaken sunflowerseed in 1987. Rapeseed, the major cold
climate oilseed benefited from strongly motivated breeding and genetic improvement work
performed both in Canada (responsible for the CanolaTM cultivars) and in Northern Europe (yielding
the "0" and "00" cultivars, the numerals referring to low erucic acid in oil and to additional low
glucosinolate level in the oil extraction presscake).
Impaired Short-Chain Fatty Acid Metabolism
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The body converts short-chain omega-3 fatty acids to long-chain forms (EPA, DHA)
with an efficiency below 5%
Alibicans sufferers usually are deficient in short chain fatty acids.
The Study of the effects of host long chain fatty acids, eicosanoids, and bacterial
short chain fatty acids on control of germination.
None of the C18 or C20 fatty acids tested had an effect on enhancing germ tube
formation (arachidonic acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid, or γ-linolenic acid).
Among the different eicosanoids, both prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane B2

significantly enhanced serum-induced germination (30%) and mutations (300%) of
C. albicans.
Addition of antiprostaglandin or antithromboxane antibodies to serum alone

inhibited germ tube formation by almost 30%, while control antibody had no effect,
indicating that these eicosanoids are major morphogenic factors in the serum. Since
these molecules also bind to albumin, this may also explain the hyphal transforming
activity in serum that associates with albumin. Interestingly, short chain fatty acids
(butyric acid), the product of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), inhibited germination.
Acidolophilus testing showed a benifitial effect on fatty chain acid balance.
In addition, LAB culture supernatants as well as live LAB also inhibited C. albicans
morphogenesis. Overall, these results indicate that fatty acid metabolites and fatty
acid pathways can up-regulate and down-regulate germination in C. albicans.
C. albicans growth requires both oleic acid and nicotinic acid.
In general Animal source(s) of oils/fats can insite C18-C20 eicosanoids, both

prostaglandin sources. Limiting consumption to 4 ounces of animal meat is the
optimum ideal. A University of Minnesota research study of cattle says that "oil and
subsequent animal feed meal with high levels of erucic acid reduces palatability
and/or are toxic to some animals, and erucic acid has been shown to be a potential
health hazard to humans.
Carbon Oils
C4 Butter Fat Butyric acid- butanoic acid, Interestingly, SCFA (butyric acid) inhibit
germination.
C6 Butter Fat
3. Caprylic Acid Methyl Ester (C8:0) at 4 wt %
4. Capric Acid Methyl Ester (C10:0) at 4 wt %
5. Undecanoic Acid Methyl Ester (C11:0) at 2 wt %
6. Lauric Acid Methyl Ester (C12:0) at 4 wt %
7. Tridecanoic Acid Methyl Ester (C13:0) at 2 wt %
8. Myristic Acid Methyl Ester (C14:0) at 4 wt %
9. Myristoleic Acid Methyl Ester (C14:1) at 2 wt %
10. Pentadecanoic Acid Methyl Ester (C15:0) at 2 wt %
11. cis-10-Pentadecenoic Acid Methyl Ester (C15:1) at 2 wt %
12. Palmitic Acid Methyl Ester (C16:0) at 6 wt %
13. Palmitoleic Acid Methyl Ester (C16:1) at 2 wt %
14. Heptadecanoic Acid Methyl Ester (C17:0) at 2 wt %
15. cis-10-Heptadecenoic Acid Methyl Ester (C17:1) at 2 wt %
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16. Stearic Acid Methyl Ester (C18:0) at 4 wt %
17. Oleic Acid Methyl Ester (C18:1n9c) at 4 wt %
18. Elaidic Acid Methyl Ester (C18:1n9t) at 2 wt %
19. Linoleic Acid Methyl Ester (C18:2n6c) at 2 wt %
20. Linolelaidic Acid Methyl Ester (C18:2n6t) at 2 wt %
21. �-Linolenic Acid Methyl Ester (C18:3n6) at 2 wt %
22. �-Linolenic Acid Methyl Ester (C18:3n3) at 2 wt %
23. Arachidic Acid Methyl Ester (C20:0) at 4 wt %
24. cis-11-Eicosenoic Acid Methyl Ester (C20:1n9) at 2 wt %
25. cis-11,14-Eicosadienoic Acid Methyl Ester (C20:2) at 2 wt %
26. cis-8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid Methyl Ester (C20:3n6) at 2 wt %
27. cis-11,14,17-Eicosatrienoic Acid Methyl Ester (C20:3n3) at 2 wt %
28. Arachidonic Acid Methyl Ester (C20:4n6) at 2 wt %
29. cis-5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoic Acid Methyl Ester
(C20:5n3) at 2 wt %
Good Oils
C4 Butter Fat Butyric acid- butanoic acid, Interestingly, SCFA (butyric acid) inhibit
germination.
C6 Butter Fat
C8 Capronic Acid - hexanoic acid
C8 Coconut Oil
C8 Caprylic Acid
C8 octanoic Acid
C10 Coconut Oil Capric Acid
C10 decanoic Acid
C11 Undecanoic Acid
C12 Coconut oil
C12 Lauric Acid
C12 Dodecanoic Acid
Alpha-Linolenic Acid (LNA) GLA Gamma Linolenic Acid
Olive Oil
Good Oil Sources
Flax Seed Oil (often called Linseed Oil) (50-57%)

Flax Seeds
Hemp Seed Oil (19%)
Sesame seeds
Canola Oil (10%)
Almonds
Almond Oil
Non gmo - Soy Bean Oil (5-7%)
Walnuts (3-11% of their oil)
Oil Of Dark Green Leaves (50%) omega 3 - but the leaves are low in overall fat
levels
Pumpkin Seeds (0-15%)
Coconut meat
Hazelnuts
Pecans
Sunflower seeds
Linoleic Acid (LA) Content
Safflower Seed Oil (78%)
391
Sunflower Seed Oil (68%)
Wheat Germ Oil (60%)
Corn Oil (57%)
Hemp Seed Oil (57%)
Soy Bean Oil (53%)
Walnuts (54-62%)
Sesame Oil (43%)
Pumpkin Seeds
Gamma-Linoleic Acid (GLA) Content
Borage Oil (23%)

Black Current Seed Oil (15-19%)
Evening Primrose Oil (7-10%)
Hemp Seed Oil (2%)
Cod Oil
DHA Fish oil - 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid
Inhibiting E2 and B2 fatty oil conversions
Mangosteen is a fruit and its extract is sold as a dietary supplement.

Inhibitions of histamine release and prostaglandin E2 synthesis by mangosteen, a
Thai medicinal plant. Biol Pharm Bull. 2002. The fruit hull of mangosteen, Garcinia
mangostana has been used as a Thai indigenous medicine for many years. These
results suggest that the 40% ethanol extract of mangosteen has potent inhibitory
activities of both histamine release and prostaglandin E2 synthesis
Curcumin is an extract from turmeric. Phase I clinical trial of oral curcumin:

biomarkers of systemic activity and compliance. Clin Cancer Res. 2004. Curcumin, a
polyphenolic antioxidant derived from a dietary spice, exhibits anticancer activity in
rodents and in humans. Its efficacy appears to be related to induction of glutathione
S-transferase enzymes, inhibition of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production, or
suppression of oxidative DNA adduct (M(1)G) formation.
3.4. Curcumin, the Indian Spice Turmeric (Zingiberaceae).Curcumin is an

antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, active principal ingredient of the curry spice,
turmeric. The compound is marketed as a dietary supplement [140] and has
attracted interest as a cancer-preventive agent [57]. It is well known that curcumin
prevents the onset of inflammation by inhibiting the activation of nuclear
factorkappa beta (NF-κB), the production of TNF-α, interferongamma (IFN-γ),
and NO, and the gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase ( iNOS) [141–
143]. It acts by transrepressing NF-κB, activating protein-1, and the signal
transducer and activator of transcription-1 [144–148]. Curcumin activates PPAR- γ in
Moser cells, a human colon cancer cell line [145], and is able to suppress sepsis
through PPAR-γ [146]. In addition, it increased PPAR and decreased iNOS gene
expression in infected macrophages, as well as downregulated IFN- γ production by
primed lymphocytes [147]. Curcumin action on PPAR could involve a curcumin-
responsive element that resides in the PPAR-γ gene regulatory region [148].
An enzyme called cyclo-oxegenase-2 (COX-2) converts the omega-6 fatty acid,

arachidonic acid (AA) to PGD2. If that conversion can be stopped or reduced
anywhere along the chain it will stop or reduce the effects of PGD2
Quercetin in tea
392
Quercetin was found to inhibit the enzymatic activity of COX-2(2) and to reduce its
production (3). Quercetin is a flavonoid found in many plants and foods. Tea
contains very high amounts compared with other foods (9). Green and black tea
leaves when dry contain a mean average of between 204 and 264 mg/100g.
Decaffeinated tea contains more than ordinary. But Oolong contains hardly any -
less than 2mg/100g. Use as little water as possible when infusing the tea or other
substances. When tea is brewed normally, with lots of water, 100g only contains
about 2mg of quercetin. Naturally, most of the cup of tea is water. So just use
enough water to cover the leaves and mash them and squeeze them to get as much
out as possible and then you'll approach the 200-odd mg/100g found in dry tea
leaves.
Ginger
Ginger inhibited both COX-2 (4) and PGD2 (5). Ginger contains many constituents.
The main one, gingerol, is transformed into shogaols when it is dried or cooked. The
study referred to as number 4 used a methanol (alcohol) extract of ginger. This
contained various gingerols, shogaols, gingerdiones and other constituents of
ginger. One form of gingerol and two of shogaols inhibited COX-2. Another thing to
be aware of is that COX-2 is also involved in the production of another prostaglandin
called PGE2, and this is necessary for skin health. Something that interferes with the
production or activity of COX-2 might also interfere with PGE2.
Aspirin
is the drug form of salicylic acid - plants such as meadowsweet or willow bark -
Aspirin can inhibit the activity or suppress the production of COX-2 (6) (7) (8). But,
at least in cultures of smooth muscle cells or endothelial cells (reference 8), its
inhibition of COX-2 is transient, and prostaglandin production begins again within 2-
5 hours.
Tocopherols also inhibited COX-2, as was found in the study in reference 3, above.
Both alpha-
and
gamma-
tocopherol
showed this
ability. They
are two of
the forms of
vitamin E.
Olive oil is
one of the
main
sources of
alpha-
tocopherol.
Immune System Herbs

o Magnolia bark neo-
ligand binds to site
PPARγ that mytotoxin
393
grabs, preventing immune system alteration. Plant lectins that can bind to sialylated glycans
are from the leguminous tree Maackia amurensis. Although these lectins are discussed here,
they do not show a “classical” R-type domain but instead have an L-type lectin domain. The
cysteine-rich R-type domain of the MR binds other sulfated glycans and also N-glycans on
pituitary glycoprotein hormones containing 4-SO4-GalNAcβ1–4GlcNAcβ1–2Manα1-
R.nutraceutics that are reported to be able to modulate PPAR-γ expression or action.
R-type plant lectins
oThere are other R-type plant lectins in the RIP-II class that are not toxic, and these include
several proteins from the genus Sambucus (elderberry), such as nigrin-b, sieboldin-b,
ebulin-f, and ebulin-r. All of the B subunits of these proteins appear to bind Gal/GalNAc, but
they may have some differences in affinity and may recognize different Gal/GalNAc-
containing glycoconjugates. Cell lines selected for resistance to killing by modeccin are not
resistant to abrin and ricin, and vice versa. The glycan-binding specificity of these lectins
should be explored more fully in the future using glycan microarrays and related screening
approaches.
o Previous studies have shown that MR expression can be positively modulated in vitro by many
agents, in particular by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (8), prostaglandin E2 (Standard Process
Cataplex E2 90 Tablets) (9), IL-4, and IL-13 (10, 11).
o CHITOSAN IS Anticholesterolemic, Mucoadhesion COFACTOR, Haemostatic anticoagulant

activity, Antitumor Activity, Analgesic Effect, produces w/o/w emulsions without adding any
surfactant. Chitosan as a preservative coating in reducing or preventing moisture loss, lipid
oxidation, and microbial growth. Chitosan support adhesion and differentiation of primary
chick dorsal root ganglion neurons. Chitosan oligomers have also exhibited wound-healing
o Properties, it is suggested that their wound-healing properties are due to their ability to
stimulate fibroblast production by affecting the fibroblast growth factor.. Chitosan has shown
a significant scavenging capacity against different radical species, the results being
comparable to those obtained with commercial antioxidants. The interaction between
chitosan and anionic surfaceactive materials (phospholipids, bile acids) depends on its three
types of reactive functional groups: the amino group at the C2 position and primary and
secondary hydroxyl groups at the C-3 and C-6 positions, respectively. Thongngam et al.have
demonstrated the formation of micelle-like clusters within the chitosan structure in its
interactions with a model bile salt [93,94]. Another mechanism accounts for the adsorption
of chitosan to the surface of the emulsified lipid and
o The formation of a protective coating that might prevent the lipase/co-lipase from adsorbing
to the droplet surfaces and gaining access to the lipids inside the droplets [95]
The immune system is critical when fighting cancer. While some treatments kill cancer
cells and other treatments revert the cancer cells into normal cells, the immune system still
has to be fixed before the patient is whole. STEPS INCLUDE liver flush, microbes in the
bloodstream, proteolytic enzymes needed to digest protein, lipases needed to digest fat, and
amylases needed to digest carbohydrates or proteolytic enzymes (i.e. proteases) that we are
interested in here, and particularly pancreatic enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin, zinc,
Vitamin C, manganese, magnesium, selenium, Vitamin B, and Vitamin A. Especially zinc and
Vitamin C. , Herbs (e.g. echinacea). Transfer Point Beta 1,3-D Glucan works by activating
the macrophages, or immune cells, which trap and engulf foreign substances. Derived from
broken cell walls brewer’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), Beta Glucan is a powerful
immune stimulator
http://www.dramyyasko.com/resources/autism-pathways-to-recovery/chapter-6/
394
The best defense is to maintain a strict nutritious gluten-free diet bolstered with probiotic
and prebiotic food and a daily 100% vitamin/mineral supplement.
Vision Issues
Vitamin A for the retina

Bilberry for the eyes
Bilberry
Overview:
Bilberry has been used for centuries, both medicinally and as a food in jams and pies. It is related
to the blueberry and is native to Northern Europe. Bilberry fruit contains chemicals known as
anthocyanosides, plant pigments that have excellent antioxidant properties. They scavenge
damaging particles in the body known as free radicals, helping prevent or reverse damage to cells.
Antioxidants have been shown to help prevent a number of long term illnesses such as heart
disease, cancer, and an eye disorder called macular degeneration. Bilberry also contains vitamin C,
which is another antioxidant.
A strong antioxidant, bilberry benefits your circulatory system, eyes, heart and brain, and helps
generate overall good health, says Schechter. Bilberry fruit contains a type of flavonoid called
anthocyanosides, which are responsible for increasing flexibility of capillaries and increasing blood
flow.
Research shows that standardized extract of bilberry can enlarge range of vision and improve
sharpness of images, enhance ability to focus, and improve blurred vision, eyestrain and
nearsightedness. Bilberry extract also helps strengthen coronary arteries and helps prevent
atherosclerosis and venous insufficiency, which causes swollen ankles and feet. "Since adding
bilberry to my own health program, I've noticed my muscles seem to recover slightly faster, I
experience less muscular pain and my vision has improved from 20/100 to approximately 20/50,"
says Schechter.
Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) contains nutrients that protect eyes from eyestrain or fatigue, and can
improve circulation to the eyes. When British Royal Air Force pilots During World War II ate Bilberry
preserves before night missions and discovered that their night vision improved afterwards, this herb
was investigated and found to be beneficial for the eyes. Bilberry works by improving the
microcirculation and regeneration of retinal purple, a substance required for good eyesight. It is
believed that this property is related to the high amount of proanthocyanidins, a type of flavonoid that
tends to prevent capillary fragility and strengthen the capillaries which nourish the eyes. Other
properties appear to assist in thinning the blood and stimulating the release of vasodilators.
Anthocyanin, a natural antioxidant, also lowers blood pressure, reduces clotting and improves blood
supply to the nervous system. Anthocyanosides support and enhance the health of collagen
structures in the blood vessels of the eyes, thus aiding in the development of strong healthy
capillaries that can carry vital nutrients to eye muscles and nerves. Bilberry has long been a remedy
for poor vision and "night blindness." Clinical tests have indicated that oral administration of bilberry
tends to improve visual accuracy in healthy people and can help those with eye disorders such as
pigmentosa, retinitis, glaucoma, and myopia.
395
Not many studies have been done to examine bilberry specifically. Even fewer studies have been
done in humans. Most of the suggestions about bilberry's effectiveness come from research on
similar antioxidants, or from test tube and animal studies.
Chronic venous insufficiency
Bilberry extracts are used in Europe to treat this condition, which occurs when valves in veins in
the legs that carry blood to the heart are damaged.
Read more: http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/bilberry-000225.htm#ixzz1h4raECpE
A strong antioxidan t, bilberry benefits your circulatory system, eyes, heart and
brain, and helps genera te overall good health, says Schechter. Bilberry fruit
contains a type of flavonoid called anthocyanosides, which are responsible for
increasing flexibility of capillaries and increasing blood flow.
Research shows that standardized extract of bilberry can enlarge range of

vision and improve sharpness of images, enhance ability to focus, and
improve blurred vision, eyestrain and nearsightedness. Bilberry extract
also helps strengthe n coronary arteries and helps prevent atherosclerosis
and venous insufficiency, which causes swollen ankles and feet. "Since
adding bilberry to my own health progra m, I've noticed my muscles seem
to recover slightly faster, I experience less muscular pain and my vision
has improved from 20 / 1 0 0 to approxi ma t ely 20 / 5 0 , " says Schechter
Luten for the eyes

Ginkgo for the eyes
Ginkgo Biloba extract from the ginkgo tree has been shown to benefit visual
function by improving microcirculation to the eyes especially among patients
suffering from senile macular degenera tion, a common condition thought to
involve free radical damage, says Steven Schechter, N.D., author of Fighting
Radiation & Chemical Pollutants With Foods, Herbs &Vita mi ns (Vitality, Ink ) .
Antiparasitic dosing and Vision
Always take DEC first to clear the blood vessels of worm larvae first
Pulse IVM, never take it continuously, an overdose will lower your vision
Worm toxins cause your vision to dim
maintain daily willow bark and ginkgo, to ensure adequate capillary flow.
Q&A
Q> On page 66 of printout says:

Dosing GuaiAid with Piparazine can help reduce eye inflammation.
Also says use DEC if eye problem instead of Piperazine.
Still debating about DEC.
396
Started PinX and Ivermectin today.
Will
A) continue this Pinx for 9 days then start Pip if no eye complications.
Or
B) continue this Pinx for 9 days and then start DEC instead of Pip? Or with it?
Will wait and see what's up in 9 days?
(Nausea on first very SMALL dose of 25 MG PinX) I think u said u threw up a lot when u took it.
2) have hardened whitish cellophane like scabs/flakes covering lesions. Is this Ascaris in your
opinion?
No $ for macro zoom camera yet or would show you pic.
Of interest: Psora on face and eyebrows melting off with application of Ume plum vinegar.
3) Have 10 days 750 mg dose metrodizanole for blastocystis. Wait and take later?
A> Do you have the impression you have filiarae?

Have you had the Elisa test?
I had tons of worms around the eye, not in it, I had Ascaris.
I cannot eliminate risk of a filiarae infection causing blindness.
If you have a positive ELISA test, call head of ophthalmology Duke University Dr Vann
http://www.vitals.com/doctors/Dr_Robin_Vann.html
Bilberry, Lutein help

Willow bark and Ginkgo open capillaries.
Tiny worms exposed to low level DEC will stop moving. If they are in the blood supply they will
eventually dissolve. Low dose Piperazine helps remove toxins, and provides a minimal immune
activation. Time to dissolve microscopic larvae is about 2 days.
When worms are outside the blood supply, long duration albendazole is required, it slowly goes into
ears, lymph, CNS fluid, and eye fluid. The effect on very small worms is to choke off the sugar
supply, they die slowly over a period of weeks, and cause minimal damage.
Taking to much DEC, Piperazine, or albendazole, can cause a migration and tissue damage.
Taking more caustic antiparasitics are known to cause vision loss.
Usually worms in the eye leave visual artifacts, so if they are in the fluid, you should have some idea,
especially if you look into a bright light.
SIBO
Parasites bring infected guts, that bring you toxins from their illnesses. Sick parasites are mean,
nasty, and harder to kill. Fixing their guts, and treating their infections, makes them easier to kill
inside your body.
Parasites come with infected guts. Parasites move bacteria and yeast into organs. Killing bacteria,
and yeast infections are primary to making you stronger, parasites weaker.
Deoxycycline
Take a single-dose of Deoxycycline for 30 Days. It is broad spectrum, and kills nastier bacteria.
397
SIBO Scan
Q> I have tried everything, what should I do?
A> Have you dosed the following?
• Have you tried Caprillic acid?? (Fungal)
• Have you tried Xylitol (Sugar Bacteria)
• Have you tried Sorbitol
• Have you tried Lactulose (Lactase abnormal)
• Have you tried Fucoidan (Virus)
• Have you tried Glucomannan (Mold)
• Have you tried Liposan? (Biofilm)
• Beta Glucan?
• Humineral?
• Have you tried Probiotic 225
• Tried Listerine Natural Mint
• LEM extract (shiitake mushroom)
• Turkey Tail?
• Dr Christophers parasite liquid
• Corriander oil
• Copper?
• * Hemp Oil - Nutiva
• Organic virgin coconut oil Nutiva
• Have you been tested for CDIFF?
• Entrobacterialecese - nickel bacteria?"
• *Kombucha TEA (Kombucha beverages from Camellia sinensis L. (black tea)
and Satureja montana L. (winter savory tea))
Q> If I don't feel better by tomorrow I'm going back to the ER. My small intestine is now tight and
feels blocked. Stomach hurts, still can't eat. I'm really scared. Not really sure what to do. I can't stop
meds but I keep getting worse. I am doing the formula as close as I can but keep getting worse.
Can't tell if toxins are just slowed all through my small intestine or if I'm actually blocked.
A> I think I know why blockage occurs.
I think worms separate the intestine from the muscle tube, and it slides down to block the valve.
I have given this a great deal of thought.
The ER may order a barium Xray, dont know if they will or can do much, Removing this section of
intestine is a bad idea. It is crucial for oils, fats, and many chemistries. Spending several hours lying
down per day may help relax that section.
I suggest you crank olive oil, pour it over your salads with a little apple cider vinegar.
Use coconut oil as much as possible.
The intestine will re-attach .
Try more bran, flax, germ (wheat) in your soft food diet.
Q> My tongue has been coated kind of black almost 2 weeks.
A> Yea, I had every color tongue possible, biofilm, try humic fulvic. I thought you rushed in, SIBO
steps are important to kill, makes you stronger, your worms weaker.
Q> I am taking all the vitamins, minerals, zinc sulfate plus other supplements.
398
I got extremely sick last week, taking the zinc sulfate, I probably raised it too quickly, or I took too
much by mistake (I have the powder, not the capsules, and I use the gold scale), but anyway I got
so sick that I vomited twice, even the water with the baking soda and the emergency pills half
digested, I wasn't able to keep anything in my body, deep stomach pain, I turned white, not able to
stand up or think straight.
A> Zinc antagonizes Iron, that parasites steal. Copper antagonizes iron as well. While Zinc makes it
impossible to kill Ascaris, It brings your enzyme system back to life, and forces the body to build
white blood cells. It is important to stop all zinc and vitamin A after the PRAZI kill of flukes. Get a hair
analysis, and see how bad your minerals and metals are. Then you can gauge how far gone you are.
I was practically dead. My case was extreme, so the plan is based on an extreme case (me).
Q> Quite scared, and the fact is that I was working too, I need to understand if that was the result
of a massive die off or zinc overdose, maybe both.
A> What you felt was an enzyme release of the worms. They do not like their food supply poisoned.
They feed on blood.
Q> Unfortunately I cannot stop to work. I finished all my savings for the supplements. I just had a
couple of questions for you, I need to know how to move in every step to avoid public problems,
especially at work, I am pretty sure I am infested with Ascaris in my GI Tract. do you think that my
first dose of IVM may cause any scattering?
A> I have copied ___ frrom the CZ. She is an expert in managing work and killing. I will bow to her
experience. I have not worked in 3 years, and just now am getting close to getting back to work. IVM
does not cause scattering. In less than 6 weeks, they have scattered. Doctors that say take 3 of
these or 6 of that are a cure are fools. Only oil of chenopodium kills worms. They removed it from
most major markets.
Q> I've been reading a few experiences about that from curezone.
And also how do you suggest to take the Pinx + Ivm? Both in the same time or first one and after
30minutes the other?
A> IVM puts the worm to sleep, so taking both at once may have some reaction, but after they attach
it will keep the toxins inside the worm. Magnesium Citrate, 2 Grams, will cause a rapid flush of the
worms out of the GI so they cannot grab on to anything on the way out, nor wake up before they are
flushed.
Q> Will it be so devastating about the die off?
A> Lets keep the nasty talk for later. If they have spread, you will be in for the fight of your life, but it
is a life worth living.
Q> And the prazi and albenza? will be possible keep working during that protocol or I may get very
sick when using those two medicines?
A>I will let ___ from the CZ answer that one.
Q> I always have my emergency supplements handy, in my car and at home. But work while doing
this stuff is not very easy for me (I am a chef), and last week I had to leave the place to run in the
toilet and vomit a bunch of pills twice.
A> Back down a bit, it takes months to eliminate, there is no hurry. Do not eat raw meat or fish.
399
Q> I actually am at the phase 2, Still trying to raise the PH, which is at 6, sometimes 6.5. But having
difficult on the biofilm+sibo.
A> The next version will have ore SIBO SIVO sections. I cannot find them yet, I have years of files,
and over 80 Gigs of data to crawl through.
Q> I've been reading a lot about that too. The symptoms are soo similar that sometimes I don't
understand if my gas and lot of bloating is caused more from the sibo or from the parasites.
A> Both, dying worms make foul smell, SIBO dying is sweet, like rotting apples, grapes, leaves.
Q>My girlfriend must have some candida too. I am trying to eat as healthy as I can, my diet is 90%
plant based, mostly organic, with no processed food.
A> Shiitake mushroom will keep her immune system up. Parasites are in the produce as well, it is
really a function of clean water, good immune system, balanced body, and then anti-parasitics work.
It is like they only work in a test tube or something. Fix the body, then kill the parasites. Costs a
whole lot less.
Q>Though sometimes I HAVE TO eat something dirty or after 3-4 days with a perfect diet my
parasites starts to drive me crazy, I am addicted mostly to refined flours, being an Italian, son of a
baker, and being eating white flour every day for most of my life I thing is what fucked up most my
intestines and immune system.
Q> I found I have to eliminate not just the sugars, but every carbs source for at least 2-3 weeks to
eliminate the sibo, even the healty ones like quinoa, millet, ecc..., Food Map Diet. Did you follow any
particular diet when eliminating the biofilm?
A> Slow down, so many questions, first parasites eat pasta for lunch. Quit. Bread is not as healthy
as potatoes. Olive oil and butter are better than cheaper vegetable oils. Sugar feeds SIBO and
SIYO. That tells you that you have a dual infection. There is a crappy section in the latest revision, it
deals briefly with yeast and bacteria. I took www.humineral.com humic fulvic to short out the voltage
potential a biofilm generates. High pulses of chitosan, LEM, beta glucan, Turkey tail, Caprillic acid
will knock down your infection, expect a 4 day down, minimum. The toxins and smell will be very
bad. My head came off.
Q> And how much time did it take for you to accomplish this step?
A> SIYO took 21 days to kill.
Q> Now I get bloated and my abdomen is very distended most of the time, whatever I eat, except
when I fast.
A> No fasting, make you strong, them weak, eat veggies K vitamins, Salads, Small portion of meat
(cooked) potatoes not bread, go to good fats, coconut oil (butter) if you must. Use only olive oil from
Sicily, the oil there has 22-23 carbon chains.
Q> I am keeping with the oregano oil, chitosan, caprilic acid, garlic coconut oil, echinacea, cloves,
peppermint oil, zeolite, colostrum, echinacea ecc... plus a biofilm disruptor in caps every morning on
a empty stomach. But how do you know when you are really killing the sibo?
A> Toxins are released, Pulse higher dose better than every day for some things. You are doing to
many things at once, how about splitting it up into 2 different formulas, and alternating. It goes as
fast as it goes, doing everything all at once is a bit much.
400
Q> Can you see it in the stool? I just need a few word from you because I am feeling stucked and
not going anywhere, thanks a lot for your help, which is always very appreciated.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterobacteriaceae
3/14 killed acetic acid bacteria with Chitosan
03/14 Killed acetic acid bacteria Using 6/6/6 /D Chitosan? Smelled like vinegar, large gassy painful
stools, very acid stool, vision much improved.
3/28/14 (Disbiosis Formula)
AM – PM Formula
2 cups of rose hip seed tea (9 trans cis retinolic acid)

1 magnesium citrate 250mg nature made 02896
1 magnesium plus 200mg prohealth ph88 - Glycinate form
2 malic acid w magnesium soloray 46355 w B1 B6 griffonia simplicfolia 5HTP
4 copper caps 2 mg 01017 twinlab
1 Magnesium Citrate 133mg Source Naturals- highly absorbable w dibasic calcium phosphate,
colloidal silicon dioxide (33% DV)
1 Chromium Picolinate 200 mcg NOW1422
1 Vandyl Complex KAL 70311 C100MG- VANDIUM SULFATE 10MG
1 Taurine 500 GNC 02615
1 Magnesium Citrate 200mg NOW 1292
1 Magnesium, AAC Solaray 4630 chelated with whole rice concintrate,w magnesium oxide
1 K2 100mcg NOW 0990
10 drops liquid Molybdenum NutriCology50700
1 Magnesium and Potassium Aspirate chelated with L aspartic Acid w Taurine NOW1320
25 drops Bartlow LDM100 Lomatium Dissectum
3/24/14 (Disbiosis and Mold Formula)
AM – PM Formula
1 cups of rose hip seed tea (9 trans cis retinolic acid) 4X/D
1 barleans flax oil 1000 mg 10007
2<1 very cranberry Irwin naturals 57740
2<4<8<4 magnesium citrate 250mg nature made 02896
0<2<4<12<4 monolauren 300mg professional health products 19009
0<1 glucomannan 575 now 6512
2<1 magnesium plus 200mg prohealth ph88 - Glycinate form
0<2<1 coconut oil natures answer 26131
4<4<2 malic acid w magnesium soloray 46355
2<8<4<2 copper caps 2 mg 01017 twinlab
0<1<2 Magnesium Citrate 133mg Source Naturals- highly absorbable w dibasic calcium phosphate,
colloidal silicon dioxide (33% DV)
1 Chromium Picolinate 200 mcg NOW1422
1 Vandyl Complex KAL 70311 C100MG- VANDIUMSULFATE10MG
0 Taurine 500 GNC 02615
1<0 Magnesium Citrate 200mg NOW 1292
1 Magnesium, AAC Solaray 4630 chelated with whole rice concentrate w magnesium oxide
1 K2 100mcg NOW 0990
401
10 drops liquid Molybdenum NutriCology 50700
2<4<4<2 Malic Acid with Magnesium Solaray 46355 w B1 B6 griffonia simplicfolia 5HTP
1 Magnesium and Potassium Aspirate chelated with L aspartic Acid w Taurine NOW1320
25 drops Bartlow LDM100 Lomatium Dissectum
03/14/14 SIBO small intestine bacterial overgrowth
3/16/14
(Formula add,
Magnesium Citrate,
Glucomannan,
monolauren,
copper chelate 2 mg.)
PS: Doctor $250/2105 test from metametrix $380
http://www.metametrix.com/files/test-menu/interpretive-guides/GI-Effects-IG.pdf
Tests for the entire NYC super bug strains, and more.\
http://www.slideshare.net/MMASSY/drugs-acting-on-the-gastrointestinal-tract
Antibiotics deplete copper reserves
The age-old folk remedy of wearing copper bracelets for rheumatoid arthritis
http://www.journalofanimalscience.org/content/20/1/163.abstract
Copper sulfate significantly increased lactobacilli, total aerobes, total anaerobes and streptococci
organisms.
The antibiotics significantly increased the fecal count of coliforms and molds and yeasts and
decreased the streptococci organisms.
Heavy Hitting SIBO formula
Shiitakai extract
Shiitakai extract Planetary Herbals
http://www.swansonvitamins.com/planetary-herbals-full-spectrum-shiitake-extract-2-fl-oz-liquid?
SourceCode=INTL415&CAWELAID=530002460000015001
Reishi extract
Reishi extract 40drops 2X/D
http://www.swansonvitamins.com/planetary-herbals-full-spectrum-reishi-extract-2-fl-oz-liquid
Samentos
http://www.nutramedix.ec/ns/samento
http://www.newswithviews.com/Howenstine/james26.htm
http://www.livestrong.com/article/470251-benefits-of-samento/
Immune System Benefits
402
Both Drugs.com and the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center report that studies of cat's claw
confirm the alkaloids present in the herb stimulate the immune system in various ways, including
increasing the destruction of foreign bodies, increasing production of white blood cells and
enhancing the action of other immune system cells.
- See more at: http://www.livestrong.com/article/470251-benefits-of-

samento/#sthash.GhANm1nQ.dpuf
Some of the beneficial properties of Samento are attributed to the pentacyclic oxindole alkaloids
(POAs) that are found in the plant that act on the cellular immune system and demonstrate powerful
immune system modulating properties. Samento does not contain the tetracyclic oxindole alkaloids
(TOAs) that are found in traditional Cat’s Claw. TOAs disrupt central nervous system function and
greatly inhibit the effects of the POAs.
Some researchers believe that Samento may be as much as 1,000 times more effective than Cat’s
Claw. One difference between Samento and Cat’s Claw is that Cat’s Claw is an immune system
stimulant and Samento is an immune system modulator. Also, Samento can be used to treat all
autoimmune disorders.
In May 2005, pharmacological studies were conducted in laboratory rodents at the University of
Guayaquil, Ecuador. The anti-inflammatory effect study showed that Nutramedix Samento extract
inhibits inflammation by 83.8%.
There are no known contraindications, no known side effects and no known interactions with other
drugs when using Samento. In May 2005, toxicology studies were conducted on Nutramedix
Samento at the University of Guayaquil, Ecuador. No toxic effects were reported even when
laboratory rodents received 120,000 times the equivalent human dose.
Some other medicinal properties that have been reported:
• ANTIBACTERIAL
• ANTICANCEROUS
• ANTIDEPRESSANT
• ANTIFUNGAL
• ANTI-HYPERTENSIVE
• ANTILEUKEMIC
• ANTIMUTAGENIC
• ANTI-OXIDANT
• ANTIPARASITIC
• ANTIPARKINSONISM
• ANTI-ULCEROUS
• ANTIVIRAL
• CYTOSTATIC
• DEPURATIVE
• DIURETIC
• VERMIFUGE
Copper-soy
http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/content/20/1/21.abstract
Effects of supplemental copper-methionine chelate and copper-soy proteinate on the performance,

blood parameters, liver mineral content, and intestinal microflora of broiler chickens
G.-B. Kim*, Y. M. Seo*, K. S. Shin*, A. R. Rhee*, J. Han† and I. K. Paik*
403
*Department of Animal Science and Technology
†Department of Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Ansung-si, Kyonggi-do, 456-756, South Korea
↵1 Corresponding author: ikpaik@cau.ac.kr

Received March 8, 2010.
Accepted September 3, 2010.
SUMMARY
In this study, we investigated the effect of dietary supplementation of Cu-Met chelate (Cu-Met) and
Cu-soy proteinate (Cu-SP) on the performance, blood parameters, liver mineral content, and
intestinal microflora in broiler chickens. A total of 1,008 hatched Ross broiler chickens were
randomly assigned to 1 of 6 dietary treatments (T): T1, control; T2, antibiotic (6 ppm of avilamycin);
T3, 50 ppm of Cu as Cu-Met; T4, 100 ppm of Cu as Cu-Met; T5, 50 ppm of Cu as Cu-SP; and T6,
100 ppm of Cu as Cu-SP. Each treatment had 3 replicates of 56 birds (28 birds of each sex). During
the 4-wk feeding period, the BW increase of birds in the antibiotic treatment was 3.25% and those
of birds in the 100 ppm of Cu treatments were 2.67% on average compared with the control group.
The production efficiency factor {[livability (%) × live weight (kg)/age (d) × FCR] × 100} was
increased by 5.23% for birds in the antibiotic treatment and by 0.7 to 7.8% for birds in Cu
treatments, among which the treatment with 100 ppm of Cu as Cu-SP was highest. The red blood
cell level, hematocrit level, and mean corpuscular volume of birds in the Cu treatments were lower
than were those of birds in the control group. Copper concentration in the liver increased as the
level of Cu supplementation increased. The populations of lactobacilli and total bacteria increased,
and that of Escherichia coli decreased as the level of Cu increased, whereas all microbes, including
Clostridium perfringens, decreased in the antibiotic treatment.
Key words:
antibioticbroilercopper
http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/content/86/3/531.abstract
Effects of Dietary Copper Supplementation and Copper Source on Digesta pH, Calcium, Zinc, and
Copper Complex Size in the Gastrointestinal Tract of the Broiler Chicken
Y. Pang and T. J. Applegate1
Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906
↵1 Corresponding author: applegt@purdue.edu
Received September 7, 2006.
Accepted November 27, 2006.
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to study the effects of high dietary Cu and Cu source on the pH of
digesta from the gizzard, duodenum + jejunum, ileum, and complex size of Ca, Zn, and Cu in the
duodenum + jejunum digesta of broiler chickens. Ross 308 male broiler chicks were randomly
assigned to 32 cages and fed 1 of 4 treatments: control, 250 ppm Cu from sulfate, 250 ppm Cu from
lysinate, and 250 ppm tribasic Cu from chloride from 15 to 21 d of age. Copper supplementation and
Cu source had no effects on pH of gizzard or duodenum + jejunum contents.
Copper supplementation, however, increased the pH of the ileal contents (P < 0.05) but was not
affected by Cu source. Neither Cu supplementation nor Cu source had significant effects on the
solubility of Ca in the duodenum + jejunum contents, and the portions of Ca existing in different
soluble complex sizes: >100,000, 100,000 to 30,000, 30,000 to 5,000, and <5,000 molecular weight
(MW) in the duodenum + jejunum digesta. About 80% of soluble Ca, Cu, and Zn was associated
with either large complexes (>100,000 MW) or small complexes (<5,000 MW). The solubility of
supplemental Cu in digesta was from 59 to 61% (P < 0.05), but solubility was not affected by Cu
source. No effects on portions of Cu existing in different sizes of complexes in the supernatant were
noted. Copper lysinate decreased the Zn solubility in the digesta (P < 0.05), but Cu sulfate and
tribasic Cu chloride supplementation did not. Copper supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the
404
percentage of Zn associated with large complexes (>100,000 MW) and decreased (P < 0.05) the
percentage of Zn associated with small complexes (<5,000 MW; P < 0.05), thereby suggesting an
antagonism between Cu and Zn.
Cranberries
Another study has been performed where the effectiveness at preventing UTIs by antibiotics (TMP-
SMX) was compared to that of cranberry extract (Cranmax®; Proprietary Nutritionals, USA)
•Vitamin C. Vitamin C’s role in preventing and treating infectious disease is well established.
Intravenous vitamin C is an option, but if you don’t have access to a practitioner who can administer
it, liposomal vitamin C is the most potent oral form. For more information on vitamin C, listen to my
interview with Dr. Ronald Hunninghake, an internationally recognized vitamin C expert. If you
choose to supplement with vitamin C, liposomal C seems to be the best form to use.
•Garlic. Garlic is a powerful antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal. It can stimulate your immune
system, help wounds heal, and kill antibiotic-resistant bacteria (including MRSA and multi-drug
resistant tuberculosis), plus it has shown more than 100 other health promoting properties.9 For
highest potency, the garlic should be eaten fresh and raw (chopped or smashed.)
•Olive leaf extract. In vitro studies show olive leaf extract is effective against Klebsiella, a gram-
negative bacteria, inhibiting its replication, in addition to being toxic to other pathogenic microbes.
•Manuka honey. Manuka honey, made from the flowers and pollen of the Manuka bush, has been
shown to be more effective than antibiotics in the treatment of serious, hard-to-heal skin infections.
Clinical trials have found Manuka honey can effectively eradicate more than 250 clinical strains of
bacteria, including resistant varieties such as MRSA.
•Tea tree oil. Tea tree oil is a natural antiseptic proven to kill many bacterial strains (including
MRSA).10
•Colloidal silver. Colloidal silver has been regarded as an effective natural antibiotic for centuries,
and recent research shows it can even help eradicate antibiotic-resistant pathogens. If you are
interested in this treatment, make sure you read the latest guidelines for safe usage of colloidal
silver as there are risks with using it improperly.
•Copper. Replacing fixtures with certain copper alloys can help kill bacteria, even superbugs.
Installing copper faucets, light switches, toilet seats and push plates in germ-infested areas such as
hospitals and nursing homes could potentially save thousands of lives each year.
In its most common form, the potassium salt, potassium clavulanate
Some cations, such as Ca2+, Mg2+, and Na+, can inhibit the antimicrobial activity of cationic
peptides (18, 32).
Citrate salts
Carbonate salts
Supplement Recommendations based on UTM/UEE Test Results
Increasing Calcium
405
¦Nettle
¦Chamomile
¦Chervil
¦Cal/Mag/Vit D/Vit K (Calcium & Magnesium Citrates)
¦Bone Support RNA
Increasing Other Essential Minerals
¦Sodium : Aerobic O7
¦Potassium: Aerobic KO7
¦Phosphorus (Complexed Phosphorus)
¦Magnesium
?Mag O7
?Magnesium Citrate
?Krebs Magnesium-Potassium Chelates
?Magnesium Drops
?Magnesium Malate Forte
¦Zinc
?Zinc Lozenges
?Zinc Drops
?Krebs Zinc (only if MAP or OAT tests also indicate a need for Krebs support)
¦Copper
?BioThyro
?Cell food
¦Manganese
¦Molybdenum
¦Boron
¦Chromium Picolinate
¦Lithium Orotate
¦Selenium Drops or tablets
¦Strontium Support II
¦Vanadyl (Vanadyl Sulfate)
 Oregano: Early research shows that taking oregano by mouth may help treat parasites.
Further research is needed to confirm these results.
 Oregano: Early study shows that taking oregano by mouth may help get rid of
parasites. Further research is needed to confirm these results. Research suggests that
oregano is well tolerated in recommended doses. Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to
oregano or to other herbs from the Lamiaceae family including hyssop, basil marjoram ,
mint, sage and lavender. Use cautiously with diabetes and bleeding disorders because
oregano may increase the risk of bleeding or decrease blood sugar levels. Pregnant or
breastfeeding women should not consume oregano at doses above those normally
found in food.
 Oregano: Early study shows that taking oregano by mouth may help treat parasites.
Further research is needed to confirm these results. Avoid in individuals with a known
allergy or hypersensitivity to oregano. Based on historical use, it appears that oregano is
well tolerated in recommended doses. However, reliable clinical trials demonstrating
safety or efficacy of a particular dose or for a recommended treatment duration are
currently lacking in the available literature. Oregano may lower blood sugar levels.
Caution is advised in patients with diabetes or hypoglycemia, and in those taking drugs,
herbs, or supplements that affect blood sugar. Serum glucose levels may need to be
monitored by a healthcare provider, and medication adjustments may be necessary.
Oregano is not recommended at doses above those normally found in food during
pregnancy and lactation due to a lack of available scientific evidence.
406
Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae
http://www.liofilchem.net/en/mov_enteropluritest.php
BETA-LAC CONFIRM
Health care professionals may recommend herbs such as DGL-licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
Copper chelate malic acid
-Escherichia coli
toxicity involves the action of reactive oxygen species. Low micromolar levels of copper
were sufficient to inhibit the growth of both WT and mutant strains
copper
blocks their biosynthesis. Indeed, copper treatment rapidly inactivated isopropylmalate
dehydratase, an iron-sulfur cluster enzyme in this pathway suggesting that Cu(I)

damages these proteins by liganding to the coordinating sulfur atoms.
Microbes are particularly vulnerable to metal poisoning because they cannot control their
extracellular environment
The mechanism by which copper poisons cells has been elusive. A long-standing hypothesis is that
copper reacts with endogenous H2O2 to generate hydroxyl radicals in a process analogous to the
Fenton reaction:
Cu_ _ H2O23 Cu2_ _ OH_ _ HO_ .
Indeed, we found that copper-stressed cells produced endogenous H2O2 at a rate several fold
higher than did untreated cells (data not shown). Excessive levels of superoxide (O2_) and H2O2
can disrupt several amino acid biosynthetic pathways (18–20); therefore, we tested whether copper
creates similar blocks. (This experiment was complicated
by the fact that _-amino acids chelate copper and thereby increase the dose necessary for toxicity;
to correct for this effect, alanine was added in equivalent doses to cultures from which amino acids
of interest were withheld.) The copA cueO cusCFBA mutant could not grow aerobically in
glucose/alanine medium to which 10 _M copper was added (Fig. 2 A). The addition of branched-
chain amino acids partially restored growth, indicating that this pathway is a primary target of
copper toxicity. The failure to fully restore growth indicates that additional growthlimiting damage
also occurred outside of this pathway.
Copper Inactivated Iron-Sulfur Cluster Dehydratases Inside Aerobic Cells. Reactive oxygen
species block branched-chain biosynthesis because they directly damage the iron-sulfur clusters of 2
dehydratases: dihydroxy-acid dehydratase in the common branchedchain pathway and
isopropylmalate isomerase (IPMI) in the leucine-specific branch (18, 21–23). In conformity with the
The Mechanism of Copper Toxicity Is Independent of Oxygen. Other investigators have

noted that copper can poison bacterial cells in anaerobic medium (12, 17, 24), and we observed, in
fact, that both WT cells and the copA cueO cusCFBA mutant were much more sensitive to growth
inhibition by copper when oxygen was absent (Fig. S2). The anaerobic growth of the WT and
mutant strains was effectively blocked by 1 _M and 125 nM copper, respectively. At the very least,
407
this means that copper has an acute mechanism of toxicity that does not involve reactive oxygen
species.
Surprisingly, experiments suggested that the primary target of anaerobic toxicity was no different
from that in aerobic cells. Growth resumed when branched-chain amino acids were added to
anaerobic medium (Fig. 3). This restoration
of growth was not caused by chelation of copper, because the D-enantiomers of the amino acids
failed to restore growth (data not shown). Further, an overexpression plasmid carrying leuCD fully
suppressed the growth defect, indicating that it arose from the lack of IPMI activity (Fig. S1B).
Indeed, during anaerobic exposure to 4 _M copper, the IPMI
activities of bothWT cells and copA cueO cusCFBA mutant cells decreased to less than 15% of the
activity of untreated cells (Fig. 4A). Copper also damaged fumarase B, the anaerobic isozyme of
fumarase A (Fig. 4B). These results indicated that the poisoning of these enzymes by copper
occurred through a non-oxidative mechanism. It is likely that the same was true in aerobic media
Copper Damaged the Iron-Sulfur Cluster of Fumarase A. Saturating concentrations of malate,

a substrate of fumarase A, fully protected the enzyme activity from copper (Fig. 5 B). This effect was
probably mediated by its shielding the enzyme active site, as the protective effect tracked closely to
the dose needed to form an ES complex.
Fig. 7. The ability of Cu(I) to damage iron-sulfur clusters is modulated by copper-binding

metabolites and requires that clusters be solvent-exposed. (A) Fumarase A (4 _M) was anaerobically
challenged with 10 _M Cu(I) at 27 °C without supplementation (open squares) or in the presence of
100 _M histidine (his) (closed circles) or 100 _M reduced glutathione (GSH) (closed diamonds).
The data are a representative of 3 independent experiments. (B) Fumarase A (0.1 _M) was mixed
with sulfite reductase (SiRase), and the
enzyme mixture was then challenged anaerobically with 0 _M(open bars) or 10 _M Cu(I) (gray bars)
for 3 min at 27 °C. The data are the average of 3 independent experiments, and the error bars
represent SD.
Discussion
Life evolved in an anaerobic world that was rich in iron. Evolution exploited the versatile
surface chemistry of this metal by integrating it into iron-sulfur clusters that serve to bind
substrates into enzyme active sites. This arrangement succeeded for 2 billion years, until the
emergence of photosystem 2 caused the gradual oxygenation of the environment. As
molecular oxygen accumulated, it oxidized dissolved sulfur compounds, which until that time
had sequestered soft metals into mineral precipitates. The subsequent solubilization of these
408
metals evidently posed a new problem for extant organisms. The present study reveals that
one of these metals, copper, rapidly inactivates the catalytic clusters of dehydratases. This
enzyme family has representatives in central catabolic and biosynthetic pathways, which
therefore become dysfunctional in copper-exposed cells.
These enzymes are uniquely vulnerable to chemical damage because their clusters are
substantially exposed to solvent (31). Previous studies show that O2 _ and H2O2 are small
enough to invade the active site, where they coordinate and oxidize the iron-sulfur cluster to
an unstable valence (18, 21, 32). In this work, we found that these clusters are also the
primary targets of copper, which evidently displaces their iron atoms when it coordinates
their thiolate or inorganic sulfur ligands. The extreme avidity with which it does so means
that cellular environments that contain such enzymes cannot tolerate even modest levels of
active copper.
Activated Charcoal will chelate Aluminum, Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Iron,
Manganese, Platinum, Tin, Thorium, Tungsten. It will NOT for Beryllium, Cobalt, Nickel,
some Lead, Rubidium, Silver, Uranium and Mercury.
Molybdenum helps the body maintain the zinc/ copper
I recommend regularly testing both essential minerals (the Urine Essential Elements or UEE
test)
Increasing Calcium
Nettle
Chamomile
Chervil
Cal/Mag/Vit D/Vit K (Calcium & Magnesium Citrates)
Bone Support RNA
Increasing Other Essential Minerals
Sodium : Aerobic O7
Potassium: Aerobic KO7
Phosphorus (Complexed Phosphorus)
Magnesium
Mag O7
Magnesium Citrate
Krebs Magnesium-Potassium Chelates
Magnesium Drops
Magnesium Malate Forte
Zinc
Zinc Lozenges
Zinc Drops
Krebs Zinc (only if MAP or OAT tests also indicate a need for Krebs support)
Copper
BioThyro
Cell food
Manganese - Detoxify excess ammonia
Molybdenum
Boron
Chromium Picolinate
Lithium Orotate
Selenium Drops or tablets
Strontium Support II
Vanadyl (Vanadyl Sulfate)
409
Dr. Larry Wilson
Introduction
When medical Science comes to under-stand the implications of a copper imbalance, it may be
referred to as the scourge of the late 20th century. It is one of the most com-monly encountered
imbalances that we find on tissue mineral tests today. Many of the most prevalent metabolic
dysfunctions of our time are related in some way to a copper im-balance.
Copper toxicity is a much overlooked con-tributor to many health problems; including anorexia,
fatigue, premenstrual syndrome, depression, anxiety, migraine headaches, al-lergies, childhood
hyperactivity and learning disorders.
The involvement of copper toxicity and biounavailability in such a wide range of health conditions
may seem unusual. It is our intent in this paper to show how copper is regulated in the body and
why it is such a key mineral in so many metabolic dysfunctions.
Source Naturals Ultra-Mag

High-Efficiency Magnesium Complex
Vitamin B-6 (as pyridoxine HCl) 50 mg 2,500%

Magnesium (as magnesium citrate,
taurinate,
malate,
glycinate,
and succinate)
Magnesium taurinate
- is an essential mineral that is used to treat individuals with low naturally occurring levels of
magnesium
- It is used specifically to treat individuals with a natural magnesium deficiency
- Magnesium Taurate: The Best Brain Supplement

The two most common forms of magnesium are Citrate and Sulfate. These are primarily not used for
the brain but for cleansing the body of toxins, and also for digestion.
-Within our brain there is a fine balance of sodium and potassium. Magnesium activates
an enzyme that serves to balance the levels of those key chemicals.
- One of the toxins which magnesium takes care of is called ammonia
- Magnesium helps to activate glutamine synthetase - this substance converts ammonia
into urea
- Other enzymes magnesium activates serve your body by improving the effectiveness of
the energy glucose gives us
- which indirectly improves the amount of energy which can be used by the brain
- magnesium taurate contains an amino acid called taurine. Among the many benefits of taurine are
the heightened control of neurotransmitters in the brain – which can prevent the death of brain cells
(and consequently the onset of brain dysfunction and even brain damage).
http://george-eby-research.com/html/depression-anxiety.html
Magnesium must be done cautiously, perhaps with no more than 800 mg daily of magnesium,
410
Xylitol
Chitosan
CHITOSAN, 8-24 PER DAY IN THE AM, EVERY third DAY for a month
Parasitol Res. 2013 Aug;112(8):2933-43. doi: 10.1007/s00436-013-3466-4. Epub 2013 Jul 5.
Improved antifilarial activity of ivermectin in chitosan-alginate nanoparticles against human

lymphatic filarial parasite, Brugia malayi.
The current antifilarial treatments are not up to the mark partly due to deep location of filarial
parasites in the human lymphatic system. We report here on the improvement in the antifilarial
activity of ivermectin (IVM) using chitosan-alginate nanoparticles prepared by modified complex
coacervation method. The nanoparticles were spherical having 155 nm size and 4.56 and 75.67%
loading and entrapment efficiency respectively for IVM. The delivery system maintained the
sustained release and significantly augmented the microfilaricidal (MIF) activity at a single low dose
(200 μg/kg body weight, subcutaneously) in contrast to much higher dose of free ivermectin (400
μg/kg body weight, subcutaneously) against human lymphatic filariid, Brugia malayi in rodent host,
Mastomys coucha. To substantiate increase in MIF activity, pharmacokinetics study was designed on
Wistar rats which revealed a greater peak plasma concentration (45.3 ± 1.79 ng/ml), area under the
concentration curve (298 ± 38.7 ng d/ml) and extended mean residence time (23.4 ± 8.56 days)of
IVM in chitosan-alginate nanoparticles. Administration of 25 mg/kg of diethylcarbamazine following
nanoparticle therapy significantly improved the MIF and macrofilaricidal action of encapsulated drug
and was considered superior in this study.
PMID:
HUMineral
HUMineral will break up biofilm in gut
Probiotic 225
Probiotic 225 will re establish bacteria biodome.
Garlic
Chew 1/4 clove fresh chopped garlic, let set under tongue for 10 minutes, 153 sulfur compounds,
has been shown to release chemicals that regulate body metal and mineral processes, regulate
immune chemistries, and restore body health.
GuaiAid
Www.guaiaid.com
(2-4-6) 600mg guaiaid caps
Fibromyalgia Solutions
http://www.nevdgp.org.au/info/ArthritisF/management/herbal.htm
411
http://www.holistic-online.com/Herbal-Med/_Herbs/h244.htm
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2K/MB_cgi?term=Guaiacol+glyceryl+ether
A LITTLE GUAI-AID, AND FUCOIDAN IS HELPFUL AS WELL. HUMINERAL ALSO MAKES BIOFILMS
DIE, shorts out the voltage potential of the biofilm.
Mark London
Please report any links that are not working to mrl@psfc.mit.edu
In the early 1990s, I belonged to the first fibromyalgia discussion group on the internet, the
FIBROM-L mailing list. We were probably the first people on the internet to hear about the
guaifenesin treatment. Dr. St. Amand claimed that the drug guaifenesin could treat
fibromyalgia symptoms by removing excess phosphate from the body, which he believes to
be the cause of fibromyalgia. The removal of the phosphate would supposedly lead to a
reversal of all fibromyalgia symptoms, which would essentially be as close to a cure as
possible. Dr. St. Amand claims that he has successfully reversed all fibromyalgia symptoms
in 90% of his patients.
In 1996, before the study was published, I went to a library, and quickly discovered that
guaifenesin has a skeletal muscle relaxant property, a fact that people in the fibromyalgia
community were not aware of. Surprisingly, anyone could have easily discovered this fact if
they looked up guaifenesin in the Merck Index, a drug handbook, which lists guaifenesin as
having this effect. Guaifenesin has known neurological effects, but most doctors are
unaware of this, because it is no longer used in humans for this effect. However, it is used
for this effect in veterinary medicine. And a slightly different form of guaifenesin,
guaifenesin carbamate, is used in humans as a muscle relaxant, and is sold under the name
Robaxin.
Additionally, any worsening of fibromyalgia symptoms during the treatment, is also a good
sign, since these symptoms are attributed to guaifenesin's reversal process, that rids the body
of "metabolic debris". Thus, even feeling worse, could make a person feel more optimistic.
Plus, many patients are "mapped", i.e. their bodies are examined for lumps, and if the lumps
decrease in size, this is also supposedly a sign that the guaifenesin is working by removing
the phosphate deposits from the body.
Patients on guaifenesin for fibromyalgia take anywhere from 600 to 3600mg per day. Dr. St.
Amand's own wife takes as much as 4800mg per day. So this effect would likely be
significant in these people.
Guaifenesin was being used as an expectorant, well before propanediols were discovered, as it can
be derived from the bark of the guaiac tree. However, as shall be shown later, guaifenesin doesn't
appear to have a direct effect on mucus. Instead, it's possible that its expectorant ability is actually
due to its muscle relaxant effect. Some types of expectorants are known to act via a relaxant effect,
as the effect helps to soothe spasms and allow mucus to flow easier. Two common herbal remedies
that are known to act both as relaxants and expectorants are kava kava and peppermint oil. Some
relaxants, like pepperment oil, are also useful for digestion problems such as Irritable Bowel
Syndrome, so it's not surprising that some people have reported guaifenesin to be useful for IBS
412
(although IBS is a multifaceted problem, so relaxants don't work for everyone.) In any event, this
shows how a single property can have widespread and diverse effects on the body.
Guaifenesin's Analgesic Effect
But guaifenesin's effect on the nervous system is not simply limited to acting as a muscle
relaxant. By the way, guaifenesin is a centuries old remedy, as Dr. St. Amand himself notes.
He points out that extracts of the guaiac tree, have a long history of being used for
rheumatism. I assume that he mentions this, as a possible proof that it can treat fibromyalgia.
However the specific history, is that in the 1500s, explorers to the new world of North
America became aware of the guaiac tree, due to the fact that they were looking for
remedies to treat untreatable diseases, such as syphilis. Basically, they were looking for a
way to make money. They discovered that the local natives were using extracts of the guaiac
tree for medicinal properties, and so they tested it on syphilis. The extracts were able to treat
the back pain related to syphilis, so they believed that it could therefore treat syphilis. Thus,
for a long time, it was more well known for treating syphilis, than rheumatism. The fact that
guaifenesin has a history of treating various ailments, supports the theory that it has a more
general analgesic effect, rather than a specific effect that only treats fibromyalgia. So it's no
wonder that people such as Gregory Penniston, a chiropractor who designed the GuaiLife
form of guaifenesin, markets it for a very wide range of pain conditions, such as pelvic pain,
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome and restless leg syndrome, among others.
Dr. St. Amand believes that the increased phosphate excretion is the reason for guaifenesin's
benefit:
It's not surprising that uricosuric agents cannot affect phosphate excretion. The process in
the proximal tubule of the kidneys, where most of the phosphate reabsorption occurs, is
highly controlled and specific to phosphate. In that area of the kidneys, there exist "type II
sodium-phosphate cotransporters", which control phosphate reabsorption, and they are very
specific for phosphate. They are controlled by several mediators of phosphate homeostasis
(eg, parathyroid hormone [PTH], dopamine, dietary phosphate). If a drug could simply
affect phosphate excretion, and not other minerals, then that would be of remarkable help for
many hyperphosphate disorders. Right now, the way to treat such disorders, is via a low
phosphate diet, combined with using phosphate binders that block the absorption of dietary
phosphate. In severe case, diuretics are also used. However, these methods are not always
very successful, or can create side effects. A drug that could remove only phosphate, without
affecting other minerals, and without the need to change one's diet, would be a great
discovery.
The reason for any possible initial increase in mineral excretion, that is seen from
guaifenesin, might be due to the fact that guafenesin is metabolized by the liver into an acid,
which is then excreted into the urine. In theory, this could increase urinary acidity, and
increased urinary acidity has been associated with increased calcium excretion. This might
explain why Dr. Bennett's study showed a small but significant increase in urinary calcium.
However, when initially starting guaifenesin, there might be large increases in mineral
excretion, until the body adapts to the changes. For example, high protein diets that increase
urinary acidity, can initially increase mineral excretion, especially calcium However, a
recent long term study on such a diet, has shown that such effects disappear after several
weeks. Thus, only long term studies show the true effects.
413
Phosphorus, commonly referred to as phosphate, is one of the most common and most
necessary minerals in the body. Phosphate is used everywhere, from the building of bones,
to balancing the body's PH, and most important, for providing energy to run the body, via
the formation of ATP. However, since phosphate is so common in the foods we eat, a
phosphate deficiency is rare. And so is an excess of phosphate.
This is because the kidneys are the main factor in regulating proper phosphate levels in the body.
And the kidneys are well able to excrete very large amounts of excess phosphate, up to several
times the amount normally found in one's diet. Kidney functioning must fail by at least 50%, before
they lose their ability to excrete the amount of excess phosphate that is ingested.
There are several factors that influence the rate of phosphate excretion by the kidneys. The main
influence is the parathyroid glands, as they controls excretion rates via the production of parathyroid
hormones, or PTH. Thus, phosphate problems mainly occur due to either kidney or parathyroid
problems.
If phosphate excretion is too low, phosphate serum levels rise, resulting in the condition known as
hyperphosphatemia This is normally due to either kidney failure, parathyroid deficiency
(hypoparathyroidism), or due to the body not reacting properly to parathyroid hormone. The Merck
Manual pages that relate to this condition are found here:
http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual/section2/chapter12/12e.htm
Dr. St. Amand believes that the calcium phosphate deposits in cells is the cause of lower levels of
ATP, which is found in fibromyalgia. ATP is a key chemical that the body creates for storing energy.
However, studies have shown no relationship to the level of ATP and actual fibromyalgia symptoms.
And there have been no published studies which have found that excess phosphate is associated
with ATP depletion, or for that matter, any fibromyalgia symptoms. But there are studies which
show that ATP deficiencies are found in people with phosphate deficiencies, which is not surprising,
since ATP requires phosphate. In fact, one study has found that some people with chronic fatigue
syndrome have phosphate diabetes, a condition caused by kidneys excreting too much phosphate.
If deposits in cells is the cause of fibromyalgia, then fibromyalgia should develop slowly, as the
deposits slowly grow. And the disease should be progressive, i.e. the deposits would continue to
keep growing, as in conditions such as hyperphosphatemia. This would then cause symptoms to
constantly get worse. However, fibromyalgia is not believed to be a progessive disease, and many
people with fibromyalgia develop it in a very short period. And if fibromyalgia was a truly a disease
caused by ATP depletion from these deposits, then fibromyalgia symptoms and other ATP depletion
symptoms, should overlap. For example, ATP depletion can cause muscle problems such as
rhabdomyolysis. However, no such conditions are observed in fibromyalgia.
Bones are not only formed from calcium and phosphate, but also from magnesium. Without
magnesium, the resulting formations will be soft. Teeth will have soft enamel, nails will be brittle,
symptoms which match Dr. St. Amand's observations.
Magnesium is extremely necessary for proper ATP synthesis, because ATP is stored in the body as a
combination of magnesium and ATP, which is known as MgATP. ATP requires magnesium in order to
be stable. Without magnesium, ATP would easily break down into other components, ADP and
inorganic phosphate.
Magnesium deficiency is very common in the general US population. Not only is our daily
intake low, but we eat a diet which increases the demand for magnesium.
414
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?
cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1384353&dopt=Abstract
Unfortunately, magnesium deficiency is not easily detected, as serum levels do not reflect the levels
of magnesium in tissues. This is the reason why it is so overlooked and ignored, both by doctors and
by studies. And unfortunately, oral magnesium supplementation can be difficult because of
absorption problems. Digestion and diet play a key role in absorption. People with fibromyalgia often
have conditions like Irritable Bowel System, gluten intolerance, or other problems that might limit
absorption. Phosphate can bind to magnesium in the gut, creating magnesium phosphate, an
insoluble salt that can't be utilized. Many forms of oral magnesium supplements are hard to
assimilate. The most common, magnesium oxide and citrate, happen to be the worst to assimilate,
which is why both have a strong laxative effect. If you suffer from that effect when you take
magnesium, it is often not because you are taking too much, but because you are not assimilating it
well. And it may take long term use of supplements before magnesium levels are raised in all the
tissues, and for damaged cell functions to be restored.
Therefore, the symptoms which Dr. St. Amand has attributed to an excess of phosphate, would
more likely be due to a magnesium deficiency.
in 1994 by a Dr. John Couvaras, an infertility doctor, who began using heparin for fertility
problems, and discovered that it helped many symptoms of his patients who also had CFS
and fibromyalgia. Perhaps not so coincidentally, guaifenesin is also known to have the
ability to increase fertility (originally it was thought that this effect from guaifenesin was
due to thinning of cervical mucus. But guaifenesin has not been found to have a direct effect
on thinning mucus, but instead simply stimulates mucus glands to allow more mucus to
flow, possibly by irritating gastric linings. This effect is not likely to occur in the cervix,
because little if any guaifenesin could appear there. Plus, it's the thinning of the mucus
which is important, not increased mucus flow. Thinning mucus occurs due to a raise in
estrogen levels, and coincidentally estrogen inhibits platetlet aggregation.)
There are several reasons given as to possibly why anticoagulants have helped some people. But
there is one specific effect that might be very relevant for fibromyalgia. In a recent study on
fibromyalgia, it's been found that some fibromyalgia symptoms coorelate with lower levels of serum
serotonin and higher levels of plasma serotonin. See:
But platelet activation, which causes platelet aggregation, also causes the release of serotonin,
resulting in high plasma serotonin In addition, only in the last few years has it been recognized that
serotonin influences many other problems, such as migraines, hypoglycemia, asthma, Raynaud's,
and IBS, all conditions which are associated with fibromyalgia. Some of these conditions are
exacerbated due to serotonin's ability to cause constriction. However, Dr. Couvaras has said that
migraines, irritable bowel syndrome, and pelvic pain, all went away when he put his patients on
heparin. Interestingly, Dr. St. Amand has also claimed that guaifenesin is able to treat many
different conditions. An imbalance of serotonin in the blood could be the link that connects all these
conditions.
Hypoglycemia is one of the more interesting conditions related to serotonin, as it is especially

common in fibromyalgia. It is so common, that Dr. St. Amand himself regularly prescribes a diet for
hypoglycemia to many of his patients, and it is often an integral part of his treatment in combination
with guaifenesin.
415
However, hypoglycemia can be influenced by a serotonin release, as serotonin has been shown to
increase insulin levels. Not only that, but platelet aggregation sensitivity is increased due to
hypoglycemia. Thus, this is one possible explanation of why hypoglycemia is so common. (As an
aside, so many people have remarked how helpful the diet is, that anyone considering going on the
guaifenesin protocol and the diet, might want to first try the diet alone, in order to be able to tell
which effects are occurring from diet, and which effects are from the guaifenesin.)
Other commonly seen conditions also have a serotonin link. For example, plasma serotinin in celiac
patients has been found to be elevated. Problems associated with blood pressure, such as Neurally
Mediated Hypotension, are also influenced by serotonin.
In addition, platelet activity causes a release of other substances that might be affecting
fibromyalgia. For example, ATP is also released, and this might be the cause of reduced levels of
ATP found in red blood cells of people with fibromyalgia.
Both of the previous uricosuric drugs used by Dr. St. Amand, anturane and probenecid, also affect
platelet activity. Anturane (sulphinpyrazone) is well known for having antiplatelet activity.
Probenecid's effect is a bit different. It's able to block a number of different aggregating agents. And
its main effect may be due to its ability to inactivate thrombin, which is the cause of platelet
activation which leads to the secretion of serotonin from the serum to the plasma. See the following
studies:
But what's more, is that an anticoagulant effect might be the reason for the increased phosphate
excretion. The clue to this possibility is a recent report of a patient being treated with probenecid for
calcinosis:
According to most studies, probenecid does not cause phosphate excretion in either non-gout or
gout patients. However, there are several reports in the medical literature of it occurring. But they
are so rare, that whenever a case occurs, its reported in a medical journal. In the above report, the
patient had Juvenile Dermatomyositis which led to calcinosis, a condition where calcium is
abnormally deposited around bones, causing severely limited mobility. The patient also had
hyperphosphatemia, and probenecid was able to reverse this condition by increasing phosphate
excretion, and this led to reversing the calcinosis.
However, it's possible that the hyperphosphatemia seen in this patient was due to a drug that she
was taking, which was Cyclosporin A. This drug is known to cause platelet aggregation and high
plasma serotonin levels:
http://www.sums.ac.ir/~ijms/9834/fardaee9834.html
This paper mentions that impaired renal functioning and reduced renal plasma flow also occur with
this drug. The impaired renal functioning could lead to phosphate retention. If an anticoagulant
could improve renal flow, then theoretically this could cause increased phosphate excretion.
416
And there is possible proof that the phosphate excretion from probenecid is due to an effect other
than the uricosuric effect. Here is a study of an earlier case of probenecid being successfully used for
calcinosis:
In that case, phoshate excretion occurred even without a significant increase in uric acid excretion.
In other words, the two effects might be unrelated.
This would also explain the puzzle of why uricosuric drugs produce increased uric acid excretion in
normal people, yet phosphate excretion does not occur. They are two separate effects, and the
phosphate excretion would only occur in people who had impaired platelet functioning.
But it should be pointed out that not all anticoagulants affect the impaired renal functioning which is
caused by platelet aggregation. This is not surprising, as there are several different pathways
involved in platelet aggregation Thus, different drugs inhibit aggregation in different ways. In the
following study, renal impairment was induced by endotoxin, a platelet growth factor which causes
aggregation. In high enough doses, endotoxin is able to cause reduced phosphate excretion. Heparin
had no effect on the renal impairment, while aspirin was able to restore proper renal functioning:
Heparin is strictly an anticoagulant, while aspirin is an antiplatelet drug. This study

theorized that only antiplatelet drugs could reverse the renal impairment caused by platelet
aggregation, If platelet activity is a factor in fibromyalgia, then how is it that other drugs and
supplements for fibromyalgia are also effective, yet they don't have any effect on platelet
activity? The answer is that coincidentally (or perhaps not), most other drugs and
supplements for fibromyalgia do inhibit platelet aggregation.
All of the following have some affect on platelet activity:
Some antidepressants, especially tricyclics, benzodiazepines such as xanax and valium,
antihistamines such as benadryl, anesthetics such as procaine, supplements such as MSM,
ginko, pycnogenol, quercetin, and bromelain, magnesium, B12 (homocysteine increases
platelet aggregation), whey (treats glutathione deficiency, which causes platelet
aggregation), some amino acids such as taurine and arginine, and relaxin (presently
experimentally used for fibromyalgia). Thus, like guaifenesin, all of these substances are
recommended for use for fibromyalgia, but they also have some ability to inhibit platelet
aggregation
Nattokinase blood clot dissolver.
Lutein is found is Eyesight Rx, a potent vision enhancer, this carotenoid, along with
zeaxanthin, is found in the retina of the eye and helps with visual acuity
Lycopene tomato antioxidant
Serrapeptase anti-inflammatory enzyme information and supplement
St. John's wort don't worry, be happy, how to use this natural antidepressant to lift
mood and reduce the need for prescription antidepressants
417
5.5.2 Graviola
Graviola Bark: Graviola is a major component used in our formula because of the amazing results for
purging parasites. Graviola has a great record in kiling intestinal parasites, calming nerves, reducing
blood pressure and helping arthritis, heart and liver.http://www.graviolaleaves.com/ Some people
saw parasites in their toilet’s after just one day ! Graviola has been researched in laboratory tests
since the 1970s, where it's been shown to: Effectively target and kill malignant cells in 12 different
types of cancer, including Colon, Breast, Prostrate, Lung and Pancreatic Cancer...10,000 times
stronger in killing colon cancer cells than Adriamycin (a commonly used chemotherapeutic
drug).Selectively hunt down and kill cancer cells without harming healthy cells, unlike chemotherapy.
REFERANCE http://www.greenwoodhealth.net/np/graviola.htm Graviola contains the chemical;
Annonaceous acetogenins the active compound that is harmful to parasites.
5.5.3 Quassia
Quassia: a tree native to Jamaica and its neighboring islands, has traditionally been used as a
remedy for roundworms and as an insecticide. It has also been used as a bitter digestive aid and a
remedy for digestive disorders, parasites, and head lice.http://www.naturalstandard.com
Quassia wood is very commonly used as a bitter tonic and anthelmintic.
Small cups known as “Bitter Cups” are sometimes made of the wood, and water standing in them
soon acquires the medicinal properties of the wood. This water, or an infusion of 1 ounce of the
chips in 1 pint of cold water is taken in wineglass doses as a remedy for indigestion and general
debility of the digestive system. Quassia infusion is also given to children suffering from worms, in
appropriate doses according to age. Midges, gnats, and other insect pests may be kept away by
damping the hands and face with the liquid.
The history of Quassia wood as an agent in non-poisonous herbal medicine is interesting. The
curative properties of the wood were first brought to general notice through a negro slave named
Quassy, whose people in his native country of Surinam, used it as a remedy for the various fevers to
which they were subject. Quassy communicated his knowledge of the tree’s virtues to Daniel
Rolander, a Swede, who brought specimens to Europe in 1755.
5.5.4 Butternut Bark
Butternut bark: used specifically for parasite cleansing. Butternut is a native of the midwestern and
northeastern United States and been used since the 1800s as a laxative and in the elimination of
parasites. Butternut is also used to support healthy liver function. Butternut, also called White
Walnut, is used to expel, rather than kill, worms (vermifuge)
Alinia
TRY ALINIA FOR IRON EATING GUYS. IT IS A REAL MIRACLE, EVEN PROTOZOA THAT EAT IRON
ARE FLUSHED IN A FEW WEEKS. Alinia also kills Ascaris L3. Alinia at 15mg/kg/D kills a spectrum of
roundworms
How to Stop a Bacterial Herx Reaction

(All Must be Taken Together):
Jarrow Milk Thistle – Follow general supplementation recommendation on bottle.
Sun Chlorella – Follow box instructions 3,000 mg+
Vitamin C Ester C – Take vitamin C in divided doses two hours apart of 3,000 mg and don’t take
more than 30,000 mg a day.
418
Upgraded Activated charcoal – Follow general supplementation recommendation on bottle; don’t
take more than twelve capsules a day 4,000 mg
L-glutamine
Daily Epsom Salt Bath Stay Hydrated
Heal the lining of the gut

Flaxseed ground in yogurt
GLA from evening primrose oil, zinc, vitamin A
Probiotic – take every few days in yogurt for two months
Gerd
Not to be confused with Ascaris birth, lung, acid throat, acid reflux. Gerd and Gerd
symptoms can come from several sources, even when infected with parasites. I used
Quercetain and caprilic acid (coconut or coconut derivative).
Common GERD treatment is:
For three months: 600 mg Magnesium glycinate – Take before bed
For a month: 8,000 Mg L-glutamine – Take in divided doses, 3x a day on an empty

stomach if possible.22
Life Extension Bio Curcumin – Follow general supplementation recommendation on bottle. 23
N-acetylglucosamine (Do not use if allergic to shellfish) –Follow general supplementation

recommendation on bottle.24
GERD Protocol Two: H. pylori and Ulcers
GERD Protocols Three – Six: Diet Modification, Clothing, and Posture
GERD Protocols Seven – Eight: Strengthen LES, and Digestive Enzymes
GERD Protocol Nine: Candida
GERD Protocol Ten – Eleven: Constipation Relief and Salt!
Diarrhea
Prolonged periods of Diarrhea are an indicator sign of parasitosis. The parasite infection can come
with immune, bacteria, viral, mold, yeast, or other infections. Determining which of these are
present, and how to attack each one is part of the parasitology cure process.
Dysbiosis bacterial regulation imbalance

http://glutenfreeworks.com/blog/2010/07/20/probiotics-and-prebiotics-can-improve-health-of-celiacs/
Intestinal enzyme deficiencies, sugar intolerances and associated dysbiosis, or

imbalance of intestinal microbes, called flora, appear commonly in persons with celiac
disease.1 Research indicates that the metabolic activity of intestinal microbial flora in celiacs is
419
different from the general population and that it is a genuine phenomenon of celiac disease not
affected by either the diet, the inflammation, or the autoimmune status of the patient. 2 The severity
of disturbances in intestinal balance of flora was found to depend on the gravity of the patients’
state. 3
Celiac reactions work in the following way. Undigested fragments of gluten cause a “leaky gut
syndrome” by relaxing the normally tight intercellular junctions that function to prevent large
molecules from slipping through the lining. Penetrating gluten fragments become bound by the
intestinal enzyme tissue transglutaminase (tTG) to form a molecule that triggers the development of
antibodies. These antibodies then attack the altered gluten molecule within the lining.
The immune reaction within the gut lining causes inflammation and damage to the delicate
structures of the lining, leading to failure to digest and absorb nutrients.
Malabsorption leads to malnutrition that then brings about malfunction of any or all
body systems, depending on the nutrients that are missing.
Malnutrition, by depriving our cells of nutrients, encourages infection. Proteins are needed
for tissue regeneration and repair and for producing enzymes needed to properly digest and
metabolize food. Iron, zinc, copper, vitamin C and riboflavin are needed for proper blood
cell formation and activity needed to fight infection. Vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids and
selenium also plays a role in immunity, while vitamin A and niacin are needed for the
integrity of the intestinal lining itself.
In this way hundreds of diverse health problems may develop from celiac disease.
Various microbial imbalances stem from the unnatural passage of undigested fat,
carbohydrates and protein into the colon, poor gut motility, and certain nutrient
deficiencies.
Passage of unabsorbed nutrients into the colon results from pancreatic insufficiency, bile
insufficiency and digestive enzyme deficiencies.
1. Pancreatic insufficiency results in deficiency of pancreatic digestive enzymes lipase,

amylase, and protease needed for the digestion of fat, carbohydrates, and protein.
2. Bile insufficiency results in impaired secretion of bile by the liver, obstruction of the bile
ducts and abnormal circulation of bile salts that impairs the digestion of fats.
3. Deficiency of lactase, sucrase, maltase and proteases result in failure to finish the
digestion of sugars and protein required for absorption. Undigested nutrients arriving in the
colon cause excessive fermentation and drawing of water from the bloodstream into the
colon. These conditions produce symptoms such as abdominal pain, watery diarrhea, IBS-
like symptoms, bloating, and gas. Pale foul-smelling stool that float or stick to the toilet bowl
results from fat malabsorption.
4. Altered gut motility and low stomach acidity commonly found in celiac disease
promote fermentation in the large bowel and also overgrowth of yeast and
bacteria in the small bowel, both serious conditions.
The health and integrity of intestinal cells depends on adequate availability of niacin, zinc
and vitamin A. Deficiency of these nutrients sets the stage for inflammation, infection and
diarrhea that worsen gut function and induce overpopulation by pathogens.
For these reasons, persons with celiac disease should learn about and properly
use both probiotics and prebiotics to improve their overall health and specifically
their intestinal health. This is especially important if they continue to experience fatigue,
420
weakness, achiness, depression, foggy thinking and digestive problems while maintaining a
gluten-free diet.
Probiotic supplements and fermented foods, such as yogurt and unpasteurized apple
cider vinegar, replace lost or reduced health-producing bacteria populations, such as
lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, in the colon.
Prebiotics, including flax, honey, greens (especially dandelion greens, but also spinach,
collard greens, chard, kale, and mustard greens), berries, bananas, and other fruit, legumes
(lentils, kidney beans, chickpeas, navy beans, white beans, black beans), will stimulate their
growth.
Indeed, good health depends on good balance of intestinal bacteria.
References:
1. Tjellström B, Stenhammar L, Högberg L, Fälth-Magnusson K, Magnusson KE, Midtvedt T,
Sundqvist T, Norin E. “Gut microflora associated characteristics in children with celiac
disease.” Scand J Gastroenterol. 2001 Feb;36(2):163-8.
2. Murray IA, Smith JA, Coupland K, Ansell ID, Long RG. “Intestinal disaccharidase
deficiency without villous atrophy may represent early celiac disease.” Am J Gastroenterol.
2005 Dec;100(12):2784-8
3. Kamilova AT, Akhmedov NN, Nurmatov BA. “Intestinal microbiocenosis in children with
intestinal enzymopathy.” Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol. 2001 May-Jun;(3):97-9.
NAFLD
http://glutenfreeworks.com/blog/2007/11/16/non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease-and-gluten/
This is
super important for anyone with fatty liver disease!
While we were at Columbia University’s Topics in Gastroenterology, Dr. Steven Lobritto talked
about cirrhosis of the liver and how he has actually seen people who were on the liver transplant list
heal enough to be taken off once they started a gluten-free diet. That’s right. People who needed
liver transplants – their liver’s were basically done for – healed!
Non-alcoholic fatty liver is a non-inflammatory hepatic (liver) disorder characterized by degenerative

changes in the liver secondary to excessive accumulation of lipid in hepatocytes.
421
According to research we found for our book, “Recognizing Celiac Disease” 3.4% of people with
non-alcoholic fatty liver disease have SILENT Celiac Disease. That means they don’t have
symptoms. Most patients DO NOT have gastrointestinal symptoms.
The good news is that studies showed liver enzymes can normalize after 6 months on a
gluten-free diet. If you or your family members have non-alcoholic fatty liver
(cirrhosis), but have not been tested for celiac disease, get tested and give them this
information so they can get tested. And if they test negative, try the diet anyway
because we’ve seen time and time again that the test are NOT 100% accurate.
Author Information: John Libonati, Philadelphia, PA

Publisher, Glutenfreeworks.com.
Editor & Publisher, Recognizing Celiac Disease.
John can be reached by e-mail here.
IBS
Hydrogen Sulfide
Hydrogen Sulfide gas smells like rotten eggs.
ARTICLE SOURCE: http://www.webmd.com:80/ibs/news/20081219/new-ibs-guidelines-offer-treatment-ideas
New IBS Guidelines
American College of Gastroenterology Updates Recommendations for Irritable Bowel Syndrome

By Bill Hendrick
WebMD Health NewsReviewed by Louise Chang, MDDec. 19, 2008 — New guidelines have been
issued by the nation’s gastroenterologists that are aimed at easing the abdominal pain, diarrhea, and
other symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which afflicts millions of Americans.
The guidelines, issued by the American College of Gastroenterology, also offer hope to patients
who’ve struggled with the condition and found satisfactory treatments lacking.
IBS is diagnosed in people whose symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, gas, diarrhea, and
constipation, or a combination of these symptoms. Though sometimes confused with inflammatory
bowel disease, which includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, IBS is a separate condition.
IBS care uses up more than $20 billion a year in direct and indirect expenditures, according to
William Chey, MD, professor of medicine and director of the Gastrointestinal Physiology Laboratory
at the University of Michigan Health System. He developed the guidelines in conjunction with Philip
Schoenfeld, MD.
“The last time the American College of Gastroenterology published guidelines for the management of
IBS was in 2002, and the College recognized that in the span of five to six years there has been a
remarkable explosion in knowledge that’s become available that’s helped us to understand the cause
and management of IBS,” Chey says in a news release.
Tests and Treatments for IBS
According to the new guidelines:
422
Patients with symptoms typical for IBS — and without alarm features like rectal bleeding, low blood
count due to iron deficiency, weight loss, or a family history of colon cancer, IBD, or celiac disease
— do not need extensive testing before being diagnosed.
IBS patients with diarrhea, or a combination of constipation and diarrhea, should be screened with
blood tests for celiac disease, a disorder in which patients can’t tolerate the gluten protein found in
wheat or other grains.
When IBS patients have alarm features or are over 50 years old, they should have further tests
(such as colonoscopy) to rule out other bowel disease such as IBD and colon cancer.
IBS patients and their doctors should consider treatments involving antidepressants, which have
been shown to offer relief.
The drug Amitiza helps with women who have IBS with constipation; the non-absorbable antibiotic
rifaximin can ease IBS and bloating as a short-term treatment. And Lotronex, a drug that affects
serotonin receptors, can be considered for patients with severe IBS with diarrhea.
Certain anti-spasm treatments may offer short-term help with abdominal pain from IBS. These
include hyoscine, cimetropium, and peppermint oil.
A probiotic called Bifidobacteria may help some IBS patients.
According to the guidelines, women are twice as likely as men to suffer from IBS, which often begins
in young adulthood. Gastroenterologists have found that dietary changes have proved helpful,
including the addition of dietary fiber supplements such as psyllium.
Chey says IBS can be managed in most patients with counseling, dietary and lifestyle interventions,
and use of both over-the-counter and prescription medications.
The guidelines suggest many treatments might be tried, though the authors concede no single
magical answer has yet been found to eliminate symptoms in IBS patients. But the guidelines offer
hope for people with IBS that their doctors can try a number of methods to reduce discomfort, and
that some of the steps that can be taken seem to work.
GDX Protocols
Common symptoms of SIBO are gas, bloating, diarrhea, constipation, fat in the stool, anemia, B12
deficiencies and increased intestinal permeability. Do these symptoms strike any of you IBS (or
gluten) sufferers as vaguely familiar? Yeah I thought so.
SIBO is a medical condition where a person has an opportunistic bacterial infection in the small
intestine.1 This situation is usually created by both a poor American diet or a long term use of a PPI
medication (Proton Pump Inhibitor). Long term use of PPI’s medications causes opportunistic
bacteria that would normally be eliminated by stomach acid, to survive and flourish in the small
intestine. Also, the standard American diet of fermenting carbohydrates cause the opportunistic
bacteria to thrive, infect the small intestine, and produce excess gas. A lack of stomach acid also
causes food proteins to become partially undigested. Allergies from the undigested proteins occur,
and an increase of gas and inflammation also happen.2
423
The opportunistic bacteria also make protective biofilms (one of the most common examples of a
biofilm is the “film” on your teeth that appears when you don’t brush for awhile) which make
eradication with antibiotics very difficult. The biofilm protects the opportunistic bacteria from
antibiotic treatment, bactericides, and probiotics.3 To eliminate the opportunistic bacteria you also
have to disrupt the biofilm that protects the bacteria. Biofilm disruption can occur by either breaking
down the biofilm itself using systemic enzymes or by chelating the iron out of the biofilm to break it
up. To chelate the iron you can use either calcium disodium EDTA,4 lactoferrin,5 or NAC.6
The main symptoms of an SIBO infection are indigestion, increase of flatulence, and horrible
smelling deification, burps, and flatulence. Most people with IBS are walking around with SIBO, and
SIBO is their main cause of their digestive problems. Other symptoms of SIBO include abdominal
pains, constipation, diarrhea, food allergies, and low-grade fever.7 There is also a big correlation
between rosacea and SIBO.
Rosacea - SIBO
In one study, the majority of patients with rosacea were in remission or cured for at least
nine months after taking Rifaximin that was used to treat their SIBO.8
Symptoms
Common symptoms of SIBO are gas, bloating, diarrhea, constipation, fat in the stool, anemia, B12
deficiencies and increased intestinal permeability. Do these symptoms strike any of you IBS (or
gluten) sufferers as vaguely familiar? Yeah I thought so.
SIBO is a medical condition where a person has an opportunistic bacterial infection in the small
intestine.
1 This situation is usually created by both a poor American diet or a long term use of a PPI
medication (Proton Pump Inhibitor). Long term use of PPI’s medications causes opportunistic
bacteria that would normally be eliminated by stomach acid, to survive and flourish in the small
intestine. Also, the standard American diet of fermenting carbohydrates cause the opportunistic
bacteria to thrive, infect the small intestine, and produce excess gas. A lack of stomach acid also
causes food proteins to become partially undigested. Allergies from the undigested proteins occur,
and an increase of gas and inflammation also happen.
Main Symptoms of SIBO
The main symptoms of an SIBO infection are indigestion, increase of flatulence, and horrible
smelling deification, burps, and flatulence. Most people with IBS are walking around with SIBO, and
SIBO is their main cause of their digestive problems. Other symptoms of SIBO include abdominal
pains, constipation, diarrhea, food allergies, and low-grade fever.7 There is also a big correlation
between rosacea and SIBO. In one study, the majority of patients with rosacea were in remission or
cured for at least nine months after taking Rifaximin that was used to treat their SIBO.8
What causes a leaky gut
424
Parasites chewing through your Organs, moves Gut bacteria and yeasts around, stressing your
organs, immune system, and health.
Opportunistic bacteria in the small intestine can wreak havoc with your health and lead you
intestinal health into a vicious cycle of destruction. The more opportunistic bacteria in your small
intestine, the more food they consume, and the more gas products and toxins they will produce.
This cycle can lead to nutrient deficiencies in vitamin B12 and iron, this then leads to the patient
developing anemia. The opportunistic bacteria also consume more nutrients that are now
unabsorbed by the gut which leads to both an increased flora of opportunistic bacteria and increased
gas production. From this blooming of opportunistic bacteria in the small intestine, you might start
having abdominal bloating, pain, and excessive flatulence.10
The opportunistic bacteria then begin to decrease fat absorption in the intestines which lead to stool
problems with color / fat content. The decrease in fat absorption leads to deficiencies in the fat-
soluble vitamins A and D. The intestinal lining further degrades and eventually can’t digest larger
food particles. These larger food particles start to cause food allergies and sensitivities (gluten first,
then usually followed by fructose malabsorption, then lactose digestion problems).11
The opportunistic bacteria start to enter the bloodstream from the loss of integrity in the intestinal
wall. Opportunistic bacteria in the bloodstream lead to an immune overreaction that causes fatigue,
systemic pain, and elevated liver enzymes. Finally, the bacteria start to excrete acids that cause
neurological and cognitive problems like, brain fog and memory problems. The vicious cycle
continues as the body’s immune system tries to eliminate the opportunistic bacteria, which at the
same time poison the body with acids, toxins, and the opportunistic bacteria continue to flourish.
The vicious cycle then repeats itself in the patient, who becomes ill for a very long time.12
Is there a yeast infection?
In some patients, opportunistic Candida overgrowth can manifest itself in the small intestine and
cause similar symptoms as if the patient is infected with SIBO. I do believe that SIYO is rarer
condition than SIBO, but systemic yeast infection of the intestines can happen in some patients. The
same vicious cycle that exists with SIBO occurs in patients with SIYO. The yeast in SIYO will rob
nutrients from the body, decrease vitamin production and fat absorption (by eliminating probiotic
bacteria), cause food allergies and sensitivities, as well as excrete their own set of toxic byproducts
(antibodies, aldehydes) that destroys the immune system and causes similar joint pain and brain fog
problems.13
Stool analysis:
SIBO has some unique tests, new technologies, and methods to identify the basis of the problem(s)
Faecal calprotectin test-= Calprotectin is a 36kDa calcium and zinc binding protein expressed by the
gene S100 calcium-binding protein A8, S100A8. It accounts for 30 to 40% of neutrophils' cytosol. In
vitro studies show it has bacteriostatic and fungistatic properties. It is resistant to enzymatic
degradation, and can be easily measured in faeces.[1] The main diseases that cause an increased
excretion of faecal calprotectin are infectious colitis,[3] Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and
neoplasms (cancer).
Cytochalasin D treatment
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SIBO...
Predominant Bacteria – GDX
Microorganisms in the GI tract perform a host of useful functions, such as fermenting unused energy
substances,communicating with the immune system, preventing growth of harmful species,
regulating the development of the gut,producing vitamins for the host (such as biotin and vitamin
K), and producing hormones to direct the host to store fats.[1]
Intestinal microflora are also thought to have many beneficial local and systemic roles such as
improving lactose tolerance,supplying short chain fatty acids (SCFA) as an energy substrate for the
host, anti-tumor properties, neutralizing certain toxins, stimulating the intestinal immune system,
reducing blood lipid levels and preventing obesity and type II diabetes.[2] Under normal homeostatic
conditions, the intestinal microflora are of central importance in preventing colonization by
pathogens, termed “colonization resistance.”[3] Predominant organisms are considered to be
beneficial when they are in balance.
Low Predominant Bacteria – GDX
Significance:
• Dysbiosis: Predominant bacteria should be present at normal levels in the healthy gut.
Bacteroides sp. And Bifidobacter sp. should be present in the greatest amounts.[4]
• Low levels of beneficial fecal bacteria such as Bifidobactersp., Lactobacillus sp. and E. coli have
been associated with irritable bowel syndrome, characterized by alternating diarrhea, cramps, and
food intolerance.[5]
• Low levels of predominant bacteria increase the likelihood of acquiring opportunistic and
pathogenic organisms.[3]
Treatment Options:
• Probiotics
• Prebiotics such as psyllium, oat bran, oligofructose, xylooligosaccharide, inulin, beta-glucan, and/or
arabinogalactan[6]
• Increase intake of fresh vegetables and fibers
• Address other GI Effects abnormalities
High Predominant Bacteria – GDX
Significance:
• Dysbiosis: Predominant bacteria should be present at normal levels in the healthy gut. Bacteroides
sp.and Bifidobacter sp. should be present in the greatest amounts[4].
• Blood infections of Mycoplasma have been linked to chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia.[7]
• Fusobacterium increases putrification in the colon.
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• Overgrowth of Lactobacillus sp. could produce D-lactic aciduria in those with short bowel
syndrome. Limit intake of simple carbohydrates.[8]
• Overgrowth of certain Clostridia sp. clusters may play a role in certain cases of autism.[9, 10]
• If Prevotella sp. is in the 5th quintile suspect possible oral/ throat infection.[11]
Treatment Options:
• Reduce poor quality fats, refined carbohydrates and sugars, and encourage intake of fresh
vegetables. High fiber foods might exacerbate patient symptoms.
• For Lactobacillus sp. or Clostridia sp. overgrowth, supplement with Bifidobacter sp. or
Saccharomyces boulardii probiotics, respectively.
• May need to use anti-microbial agents
• Address other GI Effects abnormalities
• Balance flora using appropriate probiotics
Pathogenic Bacteria present – GDX
Helicobacter pylori
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacterium causes peptic ulcer disease and has been associated with
increased gastric cancer risk. H. pylori is a Type I carcinogen. It is estimated that 50% of the world’s
population is infected with H. pylori.
Symptoms:
• Acute gastritis with abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, usually within two weeks of infection.
Recurrent abdominal symptoms (non-ulcer dyspepsia) without ulcer disease are common.
Treatment Options (Adult Dosages):
• Standard treatment for H. pylori consists of a combination of 3 or 4 drugs, antibiotics, and proton
pump inhibitors, for 7-14 days. Current recommendations can be found at www.acg.gi.org.
Eradication does not generally exceed 80%.
• Supplementation with lactoferrin (200 mg/d), prebiotics, and vitamin C (up to 5 grams), may
improve treatment efficacy, while reducing adverse reactions.[12][13] • Botanical combination
treatments have also been shown to be effective in eradicating H. pylori from the GI tract.
Parasite present – GDX
Pharmaceutical recommendations for each parasite are from the 2007 publication in The Medical
Letter, “Drugs for
Parasitic Infections.”[14]
Blastocystis sp. - GDX
In the GI trac.
Blastocystis sp. is transmitted via fecal-oral route or from contaminated food or water.
Seven subspecies have been identified and Blastocystis sp. 4 infection has been correlated
with disease. Blastocystis sp. 2 is considered to be asymptomatic.[15-17]
Symptoms:
• May include diarrhea, cramps, nausea, fever, vomiting, abdominal pain or fatigue.
Blastocystis sp. has been associated with irritable bowel syndrome, infective arthritis and
intestinal obstruction. In certain cases, chronic fatigue may be the only complaint.
Treatment Options:
• Blastocystis sp. can be prevented by personal hygiene and sanitary conditions
• Clinical significance of infection by these organisms is controversial
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• Metronidazole 750 mg PO tid x 10d or iodoquinol 650 mg PO tid x 20d or
trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 1 DS tab PO bid x 7d have been reported to be effective
• Infection is difficult to get rid of, botanicals may not be strong enough. Use of broad
spectrum antiparasitic botanicals is most effective.*
• Botanicals*
Clonorchis sinensis (Chinese Liver Fluke) – GDX
In the GI trac.
Clonorchis sinensis is found in pickled, smoked, salted, imported, or undercooked freshwater
fish.
Symptoms :
• Frequently asymptomatic. Inflammation and intermittent obstruction of the biliary ducts.
Acute abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea and eosinophilia can occur. In long-standing
infections, cholangitis, cholelithiasis, pancreatitis and cholangiocarcinoma can develop.
Treatment Options:
• Praziquantel, 75 mg/kg/d PO in 3 doses x 2d
• Albendazole 10 mg/kg/d PO x 7d
• Botanicals* (see page 7)
Cryptosporidium – GDX
In the GI trac.
Water, including swimming pools, is a common source of contamination as it is resistant to
chlorine. Outbreaks are associated with raw milk and meat, and Cryptosporidium is a likely
cause of traveler’s diarrhea.
Symptoms:
• Watery diarrhea is the most frequent symptom, and can be accompanied by dehydration,
weight loss, abdominal pain, fever, nausea and vomiting. May be very severe in
immunocompromised patients.
Treatment Options:
• Usually self-limiting in an immunocompetent person, with symptoms lasting 1-2 weeks
• If symptoms persist look for possible water contamination
• Nitazoxanide, 500 mg PO bid x 3d for persistent infections
Dientamoeba fragilis – GDX
In the GI trac.
Fecal-oral transmission and water contamination are common sources. Often accompanies
pinworm.
Symptoms:
• Diarrhea, fatigue and abdominal bloating, although often asymptomatic. In chronic
infections, abdominal tenderness, nausea and weight loss may be present.
Treatment Options:
• Iodoquinol, 650 mg PO tid x 20d; Paromomycin, 25-35 mg/kg/d PO in 3 doses x 7d;
Tetracycline, 500 mg PO qid
x 10d or Metronidazole, 500-750 mg PO tid x 10d
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Endolimax nana or Entamoeba hartmanni – GDX
In the GI trac.
Endolimax nana and Entamoeba hartmanni are considered to be non-pathogenic amoeba.
Detection is significant in that it means the patient has ingested something contaminated
with fecal material. Increased personal hygiene is recommended.
Entamoeba histolytica - GDX
In the GI trac.
Entamoeba histolytica is the only amoeba considered pathogenic. Contaminated food or
water, pets, sexual contact, and fecal-oral route are possible sources of transmission. Cysts
are sensitive to chlorinated water.
Symptoms:
• Range from asymptomatic to fulminating colitis (resembling ulcerative colitis), dysentery,
and extraintestinal lesions on the liver, lung, brain, skin and other tissues, to sugar
sensitivities, and mild parasite symptoms. Other symptoms are (no libido, impotence), brain
fog, anxiety issues, depression, 'emotional blunting,' and fatigue.
Treatment Options:
• Asymptomatic carriers should be treated in order to avoid spread
• For asymptomatic patients: Iodoquinol, 650 mg PO tid x20d; Paromomycin, 25-35
mg/kg/d PO in 3 doses x 7d or Diloxanide furoate, 500 mg PO tid x 10d
• For mild to moderate intestinal disease: Metronidazole, 500-750 mg PO tid x 7-10d or
Tinidazole, 2 g once PO daily x 3d followed by either Iodoquinol, 650 mg PO tid x 20d or
Paromomycin, 25-35 mg/kg/d PO in 3 doses x 7d
• For severe intestinal and extraintestinal disease: Metronidazole, 750 mg PO tid x 7-10d or
Tinidazole, 2 g once PO daily x 5d followed by either Iodoquinol, 650 mg PO tid x 20d or
Paromomycin, 25-35 mg/kg/d PO in 3 doses x 7d
• Botanicals*
Relief from Lactoferrin
Humaworm
Alinia?
Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) – GDX
In the GI trac.
Enterobius vermicularis is transmitted from fecal-oral route. Females emerge from the anus
and lay eggs on the perianal surface. Eggs can survive on bed linens and fabrics for 2-3
weeks.
Symptoms:
• Nocturnal perianal pruritus which can lead to skin bacterial infection, abdominal pain and
anorexia. It may enter the vagina and has been associated with some cases of cystitis.
Treatment Options:
• Mebendazole, 100 mg PO once, repeat in 2 weeks; Pyrantel pamoate, 11 mg/kg base PO
once (max. 1 g), repeat in 2wks
• Albendazole, 400 mg PO once; repeat in 2wks
• Botanicals*
Giardia lamblia – GDX, Others
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In the GI trac.
Giardia lamblia is a flagellate considered to be a pathogen and the most common cause of
diarrheal disease worldwide.
Transmitted via contaminated water, food or the fecal-oral route.
makes Hydrogen Sulfide gas … do the test
http://www.thebigl.co/Interpreter/V2/Content/giardiasis.htm
Background
This disorder is the result of infection with the pathogen Giardia lamblia, (lambliasis) and it
is one of the most common parasitic infections worldwide. As few as 10 cysts can cause an
infection.
One in five people on the planet have the illness.

AKA Giardia intestinalis, Giardia duodenalis
Beaver Feavor as it is commonly known, is and has been associated with epidemics of
water-borne diarrhea, for decades. Person-to-person, Animal to person, and food-borne
transmission vectors may also occur.
Pathogenesis
The Protozian organism infects the small intestine.

It can cause an enlarged liver.
Vectors
Outbreaks/ infection have originated from:

· Swimming in rivers and lakes
· Other infected people or pets
· Contaminated municipal water supplies,
· infected animals,
· swimming pools,
· restaurants,
· nursing homes,
· and day-care centers.
The life cycle of G. lamblia entails two stages,

· trophozoite
· cyst.
Infection occurs when cysts are ingested (as few as 10 cysts may initiate infection) via
contaminated food or water.
· In the stomach, the cysts rupture releasing trophozoites which then migrate into
the duodenum and jejunum.
· In these portions of the small intestine, the trophozoites attach to the brush
border of the intestinal epithelial cells.
· Cysts are then produced and excreted in the feces.
· Cellular invasion does not occur.
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Giardiasis Symptoms
The majority of giardia infections are asymptomatic, meaning there are no obvious signs.
When symptoms are present, the most common is diarrhea, which can be acute, chronic or
fluctuant.
The mushy stool because often the stool improves on its own. Because of the on-again, off-
again nature of loose stools associated with giardia, many assume its a meal that didn't
agree with them.
That's why so many cases of giardia go undiagnosed.
After a week, month, or sometimes years of undiagnosed giardia infection, a giardia-positive

person can experience an acute and very debilitating bout of bloody, dehydrating diarrhea.
with chronic cases – lose a lot of body weight.
This is because a giardia infection interferes with digestion and inhibits absorption of
nutrients from the diet. It can also damage the lining of the intestine.
In fact, this particular parasite is at the root of many cases of chronic GI inflammation cases.
I see a lot of referrals for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Many of these patients have a
history of being giardia-positive.
I also see a number with chronic diarrhea, malabsorption and other digestive issues who
end up being giardia-positive.
Diagnosing Giardia
Definitive diagnosis of giardia must be done using a special fecal test. Unfortunately, this
test isn't used as often as it should be. This particular parasite is microscopic.
Secondly, in 2009 I read an article suggesting in-house parasite testing – which means stool
tests that are analyzed at clinics rather than being sent out to laboratories – are yielding up
to 30 percent false-negative results.
I decided to test this theory, so instead of running my patients' fecal samples at my clinic, I
began sending them to a local laboratory for a more comprehensive analysis. And right
away the number of giardia-positive in my practice began to increase.
I now believe national labs, which use standardized equipment that returns consistently
reliable results, reduce the amount of fecal in-house testing errors.
Third, some parasites, and giardia is one of them, aren't consistently shed in every stool
sample. So if a cyst-free stool sample is collected for analysis, it might not show any
evidence of giardia infection.
This is why I recommend any patient with a history of bowel problems be tested for giardia
with an ELISA test. A fecal ELISA test is different from a fecal flotation test in that it checks
for giardia antigens present in the animal's body. A fecal float test only checks for evidence
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of giardia cysts in a stool sample.
If you suffer from chronic diarrhea, make sure you ask for a fecal antigen test in addition to
a regular fecal float.
Clearing a Giardia Infection
Unfortunately, giardia is growing resistant to many common anti-protozoal medications.
The way I determine this is with monthly fecal float tests for the first 3 to 4 months after
treatment is completed, followed by an ELISA test in some cases to make sure the infection
is truly cleared.
ELISA tests can show positive for giardia for up to 6 months after treatment because it can
take that long for the antigens to be cleared from the bloodstream, so I don't recommend
them for immediate post-treatment follow-up to insure the infection is cleared.
Following up treatment with a few fecal floats will provide the best information about
whether the infection is completely resolved. Remember giardia cysts aren't passed in every
single stool sample, which is why multiple fecal float tests are necessary to insure the
infection is completely resolved.
Investigate further if you have:
· diarrhea,
· Quick weight gain
· nausea,
· sometimes anorexia,
· flatulence,
· sometimes and weight loss.
· Malabsorption. Blocking of the intestine processing fats, carbs, proteins.
· Patients often complain of greasy, foul-smelling stools
· (this is secondary to hydrogen sulfide production).
Coarse
· Symptoms develop 1 to 2 weeks after ingestion,
· Accute
· Systemic
· and if effective therapy is not administered, they may persist.
· Associated laboratory abnormalities are uncommon. (you wont see it). The CBC usually
does not show leukocytosis or other abnormalities; (your blood is normal), however, when
children are infected, they may manifest a mild normocytic anemia.
Fecal specimens are without leukocytes or blood. (you cant see them in stool testing)
Amoebiasis and Giardiasis
The following have been found to be effective;

· goldenseal
· barberry (mountain grape, Pepperidge, common grape)
· >oregon grape,
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· together with garlic and or magnesium sulfate for systemic infection
· wormwood and high dose grapefruit seed extract.
Blastocystis
Consider using oregano, wormwood, Black-Walnut , cloves, quassia, and goldenseal.
5.4.3 Cryptosporidiosis
consider using products containing garlic with oils of coconut, oregano, clove and cinnamon.
5.4.4 Entamoeba bistolytica and Giadia lamblia herbs
5.4.4.1 Household infection
· If one has it, all may have it

· Household contacts of infected individuals and pets should all undergo evaluation for a
possible infection.
Treatment
Oregon graperoot and goldenseal both contains berberine, which acts against the parasites.
· goldenseal
· barberry (mountain grape, Pepperidge, common grape)
· >oregon grape,
· together with garlic and or magnesium sulfate for systemic infection
· wormwood and high dose grapefruit seed extract.
· Grapefruit
· Beet juice
· RAW Garlic and raw horseradish root
· Raw coconut
· My 9yo son has had giardia for about eight months, high numbers quantitatively. I treated
him with Dr. Christophers Herbal Parasite Syrup.
5.4.4.2 Pharma Angle
Antiprotozoal medications, such as Ronidazole, Flagyl, Ipronidazole, Metronidozole, are used

to treat Giardiosis. Dimetridazole (Emtryl) is also said to be effective.
5.4.4.3 Humans
Metronidazole (Flagyl, Prostat 250 mg PO TID x 14 days) are effective first-line therapy.
Cure is established in 90-95% of patients who receive therapy. If initial therapy is
ineffective, then therapy with the other first-line agent should be offered.
If this is also ineffective, options for cure include administering both first-line agents
together at full dose for 2 weeks (14 days), or another course of therapy with metronidazole
may be administered concomitantly with propranolol hydrochloride (Inderal 10-40 mg PO
BID).
Propranolol serves to inhibit the growth and motility of G. lamblia. If symptoms still persist,
a second etiology (co infection) for the patients symptoms should be suspected.
Symptoms:
• Often asymptomatic. Incubation period is 1-3 weeks and symptoms range from acute
diarrhea, to chronic diarrhea with bloating, intestinal malabsorption, steatorrhea (possibly
due to bile salt deconjugation) and weight loss. Generally self-limiting, however 30-60%
develop chronic giardiasis. Unusual presentations include allergic manifestations such as
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urticaria, reactive arthritis, and biliary tract disease. May induce lactose intolerance, B12
deficiency and reduced sIgA.
Treatment Options:
• Metronidazole 250 mg PO tid x 5-7d
• Avoid fatty foods as giardia feeds on bile salts
• Paromomycin, 25-35 mg/kg/d PO in 3 doses x 5-10d; or Furazolidone, 100 mg PO qid x 7-
10d; or Quinacrine,
100 mg PO tid x 5d
• Botanicals*
Necator americanus and – GDX
Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm) in the GI tract

Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale are transmitted via skin contact with
contaminated soil, or oral ingestion of the larvae. Worms can travel to the lungs or attach to
the mucosa of the GI and suck blood.
Symptoms:
• Itching and a rash at the site of penetration. While a light infection may cause no
symptoms, heavy infection can cause anemia, abdominal pain, diarrhea, loss of appetite and
weight loss. Has been associated with reactive arthritis.
Treatment Options:
• Albendazole, 400 mg PO once; Mebendazole, 100 mg PO bid x 3d or 500 mg once, or
Pyrantel pamoate, 11 mg/kg (max. 1g) PO x 3d
• Botanicals*
PSORA
Psoriasis is a defect in the immune system.
The immune system attacks itself, instead of the invader, causing a strain on white blood supply,
and greatly increases the inflammation. This can cause a GI tract infection that spreads. Routine
Supplementation of Immune vitamins, Rosehip seed tea, magnolia bark extract, and Chaparral will
stop this genetic transcription error in the DNA. Once your immune system is regulating correctly,
fighting your infection is easier. I would take up to 4 capsules of magnolia bark, 4 cups of rosehip
seed tea, and 2 capsules of Chaparral, twice a day. Very Very Powerful. Also keep in mind that
Stinging Nettle root robs fungus of chitin. The stuff that makes the shell of the fungus, up to 6 caps
per day really weakens fungal infections.
33% of people have the defective Gene.
Psora goes back thousands of years.
Look up Psora, it is just now receiving some attention.
One of Psora body types biggest problems is in the behavior of FXR, the regulation of ornathine, and
the removal of ammonia from the body.
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FXR Farnesoid x receptor:
The bile acid receptor (BAR), also known as farnesoid X receptor (FXR) or NR1H4 (nuclear receptor
subfamily 1, group H, member 4) is a nuclear receptor that is encoded by the NR1H4 gene in
humans.
It plays roles in:
FXR is expressed at high levels in the liver and intestine. Chenodeoxycholic acid and other bile acids
are natural ligands for FXR. Similar to other nuclear receptors, when activated, FXR translocates to
the cell nucleus, forms a dimer (in this case a heterodimer with RXR) and binds to hormone
response elements on DNA, which up- or down-regulates the expression of certain genes.[2]
One of the primary functions of FXR activation is the suppression of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase
(CYP7A1), the rate-limiting enzyme in bile acid synthesis from cholesterol. FXR does not directly
bind to the CYP7A1 promoter. Rather, FXR induces expression of small heterodimer partner (SHP),
which then functions to inhibit transcription of the CYP7A1 gene. In this way a negative feedback
pathway is established in which synthesis of bile acids is inhibited when cellular levels are already
high. FXR has also been found to be important in regulation of hepatic triglyceride levels.[3] Studies
have also shown the FXR to regulate the expression and activity of epithelial transport proteins
involved in fluid homestasis in the intestine, such as the cystic fibrosis conductance transmembrane
regulator (CFTR)[4]
Farnesoid X receptor has been shown to interact with:
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR )coactivator 1-alpha[5] and

Retinoid X receptor alpha.[6]
Demand for immune stability is enhanced using:

______________________________________________
>Magnolia bark extract (Amermed)

http://amermed.com/store/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=94&search=magnolia+bark
>Rosehip seed tea (Mountain Rose Herbs from Chile)

>Chaparral Capsules from Arizona Naturals

http://www.swansonvitamins.com/arizona-natural-chaparral-500-mg-180-caps
A little vitamin D3.
Abstract
The Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-
activated transcription factors, which plays crucial role in bile acid, cholesterol, lipid and glucose
metabolism, as well as in the development of atherosclerosis, intestinal bacterial growth and liver
regeneration. FXR is also involved in the pathogenesis of cholestatic diseases, non-alcoholic fatty
435
liver disease and inflammatory bowel disease. Recent evidence further suggests a key role for FXR
in apoptosis and cancer. Notably, FXR deficiency promoted intestinal inflammation and
tumorigenesis, suggesting that FXR activation might be a promising strategy in the treatment of
colon cancer. FXR deficiency in mice led to the development of spontaneous hepatocarcinomas,
while FXR inhibition might represent a novel therapeutic approach in Barett's esophagus. In Breast
Cancer cell lines, FXR agonists down-regulated the Breast Cancer target gene aromatase. FXR
inhibited Leydig tumor growth and progression, supporting evidence that FXR may be an important
regulator of androgen homoeostasis. Further studies are required in order to establish possible
antitumor effects of this nuclear receptor. Either reactivating or inhibiting FXR expression may
represent promising therapeutic strategies in the treatment of certain types of human cancer.
http://www.news-medical.net/news/20150130/Farnesoid-X-receptor-could-play-key-role-in-
hepatobiliary-and-gastrointestinal-disorders.aspx
The farnesoid-X receptor (FXR), also known as the chief regulator of bile acid metabolism, is
thought to play a role in some hepatobiliary and gastrointestinal disorders. In a study published in
The American Journal of Pathology, researchers demonstrated dysfunctional intestinal FXR-signaling
in a rat model of cholestatic liver injury, accompanied by intestinal bacterial translocation (BTL) and
increased permeability and inflammation.
Liver
436
Your liver is your best friend and superhero. Knowing how to look after it is the key to your health.
Liver dysfunction plays a part in most diseases. Your liver is a multi-tasker performing over 500
functions which help keep your body in balance.
The modern stressful lifestyle, alcohol, environmental chemicals, medicinal drugs, processed foods
and fats can all damage your liver. A liver detox can go a long way to help reduce symptoms of an
overworked or damaged liver.
What does your liver do?
• Helps metabolize the fats, protein and carbohydrates from your diet.
• Balances blood sugar by releasing glycogen when blood sugar is low.
• Stores nutrients such as Vitamins A,D, E, K, B12 and the minerals iron and copper.
• Filters your blood removing harmful viruses, bacteria, yeasts, and foreign substances.
• Creates proteins needed for blood cells and the immune system.
• Breaks down and detoxifies excess and old hormones to maintain balance.
• Filters and breaks down unwanted compounds produced during metabolism.
• Detoxifies chemical toxins by converting them into substances that the body can eliminate in the
bile and urine.
• Produces 1 quart of bile daily which enables you to digest fat, absorb the fat soluble vitamins and
detox toxins.
Without it, cholesterol levels rise and many digestive disorders can result. Your liver relies on a
number of nutrients to work efficiently. If you do not eat the right kinds of foods to provide the liver
with everything it needs for the elimination of the extra toxins you are exposed to daily your health
will suffer.
Signs that your liver may be struggling:
• Yellow eyes
• White stool
• A slow digestive system
• Inability to digest fats
• Overweight
• Slow or sluggish metabolism
• Irritable bowel
• Abdominal bloating
• Food and chemical intolerance
• Feeling moody, depressed
• Foggy head
• Fatigue
• Frequent headaches
• Unstable blood sugar levels and sugar cravings
• Coated tongue and bad breath
• Immune system problems
• Dark circles under the eyes
• Premenstrual tension
Liver Tests
437
Doctors often recommend a liver function blood test to see if your liver is damaged. It may show
raised enzyme levels that could indicate a liver infection or alcoholic liver but it cannot tell you
anything about your liver’s detox function. There are however, specialized tests used by functional
medicine or naturopathic doctors that can assess your liver’s detox capacity. Problems in the liver
detox pathways can show up long before the standard liver function blood tests show any
abnormalities.
A two step detox system
Your liver has 2 main detox pathways or routes called Phase 1 and Phase 2. In Phase 1 a
complicated process of enzymes breaks down toxins into forms that can be either be safely
eliminated by your body or can go through Phase 2 .
Here they are attached to other molecules that escort them out of the body through kidneys or bile.
Excessive amounts of toxic chemicals such as pesticides can disrupt the enzymes system of Phase 1
by causing over activity of it. This will result in high levels of damaging free radicals being produced
which damage the liver cells.
Substances that may cause over activity during phase one are caffeine, dioxin, saturated fats,
organophosphorus pesticides, paint fumes, sulfonamides, exhaust fumes and drugs. In order to get
rid of or reduce these free radicals, you need foods that contain a lot of antioxidants and
phytochemicals.
The antioxidants Vitamin A, C, E, selenium and many different phytochemicals are found in fresh
fruits, vegetables and whole grains.
A balancing act
438
There has to be a balance between the functions of Phase 1 liver detox and Phase 2 or a backlog of
toxins can occur which also damage tissues. In some cases the chemical toxins modified by Phase 1
are more dangerous than the original if not dealt with by Phase 2. Researchers have discovered that
your diet has a strong effect on liver detox and certain foods can help to balance Phase 1 and Phase
2.
How you can improve Liver Detox:
• Eat plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables, especially cruciferous vegetables like broccoli, cabbage,
Brussels sprouts kale and cauliflower. Eat a variety of orange, yellow, purple, and red colored fruits
and vegetables.
• Asparagus, watermelon, broccoli are good sources of glutathione, an important substance involved
in liver detox. Papayas and avocados help the body to produce glutathione. Other sources are
Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage, kale, bok choy, cress, mustard, horseradish, turnips,
rutabagas (swede), kohlrabi, red beets.
• Include bitter foods like dandelion greens, mustard greens, bitter melon, Romaine lettuce and can
help in cleansing the
liver.
• Use dill, caraway seeds, tumeric, Garlic and onions in cooking.
• Drink at 6 – 8 x 8 oz glasses of filtered water a day.
• Try the lemon liver detox drink every morning
• Omega-3 fats are very helpful. These fats are found in cold water fish such as wild salmon, sardines,
and halibut. (avoid high mercury fish) Other sources are flaxseeds/oil, hemp seeds/oil, pumpkin
seeds/oil and walnuts. Always make sure you buy very fresh nuts and seeds and store them in a
cool place.
• Use cold pressed oils and do not use them for cooking. Only a little butter or coconut oil should be
used for cooking. Cooking with olive oil is still controversial. If used then do not heat it to a high
temperature.
• Avoid damaged fats such as hydrogenated fats found in many processed foods.
• Eat organically produced foods as much as possible to avoid toxic chemical residues.
• Avoid artificial flavorings and preservatives.
• Avoid excess saturated animal fat like fatty meat, sausages, bacon, salami, hot dogs, high fat dairy
products like whole milk, ice cream and cheese.
• Alcohol is known to be a powerful toxin that will damage the liver.
Take Silymarin (Milk thistle) a potent antioxidant that protects the liver by increasing its ability to
detoxify numerous toxic substances, including pesticides and heavy metals (lead, mercury,
cadmium, arsenic). Help to regenerate liver cells.
 Take a good Multi Vitamin and Mineral supplement that contains specific nutrients and
antioxidants that support liver detox. I recommend Body Health Complete+ Detox.
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 Make sure your bowels move at least twice a day and do a colon cleanse if you have not
done so already. Toxins from the bowel make the liver work harder and use up the
nutrients that are needed to detox chemicals.
 Get some exercise. You liver depends on good circulation to function efficiently.
Proper functioning of the liver’s detox systems is very important for the prevention of cancer. Up to 90% of
all cancers are thought to be due to the effects of environmental pollutants from food, water, and air,
combined with deficiencies of the nutrients the body needs for detox and immune system function. High
levels of exposure to cancer causing substances together with slow detoxification enzymes significantly
increases susceptibility to cancer. Take care of your liver and it will take care of you.
Recommended Reading
 detox diet plan
 Is The New 2 Day Diet Plan Really Healthy?
 Why You Must Avoid Toxins In The Home When You Detox
http://tuberose.com/Liver_Detoxification.html
Liver Bile Salt

http://www.naturalendocrinesolutions.com/archives/the-importance-of-bile-in-thyroid-health/
http://www.chamberlins.com/ns/DisplayMonograph.asp?
StoreID=2cb86c7b36be4cfd914079104818c49b&DocID=condition-nutritionaldeficiencies
Bile Acid Diarrhea
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile_acid_malabsorption
Bile acid malabsorption, known also as Bile acid diarrhea, is a cause of several gut-related problems,
the main one being chronic diarrhea. It has also been called Bile acid-induced diarrhea, Cholerheic
or Choleretic enteropathy and Bile salt malabsorption. It can result from malabsorption secondary to
gastrointestinal disease, or be a primary disorder, associated with excessive bile acid production.
Treatment with bile acid sequestrants is often effective.
So…you have lost all your bile salt.

You need to replenish your bile salt.
Taking some Sea Salt is important.

No chelating
Put butter on the bread
Of your liver's 500 functions; its production of bile is one of the most important. bile is an essential
"de-greaser" and "emulsifier" of dietary fats. bile is also essential for the utilization of the fat soluble
vitamins a, d, e and k. the bile that is produced by your liver also contains conjugated "already
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used" hormones, toxins, foreign chemicals and heavy metals.
An insufficient amount of bile salts can prevent proper dietary fat utilization, cause acid indigestion
as well as a backup of toxicity.
Bile insufficiency can also cause poor hormone synthesis because of the fact that all hormones are
made from lipids.
Functions of bile
Bile is produced by the hepatocyte cells of the liver from cholesterol. when acidified food enters into
the small intestine from the stomach, bile salts alkalinize the food, preparing nutrients for
assimilation in the small intestine.
Bile emulsifies fat, increasing fat absorption. Bile also contains the conjugated toxins from the 2
phases of liver detoxification. These toxins may include carcinogens, xenobiotic chemicals,
pharmaceuticals and heavy metals like mercury, aluminum and lead. When hemoglobin is broken
down in the liver, Bilirubin is conjugated and excreted through the bile.
Major problems arise when there is inadequate bile supply.
Heartburn can directly be caused if there is a bile salt insufficiency. One of the functions of the
alkaline bile salts is to neutralize the food that has been acidified in the stomach by hydrochloric
acid. Stomach acid that has not been neutralized is likely to cause heartburn.
A person who complains of feeling abdominal tightness, bloating and having a difficulty digesting
fats may very well have a bile insufficiency.
Inadequate levels of bile can cause a build-up of toxins in the liver because of the fact that bile
conjugates and carries out the body's burden of toxicity. Liver congestion can result in gall bladder
stones and stagnation. If a person's cholesterol production is low, bile production is also likely to be
low.
Another important component to fat digestion and utilization is hormone synthesis. All hormones are
synthesized from fat. endocrine dysfunction may improve greatly with improving liver function.
Helping the liver to detoxify & produce adequate bile
In order for the liver to function properly, adequate protein is essential. amino acids are primary
constituents of phase i and ii of liver detoxification. The amino acid l-taurine is critical for bile
formation, while the sulphur-bearing amino acid l-methionine is the primary methylating agent in the
liver. cysteine, another sulphur-bearing amino acid is a precursor to the antioxidant glutathione, the
body's most ubiquitous antioxidant. Glutathione scavenges free radicals and toxins, which end up
excreted through bile.
Proper cellular hydration is also essential for liver detoxification. approximately 85% of bile is made
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from water.
The nutrient betaine, also known as trimethylglycine (TMG) is one of the most powerful liver
detoxificants. Betain is found in the highest concentrations in beets and beet greens.
Individuals with bile acid insufficiency can also benefit from taking bile salts derived from either ox
bile or bovine bile salts.
Bentane HCI
Premier HCL, (90 V-caps) by Premier Research Labs
021771
О Digestive and Detox Support
о Relieve heartburn
о Betaine HCL without Pepsin
о Other B-HCL suppliers add Pepsin
о Three days until you develope acid stomach
о More than just a digestion aid. This stuff here facilitates cell functions which can promote
desirable health, both general and mental for people who have type 2 diabetes, people who
have adhd, and also people such as body builders looking to put on muscle. Yes betaine, which
is the same as trimethylglycine has more positive qualities to reap from than just digestion
support, it's methylation support too. Ok, what methylation is basically the process of cell
division where your cells actually use betaine
http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B006OBVRMY/ref=oh_aui_detailpage_o01_s00?
ie=UTF8&psc=1
Identifying bile insufficiency
On a blood test, if blood cholesterol levels are lower than 170, it is possible there is a bile acid
insufficiency. increases or decreases in the liver enzymes alt (>30, <10) or ast (>30, <10), ggtp
(>30) can indicate dysfunction and/or congestion in the liver.
http://metabolichealing.com/bile-deficiency-heartburn-poor-digestion-toxicity/
Diet tips for low bile salts
• begin each day with a glass of warm water with ½ lemon squeezed in it. Lemon juice stimulates
digestive and liver function, including the gall bladder
• consume good raw oils in your diet. Foods which contain good oils are raw olive oil, fish oil
capsules, flaxseed oil capsules, fish, nuts and seeds and avocados
• reduce saturated fats (animal fats and dairy foods), transfatty acids, processed foods and simple
sugars. saturated fats and transfatty acids are commonly found in foods such as cakes, cookies,
biscuits, bakery foods, margarine, donuts, processed and deep fried foods
• eat more bitter foods to stimulate liver and gall bladder function such as rocket, endive, raddichio
and kale. also eating foods high in sulphur such as garlic, brussels sprouts, cabbage, onions,
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broccoli, cauliflower and radish
• introduce herbal teas such as dandelion, burdock, peppermint, green tea, lemon and ginger to
support liver detoxification, digestion and the production of bile
• increase omega 3 essential fatty acids in the form of deep sea oily fish (salmon, snapper,
mackeral, anchovies, cod, sardines, halibut)
• lecithin sprinkled on your food, cereal or in a smoothie helps to emulsify fats, lipids and oils and
the break down of cholesterol and bile in the digestion due to the phosphotidylcholine
natural remedies for low bile salts
• Probiotics increase beneficial bacteria, as an imbalance of good vs bad bacteria in the bowels is a
contributing factor to poor gall bladder function and limited synthesis of bile acids
• vitamin c and bioflavinoid help to stimulate bile movement
• liver herbs may help to encourage liver and gall bladder herbs due to their cholagogue (bile
stimulant) effects such as globe artichoke, dandelion, st marys thistle, bupleurum, citrus peel,
greater celandine, agrimony, golden seal, barberry, yellow dock, chamomile, ginger and turmeric
• the amino acids taurine, choline (lecithin) and methionine are beneficial for encouraging bile acid.
they contain sulphur components which help to increase liver detoxification processes and stimulate
the synthesis of bile and gall bladder function
Lifestyle factors for low bile salts
•healthy bacteria in the digestive tract coverts bile from the gall bladder into bile acids, low gut
bacteria may therefore be a contributing factor. you may consider introducing more probiotics into
the diet, especially if he has had courses of anti-biotics in the past
•low digestive ph levels
•address poor gut bacteria
•address any side effects of pharmaceutical medications
•address sluggish bowel function
•it is also recommended to take a blood test to determine the functioning of the liver, as liver
complications may be a related cause. elevated serum alt (liver enzymes) and ast should be tested
as well as bilirubin, alkaline phosphate and ast/ alt levels
•check gall bladder and liver function as a decline in the function of these can dramatically affect the
storage of bile in the bile duct and the production of bile in the liver. Bile produced in the gall
bladder ensures adequate break down of foods and also helps to lubricate the bowel
http://www.askanaturopath.com/faqs/low-bile-salts/p/712
Overproduction of bile acids
Primary bile acid diarrhea (Type 2 bile acid "malabsorption") may be caused by an overproduction of
bile acids.[7][8] Several groups of workers have failed to show any defect in ileal bile acid
absorption in these patients, and they have an enlarged bile acid pool, rather than the reduced pool
expected with malabsorption.[9] The synthesis of bile acids in the liver is negatively regulated by the
ileal hormone fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19), and lower levels of this hormone result in
overproduction of bile acids, which are more than the ileum can absorb.[8]
Fat soluble vitamin breakdown
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Bile problems will cause problems breaking down fat soluble vitamins such as vitamins A, E, K, and
D. Their might be problems digesting fish oil supplements, as well as other types of fats, such as
coconut oil. Hopefully you are beginning to understand how problems with bile production can lead
to nutrient deficiencies. And since removing the gallbladder won’t correct the bile problem, these
people will still have problems breaking down fat soluble vitamins from the foods they eat.
There are three main components of bile, and this includes 1) bilirubin, 2) bile acids and salts, and
3) cholesterol. Most people reading this are familiar with cholesterol, but you might not be familiar
with the other two main components of bile. Bilirubin is the toxic catabolic product of heme
metabolism, and the goal of bile is to help with the excretion of bilirubin. However, certain factors
can cause a disturbance of bilirubin transport, which causes increased levels of bilirubin in the blood
(hyperbilirubinemia), which in turn can lead to jaundice if the levels become high enough.
Liver Support - The vitamin alphabet
. 4X Vitamin A palmitrate,
. Vitamin A from RoseHip Seeds
. B50
. 4g Ester C
. D3 5000
. D alpha E 4000 IU
. GLA from borage seed oil and spirulina
. ALA
. CQ10 in D alpha E oil
. Chaparral by Arizona Naturals, essential for psora body types
. Calcium Milk or Goat Cheese
. Multivitamin per day
. Boron
. Use Sea Salt
. Grape Juice
. Eat beets
. Taurine
. Choline
. NAC
. Glycine
. Vitamin A 10000 from cod liver oil
. TAKE ONE CHOLINE.
. Vitamin A PALMITRATE 15000 IU – 60000 IU AM
. COD LIVER IS GOOD IN PM
GLYCINE IS ANTI BACTERIA, TAKE A SMALL AMOUNT, OLIVE LEAF OIL IS BETTER.
Borage seed oil: Currently, there is insufficient available evidence evaluating the effectiveness of
borage in the treatment of malnutrition.
. Eat Carrots
. Bannanas
. Two cups of fruit and two and one-half cups of vegetables per day
. Slow release neutral potassium phosphate
. Saccharomyces boulardii
. Spirulina
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Choline: Choline is an essential nutrient related to the water-soluble B-complex vitamins, folate,
pyridoxine, and B12, and to the essential amino acid, methionine. It is synthesized in the body as
well as consumed in the diet. The largest dietary source of choline is egg yolk. Choline can also be
found in high amounts in liver, peanuts, fish, milk, brewer's yeast, wheat germ, soy beans, bottle
gourd fruit, fenugreek leaves, shepherd's purse herb, Brazil nuts, dandelion flowers, poppy seeds,
mung and other beans, and a variety of meats and vegetables, including cabbage and cauliflower.
Choline is a major building block of lecithin. Choline is a precursor· to acetylcholine, a chemical used
to transfer nerve impulses. Therefore, choline is believed to have neurological effects.
Choline is a constituent of phosphatidylcholine (PC), which is a· component of cell walls and

membranes. It is involved in fat and cholesterol metabolism and transport. In this form, choline aids
in fat metabolism and transport away from the liver.
Choline is likely effective when used orally as a nutritional· supplement in infant formula. Also,
choline is likely effective when used intravenously to treat total parenteral nutrition associated liver
dysfunction.
Taurine: Taurine, or 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, was originally discovered in ox (Bos taurus) bile
and was named after taurus, or bull. A nonessential amino acid-like compound, taurine, is found in
high abundance in the tissues of many animals, especially sea animals, and in much lower
concentrations in plants, fungi, and some bacteria. As an amine, taurine is important in several
metabolic processes of the body, including stabilizing cell membranes in electrically active tissues,
such as the brain and heart. It also has functions in the gallbladder, eyes, and blood vessels, and it
may have some antioxidant and detoxifying properties.
Diarrhea causes a loss of liver salt that is poorly recycled
Parasites may start the process, but diarrhea will continue, and the body will go into liver crisis
mode, increase the risk of developing a condition such as small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
(SIBO) (Oregano Oil and Black seed Oil), low or absent production of gastric acid (Bentain HCL),
bilirubin, which occurs when red blood cells are destroyed at to fast a rate, put iron into crisis,
(Kelp)
B50 - The liver needs more than fat soluable vitamins, it needs B vitamins, and lots of them.
Biotin: Biotin is an essential water-soluble B vitamin. The name biotin is taken from the Greek word
bios meaning "life." Without biotin, certain enzymes, including acetyl-CoA carboxylase and pyruvate
carboxylase, do not work properly, and complications can occur involving the skin, intestinal tract,
and nervous system. Metabolic problems including very low blood sugars between meals, high blood
ammonia, or acidic blood (acidosis) can occur. Death is theoretically possible, although no clear
cases have been reported. Recent studies suggest that biotin is also necessary for processes on the
genetic level in cells (DNA replication and gene expression).
Diseases caused by bile salt regulation issues:
Achlorhydria, appetite stimulant, B12 absorption, beriberi, biotin deficiency, cachexia, copper
deficiency, familial hypophosphatemia, folate deficiency, hypercalciuria, hypocalcemia,
hypophosphatemia, Iodine deficiency, iron absorption enhancement, iron deficiency, Korsakoff's
445
psychosis, Kwashiorkor, malnutrition, marasmus, nutritional deficiencies, nutritional support (TPN),
pantothenic acid deficiency, pellagra, pyridoxine deficiency, riboflavin deficiency, rickets, scurvy,
thiamin deficiency, total parenteral nutrition, TPN, vitamin A, vitamin B12, vitamin C, vitamin D,
vitamin E, vitamin K, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, Wernicke's encephalopathy.
_____________________________________
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatorrhea
Steatorrhea
Steatorrhea (or steatorrhoea) is the presence of excess fat in feces. Stools may also float due to
excess lipid, have an oily appearance and can be especially foul-smelling.[1] An oily anal leakage or
some level of fecal incontinence may occur. There is increased fat excretion, which can be measured
by determining the fecal fat level. The definition of how much fecal fat constitutes steatorrhea has
not been standardized.
Cause
. lack of bile acids

. liver damage,
. hypolipidemic drugs
. gallbladder removal
. pancreatic enzymes,
. defective mucosal cells,
. medicines that block fat absorption,
Consuming indigestible fat
The total absence of bile acids will cause the feces to turn gray or pale white. When this happens it
is a little freaky. Parasites can so overtax the liver, it can happen. Ive experienced it
Hepatic encephalopathy
Hepatic encephalopathy (brain swelling) is a worsening of brain function that occurs when the liver
is no longer able to remove toxic substances in the blood.
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
Hepatic encephalopathy is caused by disorders that affect the liver. These include disorders that
reduce liver function (such as cirrhosis or hepatitis) and conditions in which blood circulation does
not enter the liver. The exact cause of hepatic encephalopathy is unknown.
An important job of the liver is to change toxic substances that are either made by the body or taken
into the body (such as medicines) and make them harmless. However, when the liver is damaged,
these "poisons" may build up in the bloodstream.
446
Ammonia, which is produced by the body when proteins are digested, is one of the harmful
substances that is normally made harmless by the liver. Many other substances may also build up in
the body if the liver is not working well. They can cause damage to the nervous system.
Hepatic encephalopathy may occur suddenly in people who previously had no liver problems when
damage occurs to the liver. More often, the condition is seen in people with chronic liver disease.
Hepatic encephalopathy may be triggered by: (Parasite Toxins!)
• Dehydration
• Eating too much protein
• Electrolyte abnormalities (especially a decrease in potassium) from vomiting, or from
treatments such as paracentesis or taking diuretics ("water pills")
• Bleeding from the intestines, stomach, or esophagus
• Infections
• Kidney problems
• Low oxygen levels in the body
• Shunt placement or complications (See: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt )
• Surgery
• Use of medications that suppress the central nervous system (such as barbiturates or
benzodiazepine tranquilizers)
• Disorders that can mimic or mask symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy include:
• Alcohol intoxication
• Complicated alcohol withdrawal
• Meningitis
• Metabolic abnormalities such as low blood glucose
Hepatic encephalopathy (also known as portosystemic encephalopathy) is the occurrence of

confusion, altered level of consciousness, and coma as a result of liver failure. In the advanced
stages it is called hepatic coma or coma hepaticum. It may ultimately lead to death.[1]
It is caused by accumulation in the bloodstream of toxic substances that are normally removed by
the liver. The diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy requires the presence of impaired liver function
and the exclusion of an alternative explanation for the symptoms. Blood tests (ammonia levels)
may assist in the diagnosis. Attacks are often precipitated by an intercurrent problem, such as
infection or constipation.[1][2]
Hepatic encephalopathy is reversible with treatment. This relies on suppressing the production of the
toxic substances in the intestine and is most commonly done with the laxative lactulose or with non-
absorbable antibiotics. In addition, the treatment of any underlying condition may improve the
symptoms. In particular settings, such as acute liver failure, the onset of encephalopathy may
indicate the need for a liver transplant.[1][3]
Despite numerous studies demonstrating the central role of ammonia. Ammonia levels don't
always correlate with the severity of the encephalopathy; it is suspected that this means that more
ammonia has already been absorbed into the brain in those with severe symptoms whose serum
levels are relatively low.[1][2] Other waste products implicated in hepatic encephalopathy include
mercaptans (substances containing a thiol group), short-chain fatty acids and phenol.[2]
Numerous other abnormalities have been described in hepatic encephalopathy, although their
relative contribution to the disease state is uncertain. Benzodiazepine-like compounds have been
detected at increased levels as well as abnormalities in the GABA neurotransmission system. An
imbalance between aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine) and branched-
chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine and valine) has been described; this would lead to the
447
generation of false neurotransmitters (such octopamine and 2-hydroxyphenethylamine).
Dysregulation of the serotonin system, too, has been reported. Depletion of zinc and accumulation
of manganese may play a role.[1][2] Inflammation elsewhere in the body may precipitate
encephalopathy through the action of cytokines and bacterial lipopolysaccharide on astrocytes.[4]
Lactulose and lactitol are disaccharides that are not absorbed from the digestive tract. They are
thought to improve the generation of ammonia by bacteria, render the ammonia inabsorbable by
converting it to ammonium (NH4), and increase transit of bowel content through the gut. Doses of
15-30 ml are administered three times a day; the result is aimed to be 3–5 soft stools a day, or (in
some settings) a stool pH of <6.0.[1][2][4][10] Lactulose may also be given by enema, especially if
encephalopathy is severe.[10] More commonly, phosphate enemas are used. This may relieve
constipation, one of the causes of encephalopathy, and increase bowel transit. [1]
A preparation of L-ornithine and L-aspartate (LOLA) is used to increase the generation of urea
through the urea cycle, a metabolic pathway that removes ammonia by turning it into the neutral
substance urea. It may be combined with lactulose and/or rifaximin if these alone are ineffective at
controlling symptoms.[1]
Dr Budwig
http://www.healingcancernaturally.com/budwig_protocol.html
Cancer: Essentially A Problem of Right and Wrong Fats & Lack of Sunlight?
An important introduction to Dr. Budwig's protocol

Copyright © 2005 - 2012 Healing Cancer Naturally
"What she (Dr. Johanna Budwig) has demonstrated to my initial disbelief but lately, to my complete
satisfaction in my practice is: CANCER IS EASILY CURABLE, the treatment is dietary/lifestyle, the
response is immediate; the cancer cell is weak and vulnerable; the precise biochemical breakdown
point was identified by her in 1951 and is specifically correctable, in vitro (test tube) as well as in
vivo (real)..."
Dr. Dan C. Roehm M.D. FACP (oncologist & former cardiologist) in "Townsend Letter for Doctors",
July 1990
What would you think if you heard someone claim that there is a diet-based protocol centered on
the ingestion of two simple foodstuffs plus sunlight that has actually helped heal numerous cases of
cancer including saving the so-called terminally ill - some given a few hours to live!? If you react like
many, you will think that this sounds far too simplistic to be true.
And yet it is.
As Dr Willner, M.D., Ph.D. (The Cancer Solution) writes, "Numerous, independent clinical studies
published in major medical journals world-wide confirm Dr. Budwig’s findings…. Over 40 years ago
Dr Budwig presented clear and convincing evidence, which has been confirmed by hundreds of other
related scientific research papers since, that the essential fatty acids were at the core of the answer
to the cancer problem…You will come to your own conclusions as to why this simple effective
prevention and therapy has not only been ignored—it has been suppressed!". Or as someone
448
commented, "Over the years I have been given a lot of different advice as well, so when I heard
about Dr Budwig’s protocol I too was very sceptical, until I tried it."
Before you proceed to reading any further, please know that not everybody reacts the same to this
or any other treatment, and that in any healing diet or protocol one may undertake, one should
never underrate the often amazing power of the Mind, i.e. the placebo or belief effect, as well as the
influence of the emotions and energetic and spiritual factors on both the disease and healing
process.
So here are five important pieces of advice before we start:
1. If you do decide to follow the Budwig diet & protocol, give it a fair try, meaning that you follow
Dr. Budwig’s instructions to the letter for a while such as at least 1 to 3 months, and then see how
you or the patient fares. Dr. Budwig’s instructions are very strict and include no supplements apart
from brewer's yeast flakes (and possibly plant-derived enzymes for fat/protein digestion, with herbs
in their natural form also being ok), daily fresh ground flaxseeds etc. etc. You can read up on all the
details on this site and her genuine books.
Apart from the possible placebo effect she exerted (as any healing professional who instills
confidence in his patients), Dr. Budwig heavily insisted on her instructions being closely followed
since she believed that only in this manner, success could be reached.
Don’t get misled by self-proclaimed “Budwig diet experts” or a self-styled "Budwig center" who
combine her basic flax oil/cottage cheese with a regime of their own making rather than with Dr.
Budwig's real protocol, claiming to thus “reinforce” the Budwig diet. While such regimes may well be
effective against cancer and other diseases, they are a far cry from what Dr. Budwig recommended
(for more details and warnings see Oil-protein diet: on self-appointed "Budwig experts" and fake
Budwig books misleading cancer patients). Remember that while it is true that much of the
conventional cancer treatment approaches is about business (compare On Cancer Business & the
Cancer Industry), so is much in the "alternative cancer treatment" field (compare Negative
experiences in the alternative cancer treatment field).
2. Healing Cancer Naturally considers minerals and trace elements and the ubiquitous lack of them a
major player in cancer genesis and healing, see Minerals. The fact that so relatively few of those
who undertake the Budwig protocol today seem to report dramatic success when compared to the
near 100% success rate claimed by Dr. Budwig who started treating patients decades ago, might
(apart from non-compliance with her instructions) also be related to the reported significant decline
in mineral and trace element (as well as vitamin) content in today’s foods, caused by soil depletion
and inorganic husbandry. So an important piece of advice would be to look for and incorporate
naturally rich sources of mineral and trace elements in your diet. More inexpensive sources are,
apart from organically grown foodstuffs, particularly seaweeds which I highly recommend adding.
Seaweeds among other things contain high levels of iodine which reportedly has anticarcinogenic
(toxic to cancer cells) and cancer-preventative properties (more at seaweed).
3. Detoxify in a healthy way (i.e. don't become obsessed with any uncleanliness or toxicity you may
suspect in yourself while still striving to get rid of most obvious sources of "filth" in yourself and your
environment). See Detoxification.
4. The Budwig diet already prescribes the daily ingestion of quark (cottage cheese) and sauerkraut
juice both of which are lactic-acid fermented foods. Judging by another successful cancer
researcher's results with cancer patients, the little-known but truly outstanding Dr. Dr. Johannes
Kuhl who based his approach primarily on lactic-acid fermented foods and supplements (see Lactic-
acid-fermented food treatment for cancer according to Dr. Dr. Johannes Kuhl), this part of the
Budwig protocol may be one of the decisive pillars and reasons for its effects. So Healing Cancer
Naturally advises the liberal addition of lactic-acid-fermented foods and drinks in the diet even
449
beyond what Dr. Budwig may have explicitly recommended to further enhance your chances of
healing.
Incidentally, both Dr. Budwig's and Dr. Kuhl's approach are featured under Greatest Hits, and
virtually all modalities listed there are fully compatible with Dr. Budwig's protocol while having
obtained cancer remissions as a stand-alone treatment as well.
5. Lastly, but in fact most importantly, Healing Cancer Naturally advises following one's intuition,
spiritual guidance or whatever name you may wish to call it as you travel along your journey to
health and healing. A beautiful example has been set by Dr. Nancy Offenhauser who wrote a book
about her experience called Healing Cancer Peacefullly (Dr. Offenhauser did not use the Budwig
approach - as you may or not be aware, there are numerous non-conventional ways which have
been used to heal from cancer).
Who Was Dr. Johanna Budwig?
Dr. Johanna Budwig (born 30 September 1908, died 19 May 2003, pronounced Yaw-hun-nah Bood-
vig), a seven-times Nobel prize nominee, was a qualified German pharmacologist, chemist and
physicist with a doctorate in physics who worked as the chief expert-consultant for drugs and fats at
the former Bundesanstalt für Fettforschung (Federal Institute for Fats Research). Described as "the
world's leading authority on fats and oils", Dr. Budwig studied in-depth the effect of hydrogenated
and other denatured fats upon human health and found it to be desastrous, while she discovered
the truly "essential" and powerfully healing nature of essential fatty acids on all manner of
degenerative diseases including cancer. She authored numerous books (among them Cancer - The
Problem and The Solution, Das Fettsyndrom [The Fat Syndrome, discussing the links between fats
and next to all diseases of the heart and lung as well as cancer], Krebs, ein Fettproblem [Cancer - A
Fat Problem, on the right choice and use of fats], Der Tod des Tumors [The Death of the Tumor], as
well as numerous scientific papers and treatises in which she published her findings on the critical
importance of the right fatty acids and the deleterious effect of the wrong fats on human health (the
use of "wrong fats" having become widespread since the invention and ubiquitous introduction of
the hydrogenation process in order to extend the shelf life of fats and to create margarine).
Three of her works "FlaxOil As A True Aid Against Arthritis, Heart Infarction, Cancer, And Other
Diseases" (read excerpts here), "The Oil Protein Diet Cookbook" and the above-mentioned Cancer
- The Problem and The Solution (excerpts here) have been translated into English. The former,
though a slender volume of only about 60 pages, is "packed with the most clear thinking on the
genesis of serious diseases and health recovery" including healing cancer. The fact that so far solely
three of Dr. Budwig’s works are accessible to the English-speaking world makes it hard, however, to
appreciate the true scope and breadth of her protocol and cancer treatment approach. While the
situation is naturally better for German readers, even these have easy access only to parts of her
work since a number of her books - in fact, the majority - are currently out of print and much
determination is called for to find a copy of these books in second-hand stores.
As other researchers who have offered a non-profitable and effective way of healing cancer (or
keeping it under control by preventing metastasis), Dr. Budwig and her work have been attacked
and silenced by vested medical, industrial and pharmaceutical interests throughout her life (compare
History of Cancer Treatment). As summarized by Cliff Beckwith who has kept his prostate cancer
under control for over a decade: "Dr. Budwig to my knowledge had over 1000 documented
successes. However, her work was not popular with the Oncology Industry in Europe. Her ideas
would have meant a lot of losses in the Food Industry [too]; especially in the fats industry.
My cousin, Richard Beckwith, called her probably eleven years ago and talked to her about forty five
minutes. She told him that American doctors had come to Germany and been impressed with her
work. Then they wanted to try to work out some way to have exclusive rights to her methods in the
United States and make a lot of money and she wouldn't do that.
450
She believed her work was very important and was anxious to see it carried on but no one seemed
interested unless they could make a lot of money.
I had Advanced [prostate] cancer and I could not wait for scientific confirmation and began to use
these ideas immediately. One thing led to another, none of it planned, and we have seen many folks
recover from cancer or have lives greatly extended. A lot of that information is at
www.beckwithfamily.com.
That is all based on anecdotal evidence. Other than the evidence in Dr. Budwig's records [as far as
they are available in English] that is all there is. No one is doing any scientific testing. That is done
to prove the value of drugs for profit and one cannot patent Flaxseed Oil.
...In my view there should be enough on those lists [the evidence reported on two Budwig
discussion lists he founded] and what we have seen to at least cause someone really interested in
human welfare to be curious."
And it seems likely that apart from financial interests, human failings such as intellectual pride play a
part in the silencing and ignoring of Dr. Budwig’s apparently often life-saving discoveries. Cliff
Beckwith again: "For the most part one cannot expect the doctors to place any real credibility to the
use of FO/CC [flax oil and cottage cheese]. It seems incredible that anything could be successful
other than what they are taught in Med school. Imagine the blow to one's ego if it became official
that something with which he or she is not familiar would be found to be much better than the
things that were studied 10 years to learn."
Dr. Johanna Budwig’s Major Discovery
In 1952, Dr. Budwig wrote in a paper entitled On Fat Biology V. Paper Chromatography of Blood
Lipoids, the Tumour Problem and Fat Research: "It is basically proven that highly unsaturated fatty
acids are the heretofore undiscovered decisive factor in respiratory enzyme function", i.e. constitute
the second part of the "equation" that nobelist Otto Warburg [1] had been unable to find. What
sounds insignificant to the layman’s ears, is arguably one of the greatest breakthroughs in medicinal
science: from that moment onward we have known that the highly unsaturated fatty acid is the
decisive factor achieving the desired effect of cellular respiratory stimulation. Working in conjunction
with sulfurated amino acids (protein), the highly unsaturated fatty acid plays a part, even the critical
part, in the "bridging" taking place between fats and protein, in the absorption AND utilization of
oxygen, in all growth processes, in the formation of blood and in many other processes. Working
from this theory, Dr. Budwig was able to help a great many cancer patients with the scientific oil-
protein diet of flaxoil plus cottage cheese she designed (the "Budwig diet"), which allows cancer
cells to start "breathing" again. A few physicians followed in her footsteps, such as Dr. Dan C.
Roehm from Florida or Dr. Robert E. Willner (Miami).
Unsolicited Based upon her research findings, Dr. Budwig was not only against
visitor’s comment processed foods and supplements (no pills) but also against
on Healing Cancer chemotherapy, radiation and drugs, and in a less categorical manner,
Naturally’s Budwig surgery (see interview). And, rare as that may be, she also was aware of
Diet pages: the critical importance of sunlight as well as the spiritual, mental and
emotional factors in healing cancer and other illness. That said and as
hinted at above, it is important to keep in mind that the fuller details of
"I have been
her published thought on healing cancer are not currently
educating
known/accessible in the English- and most of the German-speaking world,
myself on the
thus making all efforts presently undertaken at implementing and
Budwig protocol
spreading the word about Dr. Budwig’s discoveries in English a grassroots
and your site is
movement liable to be enlarged as more details become known to the
by far the most
general public via correctly translated editions of more of her books.
informative."
~S. G.
Basic Introduction to Dr. Budwig’s Diet, Fats, Essential
Fatty Acids and Related Subjects
451
The basis of Dr. Budwig’s diet or protocol is the ingestion of a special oil-protein mixture in the form
of organic cold-pressed flaxseed oil plus cottage cheese or "quark" (a dairy product readily available
in German-speaking countries made from various types of milk and roughly similar to cottage
cheese), to balance an oversupply of omega-6 fatty acids and hydrogenated fats in the Western diet
and to provide an immediately available abundant supply of essential omega-3 fatty acids. Of all
plant oils, flax oil is the richest source of these omega-3 fatty acids (naturally occurring variations
not considered, 100 g of oil contain 72g of polyunsaturated fatty acids, 54g of which are omega-3
acids). This oil is combined with protein (or more precisely, sulphurated amino acids [2] such as
liberally found in quark/cottage cheese) to allow the highly unsaturated fatty acids to become water-
soluble, thus bypassing the need for an (often) diseased or impaired liver to break down the
unsatured fat by its own efforts. Quote: "The lipotropic protein connections, e.g. Cystein, as they are
found in ... cottage cheese or nuts are able to make water-soluble the ...highly unsaturated fatty
acids in seed oils. And that is what matters. When you mix together ... cottage cheese and linseed
oil in your blender the fat becomes water-soluble" and thereby immediately available for use by the
body. In this manner, the necessary "spark plugs" are provided for cells to "breathe", optimally
detoxify and function, even more so when additionally combining the flax oil cottage cheese mix
with an optimised sugar-free diet devoid of respiratory poisons [substances which inhibit cellular
respiration] but containing much raw organic food (compare excerpts from Dr. Budwig’s Flax Oil As
A True Aid and the Nutrition section).
Dr. Budwig’s diet (which, when properly applied, is an entire protocol and involves not only ingestion
of the above oil-protein mixture, but also a healthy minimally processed vegetarian diet, freshly
ground flaxseeds, sunlight, stress management, "Eldi" oils, etc.[3], has literally pulled people back
from death’s doorstep. Based on this evidence and its ease of implementation, it may be the
quickest and easiest move to take for many stricken with a cancer challenge and/or those who are
looking for an often fast-working approach to health recovery. In fact, eminent alternative &
conventional cancer treatment researcher Lothar Hirneise considers Dr. Johanna Budwig’s protocol
the indispensable nutritional basis of any healing plan for cancer patients.
Dr. Johanna Budwig’s proposed diet and basic protocol IS easy to implement in daily life (see Dr.
Johanna Budwig: The practical implementation of my oil-protein diet), and for "how-to" details on
the Budwig diet, start with Making the Flaxseed Oil plus Cottage Cheese or Quark Mixture. Budwig
Linomel Breakfast Muesli Recipe, Oleolux Recipe, Quark-Flax Oil Mayonnaise Recipe as well as the
very extensive Budwig Diet & Protocol FAQ I have written and compiled from authentic Budwig
sources including the 14 original German-language books by Dr. Budwig I own).
I’d also like to refer you to Dr. Johanna Budwig’s available English-language books, with some
people expressing particular appreciation for her oil-protein cookbook. One comment reads: "I have
found that one of THE MOST VALUABLE, yea NECESSARY items one should get for following the
Budwig diet is Dr. Budwig's ‘Oil Protein Cookbook.’ It demystifies all kinds of things for you, and has
OVER 500 recipes in it to make sure [you] will be getting all the things Dr. Budwig wanted her
clients to get in their diet." I too believe it is essential for anyone "serious" about implementing the
Budwig diet with the aim of healing from serious disease such as cancer to at the very least own Dr.
Budwig’s inexpensive oil-protein cookbook. It would seem best to also read her book "Flax Oil as a
True Aid" and to make sure to share these books with others, both to possibly help them prevent
and heal from serious disease. More comments.
Research Studies On Animals
Effects of Flaxseed and Flaxseed Components (Lignan, Lignan Precursors & Oil) on
Cancer and Tumor Growth
Please note Healing Cancer Naturally's stance on animal experimentation.
452
1 A 2002 animal experiment on the "[e]ffect of flaxseed supplementation on prostatic carcinoma in
transgenic mice" found that a "diet supplemented with 5% flaxseed inhibits the growth and
development of prostate cancer in the TRAMP model".
Aiming to "investigate the effects of flaxseed supplementation on prostatic neoplasia in the

transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate (TRAMP) model", a "total of 135 male TRAMP mice 5 to
6 weeks old were randomized to a control group (AIN-76A diet) or an experimental group (AIN-76A
diet plus 5% flaxseed by weight). One half of the mice in each group were treated for 20 weeks and
the remainder for 30 weeks. At autopsy, urogenital tissues (four prostatic lobes, seminal vesicles,
and emptied bladder), lungs, lymph nodes, and grossly abnormal tissues were collected for
histologic evaluation. RESULTS: Of the control mice, 100% developed prostate cancer versus 97% of
the mice in the flaxseed group. The tumor/urogenital weight was 3.6 +/- 0.4 g in the controls versus
1.9 +/- 0.2 g in the flaxseed-treated mice (P = 0.0005). At 20 weeks, no significant difference in
tumor grade was seen between the two groups; however, at 30 weeks, the flaxseed-treated mice
had significantly less aggressive tumors than did the controls (P = 0.01). The prevalence of lung and
lymph node metastases was 13% and 16%, respectively, in the control mice versus 5% and 12%,
respectively, in the experimental group (difference not significant). After 20 weeks of treatment,
cellular proliferation (Ki-67) differed significantly between the control and experimental groups (38.1
+/- 2.03 versus 26.2 +/- 2.03; P <0.0001), and the apoptotic index (deoxynucleotidyl transferase-
mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick end labeling) was 1.45 +/- 0.14 versus 3.3 +/- 0.31 (P <0.0001).
Similar differences were seen after 30 weeks of treatment.
The original NCBI report with references
2 A 2002 animal experiment on "the effect of flaxseed (FS), the richest source of lignans and alpha-
linolenic acid, on growth and metastasis of established human breast cancer in a nude mice model"
concluded that "Dietary flaxseed inhibits human breast cancer growth and metastasis".
Dietary flaxseed inhibits human breast cancer growth and metastasis and downregulates expression
of insulin-like growth factor and epidermal growth factor receptor.
Chen J, Stavro PM, Thompson LU. Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2.
Recent studies indicate that diets rich in phytoestrogens and n-3 fatty acid have anticancer potential.
This study determined the effect of flaxseed (FS), the richest source of lignans and alpha-linolenic
acid, on growth and metastasis of established human breast cancer in a nude mice model. Estrogen
receptor-negative human breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-435, were injected into the mammary fat pad
of mice (Ncr nu/nu) fed a basal diet (BD). At Week 8, mice were randomized into two diet groups,
such that the groups had similar tumor size and body weight. One continued on the BD, while the
other was changed to BD supplemented with 10% FS, until sacrifice at Week 15. A significant
reduction (P < 0.05) in tumor growth rate and a 45% reduction (P = 0.08) in total incidence of
metastasis were observed in the FS group. Lung metastasis incidence was 55.6% in the BD group
and 22.2% in the FS group, while the lymph node metastasis incidence was 88.9% in the BD group
and 33.3% in the FS group (P < 0.05). Mean tumor number (tumor load) of total and lymph node
metastasis was significantly lower in the FS than in the BD group (P < 0.05). Metastatic lung tumor
number was reduced by 82%, and a significantly lower tumor trend (P < 0.01) was observed in the
FS group. Lung weight, which also reflects metastatic tumor load, in the FS group was reduced by
20% (P < 0.05) compared with the BD group.
Immunohistochemical study showed that Ki-67 labeling index and expression of insulin-like growth
factor I and epithelial growth factor receptor in the primary tumor were lower in the FS (P < 0.05)
than in the BD group.
In conclusion, flaxseed inhibited the established human breast cancer growth and metastasis in a
nude mice model, and this effect is partly due to its downregulation of insulin-like growth factor I
and epidermal growth factor receptor expression.
The original NCBI report with references
453
More research studies incl. on humans.
Why Use Organic Dairy in the Budwig Diet?
1. Antibiotics
Conventional milk (and meat) products are very likely to contain antibiotics which harm and destroy
the good (beneficial) intestinal flora. This apparently both impedes proper digestion/optimal mineral
nutrient assimilation and immune system performance and contributes to the currently observed
Candidiasis epidemic (Candidiasis being defined as "overgrowth in the gastrointestinal tract of the
usually benign yeast [or fungus] Candida albicans"). Candida fungus overgrowth has become
widespread apparently due to indiscriminate antibiotics use in the food chain.
Compare On food and supplement absorption, intestinal flora, cancer and immune system and Fungi
producing mycotoxins: The Fungal/Mycotoxin Etiology of Human Disease (particularly CANCER).
2. Genetically engineered bovine growth hormone (Posilac)
Conventional dairy products in the US may or do contain bovine growth hormone. See for
instance rense.com/general48/milk.htm ("cows treated with Posilac have been developing bone
cancers").
Also compare Milk and the Cancer Connection I, Milk and the cancer connection II and Cancer
Causes: Aflatoxins.
3. Ethics
See Vegan Alternatives.
Budwig Testimonials
See the Complete list of Johanna Budwig diet & protocol cancer healing testimonials.
Support Groups, Flaxseed Oil/Cottage Cheese Forums, Budwig Forums &

Other
Introductory note: As I know from owning 14 of Dr. Budwig’s original German-language writings, Dr.
Budwig’s work contains many details and scientific intricacies. Browsing the internet for websites
offering free Budwig information, alternative cancer treatment advisors who sell such information as
well as for forums and groups discussing the Budwig diet/protocol made me keenly aware that there
is a certain amount of (doubtless largely well-intentioned but) partially incorrect information on the
Budwig Protocol offered to the English-speaking public. To help dispel the misinformation /
misinterpretation / misrepresentation shrouding the genuine Budwig Protocol and to implement and
spread the word about Dr. Budwig’s authentic discoveries and "teachings", I have published the
authentic central details (a number of which translated by me) gleaned from Dr. Budwig’s original
works as well as from my contacts with Budwig patients, Budwig cancer carers and Dr. Budwig’s
former associate, using the platform of Healing Cancer Naturally’s Budwig pages.
It is to be hoped that eventually correctly translated editions of more of her books will allow all parts
of Dr. Budwig’s work and the full details of her thinking and experience with the healing of cancer to
become known and accessible in the English-speaking world.
The following non-exhaustive list shows some "grassroots" forums discussing the use of Dr. Johanna
Budwig’s oil-protein protocol (or parts or "free-style versions" of it) to treat and control cancer as
well as other diseases.
454
http://curezone.com/forums/f.asp?f=55
flaxseed Oil & Virgin Flax Oil Cottage cheese Forum - Dr. Budwig
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/flaxseedoil/
This flax oil/cottage cheese group is inactive but carries several thousand messages in its archives
which are freely accessible without needing to subscribe.
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/flaxseedoil2/
Budwig approach for cancer healing discussion group (moderated)
http://health.groups.yahoo.com/group/flaxhealth/
"This group focus is to spread the good word about the postive benefits of utilizing flax in your diet"
(The complete Budwig protocol for healing cancer and other diseases calls for the daily addition of
freshly ground flaxseeds.)
Flaxseed Oil Sources: Buying Quality Flax Oil
There are several companies and outlets which offer quality flax oil. Barlean's is known to offer a
discount to (verified) cancer patients but you may also find bargains on quality flaxoil elsewhere
including at Amazon. I’d make sure to go for organic, fresh, cold-pressed and unadulterated
flax oil (no Vitamin E or other preservatives added) and read the customer reviews before deciding
on any one brand. Also be aware that Dr. Budwig did not use flaxseed oil with lignans (in fact,
lignan-"enriched" flax oil to this day is not even available in Germany). This factor may however be
of little consequence.
To find flax oil on Amazon, you can enter Amazon via one of these links, then type "flax oil" or
"flaxseed oil" into their search box:
• US visitors
• Canadian visitors
• UK visitors
• Amazon France
• Amazon Deutschland
• Amazon España
• Amazon Italia
By shopping (any items) via Healing Cancer Naturally's above Amazon partner links you help support
its humanitarian work at no extra cost to you, for details see Support this site.
Dr. Johanna Budwig’s Works in English
455
Warning: since Dr. Budwig's death in 2003, books/CDs have been published which give misleading
information on Dr. Budwig's approach, details under Oil-Protein Diet: on self-appointed "Budwig
experts" and fake Budwig books misleading cancer patients.
FlaxOil As A True Aid Against Arthritis, Heart Infarction, Cancer, And Other
Diseases
by Dr. Johanna Budwig
"Every home library needs to have a copy of this book."

At the time of most recent publishing of this page, Amazon.com had the following offer: List Price:
$6.95, used & new from $4.45
More Info (US visitors)
More Info (Canadian visitors)
More Info (UK visitors)
Read excerpts from FlaxOil As A True Aid.
The Oil-Protein Diet Cookbook
by Dr. Johanna Budwig
How to use flax, even including ice-cream! "[I]ndispensible to someone

serious about closely following the Budwig Protocol." "I have found that
one of THE MOST VALUABLE, yea NECESSARY items one should get for following the Budwig diet is
Dr. Budwig's ‘Oil Protein Cookbook.’ It demystifies all kinds of things for you, and has OVER 500
recipes in it to make sure [you] will oil plus cottage cheese in many varied tasty vegetarian dishesbe
getting all the things Dr. Budwig wanted her clients to get in their diet." "I recently received my copy
of the Oil Protein Diet Cookbook by Dr. Budwig. I am so glad I ordered it! It is much more than a
cook book, it helped to really understand the use of flax oil and seeds, and how to portion our food
intake throughout the day. The suggested ways of preparing food also were wonderful, and allow
for using your imagination in ways to prepare the food to be tasty as well as healthful. This book is
way [more] than a cook book....should be entitled more like, "practical applications of the oil protein
diet in your everyday life". (Users’ comments)
Read excerpts from her book FlaxOil As A True Aid.
More info (US visitors)
More info (Canadian visitors)
More info (UK visitors)
Cancer - The Problem and The Solution
by Dr Johanna Budwig
This is the last book Dr. Budwig published. You can read here an Extract
from Cancer - The Problem and The Solution.

456
(The following title is not written by Dr. Budwig but on the subject of her healing diet & protocol for
cancer and other disease:)
How to Fight Cancer & Win
by William L. Fischer
William L. Fischer has been involved in medicine, health care, and natural
healing for over 30 years. After working with several of the largest
pharmaceutical manufacturers in his native Germany, he moved to the United States and began
publishing books on natural healing. For him to obtain the most comprehensive information
available, his research has taken him around the world to such diverse places as Iran, the Far East,
Europe, and Egypt to study natural healing techniques... Fischer, too, arrived at the conclusion that
Dr. Johanna Budwig’s easy-to-implement protocol is the number one choice in healing cancer...
Read excerpts from Dr. Budwig’s book FlaxOil As A True Aid.
Cancer Formula
I have attached the most powerful anticancer substances I know of. In high dose, with my lungs
filling up with fluid, arms and legs a sleep with no circulation, and leukemia, rosehips and magnolia
brought me back. Their effect on the immune system is unbelievable, RXR, RXD, and Chaparral FXR,
forces the immune system back to action.
*********************************************************************************
*********************************************************************************
******************************************************************************
selenium can be taken in very high dose, almost 1200 ucg/day, Offset ROS loop stress, delivers O2
to cells, WBC production, 450CYP ROS Consumable under Ox stress
Selenium (2-4-8) CAP. 200 mcg 120ct NOW P#01486 , Swanson SWU171
https://www.swansonvitamins.com/swanson-ultra-semsc-selenium-200-mcg-120-caps
Selenium 200 mcg @ L-Selenomethionine
Immune system booster, 450CYP ROS Consumable under Ox stress, CYP450 deficiency leak,
Beneficial in the prevention of several types of infection, Selenium, which acts both as a free radical
scavenger, and as a mineral that helps prevent cells from turning cancerous, boosts white blood cell
production.
Selenium influences both the innate, “nonadaptive” and the acquired, “adaptive” immune
systems[iii]-[iv]-[v]-[vi]-[vii] The innate immune system includes barriers to infection and
nonspecific effector cells such as macrophages. Both the T and B-lymphocytes form the major
effector cells of the acquired system that mature with exposure to immune challenges. Selenium-
deficient lymphocytes are less able to proliferate in response to mitogen, and in macrophages,
leukotriene B4 synthesis, which is essential for neutrophil chemotaxis, is impaired by this deficiency.
These processes can be improved by selenium supplementation. The humoral system is also
affected by selenium deficiency; for example, IgM, IgG and IgA titers are decreased in rats, and IgG
457
and IgM titers are decreased in humans. In endothelial cells from asthmatics, there is a marked
The use of selenium compounds as a cancer treatment predates most conventional treatments
currently in use. [91] In spite of this, comparatively little is known regarding the use of selenium as
a cancer therapy in living systems. Subcutaneous injection of 2 mcg/g selenium into tumor-bearing
mice led to a 75-percent reduction in tumor mass compared to controls. [92] This inhibitory effect of
selenium was confirmed in human Breast Cancer cells in vitro. [93] In an open trial of 32 patients
with treatment refractory brain tumors, intravenous infusion of selenium (1000 mcg/day for 4-8
weeks) was associated with a slight to definite improvement in all participants. Symptomatic
decrease was seen in nausea, emesis, headache, vertigo, and seizure activity. Although the results
are largely credited to the selenium treatment, it should be noted these patients were concurrently
receiving chemotherapy, oxygen therapy, vitamins E and A, dietary changes, and psychotherapy.
[94] Unpublished research from the 1950s outlines the treatment of over 1000 malignancies with
selenium compounds, reportedly with beneficial results. [95] Unfortunately, a study of this
magnitude has yet to appear in the peer-reviewed literature.
Chromium Picolinate - (1-3 in am - 0 in pm) 200 MCG NOW FOODS 1422 01422
Chromium Picolinate 200mcg 200ct. Swanson Premium SW923
Chromium is necessary for the body to convert glucose to energy.
ZINC SULFATE ?
ZINC SULFATE (4 – 12) 600mg maximum for 30 days. Peak 9.32mg/kg/D max causes WORM
EXPLOSION, 50 mg zinc sulfate monohydrate in each 220 capsule,
Item No: 0802
8
http://www.Wonderlabs.com
http://www.ebay.com/itm/Rising-Zinc-Sulfate-220-mg-100-Capsules-Pack-of-3-/261936684663?
hash=item3cfca49e77:g:O6EAAOSwyQtVhGGu
Zinc has been used since ancient Egyptian times to enhance wound healing, although the usefulness
of this approach is only partially confirmed by the clinical data of today.
Zinc Sulfate Monohydrate is a real kick at 600 mg (12 caps/day)Zinc Sulfate Monohydrate (0-2- 6) -
50mg yield per capsule, WBC production, Suck Iron from Parasite, O2 (9.32mg/Kg SP) Zinc is
essential, only this exact kind of zinc can be taken in these levels, “Rising”. Studies show 600mg of
Zinc Sulfate Monohydrate can be safely taken for a month. My worms started to burst at
9.32mg/Kg/D).Zinc is necessary for the functioning of more than 300 different enzymes and plays a
vital role in an enormous number of biological processes. Zinc is a cofactor for the antioxidant
enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) and is in a number of enzymatic reactions involved in
carbohydrate and protein metabolism.
********************
CQ10
CQ10 (1-4) 400 mg with Vitamin E (as d-alpha Tocopherol), NOW Foods 3198
1-2 CQ10 400 mg with Vitamin E (as d-alpha Tocopherol 30 IU)
http://www.swansonvitamins.com/now-foods-coq10-400-mg-60-sgels
NOW Foods 400 mg 60 Sgels Item: NWF739 Swanson $41.99
Cofactor: Works with vitamin e and ALA, original Japanese formulation, most studied form of CQ10.
458
Borage Seed oil - (1-2-4) (GLA) 1000 mg, NOW P#01722, SUN 05051 60CT 1500MG
Borage seed oil is neither a vitamin or an amino acid, but it has characteristics of both. Its most
useful aspect, is that of Being one of the highest natural forms of Gamma Liolenic Acid (GLA), a
substance that can directly help the DNA make additional genetic error check sum processes,
ensuring accurate genetic replication within the mitochondria.
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Turkey Tail – Antibacterial, AntiViral, Antifungal
Up to 9 grams per day

$$$$
http://www.iherb.com/Fungi-Perfecti-Host-Defense-Turkey-Tail-60-NP-Caps/21457?at=0
In traditional Chinese medicine, Turkey Tail Mushroom extract is used to treat liver cancer and some
types of jaundice. 160 In modern medicine, the best known and most researched medicinal extract
of Turkey Tail Mushroom is PSK. It is used in Asia as an anti-cancer drug under the brand name
Krestin. 188
Two Japanese studies in the 1990's encompassing a total of 486 patients showed an increased
survival rate from gastric cancer when PSK was added to conventional chemotherapy treatment.
161, 162, 163 It's also been found that PSK reduces cancer metastasis and recurrence. 161, 162,
164
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Chaparral (1-2-3) – fixes genetic psora DNA error of immune system 33% of people have, FXR
bottleneck.
Chaparral (2-4) 500 mg Arizona Naturals 20201
Chaparral is essential for balancing Psora body types against a critical pathway in FXR Farnesoid
chemistry where the uric acid and Bile acid are regulated by Ornathine chemistry. This critical
missing acid at FXR can completely throttle your bodies ability to rid itself of Ammonia, and Uric
Acid. I smelled like an Ammonia bottle for months. Got a crusty patch of skin on your knee or
elbow? that is a genetic reversal of DNA that causes an immune response to a infection to attack
your body, not the invader, causing local area of excess white blood cells that try to overwhelm the
invader by mass movement of fluid and other T factors, which fights your body, not your infection,
causing a real strain on your white blood cell chemistry. 30% of the world has a Psora body type,
known for 5000 years, but medicine today is clueless about Psora. Chaparral deals with this reversal
of genetic glue, to lower the inflammation of certain Tcell Thelper responses, preserving more IL6
IL10, IL17 function for your parasites, not destroying your own immune system.
Danish Rose Hips (2-2-8) - 9 cis trans retinolic A (Take Tea or capsules if you cant make tea) Only
molecule that binds 3T3 in DNA Helix, Source of broad spectrum C and A vitamins. (6 SP)
459
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8
Magnolia Extract (2-3-3) capsules, Amermed (4SP) (@ 12 the heart misses beats, keep under 6/Day.
2-3 magnolia bark 600 mg
CO2 extract (shield white blood T4 cells against microbes, levels IG and IL balance)
Magnolia Extract (0-4) capsules, Amermed note: 12 capsules will stop the heart Magnolia Bark
extract 600 mg CO2 extract method 600mg Magnolia Bark extract 4:1 Amermed, PPAR Gamma
Interluken 17 antagonist, forces Tilter 1
Magnolia bark
neo-ligand binds to site PPAR? that mytotoxin grabs, preventing immune system alteration. Plant
lectins that can bind to sialylated glycans are from the leguminous tree Maackia amurensis. Although
these lectins are discussed here, they do not show a “classical” R-type domain but instead have an
L-type lectin domain. The cysteine-rich R-type domain of the MR binds other sulfated glycans and
also N-glycans on pituitary glycoprotein hormones containing 4-SO4-GalNAcß1–4GlcNAcß1–2Mana1-
R.nutraceutics that are reported to be able to modulate PPAR-? expression or action.
There are other R-type plant lectins in the RIP-II class that are not toxic, and these include several
proteins from the genus Sambucus (elderberry), such as nigrin-b, sieboldin-b, ebulin-f, and ebulin-r.
All of the B subunits of these proteins appear to bind Gal/GalNAc, but they may have some
differences in affinity and may recognize different Gal/GalNAc-containing glycoconjugates. Cell lines
selected for resistance to killing by modeccin are not resistant to abrin and ricin, and vice versa. The
glycan-binding specificity of these lectins should be explored more fully in the future using glycan
microarrays and related screening approaches.
Previous studies have shown that MR expression (Yeast Response) can be positively modulated in
vitro by many agents, in particular by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (8), prostaglandin E2 (Standard
Process Cataplex E2 90 Tablets) (9), IL-4, and IL-13 (10, 11).
1 Tunjuk Langit
*********************************************************************************
*******
Sweetina Magnolia seeds (1)/ D very powerful. (2 SP) chopped in yogart Tunjuk Langit - rasha
herbal
Used for: Severe immune malfunctions, very useful in blood toxin poisoning, near death recoveries
http://rahsiaherbal.com/Herbal/TunjukLangit.aspx
http://www.amazon.com/Natural-Herbal-Fructus-Swietenia-
Macrophylla/dp/B00C4QBYUI/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1387469365&sr=8-
1&keywords=All+Natural+Asian+Herbal+Remedy%2C+Sky+Fruits+%5BTunjuk+Langit+
%2F+Fructus+Swietenia+Macrophylla%5D+%2850g%29
Magnolia bark neo-ligand binds to site PPAR? that mytotoxin grabs, preventing immune system
alteration.
Once activated by their ligands, the PPARs translocate into the nucleus, form heterodimers with the
retinoid X receptor (RXR), and subsequently bind to PPAR response elements (PPREs) that are
located in the promoter regions of PPAR-responsive target genes (Bardot et al., 1993).
460
**************************************************************************88
Danish RoseHips CAPSULES
Danish RoseHips Swanson SWU424
https://www.swansonvitamins.com/swanson-ultra-pure-danish-rose-hips-750-mg-60-caps
Rosehip seed
3-4 cups of rosehip seed tea

(restores IL17 T helper cells, prevents D3 twist in DNA helix)
http://www.mountainroseherbs.com Rosa spp. Origin- Chile
https://www.mountainroseherbs.com/search/search.php?page=3&refine=y&keywords=Rosehips
If your immune system is shot, start by buying Rosehip seeds from Mountain Rose Herbs, buy 4
pounds of seeds. get a krupps grinder. put the seeds in the grinder and make a powder, takes about
16 seconds. I put in enough seeds to cover the blade. Put the seeds in a coffee machine, do not use
chlorine water. drink several coups a day. The vitamin A and C from chilean rosehip seeds is the
best in the world. Take a little stinging nettle root, say 3-4 per day. Start with 4 zinc sulfates per
day. Start with 3-4 selenium chelate per day. Take magnolia bark extract 4:1 Ameramed. take 2-3
per day.
Rosehip seed tea. Mountain rose herb, bulk rosehip buds, grind in coffee maker.
Rosehip seeds grabs Vitamin D3 ( Primary Disease adaptogen 3T3 receptor, preventing white blood
cells from inhibiting learned immune response T helper cells- invader infection signals.
· Immune system is no longer controlled by mytotoxin. Rosehip seed is an excellent source of topical
trans-retinoic acid (vitamin A) in a natural form. Retinoic acid, found in Tretinoin, Steroid receptor
superfamily has identified certain members as molecular targets for cancer therapy (1). They include
estrogen receptors, retinoic acid receptors, retinoid X receptors (RXR; the RXR-specific ligands are
termed “rexinoids”), and the vitamin D receptor (the vitamin D–specific ligands are termed
“deltanoids”). These nuclear receptors are putative cancer therapy targets because they function as
transcription factors that control the expression of many genes related to cell differentiation (1, 2).
The strongest evidence for the therapeutic potential of this approach comes from the efficacy of
retinoic acid receptor a activation in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (3). Over 90% of
patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia achieve complete remission following treatment with the
naturally occurring retinoid all trans-retinoic acid (ATRA; ref. 4).
****************************************
Dodder Seed Extract (2-4), Dodder at night can make your lymph system gurgle. No kidding.
Dodder seed (2) extract 600mg 20:1 60-Cap, Barlowes Herbal Elixars – Tu Si Zi, $12.95
https://barlowesherbalelixirs.com/search?
orderby=position&controller=search&orderway=desc&search_query=dodder
http://www-personal.umich.edu/~rburnham/SpeciesAccountspdfs/CuscepitCONVFINAL.pdf
Background (herbs2000,com)
AKA (Latin) Cuscuta epithymum (Cuscuta epithymum extract) Etymology: In Latin, Cuscuta means
Dodder. However, Cuscuta is thought by some to have Arabic origins in the word “Kushkut.” The
specific epithet suggests the plant that this dodder was found growing on: Thyme. The Greek prefix
“epi“ means upon or over, and “thymum” is Latin for thyme
461
Cuscuta epithymum Sievers ex Ledeb., Cuscuta epithymum Webb & Berthel., Cuscuta epithymum
Thuill., Cuscuta epithymum Bové ex Choisy
Yellow-orange, spaghetti-like vine
Dodder contains flavonoids (including kaempferol and quercitin) glycoside, saponins, and
hydroxycinnamic acid.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuscuta
odder posses medicinally properties, mentioned in the “Materia Medica” written by the Greek
physician Dioscorides around the 1st century AD, the physician states dodder was used in an herbal
combination with honey to purge “black bile" from the body.
***************************************************
Guaifenesin (2-4-8)/D 600 mg GuaiAID 00026
http://www.guai-aid.com/
Guaifenesin reversal process, which rids the body of "metabolic debris", Lumps decrease in size,
Guaifenesin increases urinary excretion of 5HIAA, a serotonin metabolite, Sodium-phosphate
cotransporters. Guaifenesin pulls ATP to convert to a simple form, pulling the Mitochondria into G0.
metabolic syndrome - use ALA

LA aka Lopoic Acid contains two vicinal sulfur atoms (at C6 and C8) attached by a disulfide bond and
is thus considered to be oxidized (although either sulfur atom can exist in higher oxidation states).
The carbon atom at C6 is chiral and the molecule exists as two enantiomers R-(+)-lipoic acid (RLA)
and S-(-)-lipoic acid (SLA) and as a racemic mixture R/S-lipoic acid (R/S-LA). Only the R-(+)-
enantiomer exists in nature and is an essential cofactor of four mitochondrial enzyme complexes.
(alpha version) [4]
L-Carnitine (1-5) Swanson 500mg capsule SW1000

http://www.swansonvitamins.com/swanson-premium-acetyl-l-carnitine-500-mg-240-veg-caps?
otherSize=SW1649
(0-2Grams) W ALA and CQ10 to dump Toxins from DNA

(3) L-carnitine:
L-carnitine is an amino acid which nourishes the heart, nourishes and strengthens muscles, and
nutritionally supports the circulatory system. L-Carnitine is considered to be a "carrier" of fat to the
mitochondria or "fatburning" area of the cell. This remarkable amino acid-like substance is not only
necessary for the metabolism of fat at the cellular level; it is also essential in the forming of firm,
lean muscle tissue in the body. Recent studies support earlier research which shows that the heart
has the greatest amount of L-Carnitine of any muscle in the body. L-Carnitine has also shown to be
instrumental in the metabolism of cholesterol. Some overweight people may lack L-Carnitine in their
bodies. The heart produces most of its energy from fats; thus is dependent upon L-carnitine. An L-
Carnitine deficiency causes extreme metabolic impairment to heart tissue. On the other hand,
supplemental L-Carnitine has proved to be beneficial to heart patients.
19 SOD
462
SOD (1-2-4) 250mg SOD SWANSON Blend 60CT SW157 02157, Source naturals SN519 90ct $6.19
Cellular core processes

Mitochondria:
Energy production (metabolic function) in the body is reliant on mitochondria in the cells (pictured
above ).
The mitochondria are the body's furnaces, that are responsible for the production of energy inside
each cell. They take in
oxygen, sugar and ADP
(effectively spent energy)
and produce energy,
carbon dioxide and ATP
(the currency of energy). A
compelx variety of
processes and compounds
are involved in this
process.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondria
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/CellularRespiration.html
www.immunesupport.com/library/showarticle.cfm/id/8799
An e-book (pdf) by Joseph L. Evans, PhD, of Xymogen, entitled 'The Secret Life of Mitochondria', can
be read at the link below.
www.xymogen.com/2008/xymo_mitobook.pdf
The mitochondria are responsible for producing

Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP). The molecule with its
three phosphate groups is pictured below.
www.biology-online.org/1/2_ATP.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate
ATP is a multifunctional nucleotide, it's main role being a coenzyme responsible for intracellular
energy transfer. That is to say, during cellular respiration, the mitochondria inside each cell produce
ATP, a coenzyme, which acts to distribute chemical energy inside of that cell for metabolism. The
ATP moves out of the mitochondrial membrane and float around inside the cell in the cytoplasm
until it is used up in a variety of processes, described below.
463
Energy is released when ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is converted to ADP (adenosine

diphosphate). This occurs by breaking off a phosphate molecule from the ATP molecule, the action
of which actually releases energy which can be absorbed by a protein or enzyme as part of a cellular
activity. It drives virtually every biochemical reaction in the body and is in constant demand by the
cells of the body.
www.trueorigin.org/atp.asp
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/D/Diffusion.html
ATP is consumed by various enzymes and many cellular processes. These include the active
transport of nutrient ions such as Sodium (Na+) or Potassim (K+) against the concentration
gradients at the cell membrane, e.g. enabling transport proteins to push K+ into the cell and push
Na+ out of the cell; other uses include mechanical work (e.g. muscle contraction - for skeletal
movement and heart muscle to circulate blood around the body), motility (ability for a cell to move
or 'swim' using its flagella - the tail like structures that protrude from the cell walls),
biosynthetic/chemical reactions (i.e. conversion of chemical compounds and creation of macro-
molecules essential to life, e.g. conversion of amino acids from one form to another, creation of
enzymes and coenzymes, etc.), act as a binary on/off control mechanism to cellular reactions by
changing the shape of peptide chains (when energy is absorbed or released), and cell division.
http://www.cliffsnotes.com/WileyCDA/CliffsReviewTopic/Mitochondrial-Transport-
Systems.topicArticleId-24998,articleId-24992.html
The average person turns over approximately his or her own body weight in ATP each day. Studies
show that a person of 68 produces approximately half the amount of ATP compared with a person
of 39 years of age. An electron micrograph of a single mitochondrion showing the organised
arrangement of the protein matrix and the inner mitochondrial membranes is shown above (Photo:
U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services/National Institutes of Health).
Krebs / Citric Acid Cycle:
The main activity of the

mitochondria is the recycling of
ADP back to ATP, so that the
ATP can again be used for
energy release around the cell.
The conversion of ADP back to
ATP is achieved by a complex
set of biochemical processes,
which are part of the Krebs
(citric acid) Cycle, and by the
action of ATP Synthase
enzymes. The Krebs Cycle,
representing one form of
aerobic metabolism, is pictured
below
464
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle
http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/mitochondria_1.htm
www.vrp.com/articles.aspx?ProdID=art868&zTYPE=2
'The citric acid cycle, also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) or the Krebs cycle,...is a
series of enzyme-catalysed chemical reactions of central importance in all living cells that use oxygen
as part of cellular respiration. In eukaryotes, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the
mitochondrion. The components and reactions of the citric acid cycle were established by seminal
work from both Albert Szent-Gyšrgyi and Hans Krebs. In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is
part of a metabolic pathway involved in the chemical conversion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins
into carbon dioxide and water to generate a form of usable energy. Other relevant reactions in the
pathway include those in glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation before the citric acid cycle, and oxidative
phosphorylation after it. In addition, it provides precursors for many compounds including some
amino acids and is therefore functional even in cells performing fermentation.'
465
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_transport_chain
'An electron transport chain (ETC) couples a reaction between an electron donor (such as NADH)
and an electron acceptor (such as O2) to the transfer of H+ ions across a membrane, through a set
of mediating biochemical reactions. These H+ ions are used to produce adenosine triphosphate
(ATP), the main energy intermediate in living organisms, as they move back across the membrane.'
The electron transport chain is a very finely balanced system and may be easily disrupted by a
number of processes described below, deficiencies, as well as a 'confused' and 'unbalanced' body
being bombarded with various types of unwanted supplements.
Inefficient Recycling of ADP back to ATP, and AMP Production:
In CFS patients, one of the main causative factors is inefficiency in recycling ADP back to ATP again.
This pathway is often the bottleneck in energy production in such individuals. If the cell is not
efficient at recyling ADP to ATP, then the cell runs out of energy very quickly, which causes the
symptoms of weakness and poor stamina. The cell must then go into a 'rest' period until more ATP
can be manufactured/recycled (from ADP). At any one time, the cells in the heart muscle only have
enough ATP in reserve for around 10 contractions. If a cell is pushed to produce energy when no
ATP is available, then it will use the ADP instead, and convert this into AMP (adenosine
monophosphate). AMP consists of a phosphate group, the sugar ribose, and the nucleobase
adenine. AMP cannot however be recycled, which is why the body does not normally use ADP to
produce energy from. Any ATP which is converted to AMP is considered to be 'spent'. So any ATP
466
must be recycled from any ADP that remains, and the rest must be created from scratch using fresh
raw ingredients. To create ATP from scratch, the body must first breaking down the various
proteins, triglycerides, fatty acids and sugars into their constituent parts, and then the mitochondria
must build up ATP from these components using its enzymes ATP Synthase (see the Krebs Cycle
above).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_monophosphate
'The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available
and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in energy
metabolism and signaling, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the
processes of DNA replication and transcription.'
www.cfids-cab.org/MESA/DrMyhill-373.pdf
The slow production of ATP by the body from scratch (when little or no ADP is available to convert)
partly explains the delayed and prolonged fatigue that CFS patients experience after intensive
activity, 'overdoing it' (more severe than their 'usual fatigue', i.e. a 'crash' or a 'flair') or even losing
too much body heat (outside in the cold or at night with insufficient blankets). This is why CFS
patients should try to pace themselves and take regular breaks and respect their limits so that they
allow themselves a chance to regenerate ATP again rather than converting too much ADP to AMP,
where they end up in the deficit part of the cycle (i.e. feeling much more fatigued than normal etc.)
This is further examined in the paper below, 'Chronic fatigue syndrome and mitochondrial
dysfunction' (12 January 2009) by Sarah Myhill, Norman E. Booth, John McLaren-Howard.
http://www.ijcem.com/files/IJCEM812001.pdf
Recycling AMP?
Although Dr Sarah Myhill states in the above paper 'Chronic fatigue syndrome and mitochondrial
dysfunction' that AMP cannot be recycled, she makes the further assertion that a small amount of
AMP can actually be recycled:
Dr Sarah Myhill's book 'Diagnosing and Treating Chronic Fatigue Syndrome' 26th edition, January
2009:
http://www.drmyhill.co.uk/cfs_book.pdf
Dr Sarah Myhill's article: 'CFS - The Central Cause: Mitochondrial Failure' (January 2009):
www.drmyhill.co.uk/article.cfm?id=381
'Problems arise when the system is stressed. If the CFS sufferer asks for energy faster than he can
supply it, (and actually most CFS sufferers are doing this most of the time!) ATP is converted to ADP
faster than it can be recycled. This means there is a build up of ADP. Some ADP is inevitably
shunted into adenosine monophosphate (AMP -1 phosphate). But this creates a real problem, indeed
a metabolic disaster, because AMP, largely speaking, cannot be recycled and is lost in urine.'
'And now for a bit of good news! You will have read (and will read again) that AMP cannot be
recycled. Actually, AMP can be recycled, but it happens very slowly. For practical purposes for
patients who are very fatigued, this recycling is so slow that it is clinically insignificant. Interestingly,
the enzyme which facilitates this recycling ("cyclic AMP") is activated by caffeine! So the perfect
pick-me-up for CFS sufferers could be a real black organic coffee with a teaspoon of D-ribose! Not
too much or one can run into calcium problems.'
467
I have not heard the above assertion regarding the ability to recycle AMP in very limited quantities,
however am keen to find further sources that arrive at the same conclusion. However, it should be
noted that the amount of additional ATP that can be recovered or recycled by consuming caffeine is
relatively small, and one may wish to offset this against the negative effects of caffeine and/or
coffee consumption (i.e. acidic pH, toxicity, diuretic qualities.)
Anaerobic Respiration:
Dr Sarah Myhill states in her article 'CFS - The Central Cause: Mitochondrial Failure' (January 2009)
that anaerobic respiration is another mechanism used when insufficient ATP is available for
requirements.
www.drmyhill.co.uk/article.cfm?id=381
'However there is another problem. If the body is very short of ATP, it can make a very small
amount of ATP directly from glucose by converting it into lactic acid. This is exactly what many CFS
sufferers do and indeed we know that CFS sufferers readily switch into anaerobic metabolism.
However this results in two serious problems - lactic acid quickly builds up especially in muscles to
cause pain, heaviness, aching and soreness ("lactic acid burn"), secondly no glucose is available in
order to make D-ribose! So new ATP cannot be easily made when you are really run down.
Recovery takes days! When mitochondria function well, as the person rests following exertion, lactic
acid is quickly converted back to glucose (via-pyruvate) and the lactic burn disappears. But this is an
energy requiring process! Glucose to lactic acid produces two molecules of ATP for the body to use,
but the reverse process requires six molecules of ATP. If there is no ATP available, and this is of
course what happens as mitochondria fail, then the lactic acid may persist for many minutes, or
indeed hours causing great pain. (for the biochemists, this reverse process takes place in the liver
and is called the Cori cycle).'
Anaerobic respiration is defined on Wikipedia at the link below.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_respiration
Lactic acid build up (and improper breathing - i.e. CO2 build up) can contribute to Acidosis as well
as muscle ache and 'burn' as described above.
According to Genova Diagnostics:
'Lactic acid, or lactate,...is formed from pyruvate in anaerobic or oxygen starved (hypoxic)
circumstances to allow for ongoing production of ATP in these anaerobic conditions. There are no
known clinical problems associated with low lactic acid. Low levels are usually a result of reduced
amounts of its precursor, pyruvic acid.'
Please see the Cardiac Insufficiency page for more information.
N.B. Please note for Dutch readers that this section and all subsequent sections on this page have
been translated into Dutch by a patient of Paul van Meerendonk of Biologisch Medisch Centrum in
Utrecht, on his/her personal web site, with some removal of references to my personal experiences.
The web site has no actual connection to van Meerendonk (nor myself).
www.biologischmedischcentrumbmc.nl/adp-atp-efficiency.htm
Reduced numbers of Mitochondria in each cell:
468
Another potential factor in explaining poor ATP availability is perhaps a lowered level of
mitochondria in CFS patients or those with mitochondrial dysfunction in the first place. Mitochondria
themselves have a very short life. In humans, it is estimated that they have a half life of 5-12 days
(meaning half the mitochondria in the body will have 'died' after 5-12 days if no more were
produced. In rat cardiac muscle, the half life is 18 days. If we were to assume the latter as a best
case scenario, then the body would need to replace approximately 6% of its mitochondria every day.
Mitochondria are recycled in the process called autophagy. This recycling of mitochondrial to
produce new mitochondria requires energy, or ATP, which clearly if in deficit to start with, may be
delayed or postponed, meaning that the resulting remaining functioning mitochondria may be
somewhat less than it should be in a healthy organism. Fewer mitochondria means those that
remain are put under more pressure to produce ATP and are thus depelted quicker than they would
normally be. Most of this autophagy occurs during sleep when ATP demand is lowest, but ironically
this is something that many CFS patients do not get enough of. This may be an important factor in
explaining the low rate of mitochondrial regeneration (a catch 22 situation). Perhaps to some degree
this is mitigated by having less mitochondria to recycle in the first place, so that an equilibrium is
reached, somewhere below the amount that should be. How significant autophagy requirements are
compared with cellular recycling in general (new cells) and muscle growth is not something I am an
expert on, but indeed, all such functions seem to be impaired in CFS sufferers to varying degrees;
exaccerbated by poor amino acid conversion.
'An Engineering Perspective on CFS' (7 Nov. 2008) - by Dave Whitlock
In the above article (discussed by myself on the Peroxynitrite page), Dave Whitlock argues that low
basal NO levels may explain low levels of mitochondrial regeneration, resulting in lower numbers of
mitochondria per cell than a normal, healthy person. NO (Nitric Oxide) is a major regulator of ATP
levels. Low NO levels causes low ATP levels, which thus disables autophagy, preventing recycling of
mitochondria. There is more peroxynitrite damage observed not because peroxynitrite levels are
high and NO levels are higher, but because there is less recycling of mitochondria occuring (less
autophagy) and hence less repair of peoxynitrite-damaged proteins and lipids. In other words, there
is a resulting accumulation of peroxynitrite-damaged proteins. Because of low NO levels, there is
less synchronisation between cells in terms of their energy output (in a muscle group or particular
organ), meaning some are overloaded and some are underloaded. According to Whitlock, techniques
do not exist to measure if adjacent cells are working 'in sync'. Whitlock proposes a number of
methods of boosting NO levels (or more specifically NO donors) in the body to allow the body to
produce more mitochondria, which include (in no particular order and not necessarily recommended
by me as this is a THEORY) taking Nitroglycerine, L-arginine, Viagra, eating more green leafy
vegetables, and meditation.
I believe that in many cases, the actual integrity of the mitochondrial membranes is more of issue
than their actual number, which may or may not be normal. This is discussed below. However, it
may be worthwhile in looking at all aspects of mitochondrial function to identify where the
bottleneck(s) is.
Paul Cheney and Martin Pall argue the exact opposite (as discussed on the Nitric Oxide and
Peroxynitrite page), that NO levels and Peroxynitrite levels in CFS patients tend to be higher than
normal, rather than lower, on account of the enzymatic activities associated with over-immune
system activation, on account of prolonged exposure to viri or bacterial infections etc., amongst
other factors. Cheney proposes a numbe of methods of reducing one's NO production. As to who is
correct, I am not certain, and it presumably depends on the exact individual in question as to what
is going on on a specific biochemical level and where. Everyone however is probably in agreement
that poor mitochondrial function is behind cardiac insufficiency.
469
Effect of Hydrogen Sulphide on the Mitochondria:
As stated on the Bacterial Overgrowth page and above, Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) is an endogenous
toxin produced in the body by the action of bad bacteria (e.g. Prevotella) and fungi (such as Candida
Albicans) fermenting sugar in the gastrointestinal tract. Elevated levels of H2S in the blood and
tissues can result in mitochondrial dysfunction by their action on the Cytochrome C Oxidase enzyme
which is involved in ATP production. Please see the Toxicity page for more information regarding
H2S effects and treatment.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide
Hypothesis: Is ME/CFS caused by dysregulation of hydrogen sulfide metabolism? (2008) by Marian

Dix Lemle
Effect of excessive D-Lactate on the Mitochondria:
Streptococcus and Enterococcus bacteria ferment fibre to produce lactic acid. The two isomers of
Lactic acid produced are L-Lactate and D-Lactate. Humans (and mammals in general) only produce
L-lactate as part of anaerobic respiration and only possess the enzymes Lactate Dehydrogenase
(LDH) for metabolising L-Lactate in any significant quantity. Mammals do not possess the D-Lactate
Dehyrogenase enzyme in any significant quantity, and this is generally only found in plants and
bacteria.
In humans, the two LDH enzymes act on L-Lactate to convert it into Pyruvate (and vice versa). One
of these enzymes e.g. in Glycolysis in the NAD(P) dependent L-Lactate Dehydrogenase enzyme
(EC.1.1.2.3). The other LDH enzyme is a Cytochrome c-enzyme found in the liver (EC.1.1.1.27).
Mammals including humans however can metabolise D-Lactate using the D-alpha-hydroxy acid
dehydrogenase enzyme found in the mitochondria (at 20% of the rate of a proper D-Lactate
Dehydrogenase enzyme as found in plants).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactate_dehydrogenase
If excessive conmensal Streptococcus and Enterococcus fermentation in the GI tract occurs, then D-
Lactate levels tend to rise in th body, and acidosis (a drop in blood pH) occurs - known as D-Lactic
Acidosis. D-Lactate can accumulate in the mitochondria and inhibit their proper function. The body
then has two main methods available to eliminate D-Lactate are renal excretion (i.e. whatever is in
the fluid filtered off by the kidneys into urine) and via faeces (excreting the D-Lactate remaining in
the stool) - which is not particularly efficient in clearing the D-Lactate, especially if it is being
produced continually in the GI tract. Recent studies however have claimed to show that humans do
actually possess the D-Lactate Dehydrogenase enzyme on the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Studies from the 1920s showed that D-Lactate was poorly metabolised compared with L-Lactate,
whereas studies from the 1980-90s found that D-Lactate was actually readily metabolised, although
most academic and medical sources still quote the 1920s results as fact. The area is still hotly
debated.
D-Lactic Acidosis is rare in general terms and usually only occurs in the case of short bowel
syndrome in humans (malabsorption disorder caused by surgical removal of the small intestine) and
children with gastroenteritis. It can of course occur in patients who have markedly poor digestion
with a large proportion of undigested carbohydrate in the GI tract. In animals, it can occur through
excessive grain consumption by ruminants (e.g. cattle, goat, sheep etc.) or in cases of diarrhea in
calves.
www.cfids-cab.org/rc/Sheedy.pdf
http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/135/7/1619
470
www.biolab.co.uk/docs/dlactate.pdf
http://www.drmyhill.co.uk/wiki/Fermentation_in_the_gut_and_CFS
Steptococcus and Enterococcus are types of lactic acid bacteria. There are many different species,
some are probiotic, some are commensal and some are pathogenic. Probiotic strains include
S.thermophilus, S.salivarius and S.faecium; and E.faecium and E.faecalis. The species most likely to
be relevant in this instance are the commensal strains (i.e. imbalanced flora) that mke up the bulk of
these species in the GI tract.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterococcus
Other pathogenic bacteria besides Steptococcus and Enterococcus also produce D-lactate, although
these are probably not so likely to be the cause in most cases of D-Lactic Acidemia:
http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/135/7/1619
'Various pathogenic bacteria produce D-lactate, including Bacteroides fragilis, Escherichia coli,
Klebsiella pneumonia, and Staphylococcus aureus. The use of D-lactate as a marker for infection was
proposed in 1986.'
It is possible that a disproportionately large amount of probiotic lactic acid producing species such as
Strepococcus and Enterococcus can be responsible for D-Lactic acidemia. It is more likely that the
imbalanced S. and E. flora species would be responsible (in instances of elevated undigested
carbohydrates in the GI tract) and that repopulation with the relevant required numbers of probiotic
species, both lactic and non-lactic acid producing species, would help to correct the problem. Some
recommendations do include abstaining from taking additional lactic acid producing probiotic
bacteria, and only consuming non-lactic bacteria and bacteria that consume D-Lactate.
Please see the Bacterial page for this topic and related areas.
D-Lactate levels can be measured in a blood test. Please see the Tests page for more information.
Excessive oxidative damage to Mitochondrial DNA:
In addition to excessive free radicals damaging the mitochondrial membranes, they may also cause
damage to the actual mitochondrial DNA itself. Mitochondrial DNA is completely separate from
nuclear DNA. Unlike Nuclear DNA, it is inherited solely from the mother in sexually reproducing
organisms, e.g. humans. Mitochondrial DNA, because of its close proximity to the inner
mitochondrial membrane's respiratory chain, a primary source of free radical production, and also
their limited capacity for self-repair and self-protection, are particularly susceptible to free radical
damage. General cell protection from damage by Superoxide is provided by intracellular Zinc:Copper
SOD (Zn/Cu-SOD). Mitochondria are protected by Manganese-dependent SOD (Mn-SOD).
Extracellular SOD (EC-SOD - another type of Zn/Cu SODase) protects the nitric oxide pathways that
relax vascular smoother muscle tissue. For each form of SOD, genetic variations are known, and
mutations and polymorphisms can occur during excessive oxidative stress placed on the DNA. DNA
adducts (toxins that attach to DNA genes) can chemically block these genes however. Zinc, Copper
and Manganese are extremely important elements for maintaining healthy SOD levels, and patients
should ensure that these mineral levels are supplemented if they drop below their reference ranges.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA
http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/chromosome=MT
In addition, free radicals can also be produced in excess by the liver. Liver function with regards to
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clearing undesired compounds from the blood involves a two step process. This is described in detail
on the Inefficient Liver function page. The first step is Phase 1 Regulation, using the Cytochrome
P450 enzymes, which are largely a set of oxidase reactions, producing a large number of free
radicals. Sufficient antioxidant compounds and chemicals are required by the liver in order to keep
these from causing too much damage within the liver and outside of the liver, these are both
endogenously produced antioxidants and dietary sources of antioxidants. The second step of
liver function is the Phase 2 Conjugation step, whereby molecules are added to the toxins in order to
make them easier to remove from the body. These processes work in a perfect balance in a healthy
liver. If antioxidant and conjugation steps are impaired, then a large number of free radicals will be
produced which can cause oxidative damage within the liver and also spill out into the blood stream,
flooding it with excessive free radicals.
The role of antioxidants such as Superoxide Dimutase and R-Lipoic Acid are discussed on the
Cardiac and Nutritional pages.
Peroxynitrite-induced NADH deficiency:
Several types of DNA damage can be inflicted including the nicking of of the backbone of DNA
chains. These nicks stimulate the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase enzyem, which uses Active Vitamin
B3 (NAD) as a substrate. NADH is the reduced form of Active B3 that is involved in the electron
transport chain in mitochondria. Therefore elevatd poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase enzyme production
on account of the DNA damage caused by ONOO- can lead to a depletion of the pools of NADH/NAD
that are normally used in mitochondrial function, thus heavily impacting ATP availability.
Mitochondrial Membrane Integrity:
Factors affecting Mitochondrial Membrane Integrity:
Any factors that affect the mitochondrial membrane can severely impact the body's ability to
aerobically respire and force it to use anaerobic respiration more, or to convert ATP to AMP, to
produce energy, include some of the following:
Fatty Acid imbalances:

Essential Fatty Acids (EFAs), namely Omega 3 and 6 fatty acids, are a key component of cellular
membranes and brain tissue, and with an insufficient intake, or excessive intake of bad saturated
fats, rancid (heated polyunsaturated) fats or trans fats, our cellular membranes may experience
inflammation and a loss of permeability essential to cellular and mitochondrial functioning. For more
information see the Nutritional page. If mitochondrial membranes are less permeable, it means that
the requisite nutrients required to produce ATP are not available quickly enough, and so it has a
knock-on effect in terms of ATP production in the cells of the body. The body is not able to produce
energy as efficiently. Red blood cells are not able to oxygenate as efficiently either, nor to deliver
their payload of oxygen to the cells of the body.
• Excessive free radical (oxidative) damage to the mitochondrial

membrane:
Free radicals damage the integrity of the mitochondrial membrane by

attacking/oxidising the actual phospholipids that make up the majority
of the mitochondrial membrane material. Free radicals are produced
inside the mitochondria as a byproduct of energy production and
respiration. The more energy you produce, the more free radicals you
472
produce. The body has its own natural defence against such free
radicals to prevent excessive free radical damage to the mitochondrial
membranes. These are the antioxidant enzymes SOD and to a
somewhat lesser extent Glutathione. Mitochondrial function is limited
in a sense by the available of SOD as without it extensive mitochondrial
damage would occur (with elevated respiration rates beyond the
available SOD and glutathione that can be produced. However, if
levels of the rogue oxidant peroxynitrite are elevated in the
mitochondria, these may destroy the SOD enzymes, resulting in an
increase in Sueroxide levels produced during respiration, resulting in
more free radical damage to the mitochondrial membranes. Please see
the Nitric Oxide and Peroyxnitrite Cycle page for more information on
Peroxynitrite formation and damage.
A deficiency in the production of either of these primary antioxidant

enzymes can of course result in excessive free radical damage to the
mitochondrial membranes and excessive perforation and leaking of
powerful free radicals like Superoxide out of the mitochondria, causing
additional knock on problems. Damaged mitochondrial membranes are
sometimes referred to as causing 'energy leaks', although this is rather a
gross simplification.
The mitochondrial membranes are subject to wear and tear from the
residual heat-induced damage from frequent discharge of its electric
polarity.
http://www.lef.org/prod_hp/abstracts/centrophenoxineabs.html#9
Two indicators (or downstream products) of excessive (phospho)lipid

peroxidation (and mitochondrial membrane damage) are the aldehyde
derivates Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Crotonaldehyde, which can be
found attached to damaged mitochondrial membranes. These factors
are discussed in more detail in the next bullet point below.
A third indicator of peroxidation of the mitochondrial membranes is F2-

Alpha Isoprostane (a.k.a. 8-iso-PGF2 alpha). It is a downstream
oxidation production of membrane oxidation, specifically the Omega 6
Essential Fatty Acid (EFA) component of the phospholipid matrix.
Isoprostanes as prostaglandin-like compounds created from the free
radical attack of esterified of the Omega 6 EFA known as Arachidonic
Acid (ARA) inside the membrane phospholipid. ARA is particularly
sensitive to peroxidation by free radicals. 8-iso-PGF2 alpha is of course a
very different molecule to a prostaglandin which is a lipid compound
produced enyzmatically by the body using cyclooxygenase (Cox1-2)
from EFAs and has nothing to do with free radical attack on cell
membranes. Isoprostanes in general are valuable markers in clinical
biology as they are found in all biological fluids and tissues and are
stable in vivo and ex vivo. There are 10 times more isoprostanes in
atherosclerotic plaque compared with normal vascular tissue. They are
also only dependent on their production (in this case free radical attack)
rather than metabolism or excretion without intraindividual variability.
There are many studies validating Isoprostanes as the most accurate
and reliable indicator of oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. F2-Alpha
Isoprostane levels can be measured in one's urine and are a direct
473
measurement of the extent of free radical oxidation of the mitochondrial
membranes. Please see the Oxidative Stress Tests section on the Tests
page for more information.
• Compounds clogging up the Mitochondrial Membranes:
Toxins, waste products, partial detoxification products (failed

detoxification attempts) or foreign/unwanted compounds cab clog up
the mitochondrial membrane, in particular the translocator (TL) protein
sites, thus reducing mitochondrial membrane permeability and ATP
production. Mitochondria are the energy furnaces of the cells of the
body, and it is essential for certain types of compounds, nutrients and
minerals to be able to carried enzymatically in and out of the inner and
outer membrane. If the mitochondrial membranes are clogged up, it can
result in a bottleneck in the krebs cycle and thus a reduced capability to
produce ATP, the energy currency of the cell. There should not be any
such 'garbage' clogging up the mitochondrial membranes.
Translocator Protein (TL) scavenges ADP from the cytoplasm and

returns ATP from re-conversion with 'new' ATP from oxidative
phosphorylation. TL can be blocked by zenobiotics and/or partial
detoxification products.
The presence of unwanted substances that can interfere with

mitochondrial function contribute to a condition known as Neurotoxic
Membrane Syndrome (a.k.a. Chronic Neurotoxic Syndrome). Please see
the Inefficient Liver Function page for more information.
An article 'The Detoxx System: Detoxification of Biotoxins in Chronic

Neurotoxic Syndrome' [a.k.a. Neurotoxic Membrane Syndrome] by John
Foster, M.D., Patricia Kane, Ph.D., Neal Speight, M.D. is shown at the
link below.
http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2003/08/09/detoxificatio
n-biotoxins.aspx
Examples of unwanted compounds on the mitochondrial membrane

could include heavy metals, PCBs, PBBs, pesticides, dichlorobenzene,
foreign DNA/RNA (probably viral), lactic acid,, keto-acids, lipofuscin and
the body's partial detoxification products including peptide complexes,
glutathione conjugates and organic sulphate conjugates (the body's
detoxification defence molecules bonded with toxins for removal from
the body). This may in turn be a result of impaired liver function and/or
excessive toxin build up in the body.
Two indicators (or downstream products) of excessive (phospho)lipid

peroxidation (and mitochondrial membrane damage), as discussed
above, are the aldehyde derivates Malondialdehyde (MDA) and
Crotonaldehyde. MDA is reactive and potentially mutagenic (changing
one's DNA). Crotonaldehyde is a known irritant.
According to John McLaren Howard of Acumen Laboratory, Aldehydes

from lipid peroxidation (when it occurs) tend to accumulate in the
mitochondrial membranes. Such aldehydes, usually in the form of
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malondialdehyde or crotonaldehyde, can block some translocator (TL)
sites in the inner mitochondrial membranes. It is rare for them to
accumulate to very high levels on the inner mitochondrial membranes
but moderate or trace accumulation on TL sites does occur. The
accumulation of these aldehydes on the mitochondrial membrane can
impact oxidative phosphorylation (i.e. ATP production) and energy
production significantly. In other words, their presence not only tells us
that the mitochondrial membranes themselves have been
oxidised/damaged (as above) but their presence on the mitochondrial
membrane itself may also may be actively preventing proper
mitochondrial function.
However, according to John McLaren Howard, the body tends to clear

MDA from the mitochondrial membranes, but if they are being produced
as quickly as they are being removed, then they will remain on the
mitocondrial membranes. If one stops or reduces the source of oxidative
stress which resulted in the oxidation of the lipids and hence their
production, then their levels will go down. The only exception to this is
where MDA is adducted to the DNA (i.e. DNA Adducts) where it cannot
be cleared very quickly.
It is possible to have clogged up/blocked TL sites AND damaged

mitochondrial membranes; or fairly in fact mitochondrial membranes
that are very clogged up.
Poor protein digestion can also result in peptide complexes (short chain
proteins) attaching themselves to the mitochondrial membrane. In
addition, poor immune function may result in cytokines attaching
themselves to the mitochondrial membrane, and perhaps causing
mitochondrial clumping (which in turn may disturb the function of the
cytoskeleton within the cytoplasm of the cells). Cytokines are immune
system messenger molecules (either up regulatory or down regulatory).
Cytokines
• are defined by Wikipedia here.
Such protein attachment to membranes does not normally affect

translocator protein sites, but could affect ATP function in a more
general way. More information on cell membrane congestion can be
found in the identification, nutrition and toxicity pages. Cytoskeleton is
defined by wikipedia below.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoskeleton
• Elevated Hydrogen Sulphide levels:
Elevated H2S levels caused by the fermentation of sugar by bad bacteria

and fungi in the digestive tract - H2S attaches to the mitochondrial
enzyme Cytochrome C Oxidase and weakens oxidative phosphorylation
and ATP production.
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• Too low a pH at the membrane (e.g. too acidic):
The Translocator (TL) Protein site on the inner mitochondrial membrane

is extremely pH sensitive and can be affected by local or general
acidosis, including the organic acid accumulation from over-dependence
on anaerobic metabolism (the dominant form of metabolism where
oxygen levels are too low).can affect the ability of the TL sites
• Elevated intracellular Calcium and reduced intracellular Magnesium:
The efficiency of TL site can also be compromised by increased

intracellular Calcium or reduced intracellular Magnesium. Enzymatic
reactions are required to transport minerals in and out of the cells of the
body, which require ATP. ATP shortages can have knock on effects as
above which further exacerbate the problem.
Mitochondrial dysfuction may in turn affect hypothalamic/hormonal dysfunction,

poor liver and kidney functioning, cardiac capability and digestive efficiency.
Mitochondrial function will impact all the cells of the body and their normal function
to some degree, impacting all the organs and glands (some more than others), and
their ability also to produce enzymes and hormones as they should etc. Symptoms
of mitochondrial disfunction may include a lack of physical energy, lack of mental
energy and ability to concentrate ('brain fog'), tendency to crash and burn, muscle
and joint weakness, cardiac weakness/insufficiency, digestive inefficiency, and
perhaps even muscular control. The exact effects varies according to the individual.
Getting sufficient oxygen to the mitochondria is key to enabling proper

mitochondrial function. Low blood and body oxygen levels are frequently associated
with excessive fat, insufficient cardiovascular exercise, slightly lowered blood/bodily
pH (excessive acid producing food consumption), fatty acid imbalances and/or poor
cell membrane permeability.
A high intake of essential minerals and krebs cycle metabolites, and sufficient levels
of these in the blood, does not necessarily correlate to sufficient levels of these at
the mitochondrial membrane (e.g. on account of toxin congestion and of displaced
zinc from zinc finger proteins for example on account of the presence of heavy
metals.)
Repairing oxidative damage to the Mitochondrial Membranes:
In order to repair the mitochondrial membranes, one must ingest or produce enough of the
requisite Phospholipids and ingest sufficient Essential Fatty Acids. The problem that often
occurs in CFS patients is that the body is unable to produce high volumes of Phospholipids
on account of a blockage in the methylation pathway, which is dependent on the bio-
availability of the correct amino acids as well as active forms of Folate and B-12. Thus, it is
very important for those with damaged or leaking mitochondrial membranes to supplement
sufficient Essential Fatty Acids (Omega 3 and 6) and also Phospholipids (especially
Phosphatidyl Choline). This is discussed on the Nutritional page. Phospholipid Therapy is
discussed in detail on the Detoxification page.
476
Clearing foreign/unwanted matter/waste from the mitochondrial membranes:
Treatments for removing heavy metals and partial detoxification products from the mitochondrial
membrane, for example clathration, chelation, LED and Phospholipid supplementation or injections
(PLX), are examined on the Detoxification page.
Please note that heavy chelation may in the short term have a negative impact of mitochondrial
function as more heavy metals are present in the blood, albeit usually bounded to a chelating agent,
and detoxification requires glutathione, which is also needed as a protective measure to prevent
oxidative damage during respiration (secondary to Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)), and if more is
being used up for chelation, then less will be available for respiration. So a chelation programme
must be offset against one's mitochondrial capability and levels of gluthatione production at any one
moment in time.
Treatments for removing protein attachment (peptides from poor digestion or cytokines) to inter-
and intra-cellular membranes include FIR saunas and PLX (Phosphatidyl Choline/Glutathione)
injections, Phospholipid oral supplementation, as well as perhaps Zinc and Magnesium injections (in
the case of cytokines). Phospholipid therapy is a type of detoxification protocol, to assist gallbladder
function and to help clear the mitochondrial membrane TL sites of unwanted waste/toxin
compounds, as well as protocol to repair mitochondrial membranes (as mentioned above), which is
in a sense a type of nutritional therapy.
Important Cofactors and Coenzymes in Mitochondrial Function:
There are therefore a number of goals when in comes to assisting a return to normal mitochondrial
function in the body, with a positive knock on effect on many other systems of the body. As
mentioned above, these are increasing the efficiency of ATP conversion and distribution (i.e. actual
energy release), speeding up the rate of recycling of ADP back to ATP again (i.e. energy recovery
times and energy reserve), and also providing the body with enough raw materials to produce new
ATP (i.e. replenishing depleted energy reserves - having converted some of the ADP to non-
recoverable AMP in lieu of any ATP being available).
A large number of different metabolites and co-factors are used by the body in the Krebs (citric acid)
cycle, a series of chemical reactions that enable glucose to be used for energy production within the
cells of the body. Some of these are discussed below.
Krebs Cycle Organic Acids
• Citric acid
• (Isocitric acid)
• Alpha-Ketoglutaric acid (AKG) - the conversion from AKG to Succinic acid involves the
reconversion of ADP to ATP
• Succinic acid
• Fumaric acid - oxidised form of Succinic acid
• Malic acid
• (Oxaloacetic acid)
• Pyruvate - precursor to Acetyl Coenzyme A, which combines with Oxaloacetic acid (above) to
form Citric acid
Those organic acids that are not significant supplementally are shown above in brackets.
There are a number of possible organic acids that may not be converting properly in the
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Krebs Cycle, as can be seen above.
High levels of Citric acid and Malic acid are available in fruits (e.g. apples - rich in both)
and fermented foods (e.g. Kombucha - rich in Malic acid). Malic acid supplements are
available in acid form (i.e. Malic acid) or salt form (e.g. Magnesium Malate); and in
combination products such as Ultra Muscleze. Malic acid is frequently shown to be low in
CFS sufferers (together with Magnesium).
Alpha-Ketoglutarate (AK) is the salt form of the acid Alpha-Ketoglutaric Acid (AKG). KA
supplements are often found in the form of Potassium Magnesium Alpha-Ketaglutarate
(K-Mag KG).
Another is Pyruvic acid which is produced from carbohydrates and is a precursor to Co-
Enzyme A. Typically however, malic acid is most commonly deficient of all these acids.
• Magnesium - is particularly important in regulating and stabilising

ATP, and is often displaced by the presence of heavy metals. With a
deficiency of Magnesium, the ATP becomes over-regulated or inhibited,
resulting in low energy levels. Magnesium helps to fire up various
essential enzymatic reactions. Nutritional elements such as Magnesium,
Zinc and Selenium have an important role in protecting the body from
the effects of heavy metals, and those individuals with elevated heavy
metal levels have a greater requirement for these nutrients (and a
corresponding great need to detoxify the heavy metals from their
bodies). Magnesium is best taken in Chelated form, e.g. Citrate or
Glycinate, together with the amino acid Taurine to help carry it into the
cells.
• Active B1 - Thiamine PyroPhosphate (TPP), a.k.a. Thiamine Diphosphate

(TDP) or Cocarboxylase, is the biologically active form of Vitamin B1,
Thiamine, and is used in the efficient burning carbohyrate and removing
excess lactic acid (a cause of muscle ache).
• Active B2 - Riboflavin, Vitamin B2, is also involved in the Krebs Cycle, as

a cofactor in Complex I and II. There are two active, coenzyme forms of
B2, Flavin Mononucleotide (FMN) and Flavin Dinucleotide (FAD). FMN is
the coenzyme form of B2 found in supplement form.
Nicotinamide
• Active B3 - A variant of Vitamin B3 (Niacin), Nicotinamide nourishes

the digestive and circulatory systems. known as Nicotinamide Adenine
Dinucleotide plus high-energy Hydrogen, or NADH for short, is also
involved in the Krebs cycle. Niacin can be obtained from protein but it is
dependent on efficient protein digestion and amino acid conversion in
the body. NADH and NAD are an essential part of the ATP to ADP
conversion. Active B3 probably has most immediate noticeable effect on
energy levels, but all B-vitamins are important to some degree in energy
production. B3 levels can drop significantly if there is Peroxynitrite-
related oxidative damage occurring in the body (to poly (ADP-ribose)
polymerase enzyme DNA), having a knock on effect on the
mitochondrial electron transport chain. Please see the Peroxynitrite page
for more information.
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• Vitamin B5 - Pantethene (a biologicaly active form of Vitamin B5) is
involved in the synthesis of Coenzyme-A (CoA). CoA is important in
energy metabolism for pyruvate to enter the tricarboxylic acid cycle(TCA
cycle) as acetyl-CoA, and for alpha-ketoglutarate to be transformed to
succinyl-CoA in the cycle.
• Active B6 - Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate the active form of Vitamin B6 can

catalyze transamination reactions that are essential for providing amino
acids as a substrate for gluconeogenesis. P-5-P is also a required
coenzyme of the glycogen phosphorylase enzyme, that allows
glycogenolysis to occur.
• Active B12 - The enyzme Methylmalonyl Coenzyme A mutase (MUT)

requires vitamin B12 in the form Adenosylcobalamin (AdoB12). MUT is
involved in carbohydrate metabolism, converting Methylmalonyl-CoA
(MMI-CoA), the coenzyme A link form of methylmalonic acid (MMA), into
Succinic-CoA (Su-CoA), the conenzyme A link form of succinic acid. It
forms part of the Krebs cycle for the production of energy.
• Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALC or ALCAR) - is an amino acid that and allows

proper transport and burning of excess fat and prevents mitochondria
from shutting down. It is the acetylated ester of the amino acid L-
Carnitine. Carnitine helps to transport ATP and ADP across the
mitochondrial membranes, and to transport activated ATP to where it is
actually used. It is manufactured intracellularly in the body from the
Essential Amino Acids L-lysine and L-methionine, by a process of
methylation i.e. does not float around in the blood stream (and thus
urine) - and hence is usually not included as a parameter in amino acid
analyses.
However the quantities manufactured endogenously are relatively low,

especially if there is a bottleneck in the production of carnitine (i.e.
impaired methylation, insufficient quantities or precursor(s), impaired
enzymatic function, lack of availability of ATP for these enzymes, low
levels of coenzymatic cofactors , etc.) Otherwise the body relies on
external dietary sources of carnitine to maintain sufficient levels.
External sources are limited to meat, i.e. other animal's cells.
Vegetarians or vegans who do not supplement carnitine will not be
ingesting any carnitine and will be relying solely on endogenously
produced carnitine to enable them to fulfill their energy requirements.
Dietary (meat) sources of L-Carnitine may also not cross the blood brain
barrier efficiently in some individuals, or digestion and absorption may
be impaired in those with digestive difficulties. A lack of carnitine, for
any of the above reasons, may adversely affect the body's ability to
produce energy on demand. In such cases, supplementation with
Acetyl-L-Carnitine (and eating red meat if possible) will help.
A powerful antioxidant and a mitochondrial cofactor (transporter of

ATP). It helps to lower the mitochondrial phase transition (which leads
to apoptotic cell death), thus playing a protective role in mitochondria. It
also helps to transport fatty acids into the mitochondria. The inner
mitochondrial membranes' cardiolipin are made up predominantly of
fatty acids. (90+% Omega 6 fatty acids).
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www.renegadeneurologist.com/?s=acetyl-l-carnitine
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnitine
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyl-l-Carnitine
The properties of Carnitine in its different forms is vastly different, and

only one type may be absorbable by an individual at any given time. L-
Carnitine is notoriously difficult to cross the blood-brain barrier. The
body may only be able to utilise one form of Carnitine most effectively
at a given time, and throwing the wrong kinds at it or too many
different kinds may not necessarily increase the efficiency or absorption,
ability to cross the blood-brain barrier or utilisation.
Acetyl-L-Carnitine is the form most widely recognised as being most

appropriate and efficient. The Acetyl group allows it to more easily cross
the blood-brain barrier, and the Acetyl group is broken off to be used to
create Acetylcholine (the essential neurotransmitter), leaving the L-
Carnitine to be utilised by the brain's cells. ALC also enahnces the
release of dopamine from neurons and helps it bind to dopamine
receptor sites. Acetyl-L-Carnitine has been noted to increase levels of
neurite production (i.e. projections from the cell body of neurons) in the
brain. For this reason, it is best to avoid taking ALC supplements in the
evening, as it may interfere with one's ability to sleep. ALC is also a
poweful antioxidant.
Besides Acetyl-L-Carnitine described above, Carnitine is also found in

alternative forms, such as:
- L-Carnitine Fumarate - a blend of L-Carnitine and Fumaric acid, a

Krebs cycle organic acid. The Biosint licensed forms are known as
CarniShield and DuraCarn which are reputed to be highly bioavailable. It
is used by a number of supplement manufacturers.
- Acetyl L-Carnitine Arginate diHCl (ALCA) - this is Acetyl-L-Carnitine

blended with the amino acid Arginine. This is reputed to be four times
more effective in stimulating neurite production in the brain than Acetyl-
L-Carnitine.
- Acetyl L-Carnitine Taurinate HCl (a blend of Acetyl-L-Carnitine, Taurine

and HCl).
- Glycine Propionyl L-Carnitine (GPLC).
Jarrow Formulas' CarnitAll 600 contains all of the above 4

forms. Jarrow states that the first three forms of Carnitine are for
Cardiovascular function, whereas the GPLC is claimed to be a 'muscle-
specific form of Carnitine that enhances endothelial function and
promotes maximum muscular energetics'.
Life Extension's product 'Optimized Carnitine with GlycoCarn' contains

Acetyl-L-Carnitine HCl and Acetyl-L-Carnitine Arginate Di-HCl (trademark
- ArginoCarn), and a patented form of GPLC called Glycine Propionyl L-
Carnitine HCl, known as GlycoCarn. The product does not contain any L-
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Carnitine Fumarate however. GlycoCarn is also available (without the
other forms of Carnitine) in the Life Extensions product Peak ATP,
discussed below.
I was muscle tested for different forms of Carnitine in April and June
2009, and neither GlycoCarn (GPLC HCl) nor L-Carnitine Fumarate were
not wanted by the body, whereas (Jarrow Formulas) Acetyl-L-Carnitine
was.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnitine
• L-Lysine - is the precursor to L-Carnitine, and is the amino acid found in

all proteins and enzymes in the body. Lysine is metabolised to make
Coenzyme A, a necessary fuel of the Krebs cycle for carbohydrate
metabolism and energy production. Lysine is also used to make
Collagen, the connective tissue in humans and other mammals. A
deficiency in Lysine will have a serious impact on enzyme and protein
production, as well as energy levels, and often results in weight loss.
Determine whether you are actually deficient in Lysine as supplementing
Lysine may well boost your Carnitine levels intracellularly more
effectively than supplementing Carnitine as above.
• Lipoic Acid - is a cofactor in energy production, helping to regulate

glucose metabolism. Lipoic Acid is active in all the tissues of the body
and in its cellular compartments. Lipoic acid recycles both water and fat
soluble antioxidant vitamins (e.g. vitamins C and E) and Coenzyme Q10,
reducing them back to their non-oxidised original forms. Lipoic acid also
improves sugar metabolism and energy production. It is a cofactor in
the multienzyme complex that catalyzes the last stage of the process
called glycolysis. Glycolysis is the first step in converting blood sugar
(glucose), which is obtained from carbohydrates and proteins, into
energy in a form that the body can use. This involves Magnesium, Active
Vitamin B1 (TPP or TDP) and also Biotin, and so Lipoic Acid is best taken
in conjunction with these other three supplements. Lipoic acid promotes
the incorporation of cysteine into glutathione and combines
synergistically with other antioxidants for greatly increased benefits. It
is therefore frequently referred to as the ideal or universal antioxidant
and free radical scavenger. It is also an excellent chelation agent. Please
see the Detox page for more information.
• Coenzyme Q10 - and also Copper, Sulphur and Iron - are vital parts of
the Electron Transport System (ETS) that harvest ATP energy from our
daily food intake. Q10 helps to transport electrons from one molecule to
another, hence allowing for energy production and transfer to take
place. Beta blockers, tricyclic antidepressants and phenothiazines
actually block CoQ10 production in the body and way worsen the
situation. Coenzyme Q10 is naturally produced by the body by a process
of methylation. If methylation is impaired in an individual, then Q10
levels may be quite low. Coenzyme Q10, aka Ubiquinone, is the most
common form of supplemental Q10. For the non-vegetarians, heart is
the most concentrated naturally occurring nutritional source of Q10.
Coenzyme Q10 is defined on Wikepedia at the following link.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenzyme_Q10
CoQmax CF is a trademarked product by XYMOGEN. It is a proprietary,
481
patent-pending, crystal-free form of CoQ10 that is reputed to offer very
high levels of absorption and bioavailability. It utilises a proprietary
monoglyceride carrier. Each capsule contains 50mg of CoQ10 (as
ubiquinone). Clinical trials have shown it to be over 8 times more
absorbable than powdered CoQ10 and more than twice as bioavailable
as other oil-based or 'nano'-dispersed formulas. An example dosage in
extreme cases might be 2 capsules, twice a day or more.
Another readily absorbable form of Ubiquinone (Q10) is Jarrow

Formulas' Q-absorb Co-Q10. This uses a form of Q10 called Kaneka Q10
which is under licence from the Kaneka Corporation of Japan, and uses
the 'ProSome' Formula. It comes in 100mg capsules. It is reputed to be
absorbed 3-4 times better than ordinary chewable Co-Q10 tablets. The
best elevation of blood plasma Q10 levels with this product have
resulted in exercise being performed at the time of taking it, according
to studies. Jarrow also offer other Ubiquinone products, such as Q-
absorb Co-Q10 Plus and Q-absorb Co-Q10 Ultra. Both of these products
contain the Citrus extract Limolene, which is reputed to help prevent
crystallisation of Co-Q10 and thus aid absorption. The 'Plus' version
contains 300mg of Limolene per capsule, in addition to 600mg Lecithin.
Jarrow claims Q-Absorb Ultra has been clinically demonstrated in
humans to raise plasma Co-Q10 levels by 500% (a six-fold increase over
baseline Co-Q10 levels). Whether Limolene is used in CoQMax CF by
Xymogen above is uncertain at this point in time. Limolene, it should be
noted, is also an antimicrobial oil used to kill intestinal parasites
(protozoa or nematodes).
Ubiquinol is a bio-activated (un-oxidised), trans-isomer form of Co-

Enzyme Q10 (ubiquinone) and is reputed to be much more readily
absorbed or utilised, in studies up to twice as effectively. It can be
found in a number of Ubiquinol supplements and also in Premier
Research Labs 'CoQ10-Quinol' product or Healthy Origins Ubiquinol. It is
manufactured under license from the Kaneka Corporation in Japan,
under the trademark 'Kaneka QH'.
In April and June 2009, I was muscle tested for various forms of CoQ10
(Ubiquinone), also including a Ubiquinol supplement, and CoQmax was
the only brand/form of CoQ10 that was found to be agreeable to his
body (at those times).
An alternative to Coenzyme Q10 is Idebenone. It is a synthetic

alternative to Coenzyme Q10, an organic acid. It is reputed to have
many of the same chemical properties to Coenzyme Q10. From my
understanding, it is really an 'optional' supplement, to be taken in
addition to Coenzyme Q10 rather than instead of it, or not at all.
According to Dr Ward Dean MD, Idebenone does offer some unique
benefits over CoQ10, including superior ability electron transport. In low
cellular oxygen environments, Idebenone is more efficient at preventing
free radical damage than CoQ10, whilst helping cells maintain relatively
normal ATP levels (particularly useful to tissues that are rapidly
damaged by insufficient tissue oxygenation such as the brain and the
cardiac muscle - although are we talking about states where the patient
is not breathing here? Rather than CFS?).
482
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idebenone
• Creatine - Creatine is a nitrogenous organic acid that helps to provide

cells with energy until the Krebs cycle can start to produce energy.
PhosphoCreatine is converted into ATP. It fills in the gap energetically
between the 0.8s of energy (ATP) that cells have stored at any one
time, and the 1.4 seconds it takes for the Krebs Cycle in the
mitochondria to start producing more energy.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatine
By converting PhosphoCreatine into ATP during the initial stages of

exercise, the body is able to provide energy before the body starts burn
food to generate ATP. This can help to reduce the amount of ATP that
is used up initially before more can be generated. Creatine helps to
reduce lactic acid build up in the muscles and helps mitochondria to
function efficiently at the start of a work out, and may also help with
brain functioning.
Unlike the Krebs Cycle nutrients, Creatine is not stored in the

mitochondria, but is found locally in the cell. 95% of the body's Creatine
is found in the skeletal muscles.
Half of the Creatine in the body is derived from dietary sources, the
other half is produced internally. Creatine is found in meat and fish, and
vegetarians and vegans tend to have lower levels of Creatine unless
they supplement it. Creatine tends to be denatured with heat in cooking.
Creatine is manufactured by the body by a process of methylation, from
the amino acids Arginine, Glycine and Methionine. However, if
methylation is impaired, which it frequently is in patients with CFS and
related conditions, and dietary sources are insufficient, then levels may
be quite low. Those who are low in Creatine may benefit from taking
Creatine Monohydrate or Creatine Ethyl Ester prior to a work out, or first
thing in the morning. Bodybuilders are known to take creatine during
high intensity weigh training workouts in order to perform addition reps
at their maximum weight in order to build the maximum muscle mass in
a session, and also to provide additional energy for intensive
cardiovascular exercise (e.g. treadmills or jogging). Creatine is
osmotically active and excessive supplementation, and in weight training
applications, will result in increased water retention, especially in the
muscles. This may result in a bloated or larger, ripped appearance, and
may add as much as 1-2kg to one's normal weight. It has also been
observed that regular creatine intake may encourage the liver to
produce less creatine naturally, and so if supplemental creatine is then
stopped, then the person may feel tired for a number of weeks before
enzymatic creatine synthesis returns to normal to redress the balance.
There are no known harmful effects from taking creatine, despite fears
to the contrary. Creatine supplementation (and dosage
recommendations) however should probably be based on ascertaining
one's natural creatine levels and whether they require supplementation
or not; and indeed whether the body reacts well to it using muscle
testing, or other means, like any other form of supplementation.
www.pponline.co.uk/encyc/0164.htm
483
• N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) - is a powerful antioxidant and useful
glutathione precursor, as has been discussed on the Nutritional page
and Inefficiency Liver Function and Detox pages. It also promotes
oxidative phosphorylation, key elements of the respiratory chain,
mitochondrial membrane integrity and mitochondrial homeostasis,
thereboy delaying apoptosis (Programmed Cell Death). L-
Cysteine may also be supplemented instead, however the Acetyl group
may make it more absorbable in the brain. Supplementing directly with
Glutathione is also an alternative option. In addition, Superoxide
Dismutase (SOD) enzyme production is probably even more important
that Glutathione in terms of ability to assist in respiration, protecting
against superoxide damage.
• Guanosine Triphosphate (GTP) - is a purine nucleotide is produced by a

Krebs cycle enzyme in the process of producing ATP. It consists of a
Guanosine molecule attached to a Ribose ring. Increasing one's purine
intake (within limits as one does not want Gout) may assist increasing
ATP levels.
• Copper, Zinc, Manganese and Iron - SOD enzymes are bound to a

metal element, copper, zinc, manganese or iron, and therefore it is
shrewd to maintain adequate levels of these mineral elements in one's
diet or supplement regime (as mentioned above), and to ensure one's
levels do not drop below normal (according to relevant test results).
• Chromium (III) - is a trace element that enhances the action of insulin

(involved with carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism). Chromium is
a trace element and only small amounts are required. It should only be
supplemented if levels are low, as excessive supplementation may lead
to detrimental effects.
http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/chromium.asp
• Vanadium - is believed to be involved with glucose metabolism

(enhancing , Na/K transport, adrenal catecholamine metabolism
(oxidation), and inhibiting cholesterol synthesis (lowering total and LDL
(bad) cholesterol levels). Vanadium is a trace element and only small
amounts are required. It should only be supplemented if levels are low,
as excessive supplementation may lead to detrimental effects such as
decreased energy production.
www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/vanadium-000330.htm
Some of these cofactors are summarised and discussed in the article below by Ward Dean MD,
entitled 'Restoring Mitochondrial Function and Bio-Energetics'. The mitochondria inner/outer
membrane diagram above is also found here.
http://www.vrp.com/articleprinter.aspx?a=912
As one can see, there are a large number of bio-chemical compounds involved in energy production
in the body. There are many more that have not been discussed here, including various organic
acids and hormones. Any number of these may be deficient in the body in a sufferer of CFS or
related conditions, and are required in the correct quantities and correct relative ratios for optimum
metabolic function. Knowing exactly what is required and in what quantity is critical, and it is
recommended to consult with your naturopath to address this area, rather than simply take every
expensive supplement that is all the rage on the internet, as this approach is unlikely to be
484
completely effective. For example, you are unlikely to notice any benefit in taking high doses of
Ubiquinol (CoQ10) if your levels of CoQ10 are actually satisfactory. The main effect will the
antioxidant effect - and there are cheaper and more effective antioxidants - but mainly the effect
on your wallet. Identifying what is actually in dire need by the body is therefore of paramount
importance. It is tempting to simply take a long list of the above supplements expecting them to
work, but one must consider what cofactors, minerals, vitamins and amino acids are actually
deficient, and tackle those, rather than the arbitrary list above. Indeed, the actual problem may not
be what you expect and may well be less obvious, relating to other krebs metabolites, dysbiosis,
other amino acids being deficient, low hormone and neurotransmitter levels, amongst other things.
A 'holistic' approach is therefore required to get to the bottom of why mitochondrial function is poor.
There are a number of combination mitochondrial formulas available by reputable suppliers, and
many contain more than one of the cofactors and coenzymes listed above.
One can consider mitochondrial support and supplementation in two senses, for regular
supplementation, usually twice or three times a day, and also ad hoc supplementation, when one's
mitochondrial function is especially poor, i.e. dips during the day particularly when one has overdone
things. There are various symptoms for this, which may vary from individual to individual, according
to the exact mitochondrial and endocrine/neurotransmitter imbalance pattern. However, for
'emergency' or ad hoc supplementation, I have found personally that a combination of Acetyl-L-
Carnitine (or whichever Carnitine works for you), Coenzyme Q10, and Active B3 help to relieve such
symptoms most effectively. If cardiac symptoms have also arisen, then the above will also help to
support more efficient energy production to the heart, but one should then also consider taking
(additional) Hawthorn. This is described on the Cardiac Insufficiency page. If you are especially
worn out in a mitochondrial sense, rather than sleep cycle sense, late in the evening, it may well be
a good idea to take some extra ad hoc mitochondrial supplements so that the body can function
properly, and thus allow you to fall asleep. Otherwise you may find your biochemistry is too chaotic
to promote the correct neurotransmitter production pathways for sleep. Try experimenting if this is
something that affects you to see what works best for you.
Cytochrome P450
Background Information on P450
Since the introduction of modern molecular biology techniques allowing for the sequencing of entire genomes,
researchers have identified and continue to discover many P450 enzymes in a wide variety of organisms. In
order to systematically identify and categorize this growing family of enzymes, a leading group of researchers
in the field
established the current system of nomenclature (Nelson et al., 1996). P450s are named with the prefix CYP or
P450 followed by an Arabic number defining the family, an uppercase letter defining the subfamily, and
another Arabic number defining an individual enzyme (e.g., P450 3A4). In cases where only a single member
exists in a given family, it may be identified simply as P450 followed only by the family number (e.g., P450
51). The reader may refer to the cytochrome P450 home page
(http://dmelson.utmem.edu/CytochromeP450.html) for the latest nomenclature updates and links to related
sites.
485
All mammalian tissues examined express some P450 enzyme system (Porter and Coon, 1991). In addition,
mammals express multiple enzymes simultaneously in a variety of tissues, including liver, kidney, lung, and
adrenal (Bhagwat et al., 1999a; Guengerich, 2001; Lohr et al., 1998; Parker and Schimmer, 1997). It is also
appreciated that various enzymes are found not only in different cell and tissue types, but also in different
subcellular compartments, such as the outer nuclear membrane, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria,
golgi, peroxisome, and plasma membrane. Certain enzymes are found in several different subcellular
compartments simultaneously (Guengerich, 2001).
All cytochrome P450s, with the exception of bacterial enzymes, are membrane
bound. Microsomal enzymes are tethered to the membrane through a hydrophobic
transmembrane helix at the N-terminus of the protein, which also serves as a targeting
sequence for the signal recognition particle dependent cotranslational incorporation of a
nascent P450 into the ER membrane (Bar-Nun et al., 1980; Sakaguchi et al., 1984).
Insertion continues until a halt-transfer signal is reached that effectively anchors the
P450 to the membrane with the bulk of the protein exposed on the cytosolic side
(Monier et al., 1988; Sakaguchi et al., 1987; Szczesna-Skorupa and Kemper, 1989;
Szczesna-Skorupa et al., 1988). Because detergents are required for solubilizing
membrane-bound P450s, all native mammalian P450s have evaded crystallization and
x-ray crystallographic study. To avoid this problem, researchers have modified several
P450s resulting in soluble mutants that can be crystallized and that have structures that
were solved. The first mammalian P450 structure reported was that of rabbit P450 2C5
(Williams et al., 2000), which was also crystallized in complexes with two different
substrates (Wester et al., 2003a,b). Interestingly, one of the two substrates binds in two
different orientations (Wester et al., 2003a). These studies of P450 2C5 offer insightful
information on the fiexibility of the enzyme and shed light on the ability of P450s to
accommodate a variety of substrates with different shapes and sizes. The structure of
human P450 2C8 was recently reported, revealing an active site volume twice that of
P450 2C5, consistent with the size of its preferred substrates (Schoch et al., 2004).
Human P450 2C9 has also been crystallized, with and without bound warfarin, a known
486
anticoagulant substrate (Williams et al., 2003). The structure reveals a new binding
pocket that may accommodate several substrate molecules simultaneously and possibly
REGULATION OF CYTOCHROME P450 381
account for some complex drug-drug interactions. Another group has also reported a
structure for P450 2C9 complexed with flurbiprofen (Wester et al,, 2004), The structure
was obtained without modifications to the catalytic domain, revealing some significant
conformational differences. The more recent structure helps explain some experimental
observations in terms of the substrate selectivity of the enzyme, which were not easily
explained with the earlier structure, A crystal structure for rabbit P450 2B4, one of the
first P450s to be purified and studied in detail, has been reported in a wide open
conformation (Scott et al,, 2003) and in a closed form complexed with the specific
inhibitor 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-imidazole (Scott et al,, 2004), These structures may help to
understand how mammalian P450s "open/close," allowing substrate to access the
buried active site (Poulos, 2003), Two groups have recently reported crystal structures
for human P450 3A4: one unliganded structure from each group and two structures
hound to different substrates (Williams et al, 2004; Yano et al,, 2004a), The collection
of structures should provide a better understanding of the substrate selectivity and
unusual kinetics of this important enzyme. Finally, a structure for P450 2A6 has been
reported in a meeting abstract (Yano et al,, 2004b),
Humans express 57 putatively functional genes and 58 pseudogenes (Nelson et al,,
2004), These may be divided roughly into two groups based on their substrate specificity,
P450s involved in the metabolism of most drugs and carcinogens are derived from
families 1-3, This group demonstrates wide substrate specificity, with certain enzymes
acting on a large number of structurally varied substrates such as in the case of human
P450 3A4,
The second group demonstrates high substrate specificity, catalyzing the
biosynthesis and metabolism of endogenous substrates including cholesterol, steroids,
vitamins, and eicosanoids. Several steroidogenic P450 enzymes are outlined in Fig, 1,P450s fall into three
classes hased on the reduction system transferring electrons.
Class I P450s are associated with the inner mitochondrial memhrane and some hacterial
systems. Reducing equivalents from NADPH or NADH are transferred two electrons at a
time to redoxin reductase, which carries a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) prosthetic
group. The isoalloxazine ring of FAD may exist in several oxidation states, which allows
for the subsequent transfer of electrons individually to a mobile Fe2S2-containing protein
called redoxin. Reduced redoxin is thought to shuttle electrons to the P450, returning to
the reductase in the oxidized form for additional cycles.
Class II P450s are those that reside in the ER and receive reducing equivalents from
NADPH via P450 reductase or cytochrome b^ (a heme protein associated with the ER),
P450 reductase is a membrane-bound protein containing a FAD and a flavin mononucleotide
(FMN) prosthetic group that also has an isoalloxazine ring with properties
similar to FAD, An electron pair from NADPH is received by FAD, which relays the
electrons to FMN, finally transferring electrons in single file to the P450, In certain
reactions, the first electron is transferred from P450 reductase, while the second electron is
transferred from cytochrome b^. Cytochrome b^ may be reduced either by P450 reductase,
or cytochrome b^ reductase. Interestingly, apo-^s (cytochrome ^5 devoid of heme), which
cannot transfer electrons, is required for optimal activity in a number of P450 enzymes and
only with certain substrates (Hlavica and Lewis, 2001; Yamazaki et al,, 2001),
Class III P450s are isomerases instead of monooxygenases. They do not require the
participation of any redox partners or donors of reducing equivalents. Water is not
produced, and therefore, molecular oxygen is not required for catalysis. Substrates of class
III P450s are simply rearranged into products. Examples of P450s from this class include
P450 8A1 [prostacyclin [PGI2] synthase] and P450 5 [thromboxane [TXA2] synthase].
487
POSTTRANSLATIOIMAL MODIFICATION
A posttranslational modification may be defined as "any difference between a

functional protein and the linear polypeptide sequence encoded between the initiation and
the termination codons of its structural gene" (Han and Martinage, 1992), Examples of
noncovalent modifications include incorporation of cofactors such as heme, protein
folding, and the association of subunits to form an oligomeric protein, Allosteric
phenomena manifested as deviations from Michaelis-Menten kinetics have been
demonstrated for numerous P450 enzymes. Various components known to interact with
P450, including substrates, inhibitors, membrane lipids, and redox partners (such as the
previously mentioned cytochrome ^5), have been shown to act as homotropic and
heterotropic effectors (Hlavica and Lewis, 2001), P450 2E1 is stabilized by ethanol,
leading to increased cellular levels of the P450 (Roberts et al,, 1995),
Covalent modifications, including cleavage of a signal peptide, formation of
disulfide bonds, and an array of modifications to amino acid residues, including
phosphorylation, nitration, glycosylation, methylation, sulfation, acetylation, and
prenylation, provide another means of posttranslational modification. The remainder of
the present article is dedicated to the identification and characterization of covalent P450
posttranslational modifications with an emphasis placed on describing the physiological
role of each modification.
The first step in the conversion of cholesterol to steroids is the synthesis of

pregnenolone. The reaction involves three separate hydroxylation steps, with three
equivalents of O2 and NADPH. The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction (P450 llAl) is
expressed in all tissues that synthesize steroids from cholesterol. P450 11 Al resides in the
inner mitochondrial membrane. Transcriptional regulation of P450 llAl and other
steroidogenic P450s is well documented (Parker and Schimmer, 1993, 1996, 1997;
Stocco, 2000). Activity of P450 11 Al is also regulated by phosphorylation.
Initial evidence for stimulation of P450 llAl activity by phosphorylation was
reported several years ago (Caron et al., 1975). A crude preparation of P450 llAl was
isolated from bovine corpus luteum mitochondria. Limiting P450 was reconstituted with
excess redoxin and redoxin reductase, and the reconstituted system was subjected to
treatment with PKA, cAMP, and ATP. The resulting system demonstrated increased
P450 llAl activity. Decisive evidence for the posttranslational phosphorylation of
P450 llAl came nearly a decade later (Vilgrain et al., 1984). A demonstration with
purified bovine adrenocortical P450 llAl showed that the P450 is efficiently
phosphorylated by Ca^"^-activated phospholipid-sensitive protein kinase C (PKC). Four
moles of phosphate were incorporated per mole of P450 11 Al, with serine and threonine
as the target amino acids phosphorylated in a ratio of 1:1 as revealed by amino acid
analysis. Interestingly, PKC activity is also found to be associated with bovine
adrenocortical inner mitochondrial membrane (Vilgrain et al., 1984). Thus, it appears that
phosphorylation of P450 llAl in a reconstituted system results in increased enzyme
activity. Additional experiments would be required to demonstrate the physiological
relevance of the phenomenon.
Reports in recent years have demonstrated the neuromodulatory effects of

estrogenic metabolites [referenced in Balthazart et al. (2001a)]. A telling example
comes from a study with castrated sexually experienced male rats that illustrates that
estrogen administration rapidly activates male sexual behavior (within minutes),
presumably by a nongenomic mechanism, as a genomic mechanism would require hours
to days for an observable effect (Cross and Roselli, 1999). Rapid and pronounced changes
in P450 19A1 activity of quail hypothalamic homogenates by pharmacological studies
employing kinase activators and inhibitors have been described (Balthazart et al.,
2001a,b). Stimulation of kinase by addition of nonnal intracellular concentrations of
488
Ca^"^, ATP, and Mg^"^ resulted in significant decreases in P450 19A1 activity. The
decrease in activity could be completely abolished by the addition of ethylene glycolfc
«(P-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), which chelates free Ca^"^.
The authors noted, however, that the studies were performed with total homogenates, thus
the possibility remained that intermediary proteins are phosphorylated that interact with
P450 19A1 to modulate its activity. Conclusive experiments confirming P450 19A1
phosphorylation have been reported (Balthazart et al, 2003). Aromatase from quail
preoptic area homogenates was immunopurified, and phosphorylated Ser, Thr, and Tyr
residues were detected by Western analysis employing phospho-amino acid specific
antibodies. Together, these results demonstrate that the local production of estrogens in
quail brain can be rapidly altered by calcium-dependent P450 19A1 phosphorylation.
P450 19A1 activity is also a key factor in the progression of estrogen-dependent
diseases such as breast, endometrial, and ovarian cancers. Like P450 17A1, P450 19A1
represents an important target in the treatment of such diseases.
Vitamin D and Calcium Regulation
Vitamin D is a naturally occurring hormone involved in the regulation of calcium

and phosphorus metabolism, affecting bone development. Requirements for vitamin D
may be met by dietary intake or through biosynthesis. The first step in vitamin D
biosynthesis is the photoactivation (by exposure of skin to sunlight) of 7-dehydrocholesterol
to vitamin D3 by a nonenzymatic process. Hepatic vitamin D3 25-hydroxylase
(P450 27A1) then acts on vitamin D3 to produce 25-hydroxycholecalciferol
(25[OH]D3).
Further metabolism of vitamin D involves two renal mitochondrial P450

enzymes. The active form of vitamin D (la,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) is preferentially
formed under conditions of calcium deficiency. Biosynthesis of la,25-dihydroxyvitamin
D3 is catalyzed by renal la-hydroxylase (P450 27B1). A second renal enzyme
(P450 24) catalyzes the 24-hydroxylation of 25(OH)D3 as well as 1,25(OH)2D3.
Vitamin D 24-hydroxylation results in increased susceptibility of the homione
to oxidation and side-chain cleavage, providing a pathway for the degradation of
the hormone.
When circulating levels of calcium become low, parathyroid hormone secretion is

increased. This stimulates an increase in the biosynthesis of [1,25[OH]2D], which
together with parathyroid hormone, signals the gastrointestinal absorption of calcium
until bone requirements for calcium are met and circulating calcium levels return to
REGULATION OF CYTOCHROME P450 391
normal. This closes the endocrine loop by a feedback mechanism decreasing parathyroid
hormone secretion (Hendy, 1997; Narbaitz et al., 1981). The mechanisms by which
parathyroid hormone stimulates the biosynthesis of [1,25[OH]2D] are coming into focus.
The emerging picture suggests a role for the reversible phosphorylation of ferredoxin.
489
The cytochrome P450 superfamily (officially abbreviated as CYP) is a large and diverse group
of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of organic substances. The substratesof CYP enzymes
include metabolic intermediates such as lipids and steroidal hormones, as well
as xenobiotic substances such as drugs and other toxic chemicals. CYPs are the major enzymes
involved in drug metabolism and bioactivation, accounting for about 75% of the total number of
different metabolic reactions.[1]
The most common reaction catalyzed by cytochromes P450 is a monooxygenase reaction, e.g.,
insertion of one atom of oxygen into an organic substrate (RH) while the other oxygen atom
is reduced to water:
RH + O2 + NADPH + H+ → ROH + H2O + NADP+
Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) belong to the superfamily of proteins containing a heme cofactor and,
therefore, are hemoproteins. CYPs use a variety of small and largemolecules as substrates in
enzymatic reactions. Often, they form part of multi-component electron transfer chains, called P450-
containing systems
P450-containing systems. The letter in P450represents the word pigment as these enzymes
are red because of their heme group. The number 450 reflects wavelength of the absorption
maximum of the enzyme when it is in the reduced state and complexed with CO.
CYP enzymes have been identified in all domains of life, i.e.,
in animals, plants, fungi, protists, bacteria, archaea, and even viruses; although it is not found in E.
coli.[2][3]More than 11,500 distinct CYP proteins are known.[4]
490
Most CYPs require a protein partner to deliver one or more electrons to reduce the iron (and
eventually molecular oxygen). Based on the nature of the electron transfer proteins CYPs can be
classified into several groups:[5]
• Microsomal P450 systems in which electrons are transferred from NADPH via cytochrome
P450 reductase (variously CPR, POR, or CYPOR). Cytochrome b5 (cyb5) can also contribute
reducing power to this system after being reduced by cytochrome b5 reductase (CYB5R).
• Mitochondrial P450 systems, that employ adrenodoxin reductase and adrenodoxin to
transfer electrons from NADPH to P450.
• Bacterial P450 systems, that employ a ferredoxin reductase and a ferredoxin to transfer
electrons to P450.
• CYB5R/cyb5/P450 systems in which both electrons required by the CYP come
from cytochrome b5.
• FMN/Fd/P450 systems originally found in Rhodococcus sp. in which a FMN-domain-
containing reductase is fused to the CYP.
• P450 only systems, which do not require external reducing power. Notable ones
include CYP5 (thromboxane synthase), CYP8 (prostacyclin synthase), and CYP74A (allene oxide
synthase).
Genes encoding CYP enzymes, and the enzymes themselves, are designated with the
abbreviation CYP, followed by a number indicating the gene family, a capital letter indicating
the subfamily, and another numeral for the individual gene. The convention is to italicise the
name when referring to the gene. For example, CYP2E1 is the gene that encodes the
enzyme CYP2E1 – one of the enzymes involved in paracetamol(acetaminophen)
metabolism. The CYP nomenclature is the official naming convention, although occasionally
(and incorrectly) CYP450 or CYP450 is used. However, some gene or enzyme names for
CYPs may differ from this nomenclature, denoting the catalytic activity and the name of the
compound used as substrate. Examples include CYP5A1, thromboxane A2 synthase,
abbreviated to TBXAS1 (ThromBoXane A2 Synthase 1), and CYP51A1, lanosterol 14-α-
demethylase, sometimes unofficially abbreviated to LDM according to its substrate
(Lanosterol) and activity (DeMethylation).[6]
The current nomenclature guidelines suggest that members of new CYP families share >40% amino
acid identity, while members of subfamilies must share >55% amino acid identity. There are
nomenclature committees that assign and track both base gene names (Cytochrome P450
Homepage) and allele names (CYP Allele Nomenclature Committee
491
The active site of cytochrome P450 contains a heme iron center. The iron is tethered to the P450
protein via a thiolate ligand derived from a cysteine residue. This cysteine and several flanking
residues are highly conserved in known CYPs and have the formal PROSITE signature consensus
pattern [FW] - [SGNH] - x - [GD] - {F} - [RKHPT] - {P} - C - [LIVMFAP] - [GAD].[7] Because of the vast
variety of reactions catalyzed by CYPs, the activities and properties of the many CYPs differ in many
aspects. In general, the P450 catalytic cycle proceeds as follows:
1. The substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme, in close proximity to the heme group, on the
side opposite to the peptide chain. The bound substrate induces a change in the conformation of the
active site, often displacing a water molecule from the distal axial coordination position of the heme
iron,[8] and sometimes changing the state of the heme iron from low-spin to high-spin.[9] This gives
rise to a change in the spectral properties of the enzyme, with an increase in absorbance at 390 nm
and a decrease at 420 nm. This can be measured by difference spectrometry and is referred to as
the "type I" difference spectrum (see inset graph in figure). Some substrates cause an opposite
change in spectral properties, a "reverse type I" spectrum, by processes that are as yet unclear.
Inhibitors and certain substrates that bind directly to the heme iron give rise to the type II difference
spectrum, with a maximum at 430 nm and a minimum at 390 nm (see inset graph in figure). If no
reducing equivalents are available, this complex may remain stable, allowing the degree of binding
to be determined from absorbance measurements in vitro[10]
492
2. The change in the electronic state of the active site favors the transfer of an electron from NAD(P)H
via cytochrome P450 reductase or another associatedreductase[11] This takes place by way of the
electron transfer chain, as described above, reducing the ferric heme iron to the ferrous state.
3. Molecular oxygen binds covalently to the distal axial coordination position of the heme iron. The
cysteine ligand is a better electron donor than histidine, which is normally found in heme-containing
proteins. As a consequence, the oxygen is activated to a greater extent than in other heme proteins.
However, this sometimes allows the iron-oxygen bond to dissociate, causing the so-called
"uncoupling reaction", which releases a reactive superoxide radical and interrupts the catalytic cycle.
[8]
4. A second electron is transferred via the electron-transport system, from either cytochrome P450
reductase, ferredoxins, or cytochrome b5, reducing the dioxygen adduct to a negatively charged
peroxo group. This is a short-lived intermediate state.
The peroxo group formed in step 4 is rapidly protonated twice by local transfer from water or from
surrounding amino-acid side-chains, releasing one water molecule, and forming a highly reactive
species commonly referred to as P450 Compound 1 ( or Compound I). This highly-reactive
intermediate was not "seen in action" until 2010,[12] although it had been studied theoretically for
many years.[8] P450
1. Compound 1 is most likely a iron(IV)oxo (or ferryl) species with an additional oxidizing
equivalent delocalized over the porphyrin and thiolate ligands. Evidence for the alternative
perferryl iron(V)-oxo [8] is lacking.[12]
2. Depending on the substrate and enzyme involved, P450 enzymes can catalyze any of a
wide variety of reactions. A hypothetical hydroxylation is shown in this illustration. After the
product has been released from the active site, the enzyme returns to its original state, with
a water molecule returning to occupy the distal coordination position of the iron nucleus.
S: An alternative route for mono-oxygenation is via the "peroxide shunt": Interaction with single-
oxygen donors such as peroxides and hypochlorites can lead directly to the formation of the iron-oxo
intermediate, allowing the catalytic cycle to be completed without going through steps 2, 3, 4, and 5.
[10] A hypothetical peroxide "XOOH" is shown in the diagram.
C: If carbon monoxide (CO) binds to reduced P450, the catalytic cycle is interrupted. This reaction
yields the classic CO difference spectrum with a maximum at 450 nm.
P450s in humans
Human CYPs are primarily membrane-associated proteins[13] located either in the inner membrane
of mitochondria or in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells. CYPs metabolize thousands
of endogenous and exogenouschemicals. Some CYPs metabolize only one (or a very few)
substrates, such as CYP19 (aromatase), while others may metabolize multiple substrates. Both of
these characteristics account for their central importance in medicine. Cytochrome P450 enzymes
are present in most tissues of the body, and play important roles in hormone synthesis and
breakdown (including estrogen and testosterone synthesis and metabolism),cholesterol synthesis,
and vitamin D metabolism. Cytochrome P450 enzymes also function to metabolize potentially toxic
493
compounds, including drugs and products of endogenous metabolism such as bilirubin, principally in
the liver.
The Human Genome Project has identified 57 human genes coding for the various cytochrome P450
enzymes.[14]
CYPs are the major enzymes involved in drug metabolism, accounting for about 75% of the total
metabolism.[1] Most drugs undergo deactivation by CYPs, either directly or by
facilitated excretion from the body. Also, many substances are bioactivated by CYPs to form their
active compounds.
Drug interaction
Many drugs may increase or decrease the activity of various CYP isozymes either by inducing
the biosynthesis of an isozyme (enzyme induction) or by directly inhibiting the activity of the CYP
(enzyme inhibition). This is a major source of adverse drug interactions, since changes in CYP
enzyme activity may affect the metabolism and clearance of various drugs. For example, if one
drug inhibits the CYP-mediated metabolism of another drug, the second drug may accumulate
within the body to toxic levels. Hence, these drug interactions may necessitate dosage
adjustments or choosing drugs that do not interact with the CYP system. Such drug interactions
are especially important to take into account when using drugs of vital importance to the patient,
drugs with important side-effects and drugs with small therapeutic windows, but any drug may
be subject to an altered plasma concentration due to altered drug metabolism.
A classical example includes anti-epileptic drugs. Phenytoin, for example,

induces CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4. Substrates for the latter may be drugs with critical
dosage, like amiodarone or carbamazepine, whose blood plasma concentration may either increase because
of enzyme inhibition in the former, or decrease because of enzyme induction in the latter. [citation needed]
Interaction of other substances
Naturally occurring compounds may also induce or inhibit CYP activity. For example, bioactive compounds
found in grapefruit juice and some other fruit juices, including bergamottin, dihydroxybergamottin,
and paradicin-A, have been found to inhibit CYP3A4-mediated metabolism of certain medications, leading to
increased bioavailability and, thus, the strong possibility of overdosing.[16] Because of this risk, avoiding
grapefruit juice and fresh grapefruits entirely while on drugs is usually advised. [17]
Other examples:
• Saint-John's wort, a common herbal remedy induces CYP3A4, but also

inhibits CYP1A1, CYP1B1, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4.[18][19]
• Tobacco smoking induces CYP1A2 (example CYP1A2 substrates are clozapine, olanzapine,
and fluvoxamine)[20]
• At relatively high concentrations, starfruit juice has also been shown to inhibit CYP2A6 and other
CYPs.[21] Watercress is also a known inhibitor of the Cytochrome P450 CYP2E1, which may result in
altered drug metabolism for individuals on certain medications (ex., chlorzoxazone).[22]
494
Steroidogenesis, showing many of the enzyme activities that are performed by cytochrome P450 enzymes. HSD:
Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
A subset of cytochrome P450 enzymes play important roles in the synthesis of steroid
hormones (steroidogenesis) by the adrenals, gonads, and peripheral tissue:
495
• CYP11A1 (also known as P450scc or P450c11a1) in adrenal mitochondria effects “the activity
formerly known as 20,22-desmolase” (steroid 20α-hydroxylase, steroid 22-hydroxylase, cholesterol side-
chain scission).
• CYP11B1 (encoding the protein P450c11β) found in the inner mitochondrial
membrane of adrenal cortex has steroid 11β-hydroxylase, steroid18-hydroxylase, and steroid 18-
methyloxidase activities.
• CYP11B2 (encoding the protein P450c11AS), found only in the mitochondria of the
adrenal zona glomerulosa, has steroid 11β-hydroxylase, steroid 18-hydroxylase, and steroid 18-
methyloxidase activities.
• CYP17A1, in endoplasmic reticulum of adrenal cortex has steroid 17α-hydroxylase and 17,20-
lyase activities.
• CYP21A1 (P450c21) in adrenal cortex conducts 21-hydroxylase activity.
• CYP19A (P450arom, aromatase) in endoplasmic reticulum of gonads, brain, adipose tissue, and
elsewhere catalyzes aromatization ofandrogens to estrogens.
496
Other Parasites
Protozoan
Alinia does not tear up the gut. I take 500 mg a day for 9 days in a row. Im going up to 1500 mg/D for
Ascaris. Kills lesser worms easily.
Tinidazole is like Mebendazole, kills good gut bacteria, and protozoans.
Stool tests useless, PCR shut off years ago.
ELISA tests work, you need a spectrum of them, with Ascaris 209 KDA, and Fluke 13 KDA being the
dominant Enzymes.
When you get to sub species, it gets harder to id the exact Antigens, but if you test positive for 209, and
`13, rest assured you have round and flat worm infections. Treat the flat first, round second, not round
first, this is a sequence that leads to disaster.
Leishmaniasis
Zinc Sulfate
Sulfatrim
Mittlefosine
Strongyloides
Merck Manual
Wikipedia
antimicrobe
Papua New Guinea Medical Journal
http://www.ards.com.au/StrongFront.pdf.
Centre for Disease Control in your region

Alice Springs 8951 7540
Darwin 8922 8044
Katherine 8973 9049
Nhulunbuy 8987 0357
Tennant Creek 8962 4259
http://www.nt.gov.au/health/cdc/
The initial sign of acute strongyloidiasis, if noticed at all, is a localized pruritic, erythematous rash at the site
of skin penetration. Patients may then develop tracheal irritation and a dry cough as the larvae migrate from
the lungs up through the trachea. After the larvae are swallowed into the gastrointestinal tract, patients may
experience diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, and anorexia.
25 drops mimosa extract/D
497
Chemical constituents Mimosa pudica contains the toxic alkaloid mimosine, which has been
found to also have antiproliferative and apoptotic effects.[17] The extracts of Mimosa pudica
immobilize the filariform larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis in less than one hour.
Fucoidan
Rose Hips
Magnolia
On the other hand, strongyloidiasis appears to be a relevant opportunistic infection in patients

infected with human T-lymphotropic virus 1 [1, 2, 36–38].
Coinfection with S.stercoralis and HTLV-1 causes accelerated progression of both diseases People
coinfected with HTLV-1 are more likely to return a positive direct faecal smear. In a study in Japan, 61% of
people with both S. stercoralis and HTLV-1 had a positive direct faecal smear whereas only 18% of those
with S. stercoralis and no HTLV-1 had a positive direct faecal smear (52).
HTLV-1 is associated with an exacerbated type 1 immune response. Coinfection with S. stercoralis or
Schistosoma mansoni decreases the activation of type 1 cells, which may influence the outcome of HTLV-1
infection (79). Helminths including S.stercoralis induce a type 2 response. HTLV-1 decreases the type 2
immune response that is effective against S. stercoralis (10), leading to hyperinfective strongyloidiasis.
HTLV-1 causes decreased levels of IgE and eosinophils, both of which are important in the immune
response to S. stercoralis (74).
The high production of IFN-ganna observed in patients coinfected with HTLV-1 and S.
stercoralis (73,80) decreases the production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and IgE, molecules that
participate in the host defence mechanism against helminths (80). Although coinfection
with HTLV-1 was associated with a decrease
in levels of IgE and skin sensitivity, it did not
affect the levels of IgG (10).
HTLV-1 patients are frequently refractory
to anthelmintic treatment. Resistance to
treatment with albendazole has been
associated with high levels of serum IFN-ã
and TGF-â-1 (73). Similarly, resistance to
treatment with ivermectin by HTLV-1-positive
patients has been demonstrated (11). This
is probably due to impairment of immunity to
S. stercoralis in people coinfected with HTLV-
1.
Australia, in spite of
having an excellent health system, has not
come to grips with S. stercoralis in its midst.
Although S. stercoralis is rare in mainstream
Australia, it is hyperendemic throughout
tropical and subtropical Indigenous Australia.
498
Estimates of prevalence in various
Indigenous settlements are between 4.5%
and 60% seropositive (19-25) and between
2% and 41% positive by stool testing
(19,26,27). In central Australia, it coexists
with HTLV-1 (28).
Strongyloides stercoralis is the scientific name of a human parasitic roundworm causing the
disease of strongyloidiasis. Its common name is threadworm. In the UK and Australia,
however, the term threadworm can also refer to nematodes of the genus Enterobius, otherwise
known as pinworms.[1]
The Strongyloides stercoralis nematode can parasitize humans. The adult parasitic stage lives in
tunnels in the mucosa of the small intestine. The genus Strongyloides contains 53 species,[2][3]
and S. stercoralis is the type species. S. stercoralis has been reported in other mammals,
including cats and dogs. However, it seems that the species in dogs is typically not S.
stercoralis, but the related species S. canis. Non-human primates are more commonly infected
with S. fuelleborni and S. cebus, although S. stercoralis has been reported in captive primates.
Other species of Strongyloides, naturally parasitic in humans, but with restricted distributions,
are S. fuelleborni in central Africa and S. kellyi in Papua New Guinea.
Strongyloidiasis is infection with Strongyloides stercoralis. Findings include rash and pulmonary
symptoms (including cough and wheezing), eosinophilia, and abdominal pain with diarrhea.
Diagnosis is by finding larvae in stool or small-bowel contents or occasionally in sputum or by
detection of antibodies in blood. Treatment is with ivermectin or albendazole.
Strongyloidiasis is endemic throughout the tropics and subtropics, including rural areas of the
southern US, at sites where bare skin is exposed to contaminated soil and conditions are
unsanitary. Strongyloides fülleborni, which infects chimpanzees and baboons, can cause limited
infections in humans.
Pathophysiology
499
Adult worms live in the mucosa and submucosa of the duodenum and jejunum. Released eggs
hatch in the bowel lumen, liberating rhabditiform larvae. Most of the larvae are excreted in the
stool. After a few days in soil, they develop into infectious filariform larvae. Like hookworms,
Strongyloides larvae penetrate human skin, migrate via the bloodstream to the lungs, break
through pulmonary capillaries, ascend the respiratory tract, are swallowed, and reach the
intestine, where they mature in about 2 wk. In the soil, larvae that do not contact humans may
develop into free-living adult worms that can reproduce for several generations before their
larvae reenter a human host.
In the free-living cycle, the rhabditiform larvae passed in the stool can either molt twice and
become infective filariform larvae (direct development) or molt four times and become free-
living adult males and females that mate and produce eggs from which rhabditiform larvae
hatch. In the direct development, first-stage larvae (L1) transform into infective larvae (IL) via
three molts. The indirect route results first in the development of free-living adults that mate;
the female lays eggs, which hatch and then develop into IL. The direct route gives IL faster
(three days) versus the indirect route (seven to 10 days). However, the indirect route results in
an increase in the number of IL produced. Speed of development of IL is traded for increased
numbers. The free-living males and females of S. stercoralis die after one generation; they do
not persist in the soil. The latter, in turn, can either develop into a new generation of free-living
adults or develop into infective filariform larvae. The filariform larvae penetrate the human host
skin to initiate the parasitic cycle.
500
Some rhabditiform larvae convert within the intestine to infectious filariform larvae that
immediately reenter the bowel wall, short-circuiting the life cycle (internal autoinfection).
Sometimes filariform larvae are passed in stool and reenter through the skin of the buttocks and
thighs (external autoinfection). Autoinfection explains why strongyloidiasis can persist for many
decades and helps account for the extremely high worm burdens in the hyperinfection
syndrome.
The infectious larvae penetrate the skin when it contacts soil. While S. stercoralis is attracted to chemicals
such as carbon dioxide or sodium chloride, these chemicals are not specific. Larvae have been thought to
locate their hosts via chemicals in the skin, the predominant one being urocanic acid, a histidine metabolite
on the uppermost layer of skin that is removed by sweat or the daily skin-shedding cycle.[7] Urocanic acid
concentrations can be up to five times greater in the foot than any other part of the human body. Some of
them enter the superficial veins and ride the blood flow to the lungs, where they enter the alveoli. They are
then coughed up and swallowed into the gut, where they parasitise the intestinal mucosa (duodenum and
jejunum). In the small intestine, they molt twice and become adult female worms. The females live threaded
in the epithelium of the small intestine and, by parthenogenesis, produce eggs, which yield rhabditiform
larvae. Only females will reach reproductive adulthood in the intestine. Female strongyloids reproduce
through parthenogenesis. The eggs hatch in the intestine and young larvae are then excreted in the feces.
It takes about two weeks to reach egg development from the initial skin penetration. By this process, S.
stercoralis can cause both respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms. The worms also participate in
autoinfection, in which the rhabditiform larvae become infective filariform larvae, which can penetrate either
the intestinal mucosa (internal autoinfection) or the skin of the perianal area (external autoinfection); in
either case, the filariform larvae may follow the previously described route, being carried successively to the
lungs, the bronchial tree, the pharynx, and the small intestine, where they mature into adults; or they may
disseminate widely in the body. To date, occurrence of autoinfection in humans with helminthic infections is
recognized only in Strongyloides stercoralis and Capillaria philippinensis infections. In the case of
Strongyloides, autoinfection may explain the possibility of persistent infections for many years in persons not
having been in an endemic area and of hyperinfections in immunodepressed individuals.
501
Whereas males grow to only about 0.9 mm (0.04 in) in length, females can grow from 2.0 to 2.5 mm (0.08
to 0.10 in). Both genders also possess a tiny buccal capsule and cylindrical esophagus without a posterior
bulb.[8] In the free-living stage, the esophagi of both sexes are rhabditiform. Males can be distinguished
from females by two structures: the spicules and gubernaculum.
Autoinfection
An unusual feature of S. stercoralis is autoinfection. Only one other species in the Strongyloides
genus, S. felis, has this trait. Autoinfection is the development of L1 into small infective larvae in
the gut of the host. These autoinfective larvae penetrate the wall of the lower ileum or colon or
the skin of the perianal region, enter the circulation again, travel to the lungs, and then to the
small intestine, thus repeating the cycle. Autoinfection makes strongyloidiasis due to S.
stercoralis an infection with several unusual features.
Persistence of infection is the first of these important features. Because of autoinfection,

humans have been known to still be infected up to 65 years after they were first exposed to the
parasite (e.g., World War II or Vietnam War veterans). Once a host is infected with S.
stercoralis, infection is lifelong unless effective treatment eliminates all adult parasites and
migrating autoinfective larvae.
Hyperinfection
502
Hyperinfection may result from a newly acquired Strongyloides infection or from activation of a
previously asymptomatic one. In either case, it can result in disseminated disease involving
organs not usually part of the parasite's normal life cycle (eg, CNS, skin, liver, heart).
Hyperinfection usually occurs in patients who are taking corticosteroids or who have impaired
cell-mediated immunity, particularly those infected with the human T-lymphotropic virus 1
(HTLV-1). However, hyperinfection and disseminated strongyloidiasis are less common than
might be predicted among patients with HIV/AIDS, even those living in areas where
Strongyloides is highly endemic.
Symptoms and Signs
Infection may be asymptomatic.
Larva currens (creeping infection) is a form of cutaneous larva migrans specific to Strongyloides
infection; it results from autoinfection. The eruption begins in the perianal region and rapidly
spreads, causing intense pruritus, but nonspecific maculopapular or urticarial eruptions may also
occur.
Pulmonary symptoms are uncommon, although heavy infections may cause Löffler syndrome,
with cough, wheezing, and eosinophilia. GI symptoms include anorexia, epigastric pain and
tenderness, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. In heavy infections, malabsorption and protein-
losing enteropathy may result in weight loss and cachexia.
Many people infected are usually asymptomatic at first. Symptoms include dermatitis: swelling,
itching, larva currens, and mild hemorrhage at the site where the skin has been penetrated. If
the parasite reaches the lungs, the chest may feel as if it is burning, and wheezing and coughing
may result, along with pneumonia-like symptoms (Löffler's syndrome). The intestines could
eventually be invaded, leading to burning pain, tissue damage, sepsis, and ulcers. Chronic
503
diarrhea can be a symptom.[9] In severe cases, edema may result in obstruction of the intestinal
tract, as well as loss of peristaltic contractions.[10]
Strongyloidiasis in immunocompetent individuals is usually an indolent disease. However, in

immunocompromised individuals, it can cause a hyperinfective syndrome (also called
disseminated strongyloidiasis) due to the reproductive capacity of the parasite inside the host.
This hyperinfective syndrome can have a mortality rate close to 90% if disseminated.[11][12][13]
Immunosuppressive drugs, such as those used for tissue transplantation (especially

corticosteroids) can increase the rate of autoinfection to the point where an overwhelming
number of larvae migrate through the lungs, which in many cases can prove fatal. In addition,
diseases such as human T-lymphotropic virus 1, which enhance the Th1 arm of the immune
system and lessen the Th2 arm, increase the disease state.[12] Another consequence of
autoinfection is the autoinfective larvae can carry gut bacteria back into the body. About 50% of
people with hyperinfection present with bacterial disease due to enteric bacteria. Also, a unique
effect of autoinfective larvae is larva currens due to the rapid migration of the larvae through
the skin. Larva currens appears as a red line that moves rapidly (more than 5 cm or 2 in per
day), and then quickly disappears. It is pathognomonic for autoinfective larvae and can be used
as a diagnostic criterion for strongyloidiasis due to S. stercoralis.
Hyperinfection syndrome:
GI and pulmonary symptoms are often prominent. Ileus, obstruction, massive GI bleeding,
severe malabsorption, and peritonitis may occur. Pulmonary symptoms include dyspnea,
hemoptysis, and respiratory failure. Infiltrates may be seen on chest x-ray.
Other symptoms depend on the organs involved. CNS involvement includes parasitic meningitis,
brain abscess, and diffuse invasion of the brain. Secondary gram-negative meningitis and
bacteremia, which occurs with high frequency, probably reflect disruption of bowel mucosa,
carriage of bacteria on migrating larvae, or both. Liver infection may result in cholestatic and
granulomatous hepatitis. Infection may be fatal in immunocompromised patients, even with
treatment.
Diagnosis
• Identification of larvae by microscopic examination of stool or the agar plate method
• Enzyme immunoassay for antibodies
Microscopic examination of a single stool sample detects larvae in about 25% of uncomplicated
infections. Repeated examination of concentrated stool samples raises the sensitivity; as many
as 7 negative stool samples are recommended to exclude the diagnosis. The agar plate method
has a sensitivity of > 85%. If the specimen stands at room temperature for several hours,
rhabditiform larvae may transform into longer filariform larvae, leading to erroneous diagnosis of
hyperinfection. Sampling of the proximal small bowel by aspiration may be positive in low-level
infections and should be done endoscopically to permit biopsy of suspicious duodenal and
jejunal lesions. In hyperinfection syndrome, filariform larvae may be found in stool, duodenal
504
contents, sputum, and bronchial washings and, uncommonly, in CSF, urine, or pleural or ascitic
fluid. Chest x-rays may show diffuse interstitial infiltrates, consolidation, or abscess.
Several immunodiagnostic tests are available for strongyloidiasis. Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) is
recommended because of its greater sensitivity (> 90%). IgG antibodies can usually be detected
even in immunocompromised patients with disseminated strongyloidiasis, but the absence of
detectable antibodies does not exclude infection. Cross-reactions in patients with filariasis or
other nematode infections may result in false-positive tests. Antibody test results cannot be
used to differentiate current from past infection. A positive test warrants continuing efforts to
establish a parasitologic diagnosis. Serologic monitoring may be useful in follow-up because
antibody levels decrease within 6 mo of successful chemotherapy. Sensitive and specific PCR-
based methods for the diagnosis of S. stercoralis in stool samples are being developed and are
available in research settings.
Eosinophilia is often present but can be suppressed by drugs such as corticosteroids or cytotoxic
chemotherapeutic drugs.
Treatment
Benzimidazole anthelmintics and ivermectin are the most commonly used agents for the
treatment of strongyloidiasis. The modes of action of these drugs are poorly understood. A
number of mechanisms have been described with regard to the action of benzimidazole agents
on nematodes. The first of these is probably the most important. These drugs bind to the beta
subunit of microtubule protein in the cytoplasm and prevent the assembly of microtubules (35).
This leads to degenerative changes in the cells of the tegument and the gut which in turn leads
to impaired digestion and absorption of nutrients. Some benzimidazoles also affect lipid
membranes leading to bioenergetic disruption resulting from transmembrane proton discharge.
Some benzimidazoles but not others interfere with glucose metabolism or glucose transport
resulting the in the depletion of glycogen stores. Resistance to some benzimidazoles has been
well-documented in some animal populations with some parasites but whether or not acquired
resistance has developed in human strongyloidiasis is unknown. A number of mechanisms have
been suggested for the anthelmintic activity of ivermectin. This drug interferes with transmission
at the neuromuscular junctions and results in muscular paralysis including pharyngeal pumping
(41).
Ivermectin
Ivermectin: there is dose-dependent eradication of adults in the gut and larvae in the tissues,
and surviving larvae do not mature, in humans
Invermectin @ 200 mcg/kg po once/day for 2 days is used for uncomplicated infection and is
generally well-tolerated. Albendazole 400 mg po bid for 7 days is an alternative. In
immunocompromised patients, prolonged therapy or repeated courses may be needed.
Combined therapy with albendazole and ivermectin has been used for hyperinfection. In
severely ill patients who are unable to take oral drugs, rectal preparations of ivermectin
have been used.
505
Cure should be documented by repeated stool examinations.
Ivermectin is the drug of first choice for treatment because of higher tolerance in patients.[5]
Thiabendazole was used previously, but, owing to its high prevalence of side effects (dizziness,
vomiting, nausea, malaise) and lower efficacy, it has been superseded by ivermectin and as
second-line albendazole. However, these drugs have little effect on the majority of these
autoinfective larvae during their migration through the body. Hence, repeated treatments with
ivermectin must be administered to kill adult parasites that develop from the autoinfective
larvae.
In the UK, mebendazole and piperazine are currently (2007) preferred.[15] Mebendazole has a
much higher failure rate in clinical practice than albendazole, thiabendazole, or ivermectin.[16]
This parasite depends on chemical cues to find a potential host. It uses sensor neurons of class AFD to
identify cues excreted by the host.[17]S. stercoralis is attracted to nonspecific attractants of warmth, carbon
dioxide, and sodium chloride. Urocanic acid, a component of skin secretions in mammals, is a major
chemoattractant. Larvae of S. stercoralis are strongly attracted to this compound.[7] This compound can be
suppressed by metal ions, suggesting a possible strategy for preventing infection.
In Vitro Susceptibility
The effects of the benzimidazole agents, thiabendazole, mebendazole and cambendazole and
albendazole on various stages of the environmental component of the life cycle of S. ratti have
been reported (26, 27). Whereas S. stercoralis is found in stools in the form of first-stage
larvae, S. ratti appears in faeces as eggs. None of these drugs inhibited the hatching of larvae
from S. ratti eggs. When first-stage larvae are incubated in faeces in the laboratory, they moult
twice after one and two days, respectively to become second-stage then third-stage larvae. All
four drugs inhibited both of these moults. In addition, cambendazole but not thiabendazole or
mebendazole impaired the viability (defined on the basis of structural integrity and movement)
of first-, second-and third-stage larvae. Third-stage larvae are the infective form of the parasite.
When such larvae were incubated with anthelmintics prior to being exposed to mice,
cambendazole completely prevented the development of infection in exposed mice whereas
thiabendazole, mebendazole and albendazole did not inhibit it at all. When parasitic adult S.
ratti worms were removed from the intestines of mice and exposed to thiabendazole,
mebendazole and cambendazole, there was no effect at all on viability in vitro.
Similar experiments were done with S. stercoralis. All four drugs completely prevented the
transformation of first-stage larvae into infective third-stage larvae. It was possible to evaluate
the infectivity of these latter larvae by examining mouse muscle after percutaneous infection
with these parasites. Thiabendazole, mebendazole and albendazole had no effect on infectivity
but cambendazole inhibited it completely. When parasitic adult S. stercoralis was removed from
the intestines of dogs and exposed to the thiabendazole, mebendazole and cambendazole, there
was no effect at all on viability.
These results suggest that cambendazole acts in a different manner to the other three drugs.
They all inhibit moulting of worms but only cambendazole seems to impair the viability of worms
in the periods between moults and to inhibit the infectivity of third-stage larvae.
The efficacy of thiabendazole and albendazole was compared with aqueous methanol extracts of
various Jamaican plants in the ability to kill infective larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis (58). The
inactivation for 50% of larvae was 35 and 74 hours for albendazole and thiabendazole,
respectively. This compared with less than one hour for Mimosa pudica, 2 hours for love weed
506
(Cuscuta americana), 9.5 hours for breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) and 20 hours for chicken weed
(Salvia serotina). It is possible that these plants contain an active agent.
In Vivo Susceptibility (Animal Models)
The effects of the various benzimidazole agents on various stages of the in vivo component of
the life cycle of S. ratti infections of mice and rats and S. stercoralis infections of dogs have
been reported. Ivermectin has been investigated in S. ratti infections of mice, S.
venezuelensis infections of rats and S. stercoralis infections of dogs and gerbils. Cyclosporine
has been studied in rats infected with S. ratti and dogs infected with S. stercoralis. S.
stercoralis completes its development in dogs and this provides the best model for investigating
the precise effects of anthelmintic agents on the various stages of the life cycle. Furthermore,
the intensity of infection and severity of disease is greatly increased in immunosuppressed dogs.
Thiabendazole
Thiabendazole: 50 mg/kg per day

Thiabendazole does not kill adult worms but reduces larval output; it has no effect on larvae in the tissues. Of
these drugs, thiabendazole is no longer commonly used because of the side-effects of nausea and
neuropsychiatric symptoms.
In mice, thiabendazole had no effect on S. ratti infective larvae in the skin or migrating through
the lungs nor did it prevent their maturation into adult worms in the intestine. It did not expel
adult worms from the gut but reduced their fecundity and therefore the numbers of eggs
excreted in the faeces by 80-90%. Thiabendazole had no effect on the infectivity of S.
stercoralis larvae as assessed by the involvement of the muscles of mice (21). The activity of
thiabendazole has also been studied in rats infected with S. ratti; it was inactive against larvae
in the tissue phase but was reported as being completely effective in the intestinal phase (44).
However, only stools were tested for larvae and the intestines were not examined for the
presence of adult worms or larvae. In a different study, a single dose of thiabendazole reduced
the number of eggs in the stools by approximately 50% (2). Thiabendazole did not abrogate the
development of patent infection with S. stercoralis when administered at the same time as
infection to immunocompetent dogs. Nor did it eradicate the parasites when given after the
onset of established infection (i.e. when larvae appeared in the stools) in immunosuppressed
dogs (28).
Mebendazole
Mebendazole kills adults but not larvae, and is between 100 and 1000 times less effective than
cambendazole, in humans.
In mice, mebendazole had no effect on the numbers of S. ratti larvae in the skin of mice but
prevented most larvae from reaching the gut and developing into adult worms. In contrast to
thiabendazole, mebendazole eliminated adult worms from the gut. Mebendazole had no effect
on the infectivity of S. stercoralis larvae as assessed by the involvement of the muscles of mice
(21). Mebendazole did not abrogate the development of patent infection with S.
stercoralis when administered at the same time as infection to immunocompetent dogs. Nor did
it eradicate the parasites when given after the onset of established infection (i.e. when larvae
appeared in the stools) in immunosuppressed dogs (28).
Cambendazole
507
Cambendazole eliminates adults and larvae in Humans.
In mice, cambendazole had no effect on the numbers of S. ratti larvae in the skin of mice but
prevented most larvae from reaching the gut and developing into adult worms. In contrast to
thiabendazole, cambendazole eliminated adult worms from the gut. Cambendazole was 100-
1,000 times more active than mebendazole. Cambendazole was the most effective of all the
benzimidazoles and completely eliminated S. stercoralis infective larvae from the muscles of
mice (21). Cambendazole abrogated the development of patent infection with S.
stercoralis when administered at the same time as infection to immunocompetent dogs. It did
not eradicate the parasites when given after the onset of established infection (i.e. larvae
appearing in the stools) although, in contrast to thiabendazole and mebendazole, worm burdens
were greatly reduced in immunosuppressed dogs treated with cambendazole (28).
Albendazole
Albendazole: there is also dose dependent eradication of adults in the gut and larvae in the tissues, in
humans.
Both albendazole and ivermectin are

lipophilic and are best taken with a fatty food
such as full-cream milk
Resistance of S. stercoralis to treatment

with albendazole is associated with elevation
of the S. stercoralis-specific IgG4 antibody
titre at the expense of IgG1 (70). IgG4 is
thought to block IgE-mediated responses in
human strongyloidiasis (43).
Of these drugs, thiabendazole is no longer

commonly used because of the side-effects
of nausea and neuropsychiatric symptoms.
There were a number of trials of
cambendazole during the early 1980s, but it
was withdrawn from the market by the
manufacturer because of rare severe
reactions in cattle (61). Mebendazole is
completely unreliable (61).
Albendazole 400
mg for 3 days is commonly prescribed. The
estimated efficacy of this regimen was 38%
compared with 83% for ivermectin (65). This
In mice, albendazole had a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on S. ratti migratory larvae in the
tissues and their development into adult worms. In contrast to thiabendazole, albendazole
eliminated adult worms from the gut. Albendazole had a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on S.
stercoralis in the muscles of mice (26). The activity of albendazole has also been studied in rats
infected with S. ratti; it was inactive against larvae in the tissue phase but was reported as
being completely effective in the intestinal phase (44). However, only stools were tested for
larvae and the intestines were not examined for the presence of adult worms or larvae.
Albendazole treatment for three days given at the same time as infection completely prevented
the development of patent infections with S. stercoralis in immunocompetent dogs. When
albendazole was given in a dose of 100 mg daily to immunosuppressed dogs with patent
508
infections, larvae disappeared from the stools transiently. When the dogs intestines were
examined 7 weeks after cessation of treatment, small numbers of adult worms and rhabditiform
larvae were found (26).
Ivermectin
In studies of mice, ivermectin markedly reduced larval migration of S. ratti, prevented their
development into adult worms in the gut and eradicated established adult worms from the
intestinal tract. Furthermore, ivermectin eradicated S. stercoralis larvae from the muscles of
mice (23). Rats were infected with S. venezuelensis and treated with a single oral dose of either
a human or veterinary preparation of ivermectin (200 μg/kg); 73-84% of tissue larvae and 59-
98% of intestinal adult worms were cleared (1). Similar results were seen when ivermectin was
given by injection (12). Two dogs naturally infected with S. stercoralis were given a single dose
of ivermectin (200 μg/kg); larvae disappeared from the faeces within a week but one dog had a
recrudescence of infection and required a second course of treatment. Three dogs were infected
experimentally and immunosuppressed with corticosteroids. A single dose of 800 μg/kg was
ineffective in removing infective larvae from the sites of infection but no parasites were found in
the intestines (39). A single intraperitoneal injection of ivermectin given in the usual human
dose (200 μg/kg) to Mongolian gerbils (= jirds; Meriones unguiculatus) infected with S.
stercoralis had no effect on the number of adult worms in the bowel or on their fecundity. When
five times this dose was used, all worms were eradicated from the bowel (64).
Cyclosporin
Cyclosporin, an immunosuppressant agent used to prevent rejection in organ transplantation,

was serendipitously discovered to have an anti- Strongyloides effect when it was used to
immunosuppressed dogs infected with S. stercoralis. Instead, the infection was eradicated.
Subsequent studies showed that cyclosporin eradicated S. ratti from rats (61). A later study
reported that a single dose given to rats reduced the number of larvae in the stools by
approximately 50% (2).
Conclusions
These studies suggest that cambendazole is the most active of the benzimidazole anthelmintics.
It is the only one that kills first-, second-and third-stage larvae in vitro and prevents the
development of patent infections by infective larvae exposed to drug in vitro. With regard to S.
ratti, cambendazole is the most effective on a weight-for weight basis against larvae migrating
through the tissues and in eliminating adult worms from the gut. Cambendazole and ivermectin
were the only drugs which eradicated S. stercoralis larvae from the muscles of mice and the
former drug produced the greatest reduction in worm burden in dogs infected with S.
stercoralis. However, the availability of cambendazole is limited. Of the alternative drugs
available, experimental studies indicate that albendazole and ivermectin are the next most
effective and have similar efficacy.
ANTIPARASITIC THERAPY
The peculiar biological behavior of Strongyloides stercoralis is of critical importance in
determining a successful outcome in the treatment of strongyloidiasis (25). The aim of
treatment in most worm infections is to simply reduce the number of worms to the point at
which the low intensity of infection is unlikely to cause disease. This is relatively easy to achieve
in most intestinal nematode infections such as hookworm and roundworm as these parasites
cannot reproduce within the human body. Recurrent infection with such parasites requires
exposure to more larvae in the environment in the case of hookworm or the ingestion of eggs in
food in the case of Ascaris. This simple approach is not applicable in strongyloidiasis as, in
contrast to other worm infections, these parasites have the capacity to replicate within the
509
human host. Consequently, unless all worms are eradicated by treatment, those few remaining
will multiply and build up the worm burden again. The problem is compounded by the fact that
the diagnosis is often difficult to make in the first place because larvae are sometimes very
sparse in the stools. It is therefore often impossible to be certain that all the worms have been
eradicated. In some immunosuppressed patients in whom infection cannot be cleared, it is
necessary to offer repeated courses of treatment.
S. stercoralis is relatively resistant to anthelmintic therapy when compared with other

nematodes. Anti-Strongyloides activity is seen in two major classes of drugs, benzimidazoles and
avermectins. Several benzimidazoles and one avermectin are available for human use. In
addition, cyclosporin may have some effectiveness in strongyloidiasis. Unfortunately, the
treatment of strongyloidiasis is often problematic.
Drug of Choice
Ivermectin: Ivermectin is the drug of choice for initial therapy of all forms of strongyloidiasis. It
is available in many countries and is probably the most effective drug. Unfortunately, a single
course of treatment cannot always be relied upon to eradicate infection. Ivermectin is
administered orally in the dosage indicated in Table 1.
Ivermectin was first used for the treatment of human strongyloidiasis in 1989. It is relatively
well absorbed with a bioavailability of 50% after oral administration. A proportion of ivermectin
is metabolized. The half-life of ivermectin is about 10 hours while that of the metabolites is
about three days. Almost all of the drug, whether unchanged or a metabolite, is excreted in the
faeces. Ivermectin is generally well tolerated. One or two percent of patients may complain of
gastrointestinal symptoms or a rash. The product information provided by the manufacturer
indicates that the safety of the drug has not been established in pregnancy. However, this is
discussed in more detail in Section III. B. 5; ivermectin should not be used unless the mother’s
life is at risk. It is excreted in breast milk so should be used with caution in nursing mothers.
Ivermectin is available as 3mg tablets. It is generally recommended that it be given in a single
dose of 200 μg/kg, or on two consecutive days.
There have now been a number of series investigating the efficacy of ivermectin in the
treatment of strongyloidiasis. Reported cure rates vary between 67% and 100% (Table 2). In
direct comparisons, it has been shown that ivermectin is more effective and better tolerated
than thiabendazole and albendazole (16, 18, 40, 51, 65, 67). It must be remembered that
follow-up undertaken shortly after administration of ivermectin may overestimate efficacy as the
parasite may require a long time to build up worm numbers to a detectable level. The limited
sensitivity of faecal analysis is underlined in the study of Toma and colleagues (67); those
authors found that pyrvinium pamoate had an apparent cure rate of 23% even though this drug
probably has no activity against S. stercoralis.
Special Situations
Failure to Respond to Treatment in Uncomplicated Strongyloidiasis
If patients fail to respond to a single course of therapy, then repeated courses of treatment
with ivermectinshould be offered. It infection still cannot be eradicated, then one of the
alternative agents can be tried (Table 1).
Attempted Eradication of Infection in Immunosuppressed Patients Without

Disseminated Infection
510
Every attempt should be made to eradicate infection in patients who have recently had or are
about to have an organ transplant or are given corticosteroids for some other indication but
have not yet developed disseminated infection. Similar regimens can be tried for these patients
as well as for patients with HTLV-I infection who are prone to hyperinfection (Table 1).
Initial Therapy of Disseminated Strongyloidiasis in Immunosuppressed Patients
Overwhelming strongyloidiasis occurs in patients with impaired defenses, particularly those who
are receiving corticosteroid therapy. Most reported cases have been seen in patients with renal
transplantation or lymphoma. Disseminated strongyloidiasis is sometimes seen in patients with
AIDS but not as frequently as was originally predicted. Complications of disseminated infection
include pneumonia and respiratory failure, intestinal obstruction, Gram-negative septicaemia and
meningitis. All of these aspects may need attention. As with other forms of
strongyloidiasis, ivermectin is the preferred initial therapy of overwhelming strongyloidiasis. The
response to treatment with ivermectin in overwhelming strongyloidiasis is variable. Two patients
with AIDS who were given a single dose of ivermectin relapsed whereas sustained clinical and
parasitological responses were seen in seven such patients who were given four courses of the
drug over 16 days (68). On the other hand, a patient with hypogammaglobulinaemia could not
be cured despite repeated courses of treatment over 14 months (5). Some patients with
disseminated strongyloidiasis have intestinal obstruction and cannot tolerate oral administration.
Hyperinfection has been controlled in several patients who failed to respond to or could not
tolerate oral therapy by subcutaneous administration of veterinary preparations of ivermectin
(14, 42, 59, 69). Another patient has been treated successfully with rectal ivermectin (66). The
favorable response to repeated doses of ivermectin reported in a small series by Torres and
colleagues suggests that repeated courses or a long course of treatment may be required to
eradicate infection in some patients (68).
Patients with disseminated strongyloidiasis and intestinal obstruction are difficult to treat. Such
patients usually need suction and drainage as well as intravenous fluids. It may not be possible
to administer anthelmintics orally in such situations. The options lie between subcutaneous
injection of a veterinary preparation of ivermectin as discussed above, and rectal administration
of thiabendazole as will be discussed later. Bacterial superinfections need treatment with
appropriate antibiotics, usually those that cover coliforms. Many regimens would be appropriate
until a specific organism is identified and its antibiotic susceptibilities determined; these include
parenteral administration of a broad-spectrum penicillin, third-generation cephalosporin or
quinolone together with an aminoglycoside. If possible, the intensity or immunosuppressive
therapy should be reduced. Theoretically, changing the regimen to include cyclosporin might be
helpful, in the hope that that agent will have some anti- Strongyloides effect (63). In desperate
circumstances, cessation of immunosuppressive therapy may be the only means of saving a
patient’s life, even if means losing a renal graft. Despite intensive measures, many patients with
severe, complicated strongyloidiasis still die.
Suppression Therapy in Immunosuppressed Patients
In some immunosuppressed patients, it is impossible to eradicate infection. This may occur

either before the onset of disseminated infection or be apparent as persistent faecal excretion of
larvae after an initial response to treatment of a patient with overwhelming infection. In such
circumstances, the best that can be hoped for is to keep the worm burden to a minimum by
repeated administration of an anthelmintic. An appropriate initial regimen to try would be to give
a single dose ofivermectin each month (Table 1).
Pregnancy
511
The manufacturers advise caution in the treatment of strongyloidiasis with ivermectin and
benzimidazole agents including albendazole and mebendazole. All of these drugs are said to
have embryotoxic, fetotoxic, mutagenic and teratogenic potential (7). However, recent
information indicates that hundreds of pregnant women have been given ivermectin without ill-
effect (11, 15). It appears that ivermectin does not easily cross the placenta (11). Similarly,
WHO recommendations attest to the safety of single dose albendazole in pregnancy and so
three-day courses are probably similarly safe (60). A decision on whether or not to treat a
pregnant woman with strongyloidiasis should be made upon a balancing of the risks to the
mother of not treating her with the small potential for damage to the unborn child. In women
with uncomplicated strongyloidiasis, it is generally reasonable to defer treatment until after
birth. However, if the mother is seriously ill with disseminated strongyloidiasis, then treatment in
mandatory. In such circumstances, ivermectin is the drug of choice as it is more effective than
albendazole in this life-threatening situation.
Alternative Therapy
The agent that is chosen to treat strongyloidiasis will depend upon availability which may vary
from country to country, effectiveness, toxicity, cost and in some cases, governmental subsidy.
In some countries such as Australia, ivermectin is subsidized, but only for a single course.
Cambendazole is another extremely effective drug for the treatment of strongyloidiasis but its
availability is limited to Brazil and possibly some other countries in South America. Albendazole
is relatively reliable but needs to be given in repeated doses. Mebendazole is ineffective unless it
is given for a three-week course which is cumbersome. Thiabendazole is the least effective and
most toxic.
When ivermectin is unavailable, albendazole is the second choice although cambendazole may
be a better option in those countries in which it is available (Table 1). Thiabendazole ought only
to be used if the other drugs cannot be used, either because of limitation of supply or because
of their costliness. If patients fail to respond to a single course of therapy, then a prolonged
course with either mebendazole or albendazole should be offered. A similar regimen is
appropriate for immunosuppressed patients with disseminated strongyloidiasis in whom an
attempt is being made to eradicate infection.
Albendazole
Albendazole is the benzimidazole agent most recently introduced into clinical practice and was
first described in the treatment of strongyloidiasis in 1981. Albendazole is thought to be poorly
absorbed although there is probably more absorption than with mebendazole; most of the drug
is therefore active against intestinal forms of the parasite. Albendazole that is absorbed is
metabolized rapidly into albendazole sulphoxide and this is probably active against tissue phases
of the parasite. The half-life of the metabolite is about 8 hours; it is eliminated principally in the
bile. Because of its poor absorption, albendazole has negligible toxicity when given in the doses
used for strongyloidiasis. It has a remarkable safety record in several hundred million patient
exposures over a 20 year period (33). It appears to be safe in pregnancy in single dose, and so
a risk-benefit assessment could favour its use for symptomatic strongyloidiasis.
Contraindications are the same as for thiabendazole. Albendazole is generally available as 200
and 400 mg tablets and as a suspension of 100 mg/ml. It is usually given in a dose of 400mg
once or twice daily irrespective of weight for persons two years of age and over for 3 days.
Analysis of the first 23 trials reported on the effectiveness of albendazole disclosed conflicting
results (24). The doses varied but the claimed cure rates varied from 28% to 100%. Subsequent
studies of treatment for several days have indicated cure rates of between 38% and 80%
(4, 13, 29, 40, 43, 50, 67, 51, 65). Some authors have suggested that albendazole should be
the treatment of choice for strongyloidiasis but there is considerable disagreement with the titles
512
of papers ranging from albendazole is effective treatment for chronic strongyloidiasis to the
weak performance of albendazole in the treatment of strongyloidiasis (4).
A single repetition of the standard course after either one or two weeks made little difference to
the cure rate (13, 50). Since albendazole has a greater larvicidal activity than mebendazole in
experimental animals, it is likely that courses of treatment prolonged for three to four weeks are
likely to be more effective. Unfortunately, no trials have yet been reported which examine this
possibility.
Cambendazole
Cambendazole was first used for the treatment of human strongyloidiasis in 1976. It is thought
to be well absorbed from the gut and has a half-life of about 12 hours. Little is known about the
pharmacokinetics of the drug. Limited studies in humans have found negligible severe toxicity
although some patients complained of dizziness or diarrhea (3, 8). Unfortunately, several fatal
idiosyncratic reactions occurred in cattle and this led to its withdrawal in most parts of the world
(32, 38). It is not licensed for human use in the United States of America but is available in
Brazil. It should not be used in pregnancy. Contraindications are the same as for thiabendazole.
Cambendazole is available as cambendazol (uci-farma, Sao Paulo, Brazil) 180 mg tablets. The
currently recommended therapy is a single dose of 5 mg/kg for immunocompetent patients.
Analysis of 8 trials undertaken in South America between 1976 and 1983 revealed cure rates of
between 83% and 100% (24). A total of 380 patients were studied with an average cure rate of
94%. The dose of cambendazole given varied from 2.5 to 25 mg/kg. However, these patients
were only followed up for several weeks and it is possible that a longer follow-up may have
disclosed a higher relapse rate.
Although there have been no formal trials, cambendazole has been used with success in a
patient with AIDS and disseminated strongyloidiasis (36). Repeated treatment for 12 months
with thiabendazole failed to cure the patient. The patient was then given cambendazole 360 mg
daily for 10 days then a single dose of 360 mg every two weeks. The patient died four months
later from Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia but no parasites were even seen in multiple
faecal and sputum specimens, including broncho-alveolar lavage fluid obtained at bronchoscopy.
Mebendazole
Mebendazole was the second benzimidazole introduced for human use in 1973. It is poorly
absorbed and most of the drug is active against intestinal forms of the parasite. The
mebendazole that is absorbed is decarboxylated in the liver and has a half-life of about 6 hours.
90% of the orally administered drug is excreted unchanged in the faeces while the remaining
10% is excreted in the urine as the metabolite. Because of its poor absorption, mebendazole
has negligible toxicity when given in the doses used for strongyloidiasis. It should not be used in
pregnancy. Contraindications are the same as for thiabendazole. Mebendazole is generally
available as 100 mg tablets and as a suspension of 100 mg/ml. It is usually given in a dose of
100 mg twice daily irrespective of weight for persons two years of age and over.
Mebendazole has had a disappointing record when given for only three days. Analysis of 9 trials
suggested a cure rate of approximately 50% but this is probably an overestimate (24). In a
comparative, trial, Beus found that mebendazole given for 5 days was only as half as effective
as thiabendazole given for 2 days (6). There have, however, been suggestions that treatment
for prolonged periods or repeated courses of mebendazole may be more effective. Wilson and
Kaufman gave mebendazole in a dose of 1.5 g daily for 14 days and apparently cured a patient
with an infected intestinal blind loop who had failed to respond to thiabendazole therapy (71).
Mravak and colleagues gave mebendazole for three days to two patients without effect but
cured them when 500 mg was given daily for 20 consecutive days (45). Shikiya and colleagues
513
studied various regimens (62). They claimed a 94% cure rate when mebendazole was given in a
dose of 100 mg twice daily for 28 days to 16 patients; and 87% cure rate when given in the
same dose for 5 days then the course repeated at weeks 1, 3 and 4 in 31 patients; and a 96%
cure rate when given to 48 patients in a similar regimen except that each course was of only 4
days duration. The efficacy of these regimens was confirmed when patients were re-examined
between 8 months and two years later but approximately half of the patients had abnormal liver
function tests. The replication time for S. stercoralis to complete its development from first-
stage larva to a gravid adult worm is between two and three weeks. It is likely that sequential
therapy over several weeks is effective by eliminating adult worms in the gut initially and then
removing those that develop over the next two to three weeks from autoinfecting larvae that
migrate from the tissues back to the bowel.
Thiabendazole
Thiabendazole was the first benzimidazole introduced for the treatment of strongyloidiasis and
has now been in use for forty years. It is rapidly absorbed from the gut then almost all the drug
is metabolized in the liver by hydroxylation then conjugated to form inactive glucuronate and
sulphonate esters. The half-life varies between one and two hours. More than 90% of the drug
is excreted in the urine within 24 hours. It is probably widely distributed in the tissues and at
least some drug enters the cerebrospinal fluid. Side-effects are common. Two-thirds of patients
complain of nausea, which may be quite severe. Many patients will complain of malaise,
dizziness, anorexia, smelly urine or a variety of neuropsychiatric disturbances. There may also
be abdominal pain, vomiting, headache, facial flushing and pruritus. Thiabendazole is best
avoided during pregnancy, especially in the first trimester, as there have been reports of
teratogenic effects in experimental animals given benzimidazole agents early in pregnancy. It
should not be given if there has been a prior hypersensitivity reaction to a benzimidazole agent.
Thiabendazole is generally available as 500 mg tablets and as a suspension of 100 mg/ml. It is
usually given in a dose of 25 mg/kg for 3 days.
Over 20 trials of the effectiveness of thiabendazole in uncomplicated strongyloidiasis were

reported in the first decade after its introduction (24). The results seemed impressive with
apparent efficacies ranging from 60-100%. However, they need to be viewed with some
circumspection as it is extremely difficult to be certain that infection has been eradicated and
that there are no worms remaining to multiply and cause persistent disease as a result of
autoinfection. Further, many studies were carried out in endemic areas where reinfection was
also possible. There are relatively few studies that have followed patients for a prolonged period
in order to see whether there are any relapses. It is probable that infection persists in up to 20-
30% of treated patients (17, 22, 49, 53). It has been suggested that cure rates may be
improved by recurrent courses of treatment but the side-effect rate was high and nearly half of
the patients dropped out in one trial (53).
The value of thiabendazole in patients with overwhelming strongyloidiasis due to disseminated

infection has not been studied systematically in large series because of the sporadic occurrence
of such infections. When those reports that were available were collated, it became apparent
that of those patients who survived for at least three days after the initiation of thiabendazole
therapy, more than one half of the patients failed to respond completely to treatment and many
died (24). Some patients required repeated courses of treatment to suppress the infection.
There is no intravenous preparation of thiabendazole but rectal administration of thiabendazole
suspension (1.5g in 15 ml) as a retention enema once daily for 14 days was successful in one
patient (9).
Prevention
514
Prevention of primary infections is the same as for hookworms. To prevent potentially fatal
hyperinfection syndrome, clinicians should do several stool examinations and serologic testing in
patients with possible exposure to Strongyloides (even in the distant past), with unexplained
eosinophilia, or with symptoms that suggest strongyloidiasis before corticosteroids or other
immunosuppressants are used. If patients are infected, treatment for strongyloidiasis should be
instituted and parasitologic cure should be documented before immunosuppression.
Immunosuppressed people who have recurrent strongyloidiasis require additional courses of
treatment until cured.
Key Points
• Strongyloides larvae penetrate human skin when people walk barefoot on infested soil.
• Larvae travel through the bloodstream to the lungs, penetrate the alveoli, ascend the
respiratory tract, are swallowed, and then mature in the intestines; adult worms produce
ova that hatch in the intestines, releasing larvae; they can develop into infective
filariform larvae, which may cause external or internal autoinfection, perpetuating the
cycle.
• Patients who are taking corticosteroids or who have impaired cell-mediated immunity
may develop potentially fatal hyperinfection syndrome—disseminated disease involving
the lungs, intestines, skin, and organs that are not part of the parasite's normal life cycle
(eg, CNS, liver, heart).
• Symptoms include rash, pulmonary symptoms (including cough and wheezing), and
abdominal pain with diarrhea.
• Diagnose by microscopic examination of multiple stool samples, the agar plate method,
or duodenal aspirate. Larvae may be identified in sputum in patients with hyperinfection.
• Treat with ivermectin
for 2 days or with albendazole
for 7 days; hyperinfection syndrome requires prolonged or repeated courses.
http://www.plosntds.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pntd.0002640
Diagnostic Accuracy of Five Serologic Tests for Strongyloides stercoralis Infection
A brief description of all the methods follows:
 IFAT (CTD – in house method): it detects IgG antibodies against S. stercoralis; for
antigen preparation, intact S. stercoralis filariform larvae are obtained from a positive
charcoal fecal culture, as it has been described previously [15]. Based on ROC analysis,
samples with antibody titers ≥1:20 were considered positives.
 NIE refers to a 31-kDa recombinant antigen derived from a S. stercoralis L3 cDNA

library. NIE-based assays used in this trial were NIE- ELISA [16] and NIE- LIPS
(Luciferase Immunoprecipitation System) [17]. For the LIPS assay, all data were
corrected for background reactivity. Cut offs for negatives and positives were based on
515
ROC analysis using sera from stool positive Strongyloides-infected patients and normal
healthy controls as described [17]. For the NIE-ELISA, a standard curve was used and
values (units/ml) interpolated from that standard curve [16]. ROC analyses performed
previously were used to establish the negative and positive cutoffs for the NIE-ELISA.
Cut-offs for NIE ELISA and NIE LIPS were ≥24.13 Units/ml and ≥1434 Relative Light
Units (RLU), respectively.
Bordier ELISA [18]: it detects Strongyloides IgG antibodies by using somatic antigens from
larvae of Strongyloides ratti. According to the manufacturer's instructions, the result is positive
when the absorbance of the analyzed sample is higher than the absorbance of the weak positive
control (provided in the kit). For the study purpose, in order to be able to compare results from
different
sessions, we defined as positives samples with: absorbance of study sample/absorbance of

weak positive serum≥1 (calculated value).
IVD ELISA [19]: it detects Strongyloides IgG antibodies by using somatic antigens from larvae of
Strongyloides stercoralis. Positive samples are defined by absorbance greater than 0.2 OD units.
For the study purpose, absorbance of study sample/0.2≥1 (calculated value) was used as the
cutoff.
http://ltd.aruplab.com/Tests/Pub/0099564
http://www.questdiagnostics.com/testcenter/BUOrderInfo.action?tc=66324P&labCode=QBA
http://ltd.aruplab.com/Tests/Pub/0099564
http://www.inbios.com/elisas/Filariasis-ELISA
Filaria Detect™ IgG4 ELISA System
http://www.rapidtest.com/index.php?i=Strongyloides-IgG--ELISA-kit&id=168&cat=17
Strongyloides IgG ELISA kit
If ELISA shows the bug, on to DEC.
http://www.google.com/patents/US7709534
Method of treating strongyloides infections and medicaments therefor

WM Forbes, PB Reese, RD Robinson - US Patent 7,709,534, 2010 - Google Patents
... 14, *, Makarevich-Galperin et al, 49CA:74640, 1955. 15, *, Manowitz et al, 60CA:15004,
1964. 16, *, Mazza, Glacomo, "Minor volatile constituents of essential oil and extracts
of coriander fruits" 2002, Sciences des Aliments, 22(5), 617-27
patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/pdfs/US7910114.pdf
516
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention meets this need by providing a method of treating a human or other mammal
for a parasitic microorganism by administering an effective amount of a C8-Cl6-alpha, beta-
unsaturated aliphatic aldehyde, prefer ably a ClO-C14-alpha, beta-unsaturated aliphatic aldehyde,
and most preferably trans-2-dodecenal (also referred to as “eryngial”) to the human or other
mammal. The method includes treating a human or other mammal Which is infected or is believed
to be infected With the parasite. The method further includes administering the therapeutically
effective amount of eryngial in unit dosage form. The trans-2-dodecenal compound can be isolated
from
plant sources such as Eryngium foetidum and Coriandrum sativum. In an aspect of the present
invention, there is provided a method of treating a mammal for a parasite of the genus
Trypanosoma, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a C8-Cl6-alpha, beta-
unsaturated aliphatic aldehyde, preferably a ClO-Cl4-alpha, beta-unsaturated aliphatic aldehyde, and
more preferably trans-2-dodecenal, to the mammal.
517
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1413867012001225
The dosage of subcutaneous ivermectin used was 15 mg per day for the first four days (214 μg/kg)
and then, five days after discontinuation of the parenteral ivermectin, an additional seven-day
therapy was initiated (20 mg per day; 285 μg/kg). Daily monitoring of the ivermectin concentration
in the serum was essential, as the drug can be toxic to the central nervous system. The patient's
persistent coma could have been confused with symptoms of toxicity even though the dose (285
μg/Kg) was eight times lower than what can be tolerated by humans.12 It could also be due to
herpetic encephalitis, but because the concentration of drug in the plasma could not be assessed,
this hypothesis
could not be
confirmed.
518
Patients with hyperinfection and disseminated disease should be treated with ivermectin. For
those too sick to tolerate or absorb oral (PO) ivermectin, rectal (PR) or subcutaneous (SC)
dosing may be effective.[73] In these patients, ivermectin should be administered daily until
symptoms have resolved and larvae have not been detected for at least 2 weeks.
http://datasheets.scbt.com/sc-203609.pdf
Therapeutic doses of 0.2 mg/kg do not produce signs of toxicity in a variety of species
including humans.
There were no gross or histological changes seen in dogs treated with ivermectin for 3
months (no-observed-adverse-effect-level
(NOAEL) =0.5 mg/kg/day) or in monkeys treated for 2 weeks (NOAEL = 1.2 mg/kg/day).
Changes in the spleen, bone marrow and kidneys were reported in rats treated for 3
months (NOAEL = 0.4 mg/kg/day). Ivermectin produced developmental toxicity in mice,
rats and rabbits at or near dosage levels that were maternally toxic (NOAEL = 0.1 mg/kg/day in
mice, the most sensitive species). Neonatal rats are about 20 times more susceptible to
ivermectin than adult rats because the blood brain barrier is not fully developed until after birth.
There has been no evidence of teratogenicity in controlled studies in pregnant cattle, swine and
dogs at up to three times the clinical dose nor has breeding performance been affected in
various species.
Reproductive effects: Rats given 0.40 mg/kg/day of ivermectin had increased stillbirths,
decreased pup viability, decreased lactation, and decreased pup weights. These data
suggest that ivermectin may have the potential to cause reproductive effects at high enough
doses.
Teratogenic effects: Ivermectin produced cleft palate in the offspring of treated mice and
rabbits, but only at doses that were also toxic to the mothers. There were no birth defects in the
offspring of rats given up to 1 mg/kg/day. Ivermectin is unlikely to cause teratogenic effects
except at doses toxic to the mother.
The targeted clinical dosage of 0.15-0.2 mg/kg and doses in the range of 3 to 12 mg are
given according to body weight.
Higher dosages (0.4 mg/kg) have been given to patients with lymphatic
filariasis.
For treatment of onchocerciasis caused by Onchcerca volvulus, a leading cause of river

blindness in tropical areas), the drug is given only once every six or twelve months.
Ivermectin is metabolised in the liver and excreted almost exclusively in the faeces over a
period of twelve days. The plasma half-life in man is about 10-12 hours for ivermectin and 3
days for its metabolites. Side-effects are not considered to be due to the toxicity of
ivermectin as such, but are attributed to hypersensitivity reactions resulting from the death
of the microfilariae. In cases of accidental overdose with ivermectin, there have been no
fatalities reported; however symptoms resemble those in animal studies.
519
Mutagenic effects: Ivermectin does not appear to be mutagenic. Mutagenicity tests
in live rats and mice were negative. Ivermectin was shown to be nonmutagenic in
the Ames test. Carcinogenic effects: Ivermectin is not carcinogenic in rats or mice.
The rats were fed dietary doses of up to 2 mg/kg/day for 24 months, and the mice were up to 8
mg/kg/day for 22 months. These represent the maximum tolerated doses.
Flagellated Promastigote
Fucoidan cures infection with both antimony-susceptible and -resistant strains of Leishmania
donovani through Th1 response and macrophage-derived oxidants
520
Figure 3. Effect of fucoidan therapy on visceral infection in BALB/c mice. Various doses of
fucoidan (25–250 mg/kg/day) were given orally (3 times weekly) for a period of 4 weeks
4-aminoquinaldine compounds
4-Aminoquinaldine compounds are effective against both SAG-sensitive and SAG-

resistant Leishmania parasites in culture.We determined the in vitro leishmanicidal
activity of 4-aminoquinaldines (denoted PP) after 2 and 48 h exposure to L. donovani
(AG83) promastigotes (Table 2). Of the series studies, PP-2, PP-8, PP-9, and PP-10
demonstrated potent activities, with half-maximal inhibition concentrations (IC 50s for 2
h) ranging from 1.52 to 2.73 μM. Growth inhibition studies (48 h) illustrated that PP-9
and PP-10 were stronger inhibitors of L. donovani promastigotes, with IC 50s of 0.50 and
0.47 μM, respectively. Furthermore, exposure to intracellular amastigotes for 48 h
demonstrated that 4-aminoquinaldine derivatives PP-2, PP-9, and PP-10 have significant
IC50s of 1.47, 1.08, and 0.94 μM, respectively, without showing any toxicity on murine
peritoneal macrophages (Table 2). PP-9 and PP-10 were also effective against
intracellular amastigotes of SAG-resistant L. donovani strains exhibiting IC 50s of 6.44
and 3.91 μM, respectively, for GFP2039 and 7.7 and 5.84 μM, respectively, for GE1F8R
(Table 3). The IC50 of PP-10 is 1.54-fold less than that of miltefosine against GE1F8R
strains. Moreover, a significant reduction in green fluorescence of intracellular GFP2039
L. donovani amastigotes after PP-10 treatment at the IC50 dose in contrast to that for
untreated controls was observed
o Indolylquinoline derivatives are cytotoxic to Leishmania

donovani promastigotes and amastigotes
o Ferroquine, an ingenious antimalarial drug:
o mefloquine and aminosidine.
o Inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase
o 2,4-diaminoquinazolines as inhibitors of trypanosomal and

leishmanial dihydrofolate
1.
1. Mishra BB,
2. Singh RK,
3. Srivastava A,
4. Tripathi VJ,
5. Tiwari VK
521
. 2009. Fighting against Leishmaniasis: search of alkaloids as future true potential
anti-leishmanial agents. Mini Rev. Med. Chem. 9:107–123.
CrossRefMedline
Cationic Liposomal Sodium Stibogluconate (SSG), a Potent Therapeutic Tool for Treatment of Infection
by SSG-Sensitive and -Resistant Leishmania donovani Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. January 2015 59:1
344-355
Aspergillus japonicas in 1978
The epoxysuccinyl peptide l-trans-epoxysuccinyl-Leu-4-guanidinobutylamide (E64) was

the first CP inhibitor to be discovered, with an epoxide being the essential structural
feature (Fig. 1). This natural product was isolated from Aspergillus japonicas in 1978
(10). The broad-spectrum cysteine cathepsin inhibitor E64 selectively inhibited papain-
like CPs (clan CA, family C1) and had little or no selectivity for different members of this
proteinase family (27). Thus, E64 can be used as a broad-spectrum CAC1 inhibitor
which does not discriminate between the CPA, CPB, and CPC enzymes.
Furthermore, many derivatives of E64 were developed to achieve selectivity within the
papain family. l-trans-Epoxysuccinyl-Ile-Pro-OH propylamide (CA074), one of the first
selective inactivators of cathepsin B and cathepsin B-like enzymes (e.g., CPC) (Fig. 1),
was developed in 1991 (5, 34). Aziridinyl peptide inhibitors, a second class of cysteine
cathepsin inhibitors, are aza analogues of epoxysuccinyl peptide inhibitors. The natural
aziridinyl peptide miraziridine A was isolated from the marine sponge Theonella sp. aff.
mirabilis (20). Derivatives containing aziridine-2-carboxylic acid and aziridine-2,3-
dicarboxylic acid as electrophilic building blocks were synthesized to develop new
selective inhibitors (25, 26). In further investigations, aziridine-based inhibitors
containing aziridine-2,3-dicarboxylates [Azi(OBn) 2s] showed selective inhibition of
cathepsin L-like enzymes, for instance, rhodesain, the major trypanosomal papain-like
CP of the parasite Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (41), and falcipain-2 and falcipain-3
from the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum (29). In addition, aziridine-2,3-
dicarboxylate-based inhibitors had antiparasitic activity against Trypanosoma brucei
brucei and P. falciparum in vitro (29, 41). Finally, this promising series of
peptidomimetic aziridine-2,3-dicarboxylate inhibitors was demonstrated to exert
significant antileishmanial activity. Two derivatives of this series, Boc-( S)-Leu-(R)-Pro-
(S,S)-Azi(OBn)2 (compound 13b) and Boc-(R)-Leu-(S)-Pro-(S,S)-Azi(OBn)2 (compound
13e) (Fig. 1), reduced the growth and viability of Leishmania major promastigotes and
the infection rate of macrophages with L. major amastigotes (23). The peptidomimetic
inhibitors 13b and 13e were selectively active against L. major and did not display any
cytotoxic effects against macrophages and fibroblasts (23).
Aziridine-2,3-dicarboxylate-based inhibitors 13b and 13e reduce activity of cathepsin B-

like enzyme CPC in protein lysates of L. major.We recently demonstrated that aziridine-
2,3-dicarboxylate-based CP inhibitors 13b and 13e exhibit highly significant
leishmanicidal activity in vitro (23). Both compounds were developed to inhibit parasitic
cathepsin L-like enzymes (38, 41). In the present study, we analyzed the ability of
aziridine-2,3-dicarboxylate-based CP inhibitors 13b and 13e to affect the cysteine
cathepsin activities in L. major promastigotes. The proteolytic activities of the cathepsin
B-like and the cathepsin L-like enzymes could be detected by fluorescence proteinase
522
activity assays using the substrate Z-Phe-Arg-AMC (Fig. 2A). The detected proteolytic
activity was E64 sensitive (inhibition of CPA, CPB, and CPC) and CA074 sensitive
(selective inhibition of CPC) (Fig. 2A). However, minor residual proteinase activity
remained after preincubation with E64 (100 μM) and demonstrated that Z-Phe-Arg-AMC
is also cleaved by additional non-papain-like proteinases (Fig. 2A). The leishmanicidal
aziridine-2,3-dicarboxylate-based inhibitors 13b (200 μM) and 13e (200 μM) were also
able to inhibit the proteolytic cleavage of substrate Z-Phe-Arg-AMC (Fig. 2A). No further
reductions of proteinase activity by compounds 13b (200 μM) and 13e (200 μM) could
be detected after preincubation of protein lysates with E64 (100 μM) (Fig. 2B).
Therefore, the Z-Phe-Arg-AMC-cleaving proteinases inhibited by compounds 13b and
13e were members of the papain-like cysteine cathepsins (clan CA, family C1).
Preincubation of lysates with the CPC-specific CA074 (100 μM), followed by a second
incubation step with compound 13b (200 μM) or 13e (200 μM), also did not result in an
additional reduction of the hydrolytic activity in
Ascaris
http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/40/8/1173.full
Nitazoxanide: A New Thiazolide Antiparasitic Agent

it has been >30 years since the introduction of any new innovative treatment and, for some
pathogens (including Cryptosporidium), there is currently no accepted specific therapy [1].
Nitazoxanide, 2-acetyloxy-N-(5-nitro-2-thiazolyl) benzamide (Alinia; Romark Laboratories), is a new
nitrothiazole benzamide compound notable for its activity in treating both intestinal protozoal and
helminthic infections. It was first described in 1975 by Jean Francois Rossignol and was initially
developed as a veterinary antihelminthic with activity against intestinal nematodes, cestodes, and
liver trematodes [2]. In humans, nitazoxanide has been reported to be effective against a broad
range of parasites, including Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium parvum,
Cyclospora cayetanensis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Vittaforma corneae, Encephalitozoon intestinalis,
Isospora belli, Blastocystis hominis, Balantidium coli, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Ascaris lumbricoides,
Trichuris trichura, Taenia saginata, Hymenolepis nana, and Fasciola hepatica [3–9]. In vitro studies
have also shown antimicrobial activity against numerous gram-positive and gram-negative anaerobic
bacteria, specifically Bacteroides species, Clostridium species, and Helicobacter pylori, and against
aerobic gram-positive bacteria [10, 11].
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitazoxanide
Nitazoxanide was originally discovered in the 1980s by Jean-François Rossignol at the Pasteur
Institute. Initial studies demonstrated activity versus tapeworms. In vitro studies demonstrated much
broader activity. Dr. Rossignol co-founded Romark Laboratories, with the goal of bringing
nitazoxanide to market as an anti-parasitic drug. Initial studies in the USA were conducted in
collaboration with Unimed Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Marietta, GA) and focused on development of the
drug for treatment of cryptosporidiosis in AIDS. Controlled trials began shortly after the advent of
effective anti-retroviral therapies. The trials were abandoned due to poor enrollment and the FDA
rejected an application based on uncontrolled studies.
Rather than abandon their efforts, Romark launched a series of controlled trials. A placebo-
controlled study of nitazoxanide in cryptosporidiosis demonstrated significant clinical improvement in
adults and children with mild illness. Among malnourished children in Zambia with chronic
cryptosporidiosis, a three-day course of therapy led to clinical and parasitologic improvement and
improved survival. In Zambia and in a study conducted in Mexico, nitazoxanide was not successful in
the treatment of cryptosporidiosis in advanced infection with human immunodeficiency virus at the
523
doses used. However, it was effective in patients with higher CD4 counts. In treatment of giardiasis,
nitazoxanide was superior to placebo and comparable to metronidazole. Nitazoxanide was successful
in the treatment of metronidazole-resistant giardiasis. Studies have suggested efficacy in the
treatment of cyclosporiasis, isosporiasis, and amebiasis.[1]
The anti-protozoal activity of nitazoxanide is believed to be due to interference with the

pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR) enzyme dependent electron transfer reaction which is
essential to anaerobic energy metabolism. This mechanism of action overlaps with the mechanism of
action of the nitrofurans which is a class of antimicrobial drugs.[2]
Following oral administration, it is rapidly hydrolyzed to its active metabolite, tizoxanide,[3] which is
99% protein bound. Peak concentrations are observed 1–4 hours after administration. It is excreted
in the urine, bile and feces.
It has also been shown to have activity against influenza A virus in vitro.[4] The mechanism appears
to be by selectively blocking the maturation of the viral hemagglutinin at a stage preceding
resistance to endoglycosidase H digestion. This impairs hemagglutinin intracellular trafficking and
insertion of the protein into the host plasma membrane.
http://www.drugs.com/dosage/nitazoxanide.html
Usual Adult Dose for Cryptosporidiosis

For diarrhea in immunocompetent patients: 500 mg twice daily with food for 3 days.
For diarrhea in AIDS patients: 1000 mg twice daily with food for 14 days or until diarrhea resolves.
http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/archives/fdaDrugInfo.cfm?archiveid=16374
Information on nitazoxanide overdosage is not available. In acute studies in rodents and dogs, the
oral LD50 was higher than 10,000 mg/kg. Single oral doses of up to 4000 mg nitazoxanide have
been administered to healthy adult volunteers without significant adverse effects.
METHODS:
Seventy-five children aged from 28 days to 24 months, with rotavirus diarrhea, were randomly
assigned to receive either oral nitazoxanide (15 mg/kg/day) twice a day for three days, a
combination of oral probiotics, 1 g twice a day for five days, or only oral or systemic rehydration
solutions.
http://www.blastocystis.net/search/label/nitazoxanide
n2x/d for 10 days at 500mg per
http://cc.bingj.com/cache.aspx?q=nitazoxanide+mg
%2fkg+ascaris&d=4659074655654021&mkt=en-US&setlang=en-US&w=-YflujVeo_1Gs6zxtTps-
ENuRkm83rVs
Comparison of results of human clinical studies using compounds of
Formula I and Formula II having particle sizes ranging from 170 μm to 520 μm (mean = 352 μm)
with results obtained using Formula I and
524
Formula II having particle sizes ranging from 5 μm to 200 μm (mean = 34 μm).
Compound of Formula I (98%) + Compound of Formula II (2%) Particle sizes 170 to 520 μm
Particle sizes 5 to 200 μm
Dose = 15 to 50 mg/kg/day for 3 to 7 Dose = 15 mg/kg/day for days days Parasite No.
Cured/Total = % Cure Rate No. Cured/Total = % Cure Rate
__________________________________________________________________________
Blastocystis hominis
12/27 = 44% 10/10 = 100%
Entamoeba histolytica
29/47 = 62% 106/133 = 80%
Giardia lamblia
11/37 = 30% 50/73 = 68%
Ascaris lumbricoides
3/69 = 4% 144/179 = 80%
Trichuris trichiura
7/48 = 15% 58/79 = 73%
http://eol.org/pages/3598509/details
Infections can be treated with drugs called ascaricides. The treatment of choice is mebendazole.
The drug functions by binding to tubulin in the worms' intestinal cells and body-wall muscles.
Nitazoxanide and ivermectin can also be used.[5]
^ a b c Roberts, Larry S.; Janovy, John Jr. Foundations of Parasitology, Eight Edition. United
States: McGraw-Hill, 2009
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0035920354900401?np=y
The encouraging results obtained by Hewitt et al. (1948) in the treatment of canine ascariasis with hetrazan
formed the basis of its trial in human beings. Oliver Gonzales et al. (1949) treated six patients with
favourable results giving 2 mg. per kg. body weight three times daily for 24 hours, and followed 8 hours
later by a purge. Ruiz-Reyes et al. (1950) administered it to children using a dose of 2 to 3 mg. per kg. body
weight twice daily for 3 days, and concluded that although it was easy to administer hetrazan in palatable
syrup, yet it is not the best drug for ascariasis. Etteledrof et al. (1950) treated 15 children with a dose of 6
mg. per kg. body weight daily for 7 days and reported that hetrazan is very effective for the treatment of
ascariasis. Colbourne (1950) using the same dosage as Oliver-Gonzales in 24 patients, in comparison with oil
of chenopodium, concluded that hetrazan was less effective. Loughlin et al. (1951) treated three groups of
patients using higher doses or for longer periods, and considered hetrazan an effective anthelmintic in
ascariasis; they believe that the less satisfactory results obtained by other workers were attributable to the
insufficient dosage used. Thomson (1952) considered hetrazan as the most useful drug for the treatment of
ascariasis especially in debilitated children.She treated 50 children with 20 mg. per kg. body weight daily for
not less than 4 days and found this dose effective; yet she advised a course of 7 days.
http://www.neglecteddiseases.gov/target_diseases/soil_transmitted_helminthiasis/roundworm/
525
Although ascariasis is not eradicable, it can be better controlled if the above measures are implemented in
areas of high prevalence.
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00025967.htm
http://archsurg.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=578981
The condition of a 2-year-old Chinese boy with hepatic ascariasis, proven by biopsy, was managed
successfully with operative evacuation of the foci in the liver and piperazine citrate and diethylcarbamazine
citrate treatment. Although he became well during the three weeks in which diethylcarbamazine therapy was
given, this is not necessarily a claim for the specificity of this anthelmintic for hepatic ascariasis.
B Hominis
Blastocystis is a protozoan parasite.
Anti Parasitics
A number of antimicrobial agents have been used to treat Blastocystis infection. This includes
metronidazole, nitazoxanide, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), paramomycin, iodoquinol,
ketoconazole, secnidazole, emetine, tinidazole, and the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii.
Resistance
One clinic has reported successful treatment with a combination of secnidazole, nitazoxanide, and
furazolidone. However, it is to be noted that all three drugs are not currently available in many
countries.[3] A 2006 text described an USA patient returning from Nepal with chronic Blastocystosis
who was treated without success over a period of 3 years with iodoquinol, paramomycin,
doxycycline, albendazole, tinidazole, ornidazole, quinacrine, nitazoxanide, rifaximin, furazolidone,
cotrimoxazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, and various combinations of these drugs.[17] One recent
study on metronidazole resistance and subtype dependent variation in drug susceptibilities of
Blastocystis revealed that subtype 7 and subtype 4 are resistant to metronidazole
Nitazoxanide, a 5-nitro thiazole, broad spectrum antiparasitic agent is found to have potent activity
against Blastocystis.[10,30] In children, the achievable clearance rates are 97-100% on treatment
with this drug. It is well-tolerated with no serious adverse effects.[30] Metronidazole treatment
failures in Blastocystis may well respond to nitazoxanide.[12]
nitazoxanide 500 mg twice daily for 3 days reported a clinical and parasitological cure of 86%.
Quassa bark tea:
Other drugs that are found to have variable efficacy on Blastocystis are tinidazole, ornidazole,
secnidazole, ketoconazole, pentamidine, furazolidone, quinine, iodoquinol, iodochlorhydroxyquin,
and emetine.[10,12]
526
Cysteine proteases play an important role in the cell cycle and pathophysiology of Blastocystis and
induce up regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
S. boulardii is a non-pathogenic yeast and has proven effective in gastrointestinal diseases with
predominant inflammatory component, indicating its role in interference with cellular signaling
pathways
(Brucea javanica and Coptis chinensis). Their inhibitory activity was not as great as with similar
concentrations of metronidazole.
genotype-1 have demonstrated increased susceptibility to garlic at 0.01 mg/ml. Other investigational
agents such as ginger, black pepper, and white cumin did not have significant inhibitory effect in
drug susceptibility assays.
CFS Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
http://www.prohealth.com/library/showarticle.cfm?libid=3341
http://www.voiceamerica.com/episode/86639/the-discovery-of-a-new-worm-closely-linked-to-cfs-
fibromyalgia-and-multiple-chemical-sensitivities
Cryptostrongylus
Cryptostrongylus pulmoni
http://www.anapsid.org/cnd/diffdx/klapow.html
CFS patients, estimated at 63%
http://lymebusters.proboards.com/thread/10080
polarizing microscope
CFS Radio Program
Jan. 16th, 2000. Roger G. Mazlen, M.D. Host with Dr. Larry Klapow.
Dr. Mazlen: Dr. Larry Klapow was a guest on this past Sunday's CFS Radio Show and gave a very
important and very informative report of the work he has been doing. Dr. Klapow has been finding a
new roundworm type of parasite in CFS patients called "Cryptostrongylus pulmoni". I found this
show to be of particular interest to me because I have been found to have this particular parasitic
infection and was very interested to learn of the immunologic dysfunctions that it can cause. I truly
think that this important work definitely plays a part in the complex puzzle that is known as Chronic
Fatigue Syndrome.
527
Dr. Mazlen To kick off the new millennium with a good show that you'll find of great interest and
great importance, I'm talking today with Dr. Larry Klapow, a Ph.D. in Invertebrate Biology who's in
Burlingame, California near San Francisco. Good morning Larry, welcome to our show.
Dr. Klapow Good morning, Roger, I'm glad to be here.
Dr. Mazlen Can you tell our audience something about the this suspected new parasite that you've
found in a percentage of patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome? How'd you find it?
Dr. Klapow Well, Roger, it came about as a result of a conversation I was having with an
immunologist friend of mine, Dr. Vincent Marinkovich, here in Redwood City, California. He was
treating a CFS patient we thought might have a roundworm infection. The patient had a low grade
eosinophilia and some unusual rashes on the torso that suggested the possibility of threadworm
disease. Antibody tests and stool tests were negative. I thought about this for a while and I know
that some chronic parasites migrate between the digestive tract and the respiratory tract and some
of them are coughed up in sputum. So I looked at the sputum and that's where I found it. I called
the new parasite "Cryptostrongylus pulmoni", that's a provisional name and it means "the hidden
lung worm".
Dr. Mazlen That's pretty appropriate in terms of what you say.
Dr. Klapow It definitely is, Roger. It's very difficult to find. And I hope other people will start looking
for it. In fact, I've put together some material that I think can help them.
Dr. Mazlen You recently completed a small blinded study in cooperation with a small number of CFS
doctors including Dr. Anthony Komaroff in Harvard. You're now doing a larger blinded trial and
you're also trying to develop a clinical test for the parasite. But for these other investigators and
clinicians, can you tell us what does the parasite look like and how can they find it?
Dr. Klapow You can identify the parasite, the female by its mouth parts and the male by its very
intricate reproductive structure. This parasite is very small. The female is less than a millimeter long
and the male is about a third that length. So, in addition to being small there's also a lot of
difficulties. The specimens I usually pick up are naturally expelled in sputum and they're usually very
decayed and rare and because of this you need very specialized imaging techniques to find them.
They're not expensive techniques, they're just specialized. In any case I wanted to help people look
for this parasite and so I put together a website which describes how to find it in great detail. It also
includes anatomical drawings. I can give you the website address if you like.
Dr. Mazlen Yes, give us the address right now, that'll be great.
Dr. Klapow OK, I'll give you my own email address and then I can post the other rather longer
address for people who contact me. My email address is lak123@gateway.net.
Dr. Mazlen Now, this is really important because this introduces a whole new dimension about
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and its possible relationship to roundworm infestation. Can you tell us so
far, at least, as you've been looking, what percentages of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome patients are
turning out to be positive for this worm?
Dr. Klapow Yes, I find the parasites in about 40% of three-day sputum samples from CFS patients.
However, I have to tell you that yields are very low. In fact, they're so low that I think I'm probably
missing as many positive patients as I'm finding. The problem here is that over 80% of the positives
I get are represented by only one identifiable specimen. So just by chance it looks like I'm missing a
fairly high percentage.
Dr. Mazlen So, the prevalence can be a lot higher and this, of course, stirs some very great interest
528
in terms of causation and etiology which we'll go into later. Can you tell us anything about the
blinded trials so far?
Dr. Klapow Yes, I did a small blinded trial in cooperation with a number of doctors including Dr.
Anthony Komaroff at Harvard and here are the results. I think they're interesting but you judge for
yourself. 5 of the 11 patients were positive while all 6 controls were negative. Now, it's a small trial
but if you were trying to do as well by guessing, say by just tossing a coin, you'd only do as well as I
report here in about 1 in a 100 tests, so it's a very hard thing to do by just guessing. The results of
this small trial can be used to devise an experimental design for a large trial that could give a
statistically significant result and going through that exercise suggests that between 50 and 80
samples will be needed. Now, it may take some time to process these samples microscopically. It's
now taking me somewhere between 50 and 100 hours to find a single positive patient so I think the
progress will be slow, that is unless we can get something more rapid going in the form of a PCR
test.
Dr. Mazlen Well, I certainly congratulate you though for the effort that you're making because this is
totally important to patients for their prognosis and recovery ultimately. There's a lot more to learn
and, of course, we're going to go into that and you mentioned the PCR test and that you have some
arrangements whereby this can be developed and hopefully you'll get some funding to help this
along soon. If anybody in the audience is interested in helping in this regard they can reach me at
rgm1@aol.com which is my email address and I'll forward it on to Dr. Klapow. Larry where do you
think these parasites might be coming from?
Dr. Klapow Well, Roger, they have some specialized anatomical structures that suggest that they're
related to parasites of animals that live in the jungles of Southeast Asia. In fact, there's been
somewhat of a history of hard to diagnose parasites coming out of that area and being brought back
to "Western" countries after periods of warfare. It happened in the Victorian era when French
soldiers were returning from this area and brought back the chronic parasite Strongyloides
stercoralis to Europe where it was first diagnosed in 1894. It also happened again in World War II.
This time British soldiers became infected while they were imprisoned in Burma returned to England
and 30 years later, in 1974 they were diagnosed with chronic parasites they had gotten while they
were in prison. It's kind of a testament to how difficult some of these parasites are to find and treat.
I would like to look at people who've been to Southeast Asia and I think I plan to do that as soon as
I finish with the large trial I'm doing on CFS patients now.
Dr. Mazlen It's a natural sequitur because you're going to be having a chance to look at all of the
veterans of the Viet Nam era who either served in Viet Nam or Cambodia or neighboring areas.
Dr. Klapow That will happen, I think, rather quickly if I can get the PCR test going.
Dr. Mazlen You say it might be coming from this source and that's a possibility. How is it contracted?
How do you get it then?
Dr. Klapow I'm really not sure. What I can tell you is this. I've never seen a fresh transmissible stage
of the parasite in any sputum sample I've seen so far. I've done a couple of hundred samples at this
point. So I don't think there's any evidence right now of casual transmission. But roundworm
parasites are typically acquired by eating contaminated food, but an outbreak of Cryptostrongylus
infection, if it were transmitted in this way, would look very different then a typical food poisoning
incident where people get sick within a couple of hours after eating.
Dr. Mazlen That's due to the long latency that you mentioned.
Dr. Klapow Cryptostrongylus is very small but it produces a larvae which is very large so there's an
implication here that it must be reproducing very slowly and possibly has a very long latency time.
529
Of course, we know that the outbreak of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome usually take place over several
months and in some cases a couple of years and that I think would be consistent with the possibility
of a food borne infection with a very long latency period.
Dr. Mazlen Well, now we're going to turn to the clinical side. Most of the time that doctors are
looking for parasitosis, they look to see elevated eosinophil and serum IgE, or immunoglobulin E,
levels in patients. Isn't this usually the case?
Dr. Klapow Yes, but that's the first question that I get from doctors when I tell them that I found
what I think is a new species of roundworm parasite. Where's the elevated IgE? And the answer is
elevated IgE is mainly apparent in acute roundworm infections. With time, the chronic parasites are
able to suppress the IgE response and many of them produce a clinical picture where the patients
either have normal or lower than the normal average level of IgE and, in fact, that's the picture you
see in CFS and in all the studies I've reviewed, IgE is lower in CFS patients than in healthy control
populations.
Dr. Mazlen Here I want to interject that I'm part of the new study looking into C.pulmoni in CFS
patients and one of the things that prompted me to call you and talk to you about getting involved is
the fact that I had been seeing low IgE levels, low eosinophile counts in patients that I thought were
inappropriate.
Dr. Klapow In fact, there was a paper that's a few years old in the Journal of Chronic Fatigue
Syndrome that indicates that if you correlate IgE and eosinophil levels with the number of symptoms
the patients report, the sicker they are the lower the IgE and eosinophil counts and that's a
statistically significant relationship.
Dr. Mazlen And I see it and it seems to be borne out. Now, what do you think is suppressing IgE in
this CFS or Chronic Fatigue Syndrome patients? What's the mechanism?
Dr. Klapow Well, I think the mechanism may involve the cell marker CD23 which suppresses IgE.
There are a couple of other things that activate CD23, the IgE suppresser and those are active
herpes viruses and some of the TH1 cytokines, particularly interferon-gamma and the 2'-5'A, the
activator of the latent RNase enzyme. Both herpes viruses and 2'-5'A, as you know, are highly
elevated in CFS patients. In fact, it looks like some roundworms may be using chronic viruses as
cofactors to help perpetuate their own survival.
Dr. Mazlen That certainly rings true from what I've seen clinically and that leads us to another
question. If a lot of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome patients have allergies, they should have elevated IgE
levels but a lot of them, as we were just saying, don't. It seems to fit the model you propose of a
suppresser.
Dr. Klapow Yes, there are some doctors, in fact, that think allergy is a risk factor for getting a
roundworm infection and that's because patients who tend to produce too much IgE to non-specific
stimuli, harmless things, may not have enough reserves left over to fight off the parasites so they
get a foothold, and in fact, initially, you can even see patients who report increased allergies, but
later on when they're diagnosed with CFS and the presumptive parasite, if we may go so far and
speculate, has suppressed their IgE response and the values come out clinically low.
Dr. Mazlen Now, this brings us to a leading question, which, obviously is a speculation, but that's all
right because that's what this show is about. We want to raise issues and have other people
contribute to answering them as well. There seem to be many infectious agents that have been
proposed as being possible etiological agents for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. None of them have held
up specifically as a single causative agent. What do you think about this roundworm infection,
c.pulmoni, is it a primary infection or is it just another opportunistic organism?
530
Dr. Klapow Well, I don't know if it's a primary cause of CFS. We'll just have to have to go through
the rules of Koch's postulates and see how far we can get. I think it's an interesting candidate for a
possible primary agent. I don't think it's an opportunistic infection. Opportunistic infections are
usually airborne and are present everywhere. They're just waiting for our immune systems to be
weakened before they establish a chronic infection. Cryptostrongylus doesn't seem to be ubiquitous.
If I'm right about the taxonomy, it looks like it's coming out of a particular geographic area. They're
are also a number of things that I think can connect roundworm infection to the major physiological
systems that malfunction in CFS. And they have to do with the wide variety of physiologically active
agents roundworms are able to secrete.
Dr. Mazlen We're going back now and talking about the hormones that these roundworms secrete,
namely vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, which is known as VIP, and hippocampal cholinergic
neurostimulatory peptide which is known as HCNP, and what they do and Larry, what do these
hormones cause? What do they do?
Dr. Klapow Well, VIP is involved in regulating blood pressure and blood flow. It's important in
regulating blood flow to the brain. It's believed to be implicated in orthostatic intolerance from which
a number of CFS patients suffer. And, it also controls hypothalmic CRH, a hormone that's ultimately
responsible for the level of cortisol in the blood which is suppressed in CFS and it's also suppressed
in chronic roundworm infections. And the other one, HCNP, is a limbic system neuropeptide and it's
believed to be involved in memory and immune function. When it goes wrong in areas that have
Alzheimer's lesions, there are cognitive symptoms. In fact, some doctors have suggested that CFS
looks in some respects like a reversible form of Alzheimer's.
Dr. Mazlen It seems like that sometimes.
Dr. Klapow Well, the bad news is that it bare's any resemblance to that disease. *What good news
there is, is that the cognitive symptoms come and go, without apparently doing permanent damage.
I think it is a reasonable hope that increasingly effective treatments for CFS will be found in time to
substantially help most of those who now suffer from this difficult and often misunderstood disease.
Transcribed by Carolyn Viviani
*Added to transcript by Dr. Klapow after the show.
Source: Transcribed by Carolyn Viviani; carolynv@inx.net.

(Note: The CFS Radio Show has once again lost its sponsor so this will be the last show until a new
sponsor can be found.)
http://lymebusters.proboards.com/thread/10080
I looked in the forum archives and didn't see any reference to this in any previous threads/posts. If
it is a repeat, then I apologize. I thought it was interesting and thought perhaps some of you might
find it interesting as well.
members.aol.com/SynergyHN/roundworm
Click here to return to: CISRA--SynergyHN Home Page
A Parasitic Roundworm Linked to Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
531
by J. C. Waterhouse, Ph.D.
(Disclaimer: This material is intended for information only and is not medical advice. Neither CISRA
nor the editor receive funding from any doctor, lab or manufacturer of any medication or associated
products.)
Abstract
This article reports on the work of Lawrence Klapow, Ph.D., who has found evidence of a new
roundworm species, provisionally named Cryptostrongylus pulmoni, in patients with chronic fatigue
syndrome (CFS). In a blinded, controlled study (1, 2), the roundworm adults and larvae were found
in sputum of almost half of the CFS patients and none of the controls. This association with CFS was
found to be highly statistically significant (P~0.001). Currently, commercial laboratory tests and drug
treatment trials await the results of recent efforts to characterize the roundworm's DNA. It is
thought that the parasite reproduces in the lungs, giving rise to larvae which migrate to the
intestinal tract. Some roundworm larvae burrow through the intestinal walls into tissue and migrate
back to the lungs to develop into adults, which then produce larvae to continue the cycle. Only 3
patients have attempted treatment with anti-roundworm drugs so far, and although symptom
improvement appears promising, it appears that this proposed new roundworm may be difficult to
completely eradicate. The most promising drugs based on this very limited anecdotal evidence
appear to be ivermectin and inhaled low dose thiabendazole (now, it would have to be replaced by
albendazole). Oral thiabendazole was too toxic and should not be used. The usefulness of oral
albendazole remains to be further evaluated along with other drugs. The use of ivermectin was
accompanied by itching and/or diarrhea, perhaps indicating a roundworm die-off reaction. Unlike
many other helminthic parasites, this species does not appear to produce elevated eosinophils or IgE
when the illness becomes chronic. Instead, it is thought to use strategies that certain other
roundworm species have been found to use that elevate the TH1 immune response and inhibit a
more effective anti-parasitic TH2 response. Klapow also proposes ways in which infection by this
species may be able to explain a number of common CFS characteristics, like initial respiratory
infection, low cortisol, frequent gastrointestinal complaints, leaky gut, low blood pressure and
neurological symptoms. This author concludes with some speculations on alternative treatment and
diagnostic possibilities.
Editorial Note (Added in 2006 and updated in April, 2008): For an update on my views of
roundworm treatment at present and treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome in general, see the
transcript of a talk I gave in 2005. I give an overview of what has helped me most, with an
emphasis on a new approach, called the Marshall Protocol (MP). For many, the MP seems to be able
to reverse the immune dysregulation that may account for susceptibility to multiple chronic
infections. My own view is that there needs to be more research on treatment of this roundworm
before I would recommend attempting it. Careful and thorough attention to identifying and
controlling food sensitivities (see Food Allergy/Sensitivity Testing), followed by the use of the
Marshall Protocol appears to be a good alternative approach at this time, while awaiting future
research on this proposed new roundworm species.
CFS Introduction
532
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a disease characterized by substantial fatigue of greater than 6
months duration, muscle aches and cognitive problems and frequently involves sore throat, tender
lymph nodes and unrefreshing sleep. Currently no established cause has been found, but there are
many proposed causes, some infectious and some not. Some have proposed there may be
subgroups of CFS patients with different causes. One hypothesis is that many cases of CFS are
caused by a new species of roundworm, provisionally named Cryptostrongylus pulmoni (C. pulmoni).
An invertebrate zoologist, Lawrence Klapow, Ph.D. has found evidence for this roundworm during
years of research, and his findings have been further supported by the results of a blinded controlled
study (1). This article will first discuss Klapow’s hypothesis that a chronic infection caused by C.
pulmoni is the source of many of the prominent symptoms of CFS and then explore possibilities for
treatment.
CFS Historical and Scientific Background
Klapow’s discovery began through a discussion with an immunologist regarding a CFS patient. The
patient was thought to possibly have a roundworm infection, due to a slightly elevated level of
eosinophils in the patient’s blood and some unusual rashes (1, 3). A series of culture and stool tests
for the known type of roundworm suspected to be the cause (a threadworm, Strongyloides
stercoralis) came up negative. However, since Klapow was aware of chronic parasites that migrate
between the digestive and respiratory tracts, he decided to do microscopic investigations of the
sputum coughed up by the patient. He found what he believed to be a previously unknown
roundworm and gave it a provisional name, Cryptostrongylus pulmoni, which means “hidden lung
worm.”
Roundworms (also called nematodes or helminthes) cause a variety of acute and chronic infections
around the world, some serious and some mild and self limited (1, 4). There is a history of
roundworms being introduced into Western countries following Asian wars, when soldiers and
immigrants traveled between Europe and Asia (1). In the case of the proposed new roundworm, C.
pulmoni, Klapow’s study of the anatomy of C. pulmoni suggests it may be related to the
trichostrongylid genus Nycteridostrongylus (1, 5, 6). This type of roundworm infects small mammal’s
intestines in Southeast Asian and Northern Australian rain forests. This resemblance, if confirmed,
together with the increase in CFS cases in the 1980’s (7) suggests that soldiers and immigrants
from the East Asian Tropics might have introduced the disease into the U.S. and Europe
following the French and American involvements in East Asia. The tendency to latency and
slow development of symptoms would make it hard to clearly identify causal patterns. There is some
support among data on soldiers returning from Southeast Asia developing CFS-like symptoms (8),
but clearly much more research needs to be done on this. Taking a longer term historical view, in
the Victorian era, there may have been a similar situation in which soldiers returning from Indochina
brought a roundworm infection back to France (1). Many American women traveling to France in
that era could then have brought back roundworm infections that had originated in Asia. This could
possibly account for the “neurasthenia” observed in that era ( some have compared neurasthenia to
CFS). Whether C. pulmoni was a source of infection at that time is unknown. For another example,
in 1974, chronic cases of Strongyloides stercoralis, another roundworm, were diagnosed in some
British soldiers who had been POWs in Southeast Asia in WWII (9).
Evidence From a Blinded, Controlled Study
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Evidence for the presence of this new roundworm has been reported in a blinded, controlled study,
for which several prominent CFS researchers referred patients (e.g., Dr. Anthony Komaroff, Dr.
David Bell and Dr. Roger Mazlen) (1, 2). In the first part of the study, 5 of the 11 CFS patients
(45%) and none of the 6 controls were found to have the C. pulmoni larvae in a 3-day sputum
sample (2). In the second larger blinded study that included additional CDC-defined CFS patients
and controls, the same pattern was obtained. A total of 14 out of 30 (47%) of the CFS patients
tested positive, while none of the 21 controls tested positive for the roundworm (1). The association
between C. pulmoni infection and CFS was highly significant. It is extremely unlikely that the results
could have been due to chance. The actual percentage who have the roundworm infection is likely
to be somewhat higher, since the larvae are rare and hard to detect, requiring somewhat specialized
techniques and considerable time at the microscope in distinguishing the adults and larvae from
debris. However, despite difficulties, Klapow has succeeded in photographing C. pulmoni and
distinguishing its anatomical characteristics (10).
In the larger study of the roundworm in CFS (1), questionnaires were filled out by the participants to
see if any relationship could be found between the types of patients, their symptoms and whether or
not their sputum tested positive for C. pulmoni. The data reveal no significant differences in
symptoms between those patients who tested positive and those patients who tested negative.
There was not a higher incidence of coughs (30-40%) or travel outside the U.S between C. pulmoni
positive and negative patients. Patients showed highly statistically significant differences from
controls in reported allergies, spotted rashes and bowel symptoms, as well as in the incidence of C.
pulmoni (significance levels ranged from P-0.001 to P<0.001). The relatively low occurrence of
significant coughing in C. pulmoni positive patients might relate to the lack of a very effective
immune reaction to the roundworm, as discussed below.
Why Might a New Roundworm Species Be So Elusive and Chronically Debilitating?
There are a number of factor that might explain why this new roundworm has not been identified
before. Among the reasons may be its rarity, small size, lack of an esophageal bulb (which makes it
harder to identify) and its likely period of latency. There are also some very interesting
characteristics of roundworm infections that have been discovered in other roundworm species that
could contribute to a delay in discovery. For instance, C. pulmoni may be like other roundworms that
have been found to have ways of manipulating the mammalian immune system to keep it from
responding effectively to eliminate it (1). One consequence of these evasive tactics is the lack of
much increase of the typical indicators of a TH2 anti-parasitic immune response in the blood of
patients chronically infected with roundworms (e.g., elevated eosinophils and IgE). This may be
explained by the fact that some roundworm species have been reported to produce a substance
similar to interferon-gamma which might stimulate the TH1 anti-viral pathway (1, 11). The
stimulation of the anti-viral pathway then suppresses the anti-parasitic pathway, thus suppressing
IgE and eosinophils. This has been found to occur through soluble CD23, an IgE binding protein
which reduces serum IgE (12). The consequence of these tactics is a picture fairly similar to what is
observed in CFS. There is an activation of the anti-viral pathway (13), fairly low levels of increased
eosinophils sometimes observed early in the illness, and an actual decrease in IgE relative to the
normal population as the illness becomes chronic (14). The IgE levels are often reported as normal,
however Klapow argues that they may really reflect a decline in IgE. A history of allergies is often
reported by patients (1), which should raise IgE above normal. However the actual data indicate
that IgE is lower than normal in most studies, according to Klapow, which suggests active IgE
suppression.
There are also a number of characteristics of certain chronic roundworm infections that would result
in fairly large effects from relatively low levels of organisms (1). And most of these effects
correspond fairly closely with the situation in CFS. For instance, C. pulmoni might be like other
roundworms that have been shown to secrete substances that could have quite negative effects on
infected humans. The secreted substances include one that mimics the limbic system neuropeptide
534
HCNP (hippocampal cholinergic neurostimulatory polypeptide), which is thought to be involved in the
immune system and memory (1, 16, 17, 18). Other potentially harmful substances include ones that
are similar to the IgE inhibitor CD23 (19), acetylcholinesterase (20), VIP (vasoactive intestinal
polypeptide) (1, 21), and some that are inducers of autoimmunity (22).
Substances secreted by the roundworms could act in a number of ways to affect the immune
system, for instance, they could induce their host to have immune reactions to a wide variety of
mostly harmless antigens (1, 23) or cause autoimmune reactions (1, 24). The VIP-like substances
can cause MAST cells to become unstable and overreact to antigens (25). This might be involved in
the food and chemical sensitivities reported in CFS patients. A VIP-like substance secreted by the
roundworm might also influence autonomic cardiovascular reflexes and result in symptoms like those
experienced in CFS involving abnormal regulation of blood pressure (orthostatic intolerance or POTS
and related conditions). A sort of poisoning of cholinergic neurotransmission might occur through
the roundworm’s secretion of antigenic forms of acetylcholinesterase, and this might increase
sensitivity to inhaled chemical irritants (1).
The probable life cycle characteristics of the roundworm also may be important in yielding clues to
the nature of CFS. It is thought to enter the body through ingestion of food contaminated with feces
containing C. pulmoni (1, 10). Then, the larvae pass through the intestinal tract, from which they
burrow through the intestinal walls into tissue. Apparently, some larvae make it to the lungs to
develop into adults and then produce another generation to continue the cycle. In the process of
burrowing through tissue, the larvae create tiny holes in the gut, which could allow other infectious
viruses, bacteria and fungi to enter the tissue more easily. Roundworms themselves can also serve
as reservoirs for other microbes, such as viruses (1). This phenomenon, combined with the
immunosuppressive effects already discussed, could help allow other infectious microbes, including
opportunistic ones, to gain entry to the tissues, take hold and become more serious. This could help
to explain the wide variety of infectious agents that have been identified in various subsets of CFS
patients (26).
Further Possible Connections of Roundworms With CFS and Other Illnesses
It has been found that eosinophils are physiologically activated in CFS (1, 27). However, they are
not much increased in number, being only marginally elevated in only about 20% of patients. This
would be consistent with an immune suppressing roundworm infection.
CFS patients have considerable cognitive difficulties and these might be due primarily to cytokines or
substances secreted by the proposed roundworm. But it should be noted that in other species,
chronic disseminated roundworm infections can lead to roundworms infecting the brain (4).
Although the postulated life cycle of C. pulmoni involves an ability to reproduce only in the lungs,
there is also evidence of a migratory larval stage which could invade many different tissues,
including the brain.
There is also an interesting way in which roundworms might interact with emotions and stress
responses that some research has linked with CFS, as well as a variety of other illnesses. Klapow
states that it “is known that roundworm infections can produce emotional symptoms, likely due to
their cytokine and neurotransmitter secretions” (1, 18), and this may be due to secretion of HCNP
(see above). In addition, elevated cortisol is known to potentially worsen roundworm infections
(hyperinfection) (1, 4). Thus, a stressful event that produced a period of elevated cortisol might
have seemed to initiate the CFS because it might have worsened an existing latent roundworm
infection to the point where symptoms became obvious. In those with CFS, who have, by definition,
been sick for more than six months, many patients have moved into another phase of illness where
they have lower serum cortisol. This may be an attempt by the body to fight the roundworm
infection, since it is known that animals with chronic roundworm infections have low cortisol (1, 28,
29). This low cortisol is thought to be an attempt by the body to eliminate the parasite by countering
535
the strategies used by the roundworm. In other words, high cortisol lowers the anti-parasitic
immune response, so the low cortisol of the animal would increase the anti-parasitic response.
According to this theory, long term use of cortisone in CFS, even at fairly low levels, might be
counterproductive (1).
Whether or not C. pulmoni can account for CFS, roundworms of this sort might be a useful area for
research in a variety of illnesses, especially given the recent increases in knowledge of their potential
for evading and manipulating the immune system. Also, recent increases in international
travel/immigration and the past history of introductions of roundworms into Western countries
support the view that more research on helminthes is needed. The lower prevalence of the more
obvious helminthic infections in wealthier countries might explain the slowness in research on these
disease agents. There may well be other unknown roundworms that play roles in diseases that are
not yet suspected.
Potentials for Treatment
Only 3 patients are currently known to have attempted treatment of C. pulmoni with anti-
roundworm drugs. Improvement through drug treatment appears promising, however long term
treatment in one patient indicates that the roundworm may be difficult to completely eradicate (5).
The most promising drugs based on this very limited anecdotal evidence appear to be oral
ivermectin and the inhalation of an amount of dissolved thiabendazole equal to approximately
5% to 7% of the oral dose. Now, thiabendazole would have to be replaced by the less toxic
albendazole or another more soluble drug (inhaled forms of anti-parasitic drugs are not
commercially available at present). Oral thiabendazole was too toxic and should not be used. Oral
albendazole, while having significant side effects, might prove to be useful in combination with
other drugs. Inhaled low dose thiabendazole in one patient seemed to have a delayed effect
resulting in marked improvement after weekly use for 4 to 5 months. The delay in improvement
could be due to the long life cycle of the roundworm, which means that larvae in the rest of the
body can still cause symptoms. for a long time even if those in the lungs are killed. The use of oral
ivermectin (brand name, Stromectol) was accompanied by itching and/or diarrhea, perhaps
indicating a reaction to the die-off of the roundworm larvae. It might be that a combination of drugs
used for a long time might be needed to eradicate the roundworm. However, based on the
experience of two of the patients, it may be that treatment with ivermectin alone might reduce the
severity of the illness significantly in only a few weeks or months.
There is not yet sufficient information to know what approach is best. Perhaps a weekly dose of oral
ivermectin at the amount adjusted for weight (e.g., 6-21 mg) or perhaps several days in a row of
ivermectin repeated every few weeks. Future research will have to determine what is most
effective. The fairly low reproductive rate of the roundworm would probably mean that it would take
intensive treatment for a fairly long time (perhaps a year or more) before drug resistance would be
likely to develop. Two of the patients did take enough of the anti-roundworm drugs to feel they
improved significantly (some improvement in one patient in a few weeks and in the other in a few
months). One patient used several drugs and the other used only ivermectin. But, of course, this is
only anecdotal information and must be interpreted very cautiously. Ivermectin has some potential
side effects, but they are not as severe as some other drugs taken by CFS patients on an
experimental basis. Inhalation of drugs other than thiabendazole might also have potential,
however, one patient’s trial of inhaled ivermectin did not seem to be very successful (30).
536
Characterizing the Roundworm’s DNA and the Development of a Commercial Test
The development of a commercially available test and a complete characterization of the DNA of C.
pulmoni has been slowed during the first few years following Klapow's discovery by the poor quality
of most of the specimens, which were often partial or decayed, and the long hours needed to find
each specimen (sometimes as many as 200 hours per patient). Only very recently, Klapow was able
to find several fresh C. pulmoni specimens, which lead to greater interest among roundworm
specialists in academia. Now, specialized techniques can be employed to characterize specimens by
DNA and electron microscope imaging. However, the availability of a commercial test for the
roundworm may still be a year or more in the future. Those researchers interested in trying to find
C. pulmoni in sputum might go to the web site (members.tripod.com/lak123), where there are
diagrams of male and female C. pulmoni and detailed instructions on the techniques that might be
used to process and examine samples from patients. Unfortunately, due to the many hours needed
to use the microscope to find specimens and the time needed for his current research, Dr. Klapow
can not test patients for C. pulmoni at the present time. When a test is available, the above web site
will announce it. (Note: Doctors and researchers who would like to reach Dr. Klapow can do so
through the author of this article at jcwat101@aol.com).
Some Speculations on Diagnosis and Treatment
So far, I have been summarizing the work of Dr. Klapow and the research on other roundworms that
he describes. The current lack of a diagnostic test and the scarcity of information on the best
treatment approach is disappointing for CFS patients. I have a number of speculative ideas for what
doctors and patients might do if they want to try to diagnose, treat and help in research in this very
experimental area. I am not advocating or recommending any treatment approaches, just sharing
my own speculations on possibilities for what might be done while awaiting definitive answers.
First, in the area of diagnosis, those doctors and researchers with the abilities and supplies needed,
might try to identify C. pulmoni microscopically according to the instructions at:
www.members.tripod.com/lak123. In addition, the level of suspicion of a roundworm infection in a
patient might be increased by a number of symptoms and signs. Although none of these signs and
symptoms might prove to be necessary, and there is not yet sufficient data to prove they increase
the likelihood, nevertheless, on theoretical grounds, they might increase the chances of a
roundworm infection in a CFS patient. They include travel to, or direct or indirect contact with
Southeast Asia or Northern Australia or their immigrants, spotted rashes, low grade eosinophilia at
some point in the illness, pre-CFS IgE allergies that later developed into lower IgE levels, extensive
non-IgE food and/or chemical sensitivities, gastrointestinal symptoms such as irritable bowel
syndrome, a respiratory infection coinciding with the beginning of CFS symptoms, the role of high
levels of stress in the beginning of the illness, or a persistent cough. Also, some of the substances
that might be secreted by C. pulmoni might be investigated. This is particularly experimental, but a
doctor might look for elevated CD23 lymphocyte markers. Or qualified researchers might look for
substances that are similar in structure to HCNP, VIP or some of the other substances secreted by
roundworms, as discussed above.
Another possibility for both diagnosis and treatment is the empirical therapeutic/diagnostic probe. If
a doctor feels it is warranted in a particular CFS patient, he/she could prescribe a dose of ivermectin.
If the patient has itching or diarrhea, or some other symptom that suggests a die-off reaction, soon
after the ivermectin is given, then this might be evidence of a roundworm infection. The patients
who have tried this drug indicate that no benefit is achieved by only one dose. If ivermectin was
repeated on a number of occasions, and the die-off reaction became gradually less and/or the
patient improved, this might support the role of a roundworm. For those using ivermectin
intensively, it would probably be advisable to do periodic blood tests, in case side effects develop.
537
For other diseases, ivermectin is typically used at a rather low frequency and so there is not much
data on more intensive use in humans, although use in animals has been fairly extensive.
There is also a way in which one could test the effect of herbal and other potential anti-roundworm
agents that might have less side effects than ivermectin. If one gave ivemectin on 2 or 3 occasions
and found a consistent die-off response, then one could give the alternative substance, and then by
comparison with the effect of the ivermectin, one might attempt to judge whether the alternative
substance had anti-roundworm effects. There is some research in the animal literature suggesting
some herbs have an effect on roundworms (31). For instance, some dewormers used include some
species of Artemesia (wormwood), as well as the herb, Chenopodium ambrosiodes (goosefoot). But
of course, to establish the safety and efficacy of alternative agents against potential C. pulmoni
infections in humans, much research would be needed.
It also may be that some dietary components of Asian food might have anti-roundworm effects. For
instances marsala, a spice used in Southeast Asian cooking, contains catechin a condensed tannin
(CT) also found in green tea. CT's have been reported to reduce nematode survival and reproduction
(30). There is also some suggestive evidence that the alcohol extract of Pau D'arco may produce
lowered body itching and might have a beneficial anti-roundworm effect (30). However, it may be
difficult for some patients to tolerate herbs due to the tendency for food sensitivities in CFS
(discussed below). For those interested in researching antihelminthic alternatives, further searching
in the veterinary and herbal literature would probably be helpful.
Another potentially beneficial approach would be to focus on reducing the negative effects of
immune overactivation that might be caused by the roundworm, which might be responsible for a
large part of the symptoms experienced. This could be done by focusing on only consuming foods
with the least potential for provoking sensitivity reactions, as well as avoiding exposure to chemical
irritants. Most CFS patients do not have seem to have many IgE-mediated allergies, but they tend to
have more non-IgE sensitivities that utilize Type II, Type III and Type IV immune reactions,
sometimes called delayed-type hypersensitivities. The approach of minimizing these immune
hypersensitivities has been helpful to many with CFS and a wide array of conditions (32, 33). It is
likely that most CFS patients have more food and chemical sensitivities than they realize due to
“masking” effects and could benefit greatly from going further in identifying their optimal diet and
reducing chemical exposure (33, 34). A great deal can be done by the patient at home to reduce
immune sensitivity reactions, by using the pulse test and other methods, in addition to laboratory
and clinical methods (33).
For example, one CFS patient who tested positive for C. pulmoni has improved greatly over many
years of reducing food and chemical immune hypersensitivities (this patient is still very far from well
and must be on a very restrictive diet). It is also interesting that whenever a period of minimal food
sensitivity exposure is achieved in this patient, with less anxiety, diarrhea and insomnia, there is a
corresponding increase in sinus symptoms, such as congestion, sneezing and coughing. Thus, there
is a tendency to alternate between types of symptoms. This occurs in the absence of any change in
inhalant allergy exposure and in an environment in which inhalant exposures have been minimized
with a good air filter (though admittedly, the environment is not as pure as a few chemically
sensitive patients have attained). This type of alternation of symptom types has been described as
alternating between symptom states defined by Randolph and Moss as alternating between +1 or
+2 and -1 or -2 (34).
There may be other explanations for these alternating states, but it might be that in some patients,
the alternation could be due to a C. pulmoni infection. The non-IgE food sensitivity reactions might
be increasing both cortisol and TH1 immune reactions (with symptoms of anxiety, diarrhea and
insomnia), which temporarily suppresses the TH2, anti-parasitic response. When the food sensitivity
reactions and associated TH1 immune reactions are reduced, the TH2, anti-parasitic response can
then increase and produce the sinus symptoms as part of the immune system’s attempt to eradicate
538
the roundworm. The extreme difficulty this patient has experienced in completely eliminating the
food sensitivities could be due to fighting an uphill battle in the context of the multiple effects on
immune function of the roundworm infection (see above). The roundworm’s proposed manipulation
of the patient’s immune system, as well as its burrowing through the gut wall making it truly a
“leaky gut,” may have made any fight to eliminate the sensitivities much harder and perhaps
impossible with food/chemical sensitivity reduction techniques alone. One might speculate that some
patients with milder or shorter-term C. pulmoni infection and few or no coinfections, perhaps could
get well using the allergy/sensitivity reduction alone.
Possible Relationship to a New Treatment Approach For TH1 Dominant Diseases
Now, I will briefly mention my own view on how research on this roundworm might relate to some
recent research on autoimmune disease, Lyme disease, fibromyalgia and CFS that emphasizes
treating the cause of excessive TH1 inflammation. This approach proposes the causative role of
intracellular cell wall deficient (CWD) forms of bacteria that seem to use an excessive TH1
inflammatory response to hide from the immune system (35, 36). I would suggest the hypothesis
that perhaps half of the CFS patients, possibly the sickest ones, may have a symbiotic situation in
which the roundworm and CWD bacteria are able to benefit from each other's activities by
promoting an excessive TH1 response The roundworm might directly cause a TH1 response through
secreting substances that stimulate IFN gamma (11) or through other substances that stimulate
autoimmunity and overreactions to antigens in general (23, 24). Indirectly, they may promote a TH1
response by burrowing through the intestinal wall, allowing other microbial pathogens (including
CWD capable bacteria) and food and chemical antigens easier access to the bloodstream and tissues
and thus provide even more antigens to stimulate and overactivate the immune system. By
contributing to TH1 inflammation, C. pulmoni might be promoting the proliferation of CWD forms of
bacteria, while itself benefiting from the TH1 response’s suppression of the anti-parasitic TH2
response.
The research of Marshall et al (35, 36) has led to the development of the Marshall Protocol (MP) for
diseases of excessive TH1 inflammation. The Marshall Protocol involves the use of immune
modulation to reduce the excessive TH1 response, combined with a series of low dose antibiotics,
introduced very gradually. After having good success in treating the autoimmune disease
sarcoidosis, it has only recently begun to be used in CFS and Lyme patients and has shown some
positive initial results. It is possible that integrating anti-roundworm treatment into the Marshall
Protocol in some way might be worth considering at some point. Perhaps some of the sickest CFS
patients might benefit from anti-roundworm treatment and/or reducing the food and chemical
sensitivities it may be fostering, before trying the MP. The MP is quite difficult for some patients at
the beginning and some patients have had to stop it and then try again later. The very sickest of the
CFS population are, for the most part, probably not those who are currently trying the MP, as they
are typically too ill to study it and participate in the free Internet discussion groups
(marshallprotocol.com or sarcinfo.com).
The idea that some patients have both the proposed roundworm infection and CWD infection is not
purely theoretical. A number of CFS patients that Klapow has found to be positive for C. pulmoni
have also tested positive for Lyme disease (30). The Lyme disease spirochete is known to also exist
in CWD forms, the form of bacteria that the Marshall Protocol was designed to treat. As is widely
known from experience with HIV-AIDS, there are certain immune suppressing organisms that make
it more likely for one to have multiple infections and it may be that this is a role that chronic
infection with C. pulmoni plays in CFS. Whether it is involved in other diseases is an open possibility,
as the only patients tested for this roundworm so far are CFS patients.
539
The way in which the MP is currently being used fits in some ways with the state of the roundworm
diagnosis situation. This is because with the MP, the Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction (bacterial die-off
reaction) in response to antibiotics is used as an indicator that a particular antibiotic is killing CWD
bacteria. The use of ivermectin as a diagnostic/therapeutic probe (see above) to see if a die-off
reaction occurs is somewhat similar. At present, it is unknown how ivermectin might interact with
the immune modulation of the MP and it should not be combined with the MP until more is known.
Caution is warranted because the MP intensifies the action and die-off reactions of certain antibiotics
(thus requiring the use of quite low initial antibiotic dosages). However, prior treatment for those
CFS patients who are too ill to begin the MP might be an option to consider. Or if it were found that
a CFS patient was not progressing well, the patient might stop the MP temporarily and try an anti-
roundworm therapeutic probe or treatment trial, and then resume the MP.
From the perspective of a hypothesized C. pulmoni infection, combining the MP with anti-roundworm
treatment might get around the potential problem of anti-roundworm drug resistance or difficulty of
complete eradication. These difficulties have been observed in animals with other chronic
roundworm infections. Also, there is some indication that in the one patient who has attempted long
term treatment of C. pulmoni with several anti-roundworm drugs, some drug resistance may have
developed. It might be that the immune modulation of the MP and its reduction of the CWD
bacteria, might help a promote a better immune response to the roundworm parasite that would aid
the anti-roundworm drugs sufficiently to completely eradicate the roundworms.
The above sections have discussed a type of symbiotic relationship between CWD bacteria and C.
pulmoni in which they each affect the human immune system in a way that helps themselves and
each other. Another possibility in CFS is a sort of symbiotic relationship between certain viruses and
roundworm infections. For example, there is evidence of a significant association between the
roundworm infection strongylosis and HTLV1 viral infections (37).
Conclusions
In conclusion, for most patients, it would probably be wise to wait until DNA analysis is able to
confirm the work on C. pulmoni done so far and a commercial test for it is available. Then, research
trials will be done to try to determine what drug or combinations of drugs are most effective for
treatment. But for those doctors, researchers and patients who want to contribute to research in this
area and do not want to wait for several years, some speculations have been presented as a starting
point. It is hoped that these research ideas will lead to information that will help in the process of
determining what lab tests and anti-microbial agents would be most useful, as well as gain further
evidence regarding the role of this “hidden lung worm” in chronic fatigue syndrome.
(Note: Any doctors, researchers or patients who would like to share any experiences they may have
related to the above diagnostic and treatment possibilities are encouraged to send accounts to me
at: jcwat101@aol.com), and if they seem significant, I may compile them for a future article for the
purpose of advancing research in this area. All personal information will be kept confidential.)
References
(1) Klapow LA: A suspected new chronic roundworm parasite, Cryptostrongylus pulmoni
(provisional), associated with chronic fatigue syndrome in blinded trials. Poster Presentation.
Proceedings of the 2001 ME/CFS AHMF Conference in Sydney Australia
(2) Klapow LA: Roundworm-like specimens in the sputum of chronic fatigue syndrome patients and
controls in open and blinded analysis. Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 1999;5 (3/4):247-8.
540
(3) Von Kuster LC, Genta RM. Cutaneous manifestations of strongyloidiasis. vArch Dermatol 1988
Dec;124(12):1826-30
(4) Fauci, Anthony S., and others, editors. 1997. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. McGraw
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(5) Klapow LA: Evidence for a new chronic parasite in CFS: The finding and the challenge.
Presentation for the Carousel Network for Chronic Neuroimmune Diseases of Sonoma County. May
2004. Santa Rosa, CA.
(6) Durette-Desset MC, Chaubaud AG, 1981. Sur Molineinae Parasites De Mammiferes. Annales de
Parasitology (Paris), 1981; 56(5):489-502. French [English abstract]
(7) Klonoff DC. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Clin Infect Dis 1992 Nov;15(5):812-23
(8) De Vries M, Soetekouw PM, Van Der Meer JW, Bleijenberg G. Natural course of symptoms in
Cambodia veterans: a follow-up study. Psychol Med 2001 Feb;31(2):331-8.
(9) Pelletier LL Jr. Chronic strongyloidiasis in World War II Far East ex-prisoners of war. Am J Trop
Med Hyg 1984 Jan;33(1):55-61.
(10) Klapow, LA: Amphids and other defining roundworm structures in the larvae of Cryptostongylus
pulmoni from patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Poster Presentation. AACFS Seventh
International Conference on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Fibromyalgia, and other Related Illnesses
Conference, Oct. 8-10, 2004, Madison, WI.
(11) Grencis RK, Entwistle GM. Production of an interferon-gamma homologue by an intestinal
nematode: Functionally significant or interesting artefact? Parasitology 1997;115 Suppl:S101-6
(12) Pritchard DI, Kumar S, Edmonds P: Soluble (s)CD23 levels in a parasitized population from
Papua New Guinea. Parasite Immunol 1993 Apr;15(4):205.
(13) Suhadolnik RJ, Reichenbach NL, Hitzges P, Sobol RW, Peterson DL, Henry B, Ablashi DV, Muller
WE, Schroder HC, Carter WA, et al. Upregulation of the 2-5A synthetase/RNase L antiviral pathway
associated with chronic fatigue syndrome. Clin Infect Dis 1994 Jan;18 Suppl 1:S96-104.
(14) Baraniuk JN, Clauw D, Carneiro ALM et al. IgE Concentrations in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. J
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 1998;4(1):13-21.
(15) Mawle A, Nisenbaum R, Dobbins J et al. Immune Responses associated with Chronic Fatigue
Syndrome: A Case-Controlled Study. J Infect Diseases, 1997:175;316-41.
(16) Gems D, Ferguson CJ, Robertson BD, Nieves R, Page AP, Blaxter ML, Maizels RM: An abundant,
trans-spliced mRNA from Toxocara canis infective larvae encodes a 26-kDa protein with homology to
phosphatidylethanolamine-binding proteins. J Biol Chem 1995 Aug 4;270(31):18517-22
(17) Klapow, LA (unpublished). BLAST analysis of the 26-kDa secretion of Toxacara canis resembles
the limbic system neuropeptide HCNP.
(18) Marmor M, Glickman L, Shofer F, Faich LA, RosenbergC, Cornblatt B, Friedman S: Toxocara
canis infection of children: epidemiologic and neuropsychologic findings. Am J Public Health 1987
May;77(5):554-9.
(19) Loukas A, Doedens A, Hintz M, Maizels RM. Identification of a new C-type lectin, TES-70,
secreted by infective larvae of Toxocara canis, which binds to host ligands. Parasitology 2000
Nov;121 Pt 5:545-54.
(20) McKeand JB, Knox DP, Duncan JL, Kennedy MW. The immunogenicity of the
acetylcholinesterases of the cattle lungworm Dictyocaulus viviparus. Int J Parasitol 1994
Jul;24(4):501-10.
(21) Foster N, Lee DL. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like and peptide histidine isoleucine-like
proteins excreted/secreted by Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Nematodirus battus and Ascaridia galli.
Parasitology 1996 Sep;113 ( Pt 3):287-92.
(22) Chandrashekar R, Curtis KC, Weil GJ. Molecular characterization of a parasite antigen in sera
from onchocerciasis patients that is immunologically cross-reactive with human keratin. J Infect Dis
1995 Jun;171(6):1586-92.
(23) Pritchard DI. Immunity to helminths: is too much IgE parasite--rather than host-protective?
Parasite Immunol Jan 1993:15;5-9.
(24) von Mikecz A, Konstantinov K, Buchwald DS, Gerace L, Tan EM: High frequency of
autoantibodies to insoluble cellular antigens in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Arthritis
Rheum 1997 Feb;40(2):295-305.
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(25) Stewart MJ, Emery DL, McClure SJ, Bendixsen: The effects of four neuropeptides on the
degranulation of mucosal mast cells from sheep. Immunol Cell Biol 1996 Jun;74(3):255-7.
(26) John JF Jr, Friedman, K: Infections in CFIDS. The CFIDS Chronicle. Spring 2002;15(2). The
Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome Association of America, Charlotte, NC. Adapted
from “A Consensus Manual for the Primary Care and Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome,”
2001. Acad of Med of New Jersey, U of Med & Dent NJ and NJ Dept of Health and Senior Services.
(27) Schacterle RS, Conti F, Laura Magrini L, Komaroff AL, Valesini G. Increased Eosinophil Protein X
Levels in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. J of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 2001:9 (1/2);21-30.
(28) Bailenger J, Faraggi G: Mechanism of hypocorticosteronemia action of Strongyloides ratti in the
rat] : Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 1975 Mar-Apr;50(2):187-97. [English abstract]
(29) Bailenger J, Carcenac F, Faraggi G, Cabannes A: Role of hypocorticosteronemy in the self cure
mechanism in rats with Strongyloides ratti parasites (author's transl)] Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 1976
Nov-Dec;51(6):653-65. [English abstract]
(30) Klapow, LA: personal communication.
(31) Duval, J: The control of internal parasites in ruminants.
(http://www.eap.mcgill.ca/AgroBio/ab370-04e.htm)
(32) Waterhouse, JC: Innovative Approaches to Fibromyalgia. CISRA’s Synergy Health Newsletter
1996;1:1-5, Chronic Illness Support and Research Association, Pasadena, CA.
(33) Waterhouse, JC: Food Allergy/Sensitivity: The Pulse Test and Other Strategies. CISRA’s Synergy
Health Newsletter 1999;5:1-11. Chronic Illness Support and Research Association, Pasadena, CA.
(34) Randolph TG, Moss, R.W. An Alternative Approach to Allergies. Harper & Row, 1980.
(35) Marshall TG, Marshall FE: Antibiotics in Sarcoidosis - Reflections on the First Year. JOIMR
2003;1(3).
(36) Marshall TG, Marshall FE: Sarcoidosis succumbs to antibiotics-implications for autoimmune
disease. Autoimmun Rev 2004;Jun;3(4):295-300.
(37) Porto AF, Neva FA, Bittencourt H, Lisboa W, Thompson R, Alcantara L, Carvalho EM: HTLV-1
decreases Th2 type of immune response in patients with strongyloidiasis. Parasite Immunol 2001
Sep;23(9):503-7.
Treatments
http://forums.prohealth.com/forums/index.php?threads/cryptostrongylus-pulmoni-
anyone.190413/page-3
Dr Wright found borrelia and cryptostrongylus pulmoni in my blood, so prescribed 3 months of

Doxycycline and Metronidazole, plus 6 doses of Ivermectin(taken once a month over 6 months).
Well, I’ve finished the 3 months of Doxycycline and Metronidazole, still have 2 more doses of
Ivermectin to take.
http://www.disabled-world.com/health/water-diseases.php
http://www.anapsid.org/cnd/diagnosis/index.html
http://forums.phoenixrising.me/index.php?threads/treatment-for-worms-has-helped-my-gut-a-bit-but-
why.11327/page-5
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She said ivermectin and praziquantel were most effective. She took them in sequence, not
together.
Mimosa pudica powder is an Ayurvedic herb that is 30 times stronger than the best medical drug.
Starting with 1/2 teaspoon twice a day two days a week and working up to 1 teaspoon daily for 3
months.
Can use rectal application of 1 capsule of BioPure Freeze-dried garlic, 100mg artemisinin, 1 teaspoon
phospholipids with pure water in a bulb syringe from the local drugstore. Make the mix liposomal
using the ultrasonic method used with the Klinghardt Cocktail. Hold it. This cleans the rectum and
then gets absorbed such that many start to see visible evidence of worm elimination. A good first
step in parasite elimination.
Parasite treatment is best done with concurrent colonic therapy. 2 colonics per week; 1 day after the
other.
Nail biting is a sign of parasites.
Alinia and Albendazole both cross the blood-brain barrier.
Deworming is significant in ASD kids. Every biofilm has worm DNA in it.
The more you deworm, the longer you live and the healthier you are.
http://www.google.com/patents/US5645819
D. Comparison with Other Persistent Nematode Infections
FIG. 2 illustrates the life cycle of human hookworms (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma
duodenale) and threadworm (Strongyloides stercoralis) in comparison to the newly identified hidden
lungworm (C. pulmoni (n.gen., n.sp.)). In hookworm disease, infective filariform larvae from
contaminated soil penetrate the skin, most often the skin of bare feet. Upon finding a vein, they are
carried by the venous circulation to the right side of the heart. They are then transported through
the pulmonary circulation to the lungs, where they bore through the alveolar tissue and enter the
bronchial airways. After climbing up the broncho-tracheal tree, the larvae are swallowed with
sputum in the throat and enter the host's digestive system. Alternatively, larvae can directly enter
the digestive track through an oral route following ingestion of contaminated food. Once in the
intestine, the larvae attach to and feed on the intestine's epithelial surface and mature into sexual
adults.
Sexually produced rhabditiform larvae, non-infective larvae that engage in a free-living cycle usually
outside the host, are produced and discharged in the feces. After a few days in the soil environment,
rhabditiform larvae molt into filariform larvae, which may then infect other hosts. Unless re-infection
from the external environment occurs, infection will last no longer than a single generation.
Hookworm infection has, for the most part, been effectively controlled in the United States with
anthelmintic agents (e.g., pyrantel pamoate and mebendazole) and with public health education.
Threadworm infection is in many ways an extension and elaboration of the hookworm life cycle,
further evolved to increase the duration of host infection. Initial infection follows the general pattern
described for hookworms. However, unique adaptations in the threadworm life cycle allow it to re-
infect the same host through the previously described autoinfection process. This process involves
the production of larvae (through asexual parthenogenesis, a form of nonsexual reproduction, in this
species) which mature into the infectious filariform stage while still in the intestine. These infective
larvae either bore out of the host's intestine into the surrounding tissues (internal autoinfection) or,
after passage through the rectum, bore into the perianal skin (external autoinfection). Once the
larvae penetrate a vein, they are transported back into the digestive system via the heart, lungs,
543
tracheal, and esophageal circuit previously described. If the autoinfective route becomes
established, multiple generations of threadworms can successfully infect the host. Threadworm
infections of several decades and even lifelong infections have been reported (See generally, Liu &
Weller, "Strongyloidiasis and Other Intestinal Nematode Infections," Infectious Disease Clinics of
North America, Parasitic Diseases 7(3):655-82 (1993)]. As some larvae leave through the feces,
stool and culture analysis can detect threadworm disease. However, single stool samples are often
negative (approximately 80% of the time) due to the scarcity of fecal larvae in low and moderate
level infections; such infections are often detected only after repeated attempts at diagnosis.
Intensive threadworm autoinfection can lead to widespread deposition of larvae, well beyond that of
the "normal" respiratory and digestive system routes, into every part of the body. Disseminated
infections of this sort occur when larvae enter the arterial circulation and are transported to all
tissues via the systemic blood circulation. Intensive autoinfections that lead to widespread
dissemination are very dangerous and often fatal. [See Genta, "Global Prevalence of
Strongyloidiasis: Critical Review With Epidemiologic Insights into Prevention of Disseminated
Disease," Rev Infect Dis 11(2):755-67 (1989)].
C. pulmoni (n.gen., n.sp.) has taken the autoinfective process to the extreme. All larvae
apparently bore out of the intestine to re-infect the host and give rise to reproductive forms in
the lungs. No larvae are found in the stool (as evidenced by the subject's autoinfective skin
rashes and negative stool tests), the likely reason why this roundworm has not been discovered
heretofore.
A possible rationale exists that explains the selective advantage of giving up fecal transmission
as a means of perpetuating the species. This rationale relates to the energetic demands of
reproduction. C. pulmoni (n.gen., n.sp.) may have taken an evolutionary course where survival
was enhanced by conservation in the host (e.g., autoinfection), and highly precise oral
transmission of a few larvae rather than wide dispersal of many more larvae in fetes. The end
result is an exceedingly small adult form (both in absolute size and relative to the size of its
larvae), implying low reproductive output, which has remained hidden to human observers until
now. The other chronic human intestinal nematodes, decidedly more "visible" in terms of size
and reproductive output, where discovered more than a century ago.
III. Pharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery
A. The Characteristics of Thiabendazole
Specimens of C. pulmoni (n.gen., n.sp.) were first recovered following treatment with oral
thiabendazole. Thiabendazole is a benzimidazole-derivative anthelmintic agent that is
structurally related to mebendazole. [See generally, AHFS Drug Information 94, supra].
Thiabendazole has the following chemical structure: ##STR1## Though not fully elucidated,
thiabendazole's mechanism of action likely involves inhibition of the helminth-specific enzyme,
fumarate reductase. The agent is effective against most intestinal roundworms that are
pathogenic to humans, including hookworms (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale)
and threadworms (Strongyloides stercoralis).
Thiabendazole is rapidly absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and has also been applied
topically to treat certain infections. Thiabendazole is subject to extensive hepatic metabolism,
and most of the agent and its metabolites are excreted in urine and feces within 24 hours of
administration. The drag has a pKa of 4.7 and it is commercially available in both a tablet and a
suspension; the suspension has a pH of 3.4-4.2. [See AHFS Drug Information 94, supra].
544
The adverse effects of thiabendazole are many, and up to one-third of patients receiving the
drug in recommended doses experience at least one adverse effect. Thiabendazole's adverse
effects are well known. [See, e.g., Physicians' Desk Reference, 45th Ed. (1991); AHFS Drug
Information 94, supra]. The most common adverse effects include nausea, vomiting, and
dizziness; less frequent adverse effects include paresthesia, psychic disturbances, and altered
hepatic enzymes.
It is not uncommon for a recipient of an anthelmintic to expel roundworms from the nose and
the mouth. For example, patients being treated with thiabendazole for ascariasis have
experienced live worms in their mouths and noses. [See, e.g., AHFS Drug Information 94,
supra]. Furthermore, even prior to administration of an anthelmintic, examination of the sputum
of an individual suspected of having a roundworm infection may sometimes assist in diagnosis if
that infection entails pulmonary manifestations; for instance, S. stercoralis larvae may
sometimes be identified in one's sputum if the pulmonary system is involved. [See Medical
Microbiology--An Introduction to Infectious Diseases, Ch. 49, supra]. However, there has never
been a published report of a sputum sample containing C. pulmoni (n.gen., n.sp.).
B. Administration of Oral Thiabendazole
The subject undertook a therapeutic trial with oral thiabendazole that involved a dose of
approximately 1.5 grams per day over a five-day period; this therapeutic trial was for the
treatment of a presumptive S. stercoralis infection, the presence of which could subsequently
not be confirmed. The subject reported several significant, and at times severe, responses to
this treatment. In addition to the nausea and confusion which are common with thiabendazole,
other symptoms suggested the presence of a disseminated roundworm infection. Such
symptoms included strong focal itching in conjunction with the appearance of small blood spots
on the face, legs, and neck. The blood spots suggest that oral drug therapy may have caused
dispersed larvae to penetrate the host's skin.
Severe abdominal pain, thirst, and abdominal bloating on the fourth day of treatment was
followed two days latter with the expulsion of dark brown, almost black, copious stools over the
next several days. The tough elastic nature of the stool material, which resisted tearing when it
was probed, along with the color of aged intestinal blood, suggests that it was actually part of
the intestinal lining which was expelled as a result of the severe inflammatory reaction
associated with oral thiabendazole treatment. Expulsion of portions of the epithelial lining of the
gut has been reported for other roundworm infestations of the intestinal mucosa. [See
generally, Klein The Parasites We Humans Harbor, Ch. 3 (1981)]. The subject also coughed up
large amounts of frothy sputum during the last days of treatment, suggesting that the lungs
were also infected. The sputum was not examined, as S. Stercoralis was believed to be the
infective gent.
Following these expulsion type reactions, the subject was completely symptom-free until a minor
relapse of fatigue two weeks later. A major attack involving prolonged fatigue and
gastrointestinal pain and bloating occurred two weeks after the first minor re-occurrence.
An oral dosing regimen of 3 g of thiabendazole per day for 7 days (the recommended dose for
treating disseminated strongyloidiasis) was eventually administered under the care of an
infectious disease specialist. However, the subject experienced debilitating side effects following
that oral regimen. In addition, orally administered thiabendazole did not effectively control the
subject's infection, which was latter determined not to be caused by S. stercoralis (through
Strongyloides IgG antibody testing). As a result, other means of identifying the subject's
545
infection were ultimately sought. These resulted in the aerosolized method, described infra, for
the diagnosis of C. pulmoni (n.gen., n.sp.) infections.
It should be noted that C. pulmoni (n.gen., n.sp.) has also been recovered from the sputum of a
member of the subject's household using the method described below. However, the household
member had been virtually asymptomatic until the twelve months prior to isolation of C. pulmoni
(n.gen., n.sp.) in the household member's sputum. All references to "the subject" are to the 50
year old male previously described.
Interpreted in the light of the now apparent C. pulmoni (n.gen., n.sp.) infection, the
aforementioned observations offer important insights for directing further treatment. First, orally
administered thiabendazole is potentially dangerous, and does not appear to kill all forms of C.
pulmoni (n.gen., n.sp.). Second, re-infection is apparently possible within two weeks, which may
represent the minimal interval between successive generations of the parasite.
Fasciolis
Sharkman:
Strongyloides is serious life and death stuff, see black in scars, on fore arms. Fenbendazole is the
replacement for mebendazole in vet world years ago . I did moxi with Prazi premixed horse paste
November and dec , it literally gave me a kidney infection from die off and had to go on doxy again .
This happened right b4 holidays, but I feel great now , wanted me to avoid Prazi until I was 99.9
percent symptom free . Her explanation was the kidneys are one of their safe zones but Prazi with
moxi targets that area like a guided missile.
I am doing Fenben this month at 15 mg per kg for 5 days 2 weeks apart. She has read primates are
quarantined when they are brought in this country and are treated with 50 mg per kg for 5 days ,
same as carnivores.
Fenbendazole according to her is the same as mebendazole except they added 1 compound of sulfur
and adjusted 2 other compounds found in both by a slight margin. I only listen to her and her vet
friends and backed up everything they provided me. As we seem to have both experienced severe
infections , nematodes require lots of time with multi med treatments. Vets use Fenbendazole to
treat ascariasis at same rate as strongyles. Vets have a new combo drug of Fenbendazole ,
ivermectin and Prazi for dogs and cats , it is the widest spectrum single monthly wormer developed.
never exceed canine doses of your meds , as she doesn't want anyone getting hurt. I will rotate
back and forth each month from Fenben to moxi plus Prazi each month until 1000 percent healed
and then I will worm bi monthly as a preventative from future infections from critters, bugs ,dirt
,food etc......
as they had severe strongyloides were afraid of dying and Drs couldn't get a handle on their
infection , the morgellons myth. It was personnel for me to do that as I fell in that trap when I had
no clue what the sores on my arms were with the threads.
546
scars from my severe stage 5 strongyloide parasitic infection
Toxoplasma gondii
Toxoplasma gondii
http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1645/13-451.1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxoplasma_gondii
http://www.naturecures.co.uk/toxoplasmosis.htm
CDC- Toxoplasmosis Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What is toxoplasmosis?
o A single-celled parasite called Toxoplasma gondii causes a

disease known as toxoplasmosis. While the parasite is found throughout
the world, more than 60 million people in the United States may be
infected with the Toxoplasma parasite. Of those who are infected, very
few have symptoms because a healthy person's immune system usually
keeps the parasite from causing illness. However, pregnant women and
individuals who have compromised immune systems should be cautious;
for them, a Toxoplasma infection could cause serious health problems.
What are the signs and symptoms of toxoplasmosis?
o Symptoms of the infection vary.
o Most people who become infected with Toxoplasma gondii

are not aware of it.
o Some people who have toxoplasmosis may feel as if they

have the "flu" with swollen lymph glands or muscle aches and pains that
last for a month or more. Severe toxoplasmosis, causing damage to the
547
brain, eyes, or other organs, can develop from an acute Toxoplasma
infection or one that had occurred earlier in life and is now reactivated.
Severe cases are more likely in individuals who have weak immune
systems, though occasionally, even persons with healthy immune
systems may experience eye damage from toxoplasmosis. Signs and
symptoms of ocular toxoplasmosis can include reduced vision, blurred
vision, pain (often with bright light), redness of the eye, and
sometimes tearing. Ophthalmologists sometimes prescribe medicine to
treat active disease. Whether or not medication is recommended
depends on the size of the eye lesion, the location, and the
characteristics of the lesion (acute active, versus chronic not
progressing). An ophthalmologist will provide the best care for ocular
toxoplasmosis. Most infants who are infected while still in the womb
have no symptoms at birth, but they may develop symptoms later in life.
A small percentage of infected newborns have serious eye or brain
damage at birth.
Intracellular
o Toxoplasma gondii (tŏk'sə-plāz'mə gŏn'dē-ī') is an obligate,

intracellular, parasitic protozoan that causes the disease toxoplasmosis.
[1]
o Cellular stages During different periods of its lifecycle,

individual parasites convert into various cellular stages, with each stage
characterized by a distinct cellular morphology, biochemistry, and
behavior. These stages include the tachyzoites, merozoites, bradyzoites
(found in tissue cysts), and sporozoites (found in oocysts).
o Description: "Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites, stained with Giemsa,

from a smear of peritoneal fluid
Tachyzoites
o Two tachyzoites, transmission electron microscopy[38]Motile, and

quickly multiplying, tachyzoites are responsible for expanding the population of
the parasite in the host.[39][38] When a host consumes a tissue cyst
(containing bradyzoites) or an oocyst (containing sporozoites), the bradyzoites
or sporozoites stage-convert into tachyzoites upon infecting the intestinal
epithelium of the host.[40] During the initial, acute period of infection,
tachyzoites spread throughout the body via the blood stream.[24] During the
later, latent (chronic) stages of infection, tachyzoites stage-convert to
bradyzoites to form tissue cysts.
o Two
apicomplexans,
Toxoplasma gondii,
within their host
cell. Transmission
electron microscopy
548
o
Merozoites
o An unstained T. gondii tissue cyst, bradyzoites can be seen

withinLike tachyzoites, merozoites divide quickly, and are responsible for
expanding the population of the parasite inside the cat intestine prior to sexual
reproduction.[39] When a feline definitive host consumes a tissue cyst
(containing bradyzoites), bradyzoites convert into merozoites inside intestinal
epithelial cells. Following a brief period of rapid population growth in the
intestinal epithelium, merozoites convert into the noninfectious sexual stages of
the parasite to undergo sexual reproduction, eventually resulting in the
formation of zygote-containing oocysts.[41]
Bradyzoites
o Bradyzoites are the slowly dividing stage of the parasite that make
up tissue cysts. When an uninfected host consumes a tissue cyst, bradyzoites
released from the cyst infect intestinal epithelial cells before converting to the
proliferative tachyzoite stage.[40] Following the initial period of proliferation
throughout the host body, tachyzoites then convert back to bradyzoites, which
reproduce inside host cells to form tissue cysts in the new host.
Sporozoites
o Sporozoites are the stage of the parasite residing within oocysts.

When a human or other warm-blooded host consumes an oocyst, sporozoites
are released from it, infecting epithelilal cells before converting to the
proliferative tachyzoite stage.[40]
Risk factors
o Risk factors for

human infectionThe following
have been identified as being
risk factors for T. gondii
infection:
§
1.Exposure to or consumption of raw or undercooked meat[20][42][43]
[44]
§ 2.Drinking unpasteurized goat milk[42]
§ 3.Contact with soil[7][43]
§ 4.Eating unwashed raw vegetables or fruits[20]
§ 5.Cleaning cat litter boxes[20]
549
§ Sewage has been identified as a carriage medium
for the organism.[45][46][47][48]
§ Numerous studies have shown living in a

household with a cat is not a significant risk factor for T. gondii
infection,[20][43][49] though living with several kittens has some
significance.
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229969-clinical#a0216
Symptoms
o Only 10-20% of toxoplasmosis cases in adults and

children are symptomatic.
§ Toxoplasmosis is a serious and often life-

threatening disease in immunodeficient patients.
§ Congenital toxoplasmosis may manifest as a

mild or severe neonatal disease, with onset during the first month of life
or with sequelae or relapse of a previously undiagnosed infection at any
time during infancy or later in life. Congenital toxoplasmosis has a wide
variety of manifestations.
§ Patients may have cervical lymphadenopathy with

discrete, usually nontender, nodes smaller than 3cm in diameter
§ Fever, malaise, night sweats, and myalgias have

been reported
§ Patients may have a sore throat
§ Retroperitoneal and mesenteric

lymphadenopathy with abdominal pain may occur
§ Retinochoroiditis is reported (an

inflammation of the retina and choroid coat of the eye)
o The disease in these patients may be newly acquired

or a reactivation. It may be characterized as follows:
§ •CNS toxoplasmosis occurs in 50% of patients -

Seizure, dysequilibrium, cranial nerve deficits, altered mental
status, focal neurologic deficits, headache
§ •Patients may have encephalitis,

meningoencephalitis, or mass lesions
§ •Hemiparesis and seizures have been reported
550
§ •Patients may report visual changes
§ •They may have signs and symptoms similar to

those observed in immunocompetent hosts.
§ •Patients may have flu like symptoms and

lymphadenopathy
§ •Myocarditis and pneumonitis are reported.
§ •Toxoplasmic pneumonitis can occur - Typical

symptoms of a pulmonary infection, mirroring in particular P (carinii)
jiroveci, including nonproductive cough, dyspnea, chest discomfort,
and fever
Symptoms associated with reactivation toxoplasmosis are dependent on the

tissue or organ affected.
Clinical findings include the following:
o •Altered mental state
o •Seizures
o •Weakness
o •Cranial nerve disturbances
o •Sensory abnormalities
o •Cerebellar signs
o •Meningismus
o •Movement disorders
o •Neuropsychiatric manifestations
The characteristic presentation is usually a subacute onset, with focal neurologic

abnormalities in 58-89% of cases. However, in 15-25% of cases, the clinical
presentation is more abrupt, with seizures or cerebral hemorrhage. Most commonly,
hemiparesis and/or speech abnormality is the major initial manifestation.
Brainstem involvement often produces cranial nerve lesions, and many patients
exhibit cerebral dysfunction with disorientation, altered mental state, lethargy, and
coma.
551
Less commonly, parkinsonism, focal dystonia, rubral tremor, hemichorea-
hemiballismus, panhypopituitarism, diabetes insipidus, or syndrome of inappropriate
antidiuretic hormone secretion may dominate the clinical picture.
In some patients, neuropsychiatric symptoms such as paranoid psychosis, dementia,

anxiety, and agitation may be the major manifestations.
Diffuse toxoplasmic encephalitis may develop acutely and can be rapidly fatal;
generalized cerebral dysfunction without focal signs is the most common manifestation,
and CT scan findings are normal or reveal cerebral atrophy.
Spinal cord involvement manifests as motor or sensory disturbances of single or

multiple limbs, bladder or bowel dysfunctions, or both and local pain. Patients may
present with clinical findings similar to those of a spinal cord tumor. Cervical
myelopathy, thoracic myelopathy, and conus medullaris syndrome have been reported.
Pulmonary toxoplasmosis (pneumonitis) due to toxoplasmosis is increasingly

recognized in patients with AIDS who are not receiving appropriate anti-HIV drugs or
primary prophylaxis for toxoplasmosis. The diagnosis may be confirmed by
demonstrating T gondii in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.
Pulmonary toxoplasmosis occurs mainly in patients with advanced AIDS (mean

CD4+ count of 40 cells/µL ±75 standard deviation) and primarily manifests as a
prolonged febrile illness with cough and dyspnea. Pulmonary toxoplasmosis may be
clinically indistinguishable from P (carinii) jiroveci pneumonia, and the mortality rate,
even when treated appropriately, may be as high as 35%.
Extrapulmonary toxoplasmosis develops in approximately 54% of persons with

toxoplasmic pneumonitis.
Ocular toxoplasmosis, ie, toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis, is relatively uncommon in

patients with AIDS; it commonly manifests as ocular pain and loss of visual acuity.
Funduscopic examination usually demonstrates necrotizing lesions, which may be
multifocal or bilateral. Overlying vitreal inflammation is often present and may be
extensive. The optic nerve is involved in as many as 10% of cases.
Other, uncommon manifestations of toxoplasmosis
552
•Panhypopituitarism and diabetes insipidus
•Multiple organ involvement, with the disease manifesting as acute

respiratory failure and hemodynamic abnormalities similar to septic
shock
•Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion and possibly

orchitis
•Gastrointestinal system invasion of T gondii may result in abdominal

pain, diarrhea, and/or ascites (due to involvement of the stomach,
peritoneum, or pancreas)
•Acute hepatic failure
•Musculoskeletal involvement
•Parkinsonism
•Focal dystonia
•Rubral tremor
•Hemichorea-hemiballismus
Congenital toxoplasmosis
This is most severe when maternal infection occurs early in pregnancy. Approximately
15-55% of congenitally infected children do not have detectable T gondii –specific IgM
antibodies at birth or early infancy. Approximately 67% of patients have no signs or
symptoms of infection.
Retinochoroiditis occurs in about 15% of patients, and intracranial calcifications

develop in about 10%. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis and elevated protein
values are present in 20% of patients.
Infected newborns have anemia, thrombocytopenia, and jaundice at birth.

Microcephaly has been reported. Affected survivors may have mental retardation,
seizures, visual defects, spasticity, hearing loss or other severe neurologic sequelae.
The prevalence of sensorineural hearing loss is as high as 28% in children who

do not receive treatment.[43]
553
Ocular toxoplasmosis
Patients develop retinochoroiditis (focal necrotizing retinitis). They have a yellowish

white, elevated cotton patch with indistinct margins. The lesions may occur in small
clusters. Congenital disease is usually bilateral and acquired disease is usually
unilateral.
Symptoms include the following:
Swollen lymph glands, especially around the neck
Impaired vision - Either sudden or gradual
Muscle aches and pains
Blurred vision
Disorientation
Personality changes
Poor coordination
Tremors
Seizures
Headache
Nausea
Fever
Generally feeling unwell
Tiredness and disturbed sleep patterns
Nerve damage
Inflammation of the brain (encephalitis)
Inflammation of the lungs
Inflammation of the heart muscle
•Scotoma
•Pain
•Photophobia
•Floaters
•Red eye
•Metamorphopsia
Susceptibility
554
o People with T cell deficiencies are particularly susceptible to
intracellular pathogens.
Vectors
o 1.by consuming raw or undercooked meat containing T.

gondiitissue cysts[7] The most common threat to citizens in the united
states it from eating raw or undercooked pork. It is possible to ingest
the parasite through other products, but it is unlikely.[8]
o2.by ingesting water, soil, vegetables, or anything contaminated with

oocysts shed in the feces of an infected animal[7] Cat fecal matter is
particularly dangerous. Just one cyst consumed by a cat will result in
million of oocysts. This is why physicians recommend pregnant or ill
persons do not clean the cat's litter box at home.[9]
o 3.from a blood transfusion or organ transplant
o 4.or transplacental transmission from mother to fetus,

particularly when T. gondii is contracted during pregnancy[7]
o Toxoplasma gondii- The parasite is able to run amok in the

brain, creating circular abscesses visible on an MRI. Present in eyes,
brain, heart, liver, Toxoplasmosis can cause headache, seizures, focal
neurological deficits and mental status changes. Acquired from
ingestion of uncooked/undercooked pork/lamb/goat with Toxoplasma
bradyzoites, ingestion of raw milk with Toxoplasma tachyzoites,
ingestion of contaminated water food or soil with oocysts in cat feces
that is more than one day old.
History
o In 1908, while working at the Pasteur Institute in Tunis,

Charles Nicolle and Louis Manceaux discovered a protozoan organism in
the tissues of a hamster-like rodent known as the gundi, Ctenodactylus
gundi.[10] Although Nicolle and Manceaux initially believed the organism
to be a member of the genus Leishmania that they described as
"Leishmania gondii", they soon realized they had discovered a new
organism entirely. They named it Toxoplasma gondii, a reference to its
morphology (Toxo, from Greek τόξον (toxon); arc, bow, and πλάσμα
(plasma); i.e., anything shaped or molded) and the host in which it was
discovered, the gundi (gondii). The same year Nicolle and Mancaeux
discovered T. gondii, Alfonso Splendore identified the same organism in
a rabbit in Brazil. However, he did not give it a name.[10]
555
o The first conclusive identification of T. gondii in humans was
in an infant girl delivered full term by Caesarean section on May 23,
1938, at Babies' Hospital in New York City.[10] The girl began having
seizures at three days of age, and doctors identified lesions in the
maculae of both of her eyes. When she died at one month of age, an
autopsy was performed. Lesions discovered in her brain and eye tissue
were found to have both free and intracellular T. gondii'.[10] Infected
tissue from the girl was homogenized and inoculated intracerebrally into
rabbits and mice; the animals subsequently developed encephalitis.
Later, congenital transmission was found to occur in numerous other
species, particularly in sheep and rodents.
o The possibility of T. gondii transmission via consumption of

undercooked meat was first proposed by D. Weinman and A.H Chandler
in 1954.[10] In 1960, the cyst wall of tissue cysts was shown to dissolve
in the proteolytic enzymes found in the stomach, releasing infectious
bradyzoites into the stomach (and subsequently into the intestine). The
hypothesis of transmission via consumption of undercooked meat was
tested in an orphanage in Paris in 1965; yearly acquisition rates of T.
gondii rose from 10% to 50% after adding two portions of barely cooked
beef or horse meat to the orphans' daily diets, and to 100% after adding
barely cooked lamb chops.[10]
o In 1959, a study in Bombay found the prevalence of T.

gondii in strict vegetarians to be similar to that found in nonvegetarians.
This raised the possibility of a third major route of infection, beyond
congenital and carnivorous transmission.[10] In 1970, the existence of
oocysts was discovered in cat feces, and the fecal-oral route of infection
via oocysts was demonstrated.[10]
o Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, a vast number of species

were tested for the ability to shed oocysts upon infection. Whereas at
least 17 different species of felids have been confirmed to shed oocysts,
no nonfelid has been shown to be permissive for T. gondii sexual
reproduction and subsequent oocyst shedding.
TESTING
o The only evidence of infection is detection of

antibodies in the blood against the toxoplasmosis parasite.
o According to recent studies, the repetitive element of 529 bp
in length has shown a sensitivity that is 10-times that of the sensitivity
using the B1 gene. Real-time PCR detection of T gondii DNA based on
the 529 bp repetitive element is the most frequently used molecular
diagnostic approach for toxoplasmosis.
o Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay testing on body fluids,

including CSF, amniotic fluid, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and blood,
may be useful in the diagnosis. However, PCR assay is capable of
556
detecting T gondii deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in either an aqueous
sample or a vitreous sample in only one third of patients with ocular
toxoplasmosis.[46, 47]
o Detection of immunoglobulin G (IgG) is possible within 2

weeks of infection using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA) test, the IgG avidity test, and the agglutination and
differential agglutination tests. (Acute and convalescent sera have no
role in the indirect detection of toxoplasmosis.)
Procedures
The following diagnostic procedures may be performed for toxoplasmosis:
o Lumbar puncture - After imaging to identify evidence of

increased intracranial pressure
o Brain biopsy
o Lymph node biopsy
o Amniocentesis - Perform amniocentesis at 20-24 weeks'

gestation if congenital disease is suggested
o Bronchoalveolar lavage
o Tachyzoites may be demonstrated in tissues or smears

obtained from biopsy. They also can be seen in CSF. CSF also shows
mononuclear pleocytosis and elevated protein level. Tachyzoites
demonstrate acute infection, while tissue cysts and bradyzoites are seen
in chronic/latent infection (although they may be present in acute
infection/reactivation).
Treatment
http://www.lib.gdpu.edu.cn/cyzy/tssjk/CXXKNY/CXXKNY_WWWX/201110/P0201110205
81912180349.pdf
o Current therapies for treating Toxoplasma infections show

limited efficacy and are often associated with severe side effects. These
therapies include inhibition of folate metabolism, of protein
synthesis, and of electron transport. Antifolate combination therapies
employing diaminopyrimidines, such as trimethoprim or pyrimethamine,
combined with sulfonamides, such as sulfadiazine or sulfamethoxazole,
act synergistically against various bacterial and parasitic microorganisms.
o Protein synthesis inhibitors, such as macrolide and

lincosamide antibiotics, are a second class ofmedications with anti-
Toxoplasma activity. Their mechanism of action in T. gondii is assumed
to inhibit plastid or mitochondrial organellar protein synthesis. The third
557
class of anti-Toxoplasma drugs comprises the electron-transport
inhibitors such as atovaquone. Atovaquone is occasionally used with
pyrimethamine
Recently developed Toxoplasma inhibitors have shown a broad range of

efficacy, toxicity, and therapeutic index (TIa).12-19
Artemisinin
o Artemisinin is a sesquiterpene lactone that possesses

a 1,2,4-trioxane moiety. Artemisinin was first identified as the
active constituent in Qinghao (Artemisia annua) in 1972. The
artemisinin class of drugs has shown a broad range of activity
againstmany parasites in vitro including Plasmodium,
Leishmania, Schistosoma, Trypanosoma, and Toxoplasma. 20,21
o While the 1,2,4-trioxane function has been shown to

be the pharmacophore responsible for the potent activity
against malaria parasites in vitro, 22,23 its role in anti-
Toxoplasma activity is not clear.
Deoxyartemisinins
o Deoxyartemisinins lacking the 1,2,4-trioxane moiety are

unable to effectively block intracellular Toxoplasma tachyzoite replication
but can moderately inhibit extracellular tachyzoite invastion of host cells.
24
o Thus the illumination of the exact mechanism of action of

artemisinins against in vitro Toxoplasma is still an area of intense
interest and investigation.25-28
o Thiazole-containing artemisinins compounds have been

shown, in vitro, to possess antimicrobial 29 and antiparasitic
properties.30,31
o Some C9-C10 dehydroartemsinin (DART) derivatives,

including a thiazole moiety, inhibit multiple steps in the lytic cycle of
T. gondii.24 This report describes results with novel DART-thiazole,
DART-oxadiazole, and DART-carboxamide derivatives.
558
o Artemix Artemisinin Complex 140mg 30 capsules
Artesunate 50mg Artemisinin 50mg, Artemether 40mg
o http://www.drclark.com/pictures/Artemix.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroartemisinin
Dihydroartemisinin (also known as dihydroqinghaosu, artenimol or DHA) is a drug

used to treat malaria. Dihydroartemisinin is the active metabolite of all artemisinin compounds
(artemisinin, artesunate, artemether, etc.) and is also available as a drug in itself. It is a semi-
synthetic derivative of artemisinin and is widely used as an intermediate in the preparation of
other artemisinin-derived antimalarial drugs.[1]
It is sold commercially in combination with piperaquine and has been shown to be equivalent to
artemether/lumefantrine.[2]
- Journal of Parasitology 100(4):516-521. 2014 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/13-451.1
o Correspondence should be sent to: vcarruth@umich.edu
o Print ISSN: 0022-3395
o Online ISSN: 1937-2345
o A Thiazole Derivative of Artemisinin Moderately Reduces Toxoplasma

gondii Cyst Burden in Infected Mice
o Tracey L. Schultz, Christopher P. Hencken*†, Lauren E. Woodard*‡,

Gary H. Posner*, Robert H. Yolken§, Lorraine Jones-Brando§, and Vern B.
Carruthers
o Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan

Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109.
o Correspondence should be sent to: vcarruth@umich.edu
o * Department of Chemistry, 216 Remsen Hall, Johns Hopkins

University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218.
o † Current address: Alkermes, Inc., 852 Winter Street, Waltham,

Massachusetts 02451.
o ‡ Current address: Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Whiting School

of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore,
Maryland 21218.
o § Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of

Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, Maryland 21287.
559
Abstract:
o Toxoplasmosis continues to be a public health problem,

causing significant morbidity worldwide. Currently available medications,
effective for acute toxoplasmosis, are nonetheless problematic due to
adverse side effects in many patients. In addition, no medication is able
to completely eradicate the parasite cysts, rendering infected individuals
at risk for reactivation upon becoming immunocompromised. We
examined the anti–T. gondii activity of 2 derivatives of artemisinin. In
vitro metabolic stability tests revealed that both derivatives are stable in
mouse plasma but only the thiazole CPH4-136 is stable in the presence
of mouse microsomes. When tested in a mouse model of acute
toxoplasmosis, both derivatives showed modest efficacy dependent upon
the compound dose and the solvent vehicle. Finally, in a mouse model of
chronic T. gondii infection, CPH4-136 at 3 mg/kg once per day for 32
days moderately but significantly decreased mouse brain cyst burden.
o Collectively, our findings suggest that artemisinin derivatives

are partially effective in treating experimental T. gondii infections.
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Natural treatments
o Glycyrrhizin restores the impaired IL-12 production in

thermally injured mice.
o Glycyrrhizic Acid in the Treatment of Liver Diseases:
o Ginkgo biloba L. and Glycyrrhiza glabra L. are known as G.

biloba, and G. glabra.
o Zingiber officinal (Ginger)
o Cz Radix Glycyrrhizae,Radix Scutellariae,Radix Stemonae,
562
Wright CW et al. Quassinoids exhibit greater selectivity against Plasmodium
falciparum than against Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis or Toxoplasma gondii

in
vitro. Journal of eukaryotic microbiology, 1993, 40:244–246.
http://www.slideshare.net/karlotacota/medicinal-natural-products
Neurocysticercosis
http://radiopaedia.org/articles/neurocysticercosis
Cause
o Infection which leads to extra-intestinal disease (including

neurocysticercosis) usually occurs as a result of eating food or drinking
water contaminated by human feces containing T. solium eggs. This is
distinct from the 'normal' life cycle in which the undercooked pork is
eaten and the larval cysts contained within mature into adult intestinal
tape worm 3.
Prevelance
o The disease is endemic in Central and South America, Asia

and Africa.
Prevention
o Avoid products and meat from infected areas
Clinical presentation includes :
§ Seizures: most common cause of seizures in

young adults in endemic areas 2
§ •headaches
§ •hydrocephalus
§ •altered mental status
§ •neurological deficits
563
o Neurocysticercosis occurs when people ingest the eggs of
Taenia solium, a pork tapeworm whose eggs are found in human feces.
Ingesting the eggs leads to tapeworm larvae growing in many different
human tissues, particularly brain and muscle. This leads to seizures and
more. The disease is most common where pigs are raised and sanitation
is poor, including much of South America and India.
Stages
There are four main stages (also known as Escobar's pathological stages):
o 1.Vesicular: viable parasite with intact membrane and

therefore no host reaction.
o 2.Colloidal vesicular: parasite dies within 4-5 years 1

untreated, or earlier with
treatment and the cyst fluid
becomes turbid. As the
membrane becomes leaky
oedema surrounds the cyst.
This is the most symptomatic
stage.
o 3.Granular nodular:
oedema decreases as the cyst
retracts further; enhancement
persists.
o 4.Nodular calcified:
end-stage quiescent calcified
cyst remnant; no oedema.
Progression
o Infection can be both intra and extra axial. Commonest

location is the subarachnoid space over the cerebral hemispheres. Other
locations in order of decreasing frequency are:
o 1.subarachnoid space over the cerebral hemispheres, ◦may

be large
o 2.basal cisterns, ◦may be "grape like" (racemose): most lack

an indentifiable scolex
o 3.parenchyma
o 4.ventricles , ◦usually solitary cysts, ◦4th ventricle most

frequent
564
o Typically the parenchymal cysts are small (1cm) whereas
the subarachnoid ones can be much bigger (up to 9cm): differential
therefore being arachnoid cyst.
o It is the most common cause of epilepsy in endemic areas

(South-east Asia, South America) with progression through the 4 stages
taking anywhere between 1 to 9 years.
Testing
o MRI
o CSF serology may be helpful with the initial diagnosis

especially in cases of intraventricular/subarachnoid infection 2.
o
Treatment
o Albendazole and praziquantel
Radiographic features- MRI
Schistosomiasis
Schistosoma
565
Intestinal
schistosomiasis
https://www.google.com/search?q=poly-
parasite+helminth+artemisinin&hl=en&gbv=2&oq=&gs_l=
http://www.parasitesandvectors.com/content/7/1/81
o The genus Schistosoma, which infect humans and cause the

serious human disease schistosomiasis, or with larval stages of thimble
jellyfish (Linuche unguiculata), which give rise to seabather's eruption.
Seabather's eruption mostly occurs in salt water, on skin covered by
clothing or hair.
o Schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia, bilharziosis or snail

fever) is a parasitic disease caused by several species of fluke of the
genus ''Schistosoma''.
o Bilharzia (bill-HAR-zi-a), is a disease caused by parasitic

worms. Schistosomiasis is transmitted by contact with contaminated
fresh water. Swimming, bathing, fishing and even domestic chores such
as laundry and herding livestock can put people at risk of contracting the
disease.
o Fresh water becomes contaminated by Schistosoma eggs

when infected people urinate or defecate in the water. The eggs hatch
and the parasites grow and develop inside snails.
o Schistosomiasis is caused by infection with small, flatworm

called a blood fluke.
o Schistosoma
parasites can penetrate the skin
of persons who are wading,
swimming, bathing, or washing in
contaminated water. Within
566
several weeks, worms grow inside the blood vessels of the body and
produce eggs. Some of these eggs travel to the bladder or intestines and
are passed into the urine or stool.
o Usually, these small, leaf-shaped worms cause peritoneum

cavity, and live in tissues - intestinal, liver, kidney or bladder, not in the
lumen of the digestive tract. Some Schistosoma eggs, however, remain
trapped in the body and migrate to specific organs (depending on the
type of parasite) where they can inflict major damage.
o The parasite causes inflammation (swelling) and damage to
organs, particularly the liver. Urinary schistosomiasis causes scarring and

tearing of the bladder and kidneys, and can lead to bladder cancer.
Intestinal schistosomiasis develops slowly, causing abdominal bleeding;
enlargement of the liver, lungs and spleen; and damage to the
intestines. A major indicator of the disease is blood in the urine and/or
feces.
o Second most devastating parasitic disease, (after malaria)
Background
Intestional
o Given that the majority of basic schistosomiasis research is

performed on Schistosoma mansoni, a major cause of the intestinal form
of schistosomiasis, a relevant issue is whether the transcription of
immune response- and fibrosis-related genes triggered by S.
haematobium eggs in the bladder differ from those directed against S.
mansoni eggs in other tissues. Perhaps the most appropriate
comparisons can be made between our data and microarray analyses
that have employed the S. mansoni egg-induced, synchronous lung
granuloma model. These studies are methodologically analogous to this
study’s microarray analysis of our synchronous egg injection model. Our
data indicates that although the S. haematobium egg-directed
immune and fibrotic response in the bladder shares many
similarities to the S. mansoni egg-triggered lung response,
there are a number of potentially important disparities (see
Venn diagram immediately following this paragraph). This
567
highlights the critical need to develop in vivo models which
properly match schistosome species with their tropism for
specific host organs.
o "we don’t know...
Schistosoma haematobium
http://uti.stanford.edu/research/schistosomiasis.html
о Chronic parasitic worm infection with Schistosoma haematobium

primarily affects the genitourinary tract (i.e., urogenital schistosomiasis)
and can result in hematuria (bloody urine), urinary symptoms, genital sores
increasing HIV risk, bladder and ureteral fibrosis (scarring), and bladder
cancer. Consequently, S. haematobium may be the most lethal worm on the
planet. Our research group is particularly interested in combining microsurgical
and in vivo imaging techniques with experimental models of urogenital
schistosomiasis to better understand the immunology and epithelial and stromal
biology of this terrible disease. S. haematobium is endemic in Africa and the
Middle East, and relies on freshwater snails as an obligatory part of its life cycle.
Controlling infestation has proven challenging due to the need to preserve local
aquatic ecosystems and difficulties with public education. Currently, the only
available medications to treat schistosomiasis are praziquantel and artemether.
There is no approved vaccine.
o Due to technical issues with animal models, the majority of

basic schistosomiasis
research is performed
on S. mansoni and S.
japonicum, the major
causes of the intestinal
form of
schistosomiasis.
However, over 112
million people are
infected with S.
haematobium, the
most common
schistosome species
globally. Diagnosis of
S. haematobium
infection (urogenital
schistosomiasis) is
made by manual
microscopic counting
of eggs in urine. This
method is expensive,
labor-intensive, and
568
impractical in many endemic areas, given the lack of consistent
electricity needed to power modern microscopes. Urogenital
schistosomiasis-induced urinary tract fibrosis and cancer can require
surgery, even after clearance of infection through medication. Coupled
with the possibility of emerging schistosomal resistance to praziquantel,
there is a need for vaccines, alternative diagnostic tests and
medications, and a better understanding of the immunopathology
associated with S. haematobium.
Symptoms
o •Frequent, painful or bloody urine
o •Abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea
o •Anemia
o •Fever, chills and muscle aches
o •Inflammation and scarring of the bladder
o •Lymph node enlargement
o •Enlargement of the liver or spleen
o •Secondary blood disorders in cases of colon damage
o •If infection persists, bladder cancer may eventually develop

in some cases
o •Children with repeated infection can develop anemia,

malnutrition and learning disabilities
Disease Impact
o •Schistosomiasis is the most deadly NTD, killing an

estimated 280,000 people each year
o •Twenty million schistosomiasis sufferers develop severe and

sometimes disfiguring disabilities from complications from the disease,
including kidney disease, liver disease and bladder cancer
Prevalance
569
o Globally, about one in thirty people (Around 200 million
people) infected worldwide carries these schistosomes. Like many
parasites, the life cycle of this organism is complex and involves many
different stages. 10 percent are are severely ill.
Geography
o Liver fluke infections have been reported in Europe and the

United States (The parasite is commonly found in fresh water lakes.
Outbreaks are common in the upper Midwest, but the parasites have
also been found in Delaware, New Mexico and Colorado) as well as the
Middle East, China, Japan and Africa. Lung fluke infections are common
in the Far East, South-east Asia, Africa, Central and South America,
Indonesia and the Pacific Islands.
o Countries of Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia.

The risk varies widely, however.
o Intermediate-risk destinations include most Southern

European countries and a few Caribbean islands.
Low-risk destinations include Canada, Northern Europe, Australia, New Zealand, the United
States, and some Caribbean islands.
Risk
o Humans acquire the infection by contact with freshwater

containing schistosomal larvae, which penetrate the skin and migrate
into the blood vessels, which they use to travel through the body. The
worms use suckers to adhere to the wall of the blood vessel, where they
can live for up to 30 years.
Food-borne diseases
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20153070?
dopt=Abstract&holding=f1000,f1000m,isrctn
o The burden of diseases caused by food-borne pathogens

remains largely unknown. Importantly data indicating trends in food-
borne infectious intestinal disease is limited to a few industrialised
countries, and even fewer pathogens. It has been predicted that the
importance of diarrhoeal disease, mainly due to contaminated food and
water, as a cause of death will decline worldwide. Evidence for such a
downward trend is limited. This prediction presumes …
o Generating evidence, guiding policy - sub-Saharan Africa regional

edition. Seattle: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation; 2013.
Path
570
о The cercariae lose their tail upon entry and transform into schistosemulae
that develop a double-lipid barrier that is resistant to human immune responses.
They incorporate host proteins and major histocompatibility complexes and migrate
through blood vessels. They enter pulmonary capillaries and eventually enter the
portal veins where they mature into adult worms. Male and female worms attach
together at the male’s gynecophoric canal (Figure 4). Here they migrate into mesenteric veins (S
mansoni, S japonicum) or vesicular veins (S haematobium). In the chronic stage, symptoms can
present months or years later. They vary depending on the species that has infected the host. In
general, the eggs induce a significant immune response and form granulomas. S mansoni andS
japonicum cause abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, and colonic polyposis. Eggs that remain in the
portal system develop periportal fibrosis. Symptoms include portal hypertension, hematemesis,
ascites, splenomegaly, and esophageal variceal bleeding. Granulomatosis in the pulmonary system
leads to chronic coughs, palpitations, atypical chest pain, pulmonary hypertension, cor pulmonale, and
ultimately death.5
о S haematobium deposit their eggs in the urinary tract system. Symptoms

include dysuria, hematuria, bladder polyps, ulcers, obstructive uropathies, and squamous
cell bladder cancer. Women manifest female genital schistosomiasis (discussion below).
Eggs can end up in the skin, brain, muscle, adrenal glands, and eyes. In some cases,
severe symptoms such as seizures, mental status changes, and even paralysis can occur.
Coinfection of schistosomiasis along with other diseases such as hepatitis, human
immunodeficiency virus, and malaria can raise the risk for hepatocellular carcinoma and
increase the risk of mortality.5
Types
o There are several types of fluke - blood flukes, liver flukes,

oriental lung flukes, sheep liver flukes and intestinal flukes, tissue flukes,
zoonotic flukes, lancet flukes and a host of others. The differences vary
in where and how a person has been infected and where and how they
will damage the system internally. Liver, oriental lung, sheep liver, and
intestinal flukes are transmitted via food; blood flukes are transmitted in
swimming or bathing water. If living in the UK, Europe, North America or
Canada it is likely that any fluke contamination will have been picked up
on holiday in somewhere tropical. Areas such as Africa (especially
Egypt), South America, the Caribbean, and China are worst affected.
They can also be brought right to the table in food imported from
abroad.
Sources
o Contracted by eating raw or undercooked fish, animals, or plants

from fluke-infected fresh water.
Symptoms
o Is characterized by chronic inflammation of the intestines

and urinary bladder.
571
o Most patients with this infection feel no symptoms at all.
Sometimes, though, an acute infection can be seen one day after
exposure with an itchy rash. Two to eight weeks later, a fever can
develop. Later, as the schistosomes can spread to different organs,
various symptoms can occur. Sometimes, the worms spread to the spinal
cord, causing a myelopathy. This results in pain, bowel dysfunction, and
weakness of the regions below the level of infection.
o Diarrhea frequently occurs within the first week of travel,

but may develop at any point, even after returning home. Traveler's
diarrhea causes four or five loose or watery stools per day. Vomiting
may also occur. It usually lasts 3 or 4 days, but about 14% of cases last
longer. In rare cases, the diarrhea lasts more than 3 months. When
Travelors diarrhea lasts a long time, it can cause post-infectious disease.
o Permanent paralysis can result. In other cases, the

schistosomiasis can affect the brain, leading to epilepsy or elevated
intracranial pressure.
Cerebral Schistosomiasis:
o Three different schistosomal species (S haematobium, S
japonicum, and S mansoni) can cause infection that involves the brain
and spinal cord (3). Brain involvement is found in about 4% of all
patients infected by S mansoni (4). Cerebral involvement is a rare
ectopic manifestation of schistosomiasis.
o Although ova can be found in the brains in a majority of

autopsied cases with proved schistosomiasis, only 2% of persons with
acute Schistosomiasis incur complications of the central nervous system
(1, 2). Clinical symptoms such as acute encephalopathy, seizure
disorders, mass lesions, and paresis, as well as radiologic findings, can
simulate a brain tumor, but in most cases thorough knowledge of the
patient’s history provides clues to the correct diagnosis.
o They migrate to the lungs and the liver. The organisms then
mature into mating pairs of male and female worms which settle in the
mesenteric veins (5). The adult worm lay eggs that are excreted with
stool or urine. Different mechanisms of invasion of
o The brain have been discussed: the eggs may reach the
brain through the valveless venous plexus of Batson, which joins the
deep iliac veins and inferior vena cava with veins of spinal cord and
brain, or eggs may migrate to the brain via pulmonary arteriovenous
shunts, or portalpulmonary arteriovenous shunts (3, 6, 7). Finally, the
worms themselves may enter the cerebral veins and place their eggs
directly at the ectopic site, which could be the cerebrum, cerebellum,
leptomeninges, brain stem, or choroids plexus (7, 8). The host then
572
develops an immunologic reaction to the deposited ova; the response
may cover a wide spectrum, from a very intense reaction, resulting in
granulomas or space-occupying mass lesions, to a minimal reaction with
no clinical manifestation at all.
Testing
o Epidemiologic history in combination with positive results of

cerebrospinal fluid ELISA and the patient's recovery after chemotherapy
can establish the diagnosis, although biopsy of the intracerebral lesions
may be considered [9,10]. However, the history of exposure to
schistosome infected water is important for the diagnosis. The prognosis
of schistosomiasis depends on early diagnosis and good treatment.
o If Laboratory findings revealed a leukocyte count of 11

000/mL, a normal red blood count and no eosinophilia, cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF) with 7/3 cells, 0.81 g/dL proteins, and 3.7 mmol/L glucose.
With the CSF ELISA, antibodies against Schistosoma organisms may
detected.
o The most common brain sites involved, whereas the

cerebellum, thalamus, hippocampus, midbrain, basal ganglia, choroid
plexus, and white matter are less frequently involved. In the mass form
of brain schistosomiasis, CT typically reveals a nodular, enhancing,
space-occupying lesion with surrounding edema, and contrast-enhanced
T1-weighted MR images in many patients revealed a central linear
enhancement surrounded by multiple enhancing punctate nodules,
forming an "arborized" appearance. Pathologically, this enhancement
pattern correlated with a host granulomatous response to schistosome
eggs. Although the pattern is not present in all cases of brain
schistosomiasis, when it is observed, a diagnosis of brain schistosomiasis
should be considered
Treatment
http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/9/1205.full.pdf
Morbidity control of schistosomiasis relies on a single drug, praziquantel. The

antimalarial drug mefloquine possesses interesting antischistosomal properties, yet no
clinical studies have been performed.
o Artesunate in the treatment of urinary schistosomiasis
573
o Schistosoma mansoni praziquantel 40 mg/kg probably reduces
parasitological treatment failure at one month post-treatment
o Schistosoma mansoni oxamniquine: Only one small study directly

compared praziquantel 40 mg/kg
o Schistosoma haematobium Mefloquine, Artesunate, Mefloquine-

Artesunate, and Praziquantel
o Artemether is effective against juvenile schistosomes during the first

21 days of infection in animals and humans28 and, if given every two weeks,
should kill all immature schistosomula.
o Because these worms can live in the body for years, with
potential for serious trouble at any time, infected persons should be
treated regardless of whether they have serious symptoms.
o Standard treatment with praziquantel was also more effective

than artesunate with sulfalene plus pyrimethamine, My fever was highest
(41.5ºC) on the second day of my course of praziquantel. My stool, re-checked
10 and 20 days later, showed no more eggs. After three months, I feel well
now.
o If the flukes have invaded the nervous system, steroids

should be given as well in order to reduce the inflammatory
response.
o Praziquantel (PZQ) effectively treats all forms of

schistosomiasis. It only requires 2 to 3 doses for 1 day. Although it has minimal
side effects, it cannot prevent future infections. In the acute phase, especially in
cases where the egg infestation is high, PZQ may worsen symptoms. Patients
who become severely ill may need corticosteroids to decrease the inflammatory
response. The recovery rate is as high as 98%.5
o Eighteen patients with acute Schistosoma mansoni infection

were followed up for 2 years after treatment with praziquantel or oxamniquine.
Cure rates, clinical features, abdominal ultrasonographic findings, and specific
humoral responses were determined at 2-, 6-, and 24-month follow-ups.
Fourteen patients (77.8%) were considered parasitologically cured. Levels of
IgA antibody to soluble egg antigen (SEA) and IgM antibody to keyhole limpet
hemocyanin (KLH) became negative or decreased to the cutoff level for chronic
infection 2 months after treatment, while levels of IgG antibody to KLH declined
between 12 and 24 months after treatment. Levels of IgM and IgG antibodies to
saline worm adult protein as well as IgM and IgG antibodies to SEA remained
positive during the follow-up period. Discrete lymph node enlargement and
hepatomegaly were still present in six of the eight cured children 2 years after
treatment, while complete regression was observed in adults. In our group of
patients, in addition to presenting with more intense clinical manifestations,
children were cured less often and had slower abatement of symptomatology
after treatment than adults
Natural Treatment
574
о black seed, cloves, gentian root, fennel seeds, green black walnut husks, hyssop
leaves, oregano, peppermint leaves, pumpkin seeds, thyme leaves
Echinococcosis
o Echinococcus is a tapeworm that, in the early stage of life,
can cause cysts in living human tissue, including the brain and spinal
cord.
Risk
o Humans acquire the infection after eating contaminated

food. The disease is rare in the United States, but is more common in
Africa, Central Asia, Southern South America, the Mediterranean and the
Middle East.
Symptoms
o The initial stages of infection are always asymptomatic, and

it may be years before the cysts cause any problems. In the brain, the
cysts can cause seizures or elevated intracranial pressure. In the spinal
cord, the cysts can cause cord compression and paralysis. Such central
nervous system infection is relatively rare, however—usually the cysts
infect other organs, such as the lungs or liver.
Tests
o Cysts can be found with a CT scan, but they're usually

found when an imaging test is done for some other reason.
Treatment
o Cysts may need surgical maneuver, often with additional

medical treatment with a drug such as albendazole or praziquantel.
Trichenella
o This parasitic infection is caused by roundworms
(nematodes), most commonly found in undercooked pig meat, though it
can be found in other types of meat as well. The infection is relatively
uncommon in the United States due to improvements in food
preparation. Larvae invade the wall of the small bowel and develop into
adult worms. Worms then go on to release eggs that grow into cysts in
muscles. When the muscle is ingested by another animal, the cycle
continues.
575
o Severe trichenellosis can cause a meningoencephalitis.
Headache is a common symptom. Swelling, strokes, and seizures can
also occur. The CT can show small cystic lesions throughout the brain.
Treatment is with albendazole or mebendazole, sometimes combined
with prednisone in severe cases.
o As unappealing as parasitic infections are, it's worth noting
that most of the time, these infections go unnoticed. A high percentage

of people throughout the world live with a worm or other parasite. As
close as we may be with these organisms, though, invasion of our
central nervous systems is too close for comfort, and must always be
taken seriously.
576
Common types and causes of parasitic infections

Copyright © 2011 Natural Standard (www.naturalstandard.com)
Roundworms
o Roundworm infection comes from ingesting roundworm
eggs via contaminated foods. Once in the small intestine the larvae are
liberated and can even migrate through the intestinal wall to the lungs.
About 10 days after ingesting the eggs, the larvae pass into the
digestive tract and mature into egg-producing worms, which grow to 15-
40 cm (6-16 inches) long. Adult roundworms are able to migrate into
other parts of the body, where they produce abcesses and toxic
manifestations.
Anisakids
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisakis
Anisakis is a genus of parasitic nematodes,

which have life cycles involving fish and marine
mammals.[1] They are infective to humans and
cause anisakiasis. People who produce
immunoglobulin E in response to this parasite
may subsequently have an allergic reaction,
including anaphylaxis, after eating fish that have
been infected with Anisakis species.
Anisakids Dewsc
As with all parasites with a complex life cycle involving a number of hosts, details of the
morphology vary depending on the host and life cycle stage. In the stage which infects
fish, Anisakis species are found in a distinctive "watch-spring coil" shape. They are
roughly 2 cm long when uncoiled. When in the final host, anisakids are longer, thicker
and more sturdy, to deal with the hazardous environment of a mammalian gut.
Prevalance
577
Fewer than ten cases occur annually in the United States.[9] Development of better
diagnostic tools and greater awareness has led to more frequent reporting of
anisakiasis.
Vector
Anisakids Contracted through consuming undercooked or raw fish such as sushi. The
larval stage infects fish like Pacific salmon, red snapper, herring, cod and haddock and
the mature anisakids infect sea mammals.
Cause
Anisakiasis is a human parasitic infection of the gastrointestinal tract caused by the

consumption of raw or undercooked seafood containing larvae of the nematode
Anisakis simplex. The first case of human infection by a member of the family
Anisakidae was reported in the Netherlands by Van Thiel, who described the presence
of a marine nematode in a patient suffering from acute abdominal pain.[8] It is
frequently reported in areas of the world where fish is consumed raw, lightly pickled or
salted. The areas of highest prevalence are Scandinavia (from cod livers), Japan (after
eating sushi and sashimi), the Netherlands (by eating infected fermented herrings
(maatjes)), and along the Pacific coast of South America (from eating ceviche). Fewer
than ten cases occur annually in the United States.[9] Development of better diagnostic
tools and greater awareness has led to more frequent reporting of anisakiasis.
Symptoms
o Acute abdominal pain.
Appendicitis, Crohn's disease, and other forms of intestinal inflammation.
Symptoms
o Within a few hours of ingestion, the parasitic worm tries to

burrow though the intestinal wall, but since it cannot penetrate it, it gets
stuck and dies. The presence of the parasite triggers an immune
response; immune cells surround the worms, forming a ball-like
structure that can block the digestive system, causing severe abdominal
pain, malnutrition and vomiting.
o Occasionally, the larvae are regurgitated. If the larvae pass

into the bowel or large intestine, a severe eosinophilic granulomatous
578
response may also occur one to two weeks following infection, causing
symptoms mimicking Crohn's disease.
Diagnosis
o Diagnosis can be made by gastroscopic examination, during

which the 2-cm larvae are visually observed and removed, or by
histopathologic examination of tissue removed at biopsy or during
surgery.
Treatment
o For the worm, humans are a dead-end host. Anisakis and

Pseudoterranova larvae cannot survive in humans, and will eventually
die. In some cases, the infection will resolve with only symptomatic
treatment.[12] In other cases, however, infection can lead to small
bowel obstruction, which may require surgery,[13] although treatment
with albendazole alone (avoiding surgery) has been reported to be
successful. Intestinal perforation (an emergency) is also possible.[14]
Prevention
o Raising consumer and producer awareness about the

existence of anisakid worms in fish is a critical and effective prevention
strategy. Anisakiasis can be easily prevented by adequate cooking at
temperatures greater than 60°C or freezing. The FDA recommends all
shellfish and fish intended for raw consumption be blast frozen to -35°C
or below for 15 hours or be regularly frozen to -20°C or below for seven
days.[9] Salting and marinating will not necessarily kill the parasites.
Humans are thought to be more at risk of anisakiasis from eating wild
fish than farmed fish. Many countries require all types of fish with
potential risk intended for raw consumption to be previously frozen to kill
parasites. The mandate to freeze herring in the Netherlands has virtually
eliminated human anisakiasis.[10]
579
Ascaris
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ascariasis/basics/definition/con-
20027084
https://web.stanford.edu/class/humbio103/ParaSites2005/Ascaris/#Hepato
http://web.stanford.edu/group/parasites/ParaSites2005/Ascaris/JLora_ParaSite.htm
http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/ascaris-lumbricoides
http://www.parasiteinfo.com/parasites/ascaris.htm
http://parasite.org.au/para-site/text/ascaris-text.html
id=VirWpchAmyQC&pg=PA124&lpg=PA124&dq=ascaris+Behaviour&source=bl&ots=qH
Qm86mInD&sig=EnSQnl3SoQr7p0_XO_4e9ZNau8Y&hl=en&sa=X&ei=pOieVNDVJI6lyAT
Oz4CYAw&ved=0CDwQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=ascaris%20Behaviour&f=false
Ascariasis
o Ascaris lumbricoides is a nematode (roundworm), which

inhabits humans.
o Ascaris is a genus of parasitic nematode worms known as the

"giant intestinal roundworms".
o Ascariasis is an important
infection in humans (Ascaris lumbricoides)
and pigs (Ascaris suum)
o A suum is zoonotic, and

adults are commonly found in preschool
children in contact with swineherds.
Visceral larva migrans due to migrating
larvae has been described.
o Ascariasis (as-kuh-RIE-
uh-sis) is a type of roundworm
infection that may live in the gut for 6-24 months. .
o These worms are parasites that use your body as a host to

mature from larvae or eggs to adult worms and reproduce.
o Adult worms can be more than a foot (30 centimeters) long.
580
o Adult worms inhabit the lumen of the small intestine,
usually in the jejunum or ileum.
o They are passed in the stool.
o When both female and male worms are present in the

intestine, each female worm produces approximately 200,000 fertilized
ova per day. The ova are oval, have a thick shell, a mamillated outer
coat, and measure 45 to 70 µm by 35 to 50 µm.
o During the migratory phase, the larvae may penetrate into the
tissues and circulate around the body via the blood and lymphatic systems,
commonly to the lungs. In the lungs, the larvae penetrate the pulmonary
capillaries to enter the alveoli, from where they ascend into the throat and
descend back into the gut where they may grow
o The ova are passed out in the feces, and embryos develop
into infective second-stage larvae in the environment in two to four
weeks (depending upon environmental conditions). When ingested by
humans, the ova hatch in the small intestine and release larvae, which
penetrate the intestinal wall and migrate hematogenously or via
lymphatics to the heart and lungs. Occasionally, larvae migrate to sites
other than the lungs, including to the kidney or brain.
Definition
o Ascariasis is considered the most common type of

roundworm infection in humans.
o Ascariasis are Nematodes, which can use humans as the

destination host, and can reproduce entirely in a human host.
o They can infect a human host for over 30 years.
Prevalance
o A. lumbricoides is endemic throughout the world.
o Researchers estimate that about 25% of the world's

population (2 Billion People) are infected with the parasite.
o In the United States, most infections occur in areas that

have warm climates, such as the Southern United States.
o Ascarids have been epidemic in the recent past in the

southeastern U.S.
581
o Globally, 12 million acute cases and 10,000 deaths occur annually
o It has been estimated that 9 x 10(14) eggs

contaminate the soil per day worldwide [14].
Vector
o Dirt, Fruit, Water Supply
Risk factors
o Large numbers of A. lumbricoides eggs may be found in

municipal domestic sewage and individuals eating unwashed fruit and
vegetables, particularly those grown in, or near, soil fertilised with
sewage are more likely to become infected.
o There is considerable biological and epidemiological evidence to

suggest zoonotic transmission of A. suum to humans, although recent molecular
studies have shown limited gene flow between human and pig ascarid
populations.
o While the whole life-cycle of A. suum may not be completed in

non-porcine hosts, their larvae can undergo extensive migration in a number of
hosts (humans, cattle, sheep, etc) leading to manifestations.
Causes
o Ascariasis isn't spread directly from person to person.

Instead, a person has to come into contact with soil mixed with human
feces that contain ascaris eggs.
Ingestion.
o The microscopic ascariasis eggs can't become infective

without coming into contact with soil. People can accidentally ingest
contaminated soil through hand-to-mouth contact or by eating uncooked
fruits or vegetables that have been grown in contaminated soil.
§ Humans become infected after they ingest

the parasite's microscopic eggs.
582
§ We all have Ascariasis lumbricoides
tapeworm stages in our bodies, probably going back to childhood
when we ate dirt.
§ It is not normal for these stages to hatch

and develop further. Their purpose is to stay dormant. And
perhaps they do little harm this way.
§ If stages are hatching. This spews the tiny

larvae and cysts, plus unfertilized eggs and their bacteria all over the
body, making you feel sick.
§ Perhaps the large amounts of solvents

accumulated in the body forces them to hatch; perhaps the lowered
immunity allows them to hatch.
§ Lowered immunity occurs when other parasitic

infections persist for a period of time.
Parasite morphology: The parasite forms several different developmental stages: eggs,
larvae [moult from first-stage (L1) through to fourth-stage (L4)], and adults (male and female).
Fertilized eggs appear as round-oval tan-coloured stages (45-75µm long by 35-50µm wide)
surrounded by a thick albuminous mamillated (lumpy) outer coat. Before insemination or in
early stages of oviposition, female worms may also excrete unfertilized eggs which are more
elongate (85-95 x 45µm) and decorticated (not mamillated). Fertilized eggs are excreted
unembryonated, but then develop first-stage then second-stage infective larvae.
The eggs of the roundworm have an incredibly thick shell and are very resistant to variations in
temperature and humidity in the environment. They are coated with a jelly-like substance with a
lumpy surface that allows the eggs to stick to almost anything. Although it takes about two to
three weeks for them to become infective, roundworm eggs will remain infective in the soil for
some time. The eggs hatch in the small intestine, the juvenile penetrates the small intestine and
enters the circulatory system, and eventually the juvenile worm enters the lungs. In the lungs
the juvenile worm leaves the circulatory system and enters the air passages of the lungs. The
juvenile worm then migrates up the air passages into the pharynx where it is swallowed, and
once in the small intestine the juvenile grows into an adult worm. Why Ascaris undergoes such a
migration through the body to only end up where it started is unknown. Such a migration is not
unique to Ascaris, as its close relatives undergo a similar migration in the bodies of their hosts.
When hatched in the host, these small larvae (juvenile) (1.2-1.8mm long) invade host tissues
and undertake pulmonary migration in the circulatory system. This migration process takes
about 8-12 weeks.
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In the lungs the juvenile worm enters the air passages. It then migrates up the air passages into
the pharynx where it is swallowed, and once in the small intestine the juvenile grows into an
adult worm typically in four molts.
After about two months in the small intestine the roundworms mature into adults. The
roundworm adults remain in the small intestine feeding on the contents of the intestine. They do
not actually feed on the human host as many of the other nematodes do.
Large adult worms develop in the gut, female worms measuring 20-50cm long by 3-6mm wide,
while males are smaller, measuring 15-30cm long by 2-4mm wide with two simple spicules 2.0-
3.5mm long.
Adults have a striated cuticle and three small, but conspicuous, lips around the apical mouth.
The hemocoel, or body cavity, is filled with fluid under exceptionally high pressure (higher than
that of any other animal) and acts as a hydrostatic skeleton. All other worm's organ systems are
affected by this pressure and function under its influence. The pressure maintains the body
shape and acts as a hydrostatic skeleton against which the body wall muscles act to accomplish
locomotion.
Migration
o People accidentally ingest contaminated soil through hand-

to-mouth contact or by eating uncooked fruits or vegetables that have
been grown in contaminated soil.
o The microscopic ascariasis eggs travel to your small intestine

where they attach.
o Once the eggs enter the body, they mature into larvae.
o Larvae hatch from the eggs in your small intestine and then
penetrate the intestinal wall to travel to your lungs via your bloodstream
or lymphatic system.
§ Larval migration may cause cough,

dyspnoea, haemoptysis and eosinophilic pneumonitis (Löffler's
syndrome).
§ During the larval phase, the larvae invade the

intestinal mucosa and migrate through the circulation to the lungs. The
larvae then break into the alveoli, ascend the bronchial tree, The
larvae then enter the lungs.
584
§ Larval invasion normally induces an immune
response,
§ Tissue damage can occur when the worms

migrate. Ascaris pneumonitis may be caused the worms as the enter
the lungs. On chest x-rays it may resemble viral pneumonia.
o After maturing for about a week in your lungs, the larvae

break into your airway and travel up your throat, where they're coughed
up and swallowed.
o Once back in the intestines, the parasites reattach and grow

into male or female worms. Female worms can be more than 15 inches
(40 centimeters) long and a little less than a quarter inch (6 millimeters)
in diameter. Male worms are generally smaller.
o Reproduction. Male and female worms mate in the small

intestine. And can initially produce up to 200,000 eggs a day.
o Treatment can cause adult worm migration
o Migrating adult worms can chew threw tissue and cause

infections, and spread immature worms throughout tissue and the body.
§ Up throat
§ Behind tonsils
§ Behind sinuses
o In the adult phase, the worms may migate to the appendix,

hepatobiliary system, pancreatic ducts, and other organs such as kidneys
or brain, Rarely, larvae lodge ectopically in the brain, kidney, eye, spinal
cord, and other sites and may cause local symptoms
o Migrating adult worms may cause Visual, hearing, nervous,

CNS, symptomatic occlusion of the biliary tract or oral expulsion.
o Ascarids can infect the gut and lungs in humans, or other

locations, and the juvenille worms can crawl into the respiratory tract
and out of the nose.
o Eventually, the larvae reach the throat, where they are

coughed up and then swallowed. Once swallowed, the larvae enter the
intestines, where they develop into adults and feed off of the food that
enters the body. Adult worms can grow to be 15 inches long. Adult
worms can live up to two years, and female worms can produce more
than 200,000 eggs a day. Larvae penetrate through the skin of the feet
and travel to the intestine where they reach maturity.
o It takes approximately 2-3 months from the initial infection for

new egg release to take place.
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Life Cycle Figure – Adult

worms (1) live in the lumen of
the small intestine. A female may
produce approximately 200,000
eggs per day, which are passed
with the feces (2). Unfertilized
eggs may be ingested but are
not infective. Fertile eggs
embryonate and become
infective after 18 days to several
weeks (3), depending on the
environmental conditions
(optimum: moist, warm, shaded
soil). After infective eggs are
swallowed (4), the larvae hatch
(5), invade the intestinal
mucosa, and are carried via the
portal, then systemic circulation
to the lungs (6). The larvae
mature further in the lungs (10
to 14 days), penetrate the
alveolar walls, ascend the
bronchial tree to the throat, and
are swallowed (7). Upon reaching the small intestine, they develop into adult worms (1).
Between 2 and 3 months are required from ingestion of the infective eggs to oviposition by the
adult female. Adult worms can live 1 to 2 years. Source: CDC’s Parasite and Health Page about
intestinal ascariasis.
Pathogenesis: Infections by small numbers of worms may remain asymptomatic, although

some individuals may develop allergic reactions (urticaria, eosinophilia). Larger numbers of
worms, however, can cause significant health problems for the host. Following infection,
pulmonary migration by larvae may cause petechial haemorrhages, oedema, inflammation, and
pulmonary congestion (pneumonitis, or Loeffler’s pneumonia) with cough, chest pain and
difficulty breathing. Migrating larvae lost or trapped in other tissues often die causing focal
inflammation and vague symptoms difficult to diagnose. Adult worms developing in the gut feed
on luminal content, they steal liquid nourishment from the host contributing to protein energy
malnutrition and impaired carbohydrate absorption. Moderate-heavy infections may cause a
variety of digestive disorders, poor growth and development in small children, abdominal pains,
restlessness, insomnia and allergic responses (rashes, asthma). Heavy infections may also cause
life-threatening gut obstructions where tangles of worms form a bolus mechanically blocking the
gut. To the great consternation of their hosts, worms may also occasionally wander upstream
(obstructing biliary or pancreatic ducts, sometimes even being regurgitated) or downstream
(infecting the appendix, or being passed in faeces).
Symptoms
586
o Most people infected with ascariasis have no symptoms.
Moderate to heavy infestations cause symptoms that may vary,
depending on which part of your body is affected.
o Ascaris are immunomodulatory infections, where the

immune parameters associated with protective immunity mechanisms
are geared towards parasite survival.
o When the larvae enter the lungs, patients may experience

symptoms similar to pneumonia, such as persistent cough, shortness of
breath, and wheezing.
o When the larvae reach the intestines and develop into adults,
mild or moderate symptoms may include abdominal pain, nausea,
diarrhea, and sometimes bloody stools.
o Severe infections may cause abdominal pain, fatigue, vomiting,

weight loss, worm in vomit or stools, or worm emerging from the nose
or mouth.
General Roundworm Symptoms:
o Many individuals are unaware of roundworm disease but

some may show:
§ non-productive Cough
§ nocturnal fever - Low-grade fever
§ Inflammation of the intestine and lungs,
§ Nausea,
§ Night sweats
§ Tiredness,
§ Allergic rash,
§ Vomiting,
§ Diarrhoea,
§ Allergy
§ Malnourishment
§ Intestinal blockage - Constipation
§ "Flu like" symptoms
587
§ Restlessness
§ Sleep disturbances
§ Nervousness and irritability,
§ Nerve problems from toxic load,
§ Periodic Wheezing,
§ Periodic Coughing,
§ Vomiting worms
§ Passing of worm in stool
§ Gallstone formation
§ Liver abscesses
§ Pancreatis, Gas, Indigestion, GERD, Acid

Reflux
§ Pulmonary eosinophilia
§ Pneumonia
§ Shortness of breath
§ Abdominal pain
§ Nausea and explosive watery diarrhea
§ Blood in the stool, White film Stool
§ Bloating of the adbdomen,
§ Greasy stools
§ Cardio and pulmonary disorders.
§ Reversible lactose intolerance
§ Severe right hip and low back pain

developed
§ Severe GI pain sharp
§ Malabsorption of fat soluible vitamins

including Vitamin A,
§ Malabsorption of protein,
§ Malabsortion of fat.
588
§ After you ingest the microscopic ascariasis
eggs, they hatch in your small intestine and the larvae migrate
through your bloodstream or lymphatic system into your lungs.
In the lungs
o similar to asthma or pneumonia,
o At this stage, you may experience signs and

symptoms similar to asthma or pneumonia, including:
o •Persistent cough
o •Shortness of breath
o •Wheezing
o After spending six to 10 days in the lungs, the

larvae travel to your throat, where you cough them up and
then swallow them.
o Worm burdens at key stages during infection leading

up to the pulmonary stage of development.
In the intestines
o The larvae mature into adult worms in your small

intestine, and the adult worms typically live in the intestines
until they die. In mild or moderate ascariasis, the intestinal
infestation can cause:
o •Vague abdominal pain
o •Nausea and vomiting
o •Diarrhea or bloody stools
o If you have a heavy intestinal infestation — a

large number of worms — you may experience:
o •Severe abdominal pain
o •Fatigue
o •Vomiting
§ •A worm in vomit
§ Obstruction of intestine
589
§ Obstruction of liver
§ Obstruction of Throat
Systemic
§ Death
Behaviour
Ascaris behaviour pretty well... they tend to vibrate and can thrash around when threatened
Pathophysiologic mechanisms include

o Direct tissue damage
o The immunologic response of the host to infection with

larvae, eggs or adult worms [2]
o Obstruction of an orifice or the lumen of the gastrointestinal

tract by an aggregation of worms
o Nutritional sequelae of infection [10]
Complications
o Clinical disease is largely restricted to individuals with a high

worm load [1].
o When symptoms do occur, they relate either to the larval

migration stage or to the adult worm intestinal stage. Pathophysiologic
mechanisms include
o Direct tissue damage
o The immunologic response of the host to infection with

larvae, eggs or adult worms [2]
o Obstruction of an orifice or the lumen of the gastrointestinal

tract by an aggregation of worms
590
o Nutritional sequelae of infection [10]
1. 1. Pulmonary and hypersensitivity manifestations

Pulmonary and hypersensitivity manifestations
о Transient respiratory symptoms can occur in sensitized hosts during

the stage of larval migration through the lungs.
о Symptoms associated with the pneumonitis, which are known as

Loffler's syndrome, tend to occur one to two weeks after ingestion of the
eggs. The severity of symptoms tends to correlate with larval burden.
о The migration of the larvae through the lungs causes the blood
vessels of the lungs to hemorrhage, and there is an inflammatory response
accompanied by edema. The resulting accumulation of fluids in the lungs
results in "ascaris pneumonia," and this can be fatal.
о Urticaria and other symptoms related to hypersensitivity usually

occur toward the end of the period of migration through the lungs.
2. 2. Intestinal symptoms
о Larvae were recovered from the intestinal contents and also whilst
actively migrating through the large intestinal wall.
о Heavy infections with Ascaris are frequently believed to result in

abdominal discomfort, anorexia, nausea and diarrhea. However, it has not
been confirmed whether or not these non-specific symptoms can truly be
attributed to ascariasis.
о With relatively heavy infections, impaired absorption of dietary

proteins, lactose and vitamin A has been noted, and steatorrhea may occur.
о One review concluded that Ascaris-free or treated children showed

better nutritional status in terms of growth, lactose tolerance, vitamins A
and C, and albumin levels than Ascaris-infected children based upon almost
20 years of published cross-sectional and intervention studies. This review
also found significant improvement in weight or height following therapy for
591
ascariasis. It has also been proposed that heavy infections may be
associated with impaired cognitive development in school children [24,25].
о Ascaris is notorious for its reputation to migrate within the small

intestine, and when a large worm begins to migrate there is not much that
can stop it.
о Occasionally an adult will migrate to the stomach and cause nausea,

and sometimes vomiting. This often occurs when chemotherapy is initially
started, is started to slow, insufficient paralysis drugs are administered, or
the infection is large.
о In these cases, the human host can expel the worm in the vomit.
(Expelled worms as big as 1 ft long have been reported.) Worms that reach
the esophagus while a person is asleep can exit the body through the nose
or mouth.
о During treatment with DEC-C, Arthemeter, or mebendazole, worms

can die, break open, expel infant worms, and can cause severe reactions,
pain, sweating, toxic loads, Instances have been reported in which Ascaris
have migrated into and blocked the bile or pancreatic duct or in which the
worms have penetrated the small intestine resulting in acute (and fatal)
peritonitis.
о Ascaris seems to be especially sensitive to anesthetics, and

numerous cases have been documented where patients in surgical recovery
rooms have had worms migrate from the small intestine, through the
stomach, and out the patient's nose or mouth.
3. 3. Intestinal obstruction
Intestinal blockage and perforation. In heavy ascariasis
infestation, a mass of worms can block a portion of your
intestine, causing severe abdominal cramping and vomiting. The
blockage can even perforate the intestinal wall or appendix,
causing internal bleeding (hemorrhage) or appendicitis.
о A mass of worms can obstruct the bowel lumen in heavy Ascaris

infection, leading to acute intestinal obstruction. The obstruction occurs
most commonly at the ileocecal valve. Symptoms include colicky abdominal
pain, vomiting and constipation. Vomitus may contain worms.
Approximately 85 percent of obstructions occur in children between the
ages of one and five years. Sometimes an abdominal mass that changes in
size and location on serial examinations may be appreciated [10].
Complications including volvulus, ileocecal intussusception, gangrene, and
intestinal perforation occasionally result.
о The overall incidence of obstruction is approximately 1 in 500

children. It has been shown that between five and 35 percent of all cases of
bowel obstruction are due to ascariasis [1]. One review estimated the worm
burden with intestinal obstruction to be >60 (and ten times higher in fatal
cases) [26].
592
о Ascariasis is said to be the most common cause of acute abdominal
surgical emergencies in certain countries [8]. In a recent meta-analysis of
morbidity and mortality related to ascariasis, intestinal obstruction
accounted for a mean of 72 percent of complications of the infection [27].
4. 4. Hepatobiliary and pancreatic symptoms

https://web.stanford.edu/class/humbio103/ParaSites2005/Ascaris/#Hepato
о Worms may block the narrow ducts of your liver or pancreas,

causing severe pain.
о Yellow and White Liver Stones - about the size of a marble- may
form, backing up the liver or pancreas causing an absess.
о Hepatobiliary and pancreatic symptoms — Symptoms related to the

migration of adult worms into the biliary tree can cause abdominal pain,
biliary colic, acalculous cholecystitis, ascending cholangitis, obstructive
jaundice, or bile duct perforation with peritonitis.
о Strictures of the biliary tree may occur [28]. Hepatic abscesses can
also result [29].
о Retained worm fragments can serve as a nidus for recurrent

pyogenic cholangitis. The pancreatic duct may also be obstructed, leading
to pancreatitis, and the appendix resulting in appendicitis.
о Occasionally, migrating adult worms emerge from the mouth, nose,

lacrimal ducts, umbilicus or inguinal canal. High fever, diarrhea, spicy foods,
anesthesia and other stresses have all been associated with an increased
likelihood of worm migration [10].
о 98 percent presented with abdominal pain,

о 16 percent developed ascending cholangitis,
о 4 percent developed acute pancreatitis,
о 1 percent developed obstructive jaundice.
о A previous cholecystectomy or endoscopic
sphincterotomy had been performed in 80 percent.
о Endoscopic extraction of the worms, successful
in all but two cases, led to rapid resolution of
symptoms.
593
Differential diagnosis
The differential diagnosis will depend on the symptoms displayed, but will also include
infection with Trichuris trichiura, another roundworm causing similar problems.
Test
In heavy infestations, it's possible to find worms after you cough or vomit, and the
worms can come out of other body openings, such as your mouth or nostrils. If this
happens to you, take the worm to your doctor so that he or she can identify it and
prescribe the proper treatment.
Stool tests
о Diagnosis is usually made by identifying eggs in a stool

sample.
о The most common method for diagnosing intestinal

ascariasis is light microscopy using direct wet mount examination or
formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation.
о Fresh samples must be obtained, in that the eggs can

degrade quicly
о Use a lab that can analyze samples in 24 hours.
о Health care providers can diagnose ascariasis by

taking a stool sample and using a microscope to look for the
presence of eggs.
о About two months after you ingest ascariasis eggs, the

worms mature and begin laying thousands of eggs a day.
These eggs travel through your digestive system and
eventually can be found in your stool. To diagnose ascariasis,
your doctor may examine your stool for the microscopic eggs
and larvae.
о Eggs won't appear in stool until at least 40 days after

you're infected. And if you're infected with only male worms,
you won't have any eggs at all.
о Labs initially performed PCR analysis on stools. This

practice has been all but discontinued. It proved to be to
accurate.
594
Blood tests
о Your blood can be tested for the presence of an

increased number of a certain type of white blood cell, called
eosinophils. Elevations can occur during early infection stages
о Ascariasis can elevate your eosinophils, but so can

other types of health problems.
о Blood count may reveal anaemia.
о Late stage infections LFTs may reveal liver damage or

low protein state.
Imaging tests
о X-rays. If you're infested with a large number of

worms, the mass of worms may be visible in an X-ray of your
abdomen. In some cases, a chest X-ray can reveal the larvae
in your lungs.
о Ultrasound. An ultrasound may show if any worms are

in your pancreas or liver. This technology uses sound waves
to create images of internal organs.
о CT scans or MRIs. Both types of tests create detailed

images of your internal structures, which can help your
doctor detect worms that are blocking ducts in your liver or
pancreas. Computerized tomography (CT) combines X-ray
images taken from many different angles, whereas magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI) uses radio waves and a strong
magnetic field.
Exploritary
о Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography may

be useful if biliary tree involvement is suspected.
Prognosis
595
о Early detection with GI involvement, leads to uncomplicated
infections, which respond well to treatment with anthelmintics.
о However, after dissemenation, and several maltings have occurred,

migration to other locations such as the liver, lungs, heart, or genitourinary
tract may cause severe acute problems and death.
о Re-infections can occur rapidly after treatment and so there is a

need for frequent anthelmintic drug administrations to maximise the benefit
of preventive chemotherapy.[8]
о Worm burdens in the lungs, Lung tissues
о Leading up to the pulmonary stage
о The large intestine and rectum, liver and lungs
о The large intestinal wall
о The liver
о The Pancreas
о Ascariasis is an important infection in humans (Ascaris

lumbricoides) and pigs (Ascaris suum) and individuals appear to be
predisposed to either heavy or light worm burdens.
о Mebendazole causes cytoplasmic microtubular degeneration

and death of intestinal-dwelling adult Ascaris by selectively and
irreversibly blocking their glucose uptake without affecting blood
glucose levels in the host, including humans.2
Complications
о Poor nutritional state
о Failure to thrive
о Impaired cognition
о Nutritional deficiencies
о Anaemia
о Intestinal: intussusception, perforation, appendicitis,

peritonitis, volvulus
о Pancreatitis, cholangitis, jaundice, liver abscesses
Respiratory tract obstruction
Treatment options
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о Drugs available to treat Ascaris infections include pyrantel
pamoate, piperazine citrate* withdrawn, and mebendazole.
Mebendazole is also the treatment ofchoice for trichuriasis.4
о Physicians using mebendazole to treat ascariasis should

inform patients and their families about the possibility of aberrant
migration ofA lwnbricoides from the nose or mouth.
о Combination therapy with mebendazole, 150 mg, and pyrantel

base, 34 mg, had the efficacy of mebendazole but did not cause
erratic migration of A lumbricoides in more than 3,000 treated
patients. Good to use irregardless of the worm type, just because it can kill
the larvae,
Because of the risk of complications, patients with ascariasis who have other
concomitant helminthic infections should always undergo treatment for ascariasis first.
Ascariasis commonly coexists with whipworm infection
Medical therapy is usually not indicated during active pulmonary infection because dying larvae
are considered a higher risk for significant pneumonitis.
Anthelminth therapy is not usually given at the time of pulmonary

symptoms because dying larvae may do more harm than migrating
ones.
Standard therapy for intestinal ascariasis can be given after the

worms have developed to maturity in the small intestine [6].
Single dose mebendazole, given either four times a year, decreased

intensity of A. lumbricoides infection by 63 and 97 percent,
respectively, it has a greater effect on the intensity of infection than
on the overall prevalence [44-47].
Follow-up — All of these therapies act against the adult worm but
not the larvae. Following therapy, patients should be reevaluated at
two to three months to ensure that no eggs are detectable, either
597
because of inadequate elimination of adult worms or because of
reinfection. Reinfection occurs frequently; more than 80 percent of
individuals within six months [1]. Evaluation of other family
members should be entertained whenever the diagnosis is made
because of the propensity of the infection to cluster in families
[10,12].
Treatment of Simple uncomplicated GI trac infection:
о therapy is mebendazole (100 mg bid for 3 d or 500 mg as a

single dose). Mebendazole is not recommended during pregnancy;
pyrantel pamoate
о pyrantel pamoate is the drug of choice in most GI cases.
о Severe disseminated infections should start with a single std

dose of Pyrantel Pamoate, along with Nematode paralysis agent, to
prevent migration into eyes, ears, nose, throat, larynx penetration,
or scattering of worms.
о Pyrantel pamoate — Pyrantel pamoate (11

mg/kg up to a maximum of 1 g) is administered as a
single dose. Adverse effects include gastrointestinal
(GI) disturbances, headaches, rash, and fever.
Parasite immobilization and death occur, although this
happens slowly and complete clearance of the worm
from the GI tract may take up to three days. Efficacy
varies with worm load, but single dose therapy is
approximately 90 percent effective in eradicating adult
worms [6].
Invermectin, DEC-C,
о Invermectin, DEC-C, and others should be given at std dose

levels concurantly to prevent migration
о Paralyzing vermifuges (eg, pyrantel pamoate, piperazine,

ivermectin) should be avoided in patients with complete or partial
intestinal obstruction since the paralyzed worms may necessitate or
further complicate surgery.
о Drug therapy affects only adult worms. Larvae are not yet
susceptible. Such patients should be re-treated every 3 months
598
о If stool ova persist beyond 2 years, additional exploration,
coinfection enabling parasites should be considered.
Mebendazole —
о Mebendazole (100 mg BID for 3 days or 500 mg as a single

dose) is an alternative. Adverse effects include transient GI
discomfort, headache, and rarely leukopenia. The three-day regimen
is approximately 95 percent effective, and the single dose seems to
have similar results.
Ø * Albendazole — A single dose of albendazole (400

mg) is effective in almost 100 percent of cases(lie), although
reinfection commonly occurs [39]. Albendazole causes the same
adverse effects as mebendazole.
Ø ?
о Nitazoxanide, a drug used primarily for protozoal infection,

was shown to have 89% clinical efficacy for the treatment of
ascariasis in rural Mexico and may offer a future alternative.
о Vitamin A supplementation improved growth development of

children in Zaire; deworming did not improve growth development in
this study.[22]
Management
о Advise the patient to wash his or her hands thoroughly after

using the toilet or changing nappies, and before eating or preparing
food.[5]
Treatment Natural
599
о Ascaris eggs bring 3 very important pathogens that spread
throughout your body: Rhizobium leguminosarum, Mycobacterium
avum/intracellulare, and the common cold virus, Adenovirus. A
flood of these are responsible for your night sweats! As soon as
the last Ascaris egg is gone, these pathogens are gone, too, and the
following night becomes free of sweating. If your night sweats
come back, you know Ascaris eggs are present again. And in
24 hours, unless you kill them, they will hatch into larvae and start
the whole cycle over again.
о It takes about 3 weeks for large parasites like Ascaris and

tapeworm larvae to disintegrate completely and be cleared from
your tissues. If eggs or scolices are continually released during
this time, the cycle of infection cannot be broken. Fortunately, the
same two things that can penetrate tapeworm larvae can also penetrate
Ascaris worms and mop up after them, whether dead or alive!
о L-cysteine, 500mg, 2 capsules 3 times a day. After taking 6

capsules daily for 21days, go to Maintenance: 3 caps daily for 14 days
о Ozonated olive oil, 1 tablespoon with food. Next day 2 tabsp, next
day 3 tabsp. 400mg of VitC and Vit E two or more hours after the Olive Oil
References
• Dora-Laskey A et al; Ascaris Lumbricoides, Medscape, Apr 2012
• Keiser J, Utzinger J; Efficacy of current drugs against soil-

transmitted helminth infections: systematic review and meta-analysis.
JAMA. 2008 Apr 23;299(16):1937-48.
1. Ascariasis; DPDx
2. Dold C, Holland CV; Ascaris and ascariasis. Microbes Infect.

2011 Jul;13(7):632-7. doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.09.012. Epub 2010 Oct 8.
3. de Silva N, Brooker S, Hotez P; Soil-Transmitted Helminthic

Infection: Updating the Global Picture Disease Control Priorities Project
Working Paper No.12 July 2003
4. Khandelwal N, Shaw J, Jain MK; Biliary parasites: diagnostic

and therapeutic strategies. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2008
Mar;11(2):85-95.
5. Roundworm; NICE CKS, December 2011 (UK access only)
6. British National Formulary
600
7. Hesse AA, Nouri A, Hassan HS, et al; Parasitic infestations
requiring surgical interventions. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2012 May;21(2):142-
50. doi: 10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2012.01.009.
8. Jia TW, Melville S, Utzinger J, et al; Soil-transmitted helminth

reinfection after drug treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6(5):e1621. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001621.
Epub 2012 May 8.
9. Ziegelbauer K, Speich B, Mausezahl D, et al; Effect of sanitation

on soil-transmitted helminth infection: systematic review and meta-analysis.
PLoS Med. 2012 Jan;9(1):e1001162. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001162.
Epub 2012 Jan 24.
Prevention
• Infection can be avoided by scrupulous attention to personal hygiene and
the careful washing of all fruit and vegetables.
If the infected person defecates outside (near bushes, in a garden, or field) or if the feces of an
infected person are used as fertilizer, eggs are deposited on soil. They can then mature into a
form that is infective. Ascariasis is caused by ingesting eggs. This can happen when hands or
fingers that have contaminated dirt on them are put in the mouth or by consuming vegetables
or fruits that have not been carefully cooked, washed or peeled.
o Dog and
cat roundworm
(toxocara canis,
toxocara cati)
Contracted through
soil contaminated with
dog faeces, cat or fox.
601
Humans are not intended hosts for the mature forms, but the immature
forms can infect children causing larva migrans -roundworm,
ground itch, creeping eruption .
o Signs and symptoms: A high eosinophil count combined with

anaemia as revealed by blood tests is typical. The larvae can hatch and
travel to the lungs causing pneumonitis, to the intestines causing pain or
to the liver causing enlargement in addition to the brain or eye. Dog
heartworm (dirofilaria immitis) Contracted from a bite from an infected
mosquito in tropical Africa, south-eastern Asia, South Pacific, Atlantic or
the Gulf coast in the USA. Man is not a viable host for the mature worm,
but larvae can remain in subcutaneous tissue or invade the lung. Signs
and symptoms: If the If the larvae invade the lung, they can cause a
cough and the lesions can be mistaken for lung cancer.
o TREATMENT FOR ROUNDWORMS
o Tapeworms, like Echinococcus multiocularis, have larvae

inside their larvae! Streptomyces which accompanies the larvae makes ammonia
out of your urea, two things that can penetrate a succession of membranes to
kill the shielded larvae within, as well as any trapped eggs are cysteine and
ozonated olive oil. When you kill Ascaris worms with the herbal recipe,
they are mortally wounded. They are dying, but the eggs inside them
are not. They were sheltered. Within a day these eggs begin to leave the
dying worm. Soon hordes of eggs are dispersing in your body again! It
takes about 3 weeks for large parasites like Ascaris and tapeworm larvae
to disintegrate completely and be cleared from your tissues. If eggs or
scolices are continually released during this time, the cycle of infection
needs:
§ •Ozonated olive oil, 3 tbs. taken in the

morning. (Pyrantel pamoate?)
§ •L-cysteine, 500mg, 3 capsules 2 times a

day. Do not take within 5 hours of the ozonated oil. It would
counteract the effect of the oil. Nevertheless, supplementing with
cysteine should not be overdone. After taking 6 capsules daily for
3 weeks (plus baking soda at bedtime), go off it completely for
one week.
o Rascal against tapeworms
§ “Kroeger Herb” product ”Rascal”
Co-enzyme Q10 should be done if parasite program not effective (for

tapeworm and ascaris).
o Co-enzyme Q10, take the large 3g definitive dose every fifth day
until you are better
602
CoQ10, 100% Pure Powder bulk, Now Foods, 1 oz (28 g)
(NOW-03158)
BulkSupplements Pure Coenzyme Q10 (COQ10) Powder (100 grams)
http://www.bulksupplements.com/
o Pyrantel pamoate — Pyrantel pamoate (11 mg/kg up to a

maximum of 1 g) is administered as a single dose. Adverse effects
include gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances, headaches, rash, and fever.
Parasite immobilization and death occur, although this happens slowly
and complete clearance of the worm from the GI tract may take up to
three days. Efficacy varies with worm load, but single dose therapy is
approximately 90 percent effective in eradicating adult worms [6].
o Albendazole — A single dose of albendazole (400 mg) is

effective in almost 100 percent of cases, although reinfection commonly
occurs [39]. Albendazole can causes the same adverse effects as
mebendazole
o Ivermectin — Ivermectin causes paralysis of adult worms

and is approximately as effective as other available therapies but is not
generally used.
o Paico Leaf can effectively eradicate roundworms in most

cases. Pumpkin the seeds can be eaten whole or mashed and mixed
with juice. Two or three hours after eating up to 25 ounces of seeds, a
laxative such as senna or prunes is recommended to purge the
intestines.
o #Santonine. [Sant]
The alkaloid of Cina is also a remedy for round worms. It is not a safe
remedy as Cina and no more efficacious. The writer has observed
convulsions produced by its use in too low potencies.
o Cascara this herb can be used after eating pumpkin seeds

to help eliminate parasites from the body. It is milder than senna, but
has a similar action. Wormwood can be taken as a tea. Do not take the
pure oil as it is considered to be toxic. Wormseed can be taken as a
tea. Do not use concentrated wormseed oil as it is too potent.
o Torrya seed can be used with chinaberry bark,

quisqualis fruit and black plum
Protozoa
http://www.nytimes.com/health/guides/test/smear-of-duodenal-fluid-
aspirate/overview.html?module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3Aw
http://misc.medscape.com/pi/iphone/medscapeapp/html/A176718-business.html
603
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardiasis
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-3024.2003.00634.x/full
http://www.altmedrev.com/publications/8/2/129.pdf
http://hpathy.com/cause-symptoms-treatment/giardiasis/
http://www.pawnation.com/2012/07/12/15-diseases-you-can-catch-from-your-pet/11
http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/giardia/giardia-and-pets.html
http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/crypto/
https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/solve-the-outbreak/id592485067?mt=8
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptosporidium
Parasites - Cryptosporidium (also known as

"Crypto")
Cryptosporidium is a microscopic parasite that causes the diarrheal disease cryptosporidiosis.

Both the parasite and the disease are commonly known as "Crypto."
There are many species of Cryptosporidium that infect humans and animals. The parasite is
protected by an outer shell that allows it to survive outside the body for long periods of time
and makes it very tolerant to chlorine disinfection.
While this parasite can be spread in several different ways, water (drinking water and
recreational water) is the most common method of transmission. Cryptosporidium is one of
the most frequent causes of waterborne disease among humans in the United States.
604
Image: Left: Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts stained with Ziehl-Neelson modified acid-fast.
Right:Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts stained with safranin. Credit: DPDx
Cryptosporidium is a genus of apicomplexan protozoans that can cause gastrointestinal

illness with diarrhea in humans. Cryptosporidium is the organism most commonly isolated
in HIV-positive patients presenting with diarrhea. Treatment is symptomatic, with fluid
rehydration, electrolyte correction and management of any pain.Cryptosporidium oocysts
are 4-6 µm in diameter and exhibit partial acid-fast staining. They must be differentiated
from other partially acid-fast organisms including Cyclospora cayetanensis.
605
General characteristics[edit]
Cryptosporidium causes the diarrheal illness cryptosporidiosis.
Other apicomplexan pathogens include themalaria parasite Plasmodium, and Toxoplasma,
the causative agent of toxoplasmosis. Unlike Plasmodium, which transmits via
a mosquito vector, Cryptosporidium does not use an insect vector and is capable of
completing its lifecycle within a single host, resulting in cyst stages that are excreted in
feces and are capable of transmission to a new host.
A number of Cryptosporidium species infect mammals. In humans, the main causes of

disease are C. parvumand C. hominis (previously C. parvum genotype 1). C. canis, C.
felis, C. meleagridis, and C. muris can also cause disease in humans.
Cryptosporidiosis is typically an acute, short-term infection, but can become severe and
nonresolving in children and immunocompromised individuals. In humans, it remains in the
lower intestine and may remain for up to five weeks. [citation needed] The parasite is transmitted
by environmentally hardy cysts (oocysts) that, once ingested, exist in the small intestine and
result in an infection of intestinal epithelial tissue.
Treatment and detection[edit]

Many treatment plants that take raw water from rivers, lakes, and reservoirs for
public drinking water production use conventional filtration technologies. Direct filtration,
which is typically used to treat water with low particulate levels, includes coagulation and
filtration but not sedimentation. Other common filtration processes including slow sand
filters, diatomaceous earth filter, and membranes will remove 99% of Cryptosporidium.
[4]
Membranes and bag- and cartridge-filter products remove Cryptosporidium specifically.
Cryptosporidium is highly resistant to chlorine disinfection; [5] but with high enough
concentrations and contact time, Cryptosporidium inactivation will occur with chlorine
dioxide and ozone treatment. In general, the required levels of chlorine preclude the use of
chlorine disinfection as a reliable method to controlCryptosporidium in drinking water.
Ultraviolet light treatment at relatively low doses will inactivate Cryptosporidium. Water
Research Foundation-funded research originally discovered UV's efficacy in
inactivating Cryptosporidium.[6][7]
Giardia and Pets

On this Page
• Can I get Giardia infection from my pet?
• How is Giardia spread?
• How does my dog or cat get infected withGiardia?
• How do I protect myself if my dog or cat has a Giardia infection?
• If my pet has a Giardia infection, how do I clean and disinfect my house?
• How do I reduce the amount of Giardia in my yard or outdoor
environment?
• How long does Giardia survive in the environment?
• How often and for how long should I clean and disinfect my home after
my dog or cat is diagnosed with Giardia infection?
606
• How do I prevent my dog or cat from getting re-infected, or sickening my
other pets, during treatment?
• How do I treat my pet for Giardia infection?
The risk of acquiring Giardiainfection from your pet is small. However, there are some steps
you can take to lower your risk.
Giardia intestinalis (aka: G.duodenalis, G.lamblia) is a common, microscopic (intestinal) parasite that
commonly affects humans, dogs, and cats [1,2].
Common signs and symptoms of Giardia infection (in both humans and pets) are diarrhea, gas,
abdominal discomfort, nausea, and vomiting. However, it is possible to be infected and have no signs
or symptoms of illness[1,3,4].
Please visit our other web pages for a more detailed description of Giardia, including its life
cycle, prevention tips, and treatment information for humans.
Can I get Giardia infection from my pet?
The risk of humans acquiring Giardia infection from dogs or cats is small[4-7]. The exact type
of Giardia that infects humans is usually not the same type that infects dogs and cats [5-7].
Note: If you own other household or exotic pets, please contact your veterinarian. Seek further
information, as some rodents and other species can harbor human strains of Giardia.
How is Giardia spread?
Anything that comes into contact with feces (poop) from infected humans or animals can become
contaminated with the Giardia parasite. People and animals become infected when they swallow the
parasite. It is not possible to become infected through contact with blood.
How does my dog or cat get infected with Giardia?
Your dog or cat might get infected by:

• Being in contact with infected feces (poop) from another dog or cat
• Rolling and playing in contaminated soil
• Licking its body after contact with a contaminated surface (for example, a dirty litter
box or dog cage or crate)
• Drinking water from a contaminated creek, pond, or other body of water
Young pets, like puppies and kittens, have a higher risk of infection than adult dogs and cats.
How do I protect myself if my dog or cat has a Giardia infection?
607
The risk of acquiring Giardia infection from your dog or cat is small. However, there are some steps
you can take to minimize your exposure to Giardia if you have dogs or cats:
• Wear gloves when gardening to reduce the risk of coming into contact with infected
feces (poop) or soil.
• Clean household surfaces regularly.
• Clean and disinfect areas that your pet has access to—as well as items like toys,
bedding, and water and food bowls—regularly.
• Wash hands frequently and properly:
o Wet your hands with clean, running water (warm or cold) and apply soap.
o Rub your hands together to make a lather and scrub them well; be sure to
scrub the backs of your hands, between your fingers, and under your nails.
o Continue rubbing your hands for at least 20 seconds.
o Rinse your hands well under running water.
o Dry your hands using a clean towel or air dry them.
If my pet has a Giardia infection, how do I clean and disinfect my house?

Giardia is hard to completely eliminate from the environment, but there are things you can do to
decrease the risk of your pets’ reinfection and of human infection.
• Hard surfaces (for example: cement and tile floors, crates, tables, trash
cans, etc.)
o Cleaning
 Wear gloves.
 Remove feces and discard in a plastic bag.
 Clean and scrub surfaces using soap. Rinse surface thoroughly until no
obvious visible contamination is present.
o Disinfection
 Wear gloves.
§ Disinfect according to
manufacturer guidelines using one of the following:
§ Quaternary
ammonium compound products (QATS)[4], which are found in
some household cleaning products; the active ingredient may
be listed as alkyl dimethyl ammonium chloride.
§ Bleach mixed with
water (3/4 cup of bleach to 1 gallon of water) [8]
 Follow product instructions, ensuring the product stays in contact with
the surface for the recommended amount of time.
 Rinse with clean water.
• Carpet / Upholstered Furniture

o Cleaning
 Wear gloves.
608
 If feces are on a carpet or upholstered furniture, remove them with
absorbent material (for example, double layered paper towels).
 Place and discard the feces in a plastic bag.
 Clean the contaminated area with regular detergent or carpet cleaning

agent.
 Allow carpet or upholstered furniture to fully dry.
o Disinfection
 Wear gloves.
 Steam clean the area at 158ºF for 5 minutes or 212ºF for 1 minute.
 QATS are found in some carpet cleaning products and can also be
used after cleaning to disinfect. Read the product labels for
specifications, and follow all instructions.
• Other items (toys, clothing, pet bed, etc.)

o Household items should be cleaned and disinfected daily
while a dog or cat is being treated for Giardia infection.
o Dishwasher
§ Dishwasher-safe toys and water
and food bowls can be disinfected in a dishwasher that has a dry cycle
or a final rinse that exceeds one of the following:
 113ºF for 20 minutes
 122ºF for 5 minutes
 162ºF for 1 minute
 If a dishwasher is not available, submerge dishwasher-safe items in

boiling water for at least 1 minute (at elevations above 6,500 feet,
boil for 3 minutes).
o Washer and Dryer

§ Clothing, some pet items (for
example, bedding and cloth toys) and linens (sheets and towels) can
be washed in the washing machine and then heat-dried on the highest
heat setting for 30 minutes.
§ If a clothes dryer is not available,
allow clothes to thoroughly air dry under direct sunlight.
How do I reduce the amount of Giardia in my yard or outdoor environment?

Giardia is hard to completely eliminate from the environment, but there are things you can do to help
decrease the risk of pet reinfection and of human infection. Please remember that despite your best
efforts to clean the environment, Giardia can persist in outdoor spaces and pet reinfection is
possible[4].
• Wear gloves when handling feces.
• Remove feces promptly[4] and put them in a plastic bag.

• Limit access to common outdoor spaces, where possible, if pets have diarrhea
or are being treated for Giardia.
• Eliminate any source of standing water (for example, puddles, containers with water,
and fountains that are not in use).
609
• Do not attempt to use bleach or QATS in your soil or grass area, as they will
be ineffective.
• Do not allow any new animals, especially young ones, to enter the yard or
other outdoor space until advised by your veterinarian.
How long does Giardia survive in the environment?

• In the soil[8,9]
o In cold temperatures (around 4ºC/39.2ºF), Giardia can
survive for approximately 7 weeks (49 days).
o At room temperature (around 25ºC/77ºF), Giardia can
survive for approximately 1 week (7 days).
• Dry vs. moist surface or environment
o In a dry, warm environment that experiences direct
sunlight, Giardia can survive for only a few days[8,9].
o In a moist, cool environment, Giardia can survive for up to
several weeks.
• Water[10]
o In water temperatures below 10ºC/50ºF (for example, lake
water or puddle water during the winter, refrigerated water), Giardia can
survive for 1–3 months.
o In water temperatures above 10ºC/50ºF (for example, river
water during the fall, tap water, and puddles during the
summer), Giardia can survive for less time than in colder temperatures. For
example, in water above 37ºC/98.6ºF, Giardia can survive less than 4 days.
How often and for how long should I clean and disinfect my home after my dog or cat is
diagnosed with Giardia infection?
• Clean and disinfect potentially contaminated items (toys, water bowls and
food bowls, pet bedding, floors, dog crates, linens, towels, litter box, etc.) regularly
for as long as your pet is sick.
• If your pet is taking medication, clean and disinfect frequently (daily if

possible) until a few days after the last dose of medication is given.
• Giardia survival depends on many factors, so we recommend that you consult

your veterinarian for further advice.
How do I prevent my dog or cat from getting re-infected, or sickening my other pets,
during treatment?
• If you have other dogs or cats, make sure you tell your veterinarian even if
they are not showing signs of diarrhea. Other pets may also be put on medicine
depending on the situation. Even animals showing no signs of Giardia infection
could be infected and sheddingGiardia into the environment[4].
• Bathe all household pets with pet shampoo following medical treatment to
ensure no fecal residue is in the pet’s coat [11].
• Clean dogs’ and cats’ environment[11] (holding areas, floors, crate, etc.) and
wash water bowls daily with soap and water.
• Limit your dog’s access to untreated surface water (creeks, ponds, lakes) to
avoid re-infecting your animal and contaminating the water which could make other
animals sick.
How do I treat my pet for Giardia infection?
• If your pet has persistent diarrhea, seek veterinary care. Diarrhea has
different causes and could result in dehydration or other serious complications.
610
• Diagnosis and treatment of Giardia infection must be done by a licensed
veterinarian.
• No approved over-the-counter treatment is available for Giardia infection.
• Giardia can be passed in stool intermittently, and an animal may appear
healthy or without signs of disease before it stops passing Giardia. Repeated fecal
tests may be necessary[4].
• Follow your veterinarian’s recommendations, and take your pet to all follow-
up appointments.
References
1. The Merck Veterinary Manual. Giardiasis: Introduction. United States: Merck; 2011.
2. Thompson, RCA. The zoonotic significance and molecular epidemiology of Giardia and giardiasis.
Vet Parasitol. 2004;126(1-2):15-35.
3. Ballweber LR, Xiao L, Bowman D, Kahn G, Cama VA. Giardiasis in dogs and cats: update on
epidemiology and public health significance. Trends Parasitol. 2010;26(4):180-9.
4. Tangtrongsup S, Scorza V. Update on the diagnosis and management of Giardia spp infections in
dogs and cats. [PDF - 8 pages] Top Companion Anim Med. 2010;25(3):155-62.
5. Berrilli F, Di Cave D, De Liberato C, Franco A, Scaramozzino P, Orecchia P. Genotype
characterisation of Giardia duodenalis isolates from domestic and farm animals by SSU-rRNA gene
sequencing. Vet Parasitol. 2004;122:193-9.
6. Feng Y, Xiao L. Zoonotic potential and molecular epidemiology of Giardia species and giardiasis.
Clin Microbiol Rev. 2011;24(1):110-40.
7. Xiao L, Fayer R. Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes
of Cryptosporidium and Giardiaand assessment of zoonotic transmission. Int J Parasitol. 2008;38:1239–
55.
8. Erickson MC, Ortega YR. Inactivation of protozoan parasites in food, water, and environmental
systems. J Food Protect. 2006;69:2786–808.
9. Olson ME, Goh J, Phillips M, Guselle N, McAllister TA. Giardia cyst and Cryptosporidium oocyst
survival in water, soil, and cattle feces. J Environ Qual. 1999;28(6):1991-1996.
10. DeRegnier DP, Cole L, Schupp DG, Erlandsen SL. Viability of Giardia cysts suspended in lake, river,
and tap water. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1989;55(5):1223
11. Fletcher R, Deplazes P, Schnyder M. Control of Giardia infections with ronidazole and intensive
hygiene management in a dog kennel. Vet Parasitol. 2011;187(1-2):93-8.
611
Giardia infection
(giardiasis):
o Giardia was originally
observed by von Leeuwenhoek in
1681, in his own diarrheal stool, and
was described by Vilem Dusan
Lambl in 1859 and by Alfred Giard in
612
1895. The organism’s previous name, honoring the contributions of Giard and
Lambl, was bestowed in 1915.
o Although G intestinalis was the first protozoan parasite described, its

role as a pathogenic organism was not recognized until the 1970s, after
community outbreaks and after the appearance of the disease in travelers
returning from endemic regions. Prior to that time, the organism was thought to
be a harmless commensal organism of the intestine.
o The organism is known to have multiple strains with varying abilities

to cause disease, and several different strains may be found in one host during
infection.
o G intestinalis can cause asymptomatic colonization or acute or

chronic diarrheal illness
o Giardiasis is a major diarrheal disease found throughout the world.

The flagellate protozoan Giardia intestinalis (previously known as G lamblia), its
causative agent, is the most commonly identified intestinal parasite in the
United States and the most common protozoal intestinal parasite isolated
worldwide.[1, 2, 3, 4] Infection is more common in children than in adults.[5, 6]
o Giardia is a trophozoite to enterocytes in the small intestine,

using unicellular flagellate motor
force.
o Human human, Human

animal, water, food based
transmission
o G. intestinalis can cause

asymptomatic colonization or acute or
chronic diarrheal illness. The organism has been found in as many as 80% of
raw water supplies from lakes, streams, and ponds and in as many as 15% of
filtered water samples.[7, 8] It is a common cause of chronic diarrhea and growth
retardation in children in developing countries.
o The organism has been found in as many as 80% of raw water

supplies from lakes, streams, and ponds and in as many as 15% of filtered
water samples.
o Stomach acid triggers encapsulation to cyst
o Cysts survive for weeks
o Fecal oral infection is possible with 10-100 cysts required for

transmission
o Gene switching defense to the immune system
o 4 proteins excreted that

are Arginine diminase adi, ornithine
613
carbamoyl transferase oct alpha enolase and elongation factor
1a.
o adi and oct inhibits host innate immune response via

interference of nitric oxide
o Subtracts Arginine from host in epithelial cells, Giardia can

also prevent the formation of nitric oxide, a compound known to
inhibit giardial growth, by consuming local arginine, which effectively
removes the substrate needed by enterocytes to produce nitric oxide.
This mechanism may contribute to Giardia -induced enterocyte apoptosis
because arginine starvation in these cells is known to cause programmed
cell death.[16, 25]
o Damage to the epithelium
o Kills small intestine cells through capase 3 and capase 9

expression
o Increased bax expression, and decrease in bcl-2
o Following apoptosis signaling, breakdown of tight junctions

and loose gut starts
o T cell deficient agammaglobulinemia leads to chronic

Giardiasis
o Mucosal surface absorption of nutrients, electrolytes and

water are associated with CD8+ lymphocyte shortening of the microvilli.
o Malabsorptive diarrhea and lower weight gain are associated

with chronic Giardiasis.
o Chronic diarrhea is the main clinical sign.
o Giardia is recognized as a zoonosis by the WHO, which

generated data as to the characterization of isolates
Symptoms
o Giardiasis typically causes abdominal pain, nausea, bloating,
o Giardiasis typically causes diarrhea, soft or greasy stools,
o It can cause chronic diarrhea lasting for several weeks, in

addition to vague pain, weight loss, excessive burping, bloating, and
fatigue.
614
o Marked or moderate partial villous atrophy in the duodenum and
jejunum can be observed in histologic sections from asymptomatic individuals
who are infected.
o Disrupting the mucosal epithelium, effects in the intestinal lumen

may contribute to malabsorption and the production of diarrhea.
o Varying degrees of malabsorption of sugars (eg, xylose,

disaccharides), fats, and fat-soluble vitamins (eg, vitamins A and E) may
contribute to substantial weight loss.
o Giardia -induced disruption of epithelial tight junctions, which, in

turn, increases intestinal permeability. Loss of epithelial barrier function is a
result of Giardia -induced enterocyte apoptosis (chewing of cells)
Risk
o Giardia is a parasite found in contaminated water in every

country in the world.
o Untreated, Giardia causes significant morbidity.
o Humans contract giardiasis after consuming food or water

that is contaminated with Giardia lamblia.
o Giardiasis usually represents a zoonosis with cross-infectivity
between animals and humans. Giardiaintestinalis has been isolated from the
stools of beavers, dogs, cats, and primates. Beavers may be an important
reservoir host for G intestinalis.[9, 10, 11] Other Giardia species include G muris in
rodents; G agilis in amphibians; G psittaci and G ardeae in birds; and G microti
in voles and muskrats.[12, 13, 14]
Symptoms
o Once consumed, the parasitic eggs (called cysts) hatch in

the stomach. The
parasite then
attaches to the
small intestine
where it feeds on
the food that is
consumed by its
host.
o Giardia
causes nausea, vomiting, malabsorption, diarrhea, and weight loss/Gain
o G intestinalis has been implicated as the chief cause of growth

retardation in infected children, even after other diarrhea-causing agents are
controlled.[22, 15]
615
Symptoms of giardiasis include the following[5, 6, 15] :
• Diarrhea
• Malaise, weakness
• Abdominal distention, bloating, pus, mucus in stool, blood in stool
• Flatulence
• Abdominal cramps, decreased stomach acid
• Nausea
• Stenorrhoea pale, foul smelly Malodorous, greasy stools
• Sulphuric-tasting belch
• Excessive gas
• Anorexia, loss in interest for food, can last for weeks or months
• Weight loss, Weight loss occurs in more than 50% of patients and
averages 10 pounds.
• Vomiting, some unexpectily report previous episode of projectile

vomiting for days or weeks
• Low-grade fever (infrequent)
• Various neurologic symptoms (eg, irritability, sleep disorder,

mental depression, neuroasthenia)
• Urticaria
• Prolonged Chronic Gasteric or acute systemic infections in

persons with lack of IgA response. (16% of the population)
• Lactase deficiency
• Precursor to Chrones, celiac disease
o The nature of the overall clinical manifestations in affected

patients is influenced by numerous factors, including the parasite load,
virulence of the isolate, and the host immune response.
o Diarrhea is the most common symptom of acute Giardia

infection, occurring in 90% of symptomatic subjects. Abdominal
cramping, bloating, and flatulence occur in 70-75% of symptomatic
patients.
o Symptoms of chronic infection include chronic diarrhea,

malaise, nausea, and anorexia. Weight loss, as extensive as 10-15
pounds in an adult, occurs in approximately 66% of symptomatic
patients. Chronic sporadic diarrhea may continue for months.
616
Postinfection lactose deficiency also is a common finding, occurring in 2-
40% of cases.
o Stools become malodorous, mushy, and greasy. Watery diarrhea

may alternate with soft stools or even constipation. Upper GI symptoms, often
exacerbated by eating, accompany stool changes or may be present in the
absence of soft stools. These include upper and midabdominal cramping,
nausea, early satiety, bloating, substernal burning, and acid indigestion
o Extraintestinal manifestations are rare and include allergic

manifestations such as urticaria, erythema multiforme, bronchospasm,
reactive arthritis, and biliary tract disease. The etiology of such
extraintestinal symptoms is likely a result of host immune system
activation and cross-reactivity/molecular mimicry.
Chronic illness may occur. Adults may present with long-standing malabsorption syndrome and
children, with failure to thrive.
Complications of giardiasis may include the following:
• Development of chronic illness
• weight loss
• Malabsorption syndrome in adults
• Failure to thrive in children
• Disccharidase deficiency
• Giardiasis typically causes diarrhea, which causes the body to lose

water and salts. As a result, patients may become dehydrated.
• Patients with giardiasis may become lactose intolerant. Individuals

may continue to be lactose intolerant for several weeks after the infection is
treated.
• Zinc deficiency in schoolchildren[47]
• Growth retardation[33]
• Persistent gastrointestinal symptoms [48]
• References
Differential Diagnoses
• Amebiasis
• Crohn Disease
• Cryptosporidiosis
617
• Food Poisoning
• Gastroenteritis, Viral
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome
• Lactose Intolerance
• Sprue
• Strongyloidiasis
Prevelance
o Giardiasis is common throughout the world, including the

United States.
Tests
o Stool ova and parasite studies are diagnostic.
Stool Examination
o Stool examination - trophozoites or cysts is the traditional

method for diagnosing giardiasis. At least 3 stools taken at 2-day
intervals should be examined for ova and parasites. Trophozoites may be
found in fresh, watery stools but disintegrate rapidly. If the stool is not
fresh or is semiformed to formed, trophozoites will not be found.
o The traditional basis of diagnosis is identification of Giardia

intestinalis trophozoites or cysts in the stool of infected patients via a stool ova
and parasite (O&P) examination. Stool antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assays also are available.
o The traditional basis of diagnosis is identification of Giardia

intestinalis trophozoites or cysts in the stool of infected patients via a stool ova
and parasite (O&P) examination. Stool examination may be performed on fresh
specimens or after preservation with polyvinyl alcohol or 10% formalin (with
appropriate staining).
o Ideally, 3 specimens from different days should be examined

because of potential variations in fecal excretion of cysts. G intestinalis is
identified in 50-70% of patients after a single stool examination and in more
than 90% after 3 stool examinations.
o Stool O&P testing aids in the diagnosis of giardiasis in 80-85% of

patients. It remains the diagnostic method with which other tests are compared.
Aspiration of duodenal contents and demonstration of trophozoites also have
been used for diagnosis but this is more invasive than stool examination and, in
direct comparison studies to stool microscopy, may have a lower diagnostic
yield.
618
o If the results from 3 O&P tests are negative and giardiasis is still
suspected, stool antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) may be
helpful. If both of these methods result in negative findings but the patient has
symptoms consistent with small bowel diarrhea/malabsorption, upper
endoscopy with biopsies and duodenal aspirate is a reasonable alternative.
Antigen
o Stool antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays also are

available.[49] These tests are similar to the stool O&P test in terms of cost and
have a sensitivity of 88-98% and a specificity of 87-100%. These tests are best
used as a screening test in high-incidence settings such as day-care centers or
for identification of subjects during an epidemic, but they should not take the
place of stool microscopy.
Stool Antigen Detection

o Several tests to detect Giardia antigen in the stool are commercially
available.[31, 12, 50] These utilize either an immunofluorescent antibody (IFA)
assay or a capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) against cyst or
trophozoite antigens. These tests have a sensitivity of 85-98% and a specificity
of 90-100%.
o Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques may detect giardia in

stool samples with parasites concentrations as low as 10 parasites/100 mcL.
PCR may also be a valuable tool for screening of water supplies.[53] Real-time
PCR has also the advantage of being able to detect both mild and asymptomatic
infections.[54]
o While more sensitive than stool examination, these examinations are

limited to the detection of Giardia; isolated use might result in missing an
alternative or concurrent parasitic infection.
o A 2009 study evaluated a screening test for Giardia and

Cryptosporidium on 136 fecal samples. The results showed the test to be 98.4%
sensitive and 100% specific; the positive and negative predictive values were
98.7% and 99.3%, respectively.[51]
Culture
o Stool culture is not routinely used because of the difficulty of

reproducibly isolating Giardia from patient fecal samples. However, stool
cultures are beneficial in ruling out other pathogens as the cause of a patient's
symptoms.
o Routine laboratory tests (eg, CBC count, electrolyte levels) usually

show normal results. Eosinophilia is an uncommon feature of infection.
o Because immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels remain elevated for long

periods, they are not beneficial in making the diagnosis of acute giardiasis.
Serum anti-Giardia immunoglobulin M (IgM) can be beneficial in distinguishing
between acute infections and past infections.
619
String Test
o The string test (Entero-test) consists of a gelatin capsule containing a

nylon string with a weight attached to it. The patient tapes one end of the
string to his or her cheek and swallows the capsule. After the gelatin dissolves
in the stomach, the weight carries the string into the duodenum.
o The string is left in place for 4-6 hours or overnight while the patient
is fasting. After removal, it is examined for bilious staining, which indicates
successful passage into the duodenum. The mucus from the string is examined
for trophozoites in an iodine or saline wet mount or after fixation and staining.
Test-other
o Smear of duodenal fluid aspirate is an examination of fluid

taken from the duodenum to check for signs of a possible infection (such
as giardia or strongyloides).
Alternative Test Names
o Duodenal aspirated fluid smear
How the Test Is Performed
o For information on how the sample is taken, see:

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)
How to Prepare for the Test
o Do not eat or drink anything, even water, for 12 hours

before the test.
What Abnormal Results Mean
o The results may show the presence of giardia protozoa, the

intestinal parasite strongyloides, or another infectious organism.
Blood
o Fecal fat quantification or a qualitative fecal fat analysis with

Sudan stain may confirm steatorrhea. Serum carotene, folate, and
vitamin B-12 levels may be variably depressed as a result of
malabsorption. The findings from D-xylose absorption tests may be
abnormal.
o Disaccharidase deficiency is common during and after

treatment and can be diagnosed with the aid of a lactose tolerance
breath test.[52]
620
o Serum electrophoresis can help diagnose immunoglobulin A,
immunoglobulin M, and, occasionally, immunoglobulin G deficiency
states.
Treatment
o The prognosis for patients with giardiasis is generally excellent.
o Metronidazole is the antimicrobial agent most commonly used in

the treatment of giardiasis in the United States. Although most experts
recommend metronidazole and tinidazole as the drugs of choice because the
brief treatment periods encourage good patient adherence, treatment failures
occur in as many as 20% of cases, probably because of resistance. Therefore,
treatment with a second-line drug (eg, mepacrine) may be necessary. It has a
cure rate of 85-90%. Metronidazole is a nitroimidazole that, once concentrated
within the organism, is reduced by intracellular electron transport proteins. The
formation of free radicals causes disruption of cellular elements and subsequent
death of the organism. It is the most commonly prescribed antibiotic for
giardiasis. The recommended adult dose is 250 mg PO tid for 5-7 days. (update
2004: Metronidazole (30 to 40 mg/kg per day divided into three doses for five
to seven days) has an efficacy of 80 to 95 %.)
o Standard treatment for giardiasis consists of antibiotic therapy.

Metronidazole is the most commonly prescribed antibiotic for this condition;
however, tinidazole is now approved in the United States and is considered a
first-line agent outside the United States. (See Treatment.)
Albendazole (Albenza)
• Dosing, Interactions, etc.
Clinical Context: This agent decreases adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

production in worms, causing energy depletion, immobilization, and, finally,
death. To avoid an inflammatory response in CNS, the patient also must be
started on anticonvulsants and high-dose glucocorticoids.
• Works in children, may not work at all in adults
o Tinidazole is given in a single dose, the efficacy is reported at 90%,

and it is believed to have fewer side effects than metronidazole. A common
adverse effect is GI upset. Clinical Context: Tinidazole is a nitroimidazole
antiprotozoal agent. The mechanism by which tinidazole exhibits activity against
Giardia and Entamoeba species is not known. The recommended adult dose is 2
g PO once; for children, the recommended dose is 50 mg/kg PO once. (2004: A
single 2 g dose (or 50 mg/kg for children) of tinidazole has an efficacy of more
than 90 % with few associated side effects]. Tinidazole has been found to be
safe in several pediatric studies but currently is only available in tablet form.
Preliminary in vitro data suggest that newer nitroimidazole antibiotics in
development may have even greater benefit. Furazolidone, which is available as
a suspension, is 72 to 100 % effective when given for 7 to 10 days and is well-
tolerated in children.)
621
o Paromomycin has been recommended for use in pregnancy
because systemic absorption is low, but the cure rate is lower than with other
agents.
o Quinacrine achieves a cure rate of 90-95% but is available as an

orphan drug in the US. Clinical Context: This agent, available as an orphan
drug in the US is indicated to treat giardiasis and cestodiasis. It is occasionally
used to treat and suppress malaria. The recommended adult dose is 100 mg PO
tid for 5-7 d; for children, the recommended dose is 2 mg/kg PO tid for 5-7 d.
The effectiveness of quinacrine is similar to that of nitroimidazole derivatives;
however, it is less tolerated because of its adverse effects. These include the
following: mild and transient headache, dizziness, and GI complaints
(diarrhea, anorexia, nausea, abdominal cramps, vomiting [rare]), pleomorphic
skin eruptions, and neuropsychiatric disturbances (nervousness, vertigo,
irritability, emotional change, nightmares, transient psychosis).
Nitazoxanide (Alinia)
• Dosing, Interactions, etc.
Clinical Context: This agent inhibits growth of Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoites

and oocysts and Giardia lamblia trophozoites. It elicits antiprotozoal activity by
interfering with pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR) enzyme-dependent electron
transfer reaction, which is essential to anaerobic energy metabolism. It is available as a
20-mg/mL oral suspension.
• References
Natural treatment
o The parasite expert Dr Louis Parish has warned of the misconception

that "treatment with a single course of metronidazole is 90% effective" Twenty
five years that may have been the case but the protozoa rapidly became
resistant.. Today the single cure rate is less than 5%. The ability of
parasites to adapt is actually quite remarkable. Like bacteria parasites can use
their encysted or resting periods to toughen their cell walls to a nearly
impermeable state. Long term natural treatment may be the only successful
way to prevent re-infection.
o The most beneficial way to treat giardiasis naturally may be through

a combination approach, utilizing both nutritional interventions and
phytotherapeutic agents. The main aims of nutritional intervention are to reduce
the acute symptomatology of giardiasis, promote host defense mechanisms,
and inhibit growth and replication of Giardia trophozoites. These aims can best
be achieved by consuming a whole-foods, high fiber, low-fat, low simple-
carbohydrate diet. Additionally, ingestion of wheat germ and probiotics can aid
in parasite clearance.
o The most promising phytotherapeutic agents in the treatment of

giardiasis appear to be the berberine-containing herbs, garlic, and the Ayurvedic
combination Pippali rasayana, although other medicinal herbs also show great
potential. Blending nutritional interventions and phytotherapeutic agents should
result in minimization of Giardia symptomatology and clearance of the parasite,
without significant side effects.
622
o Artemisia Annua (sweet wormwood) Qing huo
§ This herb is renowned for its use in treating
malaria where its effectiveness is confirmed in both historical data and
modern pharmacology. Accordint to WHO (World Health Organisation
1.5 million malaria patients in South East Asia and Latin America were
treated with artemisin, a constituent of Qing Huo. In China Falciparum
plasmodium resistance to chloroquine is 84.6% but only 2.2-2.4% to
artemisinin. Thus a remisinin has completely replaced chloroquine and
quinine as drugs of choice fror treatment of malaria. However, it is
important to keep in mind that while it is effective as a drug for
treatment it is not effective as a casual prophylactic agent.
§ Qing huo has shown few adverse reactions in

toxicology studies. In chronic toxicology studies no abnormalities were
reported in heart, liver, kidneys, and other vital organs following long
term administration. (Ref Chinese Herbology and Pharmacology by John
and Tina Chen)
§ Dose 3 - 10 grms in decoction. The herb

should only be cooked for a short period of time as heat may make it
less effective. i.e no more than 15 mins, Tincture: 7.5 - 10 ml per day
1.2 tincture
Kidney herbs
Couch Grass
§ (agropyron repens) Parts used the rhizome, A

good diuretic and its demulcent properties is good for irritation and
inflammation of the kidneys. Useful in removing kidney stones and
gravel
Gravel Root
§ (Eupatorium purpureum) Parts used Rhizome and

root Primary use for kidney stones and gravel
Hydrangea
§ (Hydrangea arborescens) Parts used Dried roots

and rhizome, Good in a kidney combination formulae
Parsley Piert
§ (Aphanes arvensis) Parts used Aerial parts A

potent diuretic and good for painful urination. Commonly used for
kidney and urinary stones and gravel. Also good for water retention due
to kidney and liver problems.
Alisma
§ (Alisma orientalis) Parts used Rhizome Has a

potent function to regulate water circulation and resolve fluid
accumulation. A good diuretic
623
§ In all kidney problems the above combination is a
base formulae. The dose is 20ml per herb per week to equal 100ml and
this can be doubled to give a stronger dose.
Chologagues
BALMONY
§ (Chelone glabra) Parts used Dried aerial. From

the North American Indians it has a long history as a curative remedy
for liver and gallbladder problems. Used for gallstones and inflammation
of gallbladder.
FRINGETREE
§ (Chionanthus virginicus) Parts used The root bark

Specific for all liver and gallbladder problems. Gallstones and
inflammation of gallbladder
BARBERRY
§ (Berberis vulgaris) Parts used bark of root or stem.

Excellent for stimulating bile flow and correcting liver function.
Gallstones and inflammation of gallbladder
BOLDO
§ (Peumos boldo) Parts used Dried leaves. Specific

for gallbladder problems. Gallstones and inflammation of gallbladder
WAHOO
§ (Euonymus atropurpureus) Part used Root bark.

Primary liver herb and used for pain due to congestion of stones.
Inflammation of gallbladder.
References
The Merck Manual Fifteenth Edition
Giardia the Cosmopolitan Parasite by B.E. Olson and P.M Wallis
WDDTY Vol 17 No 3
WDDTY Vol 8 No.5
WDDTY Vol 15 No 1
Guess What Came to Dinner by Ann Louise Gittleman
The Parasite Menace by Skye Weintraub
The Cure for all Diseases by Hulda Clark
Chinese Medical Herbology and Pharmacology by John K. Chen and Tina T.

Chen
624
The Herb Users Guide by David Hoffman
Power vs Force The Hidden Determinants of Human Behavior bt David

Hawkins
o Gastrointestinal infection - berberine hydrochloride (5

mg/kg/d), or metronidazole for six days. A longer duration of treatment
would increase berberine’s efficacy.
o Piper Longum extract 250 ug/mL water, 125ug ethanol –

100% 5 days, - systemic infection
o Pippali rasayana (piper longum and Butea monosperma

(polash) 900mg/kg 98% in 3 doses, significantly increased macrophage
migration index and phagocytic activity, with 225mg/km showing the
greatest migration activity. The increase in host immune response was
the only means of clearance, in that the macrophage increased activity,
but no toxic effectiveness against Giardia was noted.
o Epicatechin epigallocatechin, kaempferol, quercetin, and

apigenin all were substantial anti-guiardial flavonoids herbs. Herbs rich
in flavonoids and tannins such as oregano vulgare and guava psidium
guajava both demonstrated activity superior to Tinidazole.
o Mango leaves mangifera indica and plantain leaves plantago

major were also as effective as tindazole.
o Quercetin, apples, kale, French beans, parsley, black

currants aid in Giardia clearance.
o Goldenseal 10mg/kg/D 1:1 extract, 20mg/kg/D capsule 5-10

D 83% GI clearance sucess
References
o DuPont HL. Approach to the patient with suspected enteric

infection. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Cecil Medicine . 24th
ed.Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 291.
o Semrad CE. Approach to the patient with diarrhea and

malabsorption.In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Cecil Medicine . 24th ed.
Philadelphia, Pa:Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap142.
o Giannella RA. Infectious enteritis and proctocolitis and

bacterial food poisoning. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds.
Sleisenger& Fordtran’s Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease . 9th ed.
Philadelphia, Pa:Saunders Elsevier; 2010:chap 107.
o Croft AC, Woods GL. Specimen collection and handling

fordiagnosis of infectious diseases.In: McPherson RA, Pincus MR, eds.
625
Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods .
22nd ed. Philadelphia,Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 63.
o Salwen MJ, Siddiqi HA, Gress FG, Bowne WB. Laboratory

diagnosisof gastrointestinal and pancreatic disorders.In: McPherson RA,
Pincus MR, eds. Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by
Laboratory Methods . 22nd ed. Philadelphia,Pa: Saunders Elsevier;
2011:chap 22.
o Fritsche TR, Selvarangan R. Medical parasitology. In:

McPherson RA, Pincus MR, eds. Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and
Management by Laboratory Methods . 22nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa:
Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 62.
1Additional Contributors
Manoop S Bhutani, MD Professor, Co-Director, Center for Endoscopic Research, Training

and Innovation (CERTAIN), Director, Center for Endoscopic Ultrasound, Department of
Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Texas Medical Branch; Director,
Endoscopic Research and Development, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer
Center
Manoop S Bhutani, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association

for the Advancement of Science, American College of Gastroenterology, American College of
Physicians, American Gastroenterological Association, American Institute of Ultrasound in
Medicine, and American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Brooks D Cash, MD, FACP Director of Clinical Research, Assistant Professor of Medicine,
Division of Gastroenterology, National Naval Medical Center
Brooks D Cash, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega
Alpha, American College of Gastroenterology, American Gastroenterological Association, and
American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Steven C Dronen, MD, FAAEM Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, LeConte

Medical Center
Steven C Dronen, MD, FAAEM is a member of the following medical societies: American
Academy of Emergency Medicine and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Michelle Ervin, MD Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, Howard University Hospital
Michelle Ervin, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of

Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical
Association, National Medical Association, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
626
Glenn Fennelly, MD, MPH Director, Division of Infectious Diseases, Lewis M Fraad
Department of Pediatrics, Jacobi Medical Center; Clinical Associate Professor of Pediatrics,
Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Glenn Fennelly, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: Pediatric Infectious
Diseases Society
Murat Hökelek, MD, PhD Technical Consultant of Parasitology Laboratory, Professor,

Department of Clinical Microbiology, Ondokuz Mayis University Medical School, Turkey
Murat Hökelek, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: Turkish Society for
Parasitology
Mark H Johnston, MD Associate Professor of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of

Health Sciences; Consulting Staff, Lancaster Gastroenterology Inc
Mark H Johnston, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of

Gastroenterology, American College of Physicians, American Gastroenterological Association,
and Christian Medical & Dental Society
Sandeep Mukherjee, MB, BCh, MPH, FRCPC Associate Professor, Department of

Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Nebraska
Medical Center; Consulting Staff, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Veteran
Affairs Medical Center
Sandeep Mukherjee, MB, BCh, MPH, FRCPC is a member of the following medical societies:
Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
Disclosure: Merck Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Ikaria Pharmaceuticals Honoraria Board
membership
Michael D Nissen, MBBS, FRACP, FRCPA Associate Professor in Biomolecular,

Biomedical Science & Health, Griffith University; Director of Infectious Diseases and Unit
Head of Queensland Paediatric Infectious Laboratory, Sir Albert Sakzewski Viral Research
Centre, Royal Children's Hospital
Michael D Nissen, MBBS, FRACP, FRCPA is a member of the following medical societies:
American Academy of Pediatrics, American Society for Microbiology, Pediatric Infectious
Diseases Society, Royal Australasian College of Physicians, and Royal College of Pathologists
of Australasia
Andre Pennardt, MD, FACEP, FAAEM, FAWM Clinical Associate Professor of Emergency
Medicine, Medical College of Georgia; Assistant Professor of Military and Emergency
Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Consulting Staff,
Departments of Emergency Medicine, Aviation Medicine and Dive Medicine, Womack Army
Medical Center
Andre Pennardt, MD, FACEP, FAAEM, FAWM is a member of the following medical societies:
American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians,
627
Association of Military Surgeons of the US, International Society for Mountain Medicine,
National Association of EMS Physicians, Special Operations Medical Association, and
Wilderness Medical Society
Barry J Sheridan, DO Chief Warrior in Transition Services, Brooke Army Medical Center
Barry J Sheridan, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of

Emergency Medicine
Russell W Steele, MD Head, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Ochsner Children's

Health Center; Clinical Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of
Medicine
Russell W Steele, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of

Pediatrics, American Association of Immunologists, American Pediatric Society, American
Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Louisiana State Medical
Society, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Society for Pediatric Research, and Southern
Medical Association
Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska

Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference
Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment
o Toxoplasma gondii, A common, crescent-shaped parasite

that invades the central nervous system. Humans become infected with
this organism by eating undercooked meat or by handling infected cat
litter or soil where cats have defecated. Most people have been exposed
to this parasite and show antibodies for it, but few individuals show
symptoms. Those with a compromised immune system are more
susceptible, and foetuses can suffer serious or fatal effects from
infection.
Amebia
Amoebiasis
Amoeba
o Amoebae are microorganisms that infect the end of the

smaller intestine and colon. They release an enzyme that causes ulcers
628
or abscesses where they can enter the bloodstream. They can eventually
reach other organs like the brain or liver.
o Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia

mandrillaris, and Sappinia sp. are pathogenic free-living amoebae.
Entamoeba histolytica
http://www.nytimes.com/health/guides/specialtopic/travelers-guide-to-avoiding-
infectious-diseases/traveler's-diarrhea.html?module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3Aw
Types
o Single-celled organisms produce small stools that contain

blood and mucus, pus, and open sores.
o Cutaneous amoebiasis refers to a form of amoebiasis that

presents primarily in the skin. It can be caused by Acanthamoeba[1][2] or
Entamoeba histolytica.[3] When associated with Acanthamoeba, it is also known
as "cutaneous acanthamoebiasis".[4
Symptoms
o N. fowleri causes Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis, a rapidly

fatal disease of the central nervous system
o Acanthamoeba spp. and B. mandrillaris cause chronic

granulomatous encephalitis.
o Sappinia pedata has been identified

as the cause of a nonlethal case of amoebic
encephalitis.
o E. histolytica can cause

intestinal ulcerations, bloody diarrhea,
weight loss, fever, gastrointestinal
obstruction, and peritonitis.
o Amebas can cause abscesses in the liver that may rupture

into the pleural space, peritoneum, or pericardium.
o Acanthamoeba spp. also can cause cutaneous lesions
o Balamuthia mandrillaris has been described as entering through

the skin,[6] and it can have cutaneous open sore expression.
o Amoebic Keratitis, a sight-threatening infection of the cornea that

is associated with contact lens use or corneal
trauma.
o Diarrhea frequently occurs within

the first week of travel, but may develop at
any point, even after returning home. Traveler's diarrhea causes four or
629
five loose or watery stools per day. Vomiting may also occur. It usually
lasts 3 or 4 days, but about 14% of cases last longer. In rare cases, the
diarrhea lasts more than 3 months. When TD lasts a long time, it can
cause post-infectious disease.
Cause
o This
single-celled organism causes a
disease called amoebiasis.
o It predominantly infects
humans and other primates.
RISK
o It can be found in water,

damp environments and in soil, and
can contaminate fruits and vegetables.
Amoebia have been isolated from
freshwater lakes, thermally polluted waters, sediment, thermal springs,
swimming pools, soil, air conditioning vents, air, and the domestic water
supply.
o It can spread through faecal contamination. Other than the

malarial parasite, it causes more deaths than any other protozoan.
o Amoebiasis can co-harbor intracellular pathogenic bacteria such as

Legionella pneumophila and may serve as vectors of other bacterial infections in
humans. Mycobacterium avium, Burkholderia spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, and
Vibrio cholerae, can survive and multiply in Amoebia [6, 21–26]. Intracellular
growth of bacteria within amebae have been shown to increase resistance to
antibiotics and to biocides, and to increase virulence [20, 23–26].
Locations
o Entamoeba histolytica has a worldwide distribution, with a

higher incidence of amebiasis in developing countries.
o Prevalent Mexico, India, Africa, and Central and South

America.
o Risk groups in industrialized countries include homosexual

males, travellers and recent immigrants (although disease may develop
months to years after exposure) and institutionalized populations.
Progression
o Infection by E. histolytica typically occurs by ingestion of

mature cysts in faecal contaminated food, water, or hands. Cysts can
630
survive for days to weeks in the external environment. Transmission can
also occur through exposure to faecal matter during sexual contact (in
this case not only cysts but also the far less durable trophozoite stage
could prove infective).
Symptoms:
o If the condition becomes chronic, it can resemble

inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
o Abdominal pain, weight loss, weakness, diarrhoea, liver

abscess
Testing
o Stool and serologic assays, biopsy, barium studies, and liver

imaging have diagnostic merit.
o In view of the potential health consequences due to infection

with these amoebae, rapid diagnosis is critical for early treatment.
Microscopic examination and culture of biopsy specimens, cerebral spinal
fluid (CSF), and corneal scrapings have been used in the clinical
laboratory. For amoebic keratitis, confocal microscopy has been used to
successfully identify amoebae in corneal tissue. More recently,
conventional and real-time PCR assays have been developed that are
sensitive and specific for the amoebae. In addition, multiplex PCR assays
are available for the rapid identification of these pathogens in biopsy
tissue, CSF, and corneal specimens.
TREATMENT FOR AMOEBIASIS.
o Therapy includes luminal and tissue amebicides to attack both

life-cycle stages. . Metronidazole, chloroquine, and aspiration are
treatments for liver abscess.
o Corticosteroids are used to treat IBD. Steroids can

cause death in histolytica cases, and can have dangerous
effects in people carrying the parasite.
Avoidance
o Careful sanitation and use of peeled foods and bottled water

are preventive.
Herbal Treatment
o Black seed, cloves, gentian root, fennel seeds, green black

walnut husks, hyssop leaves, oregano, peppermint leaves, pumpkin
seeds, thyme leaves
631
o Cryptosporidiosis is a parasitic infection caused by
Cryptosporidium parvum. Once a person is infected by the protozoan,
the parasite resides in the intestine and then is passed into the stool of
the infected person. "Crypto" as the parasite and disease are commonly
known as, is a diarrheal disease; symptoms include watery diarrhea,
dehydration, cramps and nausea.
o Crusty area on the skin, nose, or foot. In other cases, skin problems which
may start out small can progress and develop into more extensive lesions. They may
open, drain, and then develop a crusty surface. In some instances there may be hair
loss, and the surface of the skin can become red and oozing, and ulcers may develop
o Crypto has gained particularly notoriety during the past two

decades as it has become one of the most common causes of
waterborne diseases in the United States. It is spread easily by
contaminated food and water thus making cleanliness vitally important in
its prevention and control.
o 1. Abdominal cramps
2. Nausea
3. low-grade fever
4. Dehydration
5. Weight loss
o Treatment of Mild to moderate protozoan intestinal

disease3
o >no> Drug of choice:4 Metronidazole 500-750 mg tid x 7-

10d 35-50 mg/kg/d in 3 doses x 7-10d
o >no> OR Tinidazole5 2 g once daily x 3d 50 mg/kg/d (max.

2g) in 1 dose x 3d
o Severe intestinal and extraintestinal disease3
o Drug of choice: Metronidazole 750 mg tid x 7-10d 35-50

mg/kg/d in 3 doses x 7-10d
o OR Tinidazole5 2 g once daily x 5d 50 mg/kg/d (max. 2 g) x

5d
Trichomoniasis
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichomoniasis
632
"Trich" redirects here. For the hair-pulling disorder, see Trichotillomania.
Not to be confused with Trichinosis or Trichuriasis.
Trichomoniasis, is a common cause of vaginitis. It is a sexually transmitted infection,

and is caused by the single-celled protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis producing
mechanical stress on host cells and then ingesting cell fragments after cell death. [1]
Trichomoniasis is primarily an infection of the urogenital tract; the most common site of
infection is the urethra and the vagina in women.
Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by a small organism called

Trichomonas vaginalis. Women are most often affected by this disease, although men can
become infected and pass the infection to their partners through sexual contact.
Trichomonas vaginalis infection is the most common non-viral STI in the world with an
estimated 248 million new cases per year.[22][23] It is more common in women (2.7%)
than males (1.4%).[24]
Trichomoniasis is the most common curable STD in young, sexually active women. An estimated
7.4 million new cases occur each year in women and men worldwide.
It is also the most common non-viral STI in the U.S., with an estimated 3.7 million
prevalent cases and 1.1 million new cases per year.[25][26] Recent studies have posited
prevalence to be 3% of the general U.S. population, [8][27] and 7.5-32% of moderate-to-
high risk (including incarcerated) populations.[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]
Signs and symptoms[edit]
Symptoms experienced include

pain, burning or itching in the
penis, urethra (urethritis), or
vagina (vaginitis). Discomfort
for both sexes may increase
during intercourse and
urination. For women there may
also be a yellow-green, itchy,
frothy, foul-smelling ("fishy"
smell) vaginal discharge. In
rare cases, lower abdominal
pain can occur. Symptoms
usually appear within 5 to 28
633
days of exposure.[2] In many cases, men may hold the parasite for some years without
any signs.
yellowish discharge accompanied by itching and burning
The epididymis in Males - It is a single, narrow, tightly-coiled tube (in adult humans, six to
seven meters in length[1]) connecting the efferent ducts from the rear of each testicle to its vas
deferens.
Men often do not have symptoms of trichomoniasis and usually do not know they are infected
until their partners need treatment. But when symptoms do occur, they include:
Continue reading below...
• Irritation inside the penis
• Mild discharge
• Slight burning after urination or ejaculation
Many women do have signs or symptoms of infection. Symptoms in women can include:
• Greenish-yellow, frothy vaginal discharge with a strong odor
• Painful urination
• Vaginal itching and irritation
• Discomfort during intercourse
• Lower abdominal pain (rare)
Symptoms usually appear within five to 28 days of exposure in

women.
Diagnosis[edit]
1How Is Trichomoniasis Diagnosed?
634
To diagnose trichomoniasis, a doctor must perform a physical exam and lab test. Lab tests are performed on
a sample of vaginal fluid or urethral fluid to look for the disease-causing parasite. The parasite is harder to
detect in men than in women.
There are three main ways to test for Trichomoniasis: (1) Saline microscopy. This is the
method most commonly used. It requires an endocervical, vaginal, or penile swab
specimen for examination under a microscope. The presence of one or multiple
trichomonads constitutes a positive result. This method is cheap but it has a low
sensitivity (60-70%) often due to an inadequate sample, resulting in false negatives. [5]
[6] (2) Culture, (InPouch TV culture test, BioMed Diagnostics, San Jose, CA) which has
historically been the “gold standard” in infectious disease diagnosis. Trichomonas
Vaginalis culture tests are relatively cheap however sensitivity is still somewhat low (70-
89%)[7] (3) New, more sensitive tests including the nucleic acid amplification tests
(NAATs). These new NAATs include the APTIMA Trichomonas assay (Gen-Probe Inc,
San Diego, CA) and the AFFIRM VPIII (BD Diagnostics, Sparks, MD).[7] These tests are
more costly than microscopy and culture, and are highly sensitive (80-90%). [8]
Treatment[edit]
Usually an oral antibiotic called metronidazole (Flagyl) is given to treat trichomoniasis. Before
taking this drug, it is very important to let your doctor know if there is any chance that you
could be pregnant, because the drug could harm the baby.
Your partner should also be treated at the same time to prevent reinfection and further spread
of the disease. In addition, persons being treated for trichomoniasis should avoid sex until they
and their sex partners complete treatment and have no symptoms. It is important to take all of
your antibiotics, even if you feel better.
Treatment for both pregnant and non-pregnant patients usually utilizes metronidazole
(Flagyl),[15] but with caution especially in early stages of pregnancy [16]
2000 mg by mouth once. Sexual partners, even if asymptomatic, should be treated

concurrently.[10]
For 95-97% of cases, infection is resolved after one dose of metronidazole. [13][17]
Studies suggest that 4-5% of TV cases are resistant to metronidazole, which may
account for some “repeat” cases.[18][19] Without treatment, trichomoniasis can persist
for months to years in women, and is thought to typically “resolve itself” in men. [19]
635
Hookworm infection:
http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/zoonotichookworm/
Zoonotic hookworms are hookworms that live in animals but can be transmitted to humans.
Dogs and cats can become infected with several hookworm species, including Ancylostoma
brazilense, A. caninum, A. ceylanicum, and Uncinaria stenocephala. The eggs of these
parasites are shed in the feces of infected animals and can end up in the environment,
contaminating the ground where the animal defecated. People become infected when the
zoonotic hookworm larvae penetrate unprotected skin, especially when walking barefoot or
sitting on contaminated soil or sand. This can result in a disease called cutaneous larva
migrans (CLM), when the larvae migrate through the skin and cause inflammation.
http://www.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/ hookworm/overview.html?
module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3Aw
636
o Hookworm is a condition caused by roundworms that affects
the small intestine and lungs.
News & Features
• Parasites: Hookworm Vaccine Will Be Tried in Africa
• An iPhone Jury-Rigged as a Microscope
• Parasites in Paradise
• Hookworm Infection Linked to Anemia Among Pregnant Women in

Africa
• The Worms Crawl In
• The Worm Turns
• Health Risks Hiding in the Grass
• Attack of the Worms
• Gateses Give $47 Million to Bolster Coordinated Assaults on Diseases
• Beyond Swollen Limbs, a Disease's Hidden Agony
Reference from A.D.A.M.
Causes
o The disorder is caused by infestation with the roundworms:
§ Necator americanus
§ Ancylostoma duodenale
637
o Hookworm disease is common in the moist tropics and
subtropics. It affects about 1 billion people worldwide. In developing

nations, the disease leads to the death of many children by increasing
their risk for infections that their bodies would normally fight off.
o 25% of the world’s population has hookworms, and one

expert thinks that 50% of Americans have them. Hookworm infection
takes place by skin penetration, usually from walking with bare feet on
contaminated soil. The larvae enter the blood stream, from where they
are carried to the lungs.
o The larvae (immature form of the worm) get into the skin.
The larvae move to the lungs via the bloodstream and enter the airways.
The worms are about 1/2 inch long.
o Once in the lungs, they burrow into the air spaces, migrate
upwards and are then swallowed. Once swallowed they pass into the
intestine and bury themselves in the intestinal wall, maturing over the
next four weeks to become egg-laying adults that suck blood from your
intestinal wall.
o This young man has a skin rash on his upper arm caused by
hookworm larvae.
o A hookworm infection is caused by one of two different

types of roundworms:Ancylostoma duodenale or Necator americanus. If
not treated, Hookworm infections can lead to abdominal pain and iron
deficiency. Researchers estimate that about 20% of the world's
638
population is infected with hookworm. • Humans become infected with
hookworm when they come into contact with contaminated soil or stool.
The larvae enter through the skin and travel through the blood to the
lungs. Eventually, the larvae reach the throat, where they are coughed
up and swallowed. As the larvae enter the digestive tract, they attach
themselves to the wall of the small intestine. Here they mature into adult
worms and mate. The worms feed on the blood of the host, which may
lead to iron deficiency. Adult hookworms may live up to ten years.
Symptoms:
o When hookworms reach adulthood, they can sap the victim's

strength, vitality and overall well-being.
o Hookworm infection: Most patients with hookworm infections

do not experience any symptoms.
o Some patients may develop an itchy skin rash where the worm
entered the body.
o When the worm enters the lung, some patients may develop
symptoms similar to asthma or pneumonia, such as persistent cough,
wheezing, or difficulty breathing.
o When the worm enters the intestine, patients may experience

abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, decreased appetite, and excessive
gas.
Complications
o Long-term hookworm infections may cause the patient to

become anemic because the worms feed on the patient's blood.
Symptoms of anemia may include difficulty breathing, pale complexion,
fatigue, weakness, fast heartbeat, generalized swelling, or bloating.
Once the parasite is killed, symptoms of anemia will resolve.
o The first symptoms are itchy patches on the skin with

pimples and blisters and itching at the site of entry. Migration of the
Ascaris larvae through the body can create temporary severe tissue
irritation and allergic reactions such as asthma. Thereafter symptoms
such as dizziness, pneumonitis, anorexia, weakness, abdominal pain,
nausea, diarrhoea, anaemia and nutritional disorders.
§ Abdominal discomfort
639
§ Blood in the stool
§ Bloody sputum
§ Cough
§ Diarrhea
§ Fatigue
§ Fever
§ Gas
§ Itchy rash
§ Loss of appetite
§ Nausea, vomiting
§ Pale skin
o Most people have no symptoms once the worms
enter the intestines.
Exams and Tests
o Tests that can help diagnose the infection include:
o Complete blood count (CBC) with differential
o Stool ova and parasites exam
o This disease may also affect the results of a D-xylose

absorption test.
Treatment
o The goals of treatment are to:
o Cure the infection
o Treat complications of anemia
o Improve nutrition
o Parasite-killing medications such as albendazole,

mebendazole, or pyrantel pamoate are usually prescribed. Ivermectin,
used for other worm infections, does not work for hookworm infections.
640
o Symptoms and complications of anemia are treated as they
arise. The doctor will likely recommend increasing the amount of protein
in your diet.
Outlook (Prognosis)
o You will have a complete recovery if you get treated before

serious complications develop. Treatment gets rid of the infection.
Possible Complications
o Iron deficiency anemia caused by loss of blood
o Nutritional deficiencies
o Severe protein loss with fluid buildup in the abdomen

(ascites)
When to Contact a Medical Professional
o Call for an appointment with your health care provider if

symptoms of a parasite, abdomen extension, or hookworm infection
develop.
References
o Kazura JW. Nematode infections. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D,

eds. Cecil Medicine . 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;
2007:chap 378.
o Maguire JH. Intestinal nematodes (roundworms). In:

Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and Practice of
Infectious Disease . 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Churchill
Livingstone; 2009:chap 287.
Herbal TREATMENT FOR HOOKWORMS
o Wormseed can be taken as a tea. Do not use concentrated

wormseed oil as it is too potent. torrya seed is used with basket fern and
betel nut See more natural cures for parasites and worms below
641
Protozoa
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/08/health/research/08slee.html?
http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000555
http://www.plosntds.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pntd.0000480
http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/leishmaniasis
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/220298-clinical
http://www.drmhijazy.com/english/chapters/chapter12.htm#118
Protozoa Leishmaniasis:
Synonyms:
o Cutaneous leishmaniasis, visceral leishmaniasis, kala azar,

Dum Dum fever
Vector
642
o Leishmaniasis is one of the most important vector-borne
diseases of humans, many species of Leishmania are zoonotic.
o Leishmania, is a protozoan parasite of the family

Trypanosomatidae (order Kinetoplastida).
o The leishmaniases are a complex of diseases caused by at

least 17 species of
the protozoan
parasite
Leishmania. The
parasite exists in
two forms: the
flagellated
promastigote in the
female
phlebotomine
sandfly vector; and
the amastigote in
the mammalian
host.
o The genus Leishmania contains two subgenera, Leishmania

and Viannia, which are differentiated by where they multiply in the
digestive tract of the insect vector.
Cutaneous leishmaniasis
Most Leishmania species cause symptoms of cutaneous leishmaniasis in people.
Leishmaniasis is divided into four main clinical forms and is caused by parasitic protozoa of
the genus Leishmania. There are over 20 species and subspecies that infect humans via the
bite of sandflies (subfamily phlebotominae) – tiny sand-coloured blood-feeding flies that
breed in forest areas, caves and burrows in tropical and subtropical regions. The clinical
features of the disease depend on the causative species and can range from simple, self-
healing skin sores as found in cutaneous leishmaniasis (due to infection with Leishmania
major), to severe, life-threatening disease of untreated visceral leishmaniasis caused
by Leishmania donovani.
643
o There are three basic forms in which the disease presents:

cutaneous, mucocutaneous and visceral, and 21 species of the genus are known
to cause disease in humans.
o Leishmania spp., lives as an obligate intracellular parasite

within mammalian hosts.
o The primary hosts are vertebrates - commonly humans, rodents,
canids and hyraxes.
o Leishmania infections start in the skin
644
o Leishmania major infected sand flies were found to
inoculate a median of
5,000 to 10,000
parasites; with a minor
proportion of flies able
to deliver much higher
doses of up to 100,000
parasites [4].
o More than 90
of the 1,000 or so sandfly
species are known to
transmit the disease.
o Different
species cause different
clinical forms of the disease in various parts of the world.
o Tissue macrophages are major target cells for parasite
replication.
o The sand fly vector is an active participant in the infection
event in mammals, especially in proxcimity to inflamed skin that can
rapidly kill invading parasites.
o Sand flies regurgitate a proteophosphoglycan gel
synthesized by the parasites inside the fly midgut, termed promastigote
secretory gel (PSG). Regurgitated PSG can exacerbate cutaneous
leishmaniasis.
Immune system
o Outcome of infection depends largely on the activation
status of macrophages
o The balance between T helper (Th) 1 and Th2 cell responses
is a major determinant of the outcome of experimental leishmaniasis,
but polarized Th1 or Th2 responses are not sufficient to account for
healing or nonhealing.
o Healing, induced by chemotherapy, resulted in control of
arginase activity and reversal of local immunosuppression.

o L-arginine, impairs the capacity of T cells in the lesion to
proliferate and to produce interferon-γ
o L-arginine plays a crucial role in the regulation of immune
responses.
645
o Uncontrolled replication of Leishmania parasites at the
site of pathology correlates with L-arginine deprivation
o L-arginine deprivation changes antigen-specific T cells and
Mphi activation.
o Extracellular Arginine improves the level of the magnitude
and the quality of their responses
in major-specific CD4(+) T cells,
immune system can be partially
rescued by addition of exogenous
L-arginine to produce IL-4 and IL-
10, and immune system is dose
deprndant.
o L-arginine is a crucial
amino acid required for both nitric
oxide (NO)-mediated parasite
killing and polyamine-mediated
parasite replication.
Prevalance/Locations
o
Leishmaniasis
is a severe, widespread zoonotic disease which occurs reported on every
continent in the world. Prevelant in the Middle and Far East, the
Meditterranean basin, South America, and in some states in the United States of
America.
o The World Health Organization (WHO) reports an estimated
300,000 new cases of
visceral leishmaniasis
(VL) with 20,000 to
30,000 deaths
annually.[1]
o Primarily
found in southern
hemisphere and in
the med, it is found
in warm climates,
including USA
south/rural areas.
o Sandflies
are blood-sucking
insects that are commonly found on beaches and marshes. They are
especially common in Florida, south central Texas.
o Leishmania is primarily a parasite of rodents, carnivores,
marsupials, edentates, insectivores, and secondarily of dogs and
humans.
o Globally in 1990 there were 12 million “known to be infected
cases” in 88 countries with 400 thousand new cases every year.
Furthermore, reporting is far from complete. In Brazil, the “estimate” is
646
approximately 3000 cases per year. Leishmania is largely distributed in
tropical and subtropical areas, extending from Central America to the
Mediterranean countries, Africa, Central Asia, India, and China.
Typical Symptoms
o Leishmaniasis: Patients with leishmaniasis typically develop
skin sores weeks to months after the parasite enters the body. The skin
may become red, ulcerated, or have lesions, blisters, or pimples.
Smaller lesions may be present around one larger ulcer.
o Some patients may develop a stuffy or runny nose,
nosebleeds, difficulty breathing, difficulty swallowing, as well as ulcers
and sores in the mouth, tongue, gums, lips, nose, and the wall that
separates the nostrils (called the nasal septum).
o The parasite may also enter the bloodstream and burrow into
internal organs. If internal organs are involved, symptoms may include
persistent fever, night sweats, fatigue, weakness, appetite loss, weight
loss, vomiting (most common in children), abdominal pain, scaly skin,
gray or dark skin, and thinning hair.
o
o The spectrum of illness ranges from asymptomatic infection
or self-resolving disease to fulminant, severe, life-threatening infection;
many subclinical cases occur and go unrecognized for each clinically
recognized case.
o Leishmaniasis can be a disfiguring and potentially fatal
parasitic infection that affect some 350
million people worldwide [1] are at risk
(have it) and leishmaniases belong to
the category of most “neglected tropical
diseases”
o Syndromes range from mild
self-limiting local skin lesions to systemic
fatal diseases.
o The first sign of disease
appears about 2-4 months after the
initial infection.
o Symptoms range from Sores on the skin, peeling, ulcers,
loss of weight, bald patches, conjunctivitis, blindness, nasal discharge,
muscular atrophy, inflammation, swelling, and organ failure, including
mild heart attacks.
Cutaneous leishmaniasis
o Cutaneous leishmaniasis presents as Skin boils.
Cutaneous leishmaniasis can be simple or diffuse (disseminated).
Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis
o Diffuse cutaneous disease develops in an anergic host with
poor immune response. This condition
is associated with a deficient cell-
647
mediated immunity that enables the parasite to disseminate in the
subcutaneous tissues
o Different species, as well as host factors, can also affect the
clinical picture, in which some species cause "wet" ulcers and others "dry"
ulcers. The hallmark of cutaneous leishmaniasis is skin lesions, which can
spontaneously heal in 2-10 months.
o The lesions are usually without pain or pruritus, although
secondary bacterial infection may complicate the wound (see the following
image). Healing may occur spontaneously over 2-12 months and is followed by
scarring and changes in pigmentation.
o Infection is characterized by a primary lesion, which slowly
spreads to involve multiple areas of the skin (face, ears, extremities, buttocks)
until the whole body is affected. Plaques, ulcers, and nodules may form over the
entire body, resembling lepromatous leprosy taking years to evolve. However,
no neurologic or systemic invasion is involved; as a result, although the lesions
are neither destructive nor erosive, they are disfiguring. The infections are
chronic and may recur after treatment. Although diffuse disease is more
common with New World species in Central and South America, Old World L
aethiopica may progress to diffuse disease.
Leishmaniasis recidivans:
o Presents as a recurrence of
lesions at the site of apparently healed
disease years after the original infection,
typically on the face and often involving
the cheek; manifests as an enlarging
papule, plaque, or coalescence of papules
that heals with central scarring (ie, lesions
in the center or periphery of an old healed
leishmaniasis scar); relentless expansion
at the periphery may cause significant facial destruction similar to the lupus
vulgaris variant of cutaneous tuberculosis
o New World disease may progress to mucocutaneous
leishmaniasis.
o Leishmaniases can present with a wide range of
symptoms, ranging from the self healing cutaneous form, which
produces skin ulcers; to the mucocutaneous form, which leads to the
destruction of mucous membranes of the mouth, throat, nose and
neighbouring tissue; to the visceral form, the most severe form of
leishmaniasis, which leads to the distruction of immune system cells, in
which the mortality rate can be as high as 100%.
o The cutaneous form presents with skin ulcers, and the
mucocutaneous form with ulcers of the skin and also the mucous
membranes of the mouth and nose.
Mucocutaneous form
648
o
Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (espundia) Infection by L (Viannia)

braziliensis may lead to mucosal involvement in up to 10% of infections,
depending on the region in which it was acquired. The incubation period
is from 1 to 3 months. The initial infection is characterized by a
persistent cutaneous lesion that eventually heals.
o As many as 30% of patients report no prior evidence of
leishmaniasis.
o Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis tends to occur 1 to 5
years after cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by these organisms has
healed, but it can also be seen while skin lesions are still present. The
initial signs are erythema and ulcerations at the nares, followed by
destructive inflammation that can spread to involve the nasal septum,
and in some cases, the pharynx or larynx. Frequent nosebleeds can be
an early sign. The inflammation may perforate the nasal septum, cause
severe disfigurement of the face, or block the pharynx or larynx. In
some cases, the genitalia may also be involved. Mucocutaneous
leishmaniasis does not heal spontaneously.
o Ulcer progression is slow and steady. Several years later, oral
and respiratory mucosal involvement occurs, causing inflammation and
mutilation of the nose, mouth, oropharynx, and trachea (see the
following image), resulting in symptoms of nasal obstruction and
bleeding. These can become sites of infection, sometimes leading to
sepsis. Cases in which the time between the primary lesion and the
appearance of mucosal involvement is up to 2 decades have been
reported.
Visceral
o A variant of visceral leishmaniasis has been described in US
soldiers who participated in the Gulf War. This is associated with light parasitic
burden and mild symptoms including fever, malaise, and nausea.
§
http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/medical/med_impact.htm
§ Sandfly fever - visceral leishmaniasis due to
Leishmania tropica.
§ Leishmania tropica, which causes cutaneous
disease, would present with visceral infection without the classic severe
symptoms and signs of kala-azar
649
§ Leishmania major in cutaneous cases in which
parasites could be cultured and evaluated by isoenzyme analysis
§ Predominantly fever, hepatosplenomegaly, and
lymphadenopathy, but they did not have cutaneous manifestations
§ Very mild anemia
§ Modest aminotransferase
§ All patients who had visceral leishmania
infection except one have had objective signs of disease

§ Recently recognized infectious agents,
Mycoplasma fermentans and M. penetrans are arthropod-borne viral
diseases endemic in the Persian Gulf, such as sandfly fever, are not
known to cause chronic infection and disease
o Thousands of cases of Leishmaniasis have been diagnosed in
soldiers who have deployed to Iraq and/or Afghanistan.
§ Large percentage of leishmaniasis cases that
have been diagnosed are of the cutaneous species L major. It is
claimed that this species is of little concern as it only causes lesions
on the skin and does not visceralize. Unfortunately this is not
always true. AKA - American troops in Iraq as “Baghdad boils”)
§ Arvid unknowingly transmitted his
Leishmaniasis to Janyce through personal and sexual contact, and
Janyce, in turn, transmitted it to their children in utero. Arvid was
diagnosed with the disease by a civilian doctor on October 1, 1998.
His wife and children were diagnosed with the disease about two
years later on October 4, 2000. his wife died. Janyce Brown developed a
series of ailments and last year died at age 43 of a rare and inoperable form of
liver cancer.
§ His head, muscles and bones ached, his strength was
sapped; he was constantly exhausted but could not sleep. Through periods of
disorientation, blackouts, extreme light sensitivity and almost unbearable pain.
Chemotherapy put the disease into remission,
§ Some species of Leishmaniasis limit
themselves to skin lesions and others migrate to the bones and
organs
§ The more severe and deadly form, which Brown has,
attacks blood cells and the body’s internal organs. Like malaria, it is a chronic
disease that can be controlled but not cured.
o North American sand flies carry another form of
Leishmaniasis
§ Canine Leishmaniasis is a fatal zoonotic
visceralizing disease usually associated with tropical areas
650
§ In 1999, an outbreak of a canine leishmaniasis
was reported in a Foxhound kennel in New York
§ reported from dogs include L. mexicana, L.
donovani, and
o If visceral disease is left untreated, death frequently occurs within
2 years which may be due to hemorrhage (secondary to infiltration of the
hematopoietic system), severe anemia, immunosuppression, and/or secondary
infections.
• Visceral disease, Visceral leishmaniasis: A condition which is characterized by

an infection of the viscera by leishmaniasis
o The most devastating and fatal form of leishmaniasis is classically

known as kala-azar or the Indian name for “black fever/disease,” which is a
reference to the characteristic darkening of the skin (hyperpigmentation)
that is seen in patients with this condition.
o The syndrome is characterized by the pentad of fever, weight loss,
hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia, and hypergammaglobulinemia. The fever is
continuous or remittent and becomes intermittent at a later stage. It is also
characteristically described as a double rise in 24 hours, in which waves of
pyrexia may be followed by a period without fever. Patients may also report
night sweats, weakness, diarrhea, malaise, and anorexia. Melanocyte
stimulation and xerosis can occur, causing characteristic skin
hyperpigmentation.
o Onset of visceral disease can be insidious or sudden. The
incubation period varies after infection (usually 3-6 mo, but can be months or
years) and may depend on the patient's age and immune status as well as the
species of Leishmania.
o The visceral form is more generalised, especially in the
reticuloendothelial system (also called macrophage system or mononuclear
phagocyte system, a class of cells that occur in widely separated parts and
organs of the human body and that take up particular substances. These cells
are part of the body’s defense mechanisms.). Reticuloendothelial cells are
derived from precursor cells in the bone marrow. These precursors develop into
monocytes, phagocytic cells that are released into the bloodstream. Some
monocytes remain in the general blood circulation, but most of them enter body
tissues, where they develop into much larger phagocytic cells called
macrophages. The great majority of macrophages remain as stationary cells
within tissue, where they filter out and destroy foreign particles. Some of them
break away, however, and wander through the circulation and within the
intercellular spaces.
o Disorders associated with the reticuloendothelial system include
anemia caused by excessive destruction of red blood cells by reticulum
cells. There are also malignant tumours related to reticuloendothelial cells
that can be either localized or widespread throughout the body; reticulum-cell
sarcoma is the most common such neoplasm and is usually located in the
lymph nodes. Another condition, histiocytic medullary reticulosis, results from
the diffuse proliferation of phagocytic cells. Niemann-Pick and Gauche’s diseases
are hereditary disorders characterized by abnormal products of lipid
metabolism within the reticuloendothelial cells.
Tissue macrophages differ in appearance and name because of their various locations. For
example, reticulum cells line the sinuses of the lymph nodes, spleen, and bone narrow, while
651
histiocytes are found in numerous subcutaneous tissues. Microglia occur in nervous tissue,
alveolar macrophages in the air spaces of the lungs, and Kupffer cells in the liver.
Visceral leishmaniasis Differential
Visceral leishmaniasis may be confused with a variety of other infectious diseases or febrile
systemic illnesses. In endemic areas, the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis is often made
based on the history and physical examination.
Other conditions to consider in the differential diagnosis for visceral leishmaniasis include
the following:
• Brucellosis
• Tropical splenomegaly syndrome
• Schistosomiasis
• African trypanosomiasis
• Sporotrichosis
Description
o Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease that is caused by
protozoa
called
leishmania.
Humans
become
infected with
the parasite
after they
are bitten by
a sandfly
that is
infected with
the leishmania larvae.
o
o The disease is caused by several species of protozoa in the
genus Leishmania.
o Severe disease develops in the man and in the dog, which
is characterized either by skin lesions or a general visceral involvement.
o This may be encountered in travellers and servicemen and
servicewomen returning from the Middle East, especially the Persian
Gulf.
o The protozoa is transmitted by a sandfly and has an average
incubation period of 9 weeks.
o The key clinical finding is an erythematous papule
o
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Types
• There are many different types of leishmaniasis .

o The most common form is a skin disease called cutaneous
leishmaniasis. This infection causes skin sores, which may or may not
be painful. The sores have raised edges and a flat center.
Visceral leishmaniasis starts as a cutaneous lesion and the infection spreads systemically.
o Visceral forms of leishmania are caused by L.donovani and

L.infantum/L.chagasi in the Old World and L.infantum/L.chagasi in the
New World.
o Organs particularly affected are spleen, liver and bone
marrow. VL is fatal if left untreated.
o Body temperature may fluctuate but is usually normal or
subnormal. Immunosuppression may promote the occurrence of
concomitant infections, hence the clinical picture may be complicated by
demodicosis, pyoderma or pneumonia.
There is infection of liver, spleen and bone marrow, causing the classical
features of:
• Night sweats, weakness and anorexia, which are typical.
• Fever.
• Weight loss.
• Hepatomegaly (can be marked).
• Splenomegaly (often enormous).
• Anaemia and pancytopenia (can lead to death from haemorrhage

or infection).
• Hypergammaglobulinaemia.
• Dark pigmentation of the skin is uncommon but the name kala

azar is Hindi for black fever.
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o In the Americas, human leishmaniasis can be divided in two
broad categories: cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis.

o Cutaneous leishmaniasis (self healing cutaneous form)
has a large variety of forms which can be grouped in the following
manner: cutaneous leishmaniasis, characterized by localized skin lesions
which can heal spontaneously or become chronic lesions with disfiguring
scars;
o Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, characterized by
ulcerative lesions and destruction of the mucosa; the mucocutaneous
form, which leads to the destruction of mucous membranes of the
mouth, throat, nose and neighbouring tissue;
o Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis, characterized by
nodular lesions that are not ulcerative …and disseminated.
o The visceral form of the disease is chronic and progressive
and affects various organs, including spleen, liver, bone marrow, lymph
nodes, and skin.
http://www.emedicinehealth.com/drug-ketoconazole/article_em.htm
http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Ketoconazole.html
http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?
curl=pages/news_and_events/news/2013/07/news_detail_001855.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058004d5c
1
Complications
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o Leishmaniasis: Patients with leishmaniasis may develop allergic
reactions when the larvae enter the muscle tissue. This typically happens
when the dead or dying larvae release chemicals into the tissues. The
body's immune system overreacts to these chemicals, and allergic
symptoms, such as hives and itchy eyes, develop.
Testing
o Diagnosis can be made by performing a punch biopsy and

culturing tissue in a special medium.
o Molecular Methods (amplification/detection of Leishmania
DNA)
o PCR uses primers from the rRNA gene to identify parasites
from a variety of samples, including canine and human bone marrow,
lymph nodes, skin biopsies, and heparinized whole blood. PCR is useful
in the diagnosis of Leishmania, for follow-up patients pre and post
Immunologic Diagnosis
o This is the detection of antibodies (mainly IgG and especially
IgG1) against Leishmania parasites or a specific cell-mediated response.
o The four main serological tests performed are IFAT, ELISA,
DAT, and Western Blot. IFAT is considered the gold standard of tests, it
has a high specificity and high sensitivity. IFAT uses the whole organism,
which gives more repeatable and reliable results, rather than those using
soluble Ag, such as complement fixation. ELISA is more sensitive, but
less precise than IFAT. ELISA also cross reacts with Trypanosoma cruzi
and Babesia.
Treatment
o Unfortunately, it now seems clear that the previous ambition to

develop a single drug or drug formulation to be effective against all forms of
leishmaniasis was too optimistic. Treatment of Leishmaniasis
o Most sores will heal spontaneously within one year .
o Treatment of cutaneous and muco cutaneous leishmaniasis is the

same while the latter needs more intensive treatment due to the more severe
and destructive complications.
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o ** Pentavalent antimony: used for sores that may cause scarring and
disfiguring on the face, lower leg or over a joint; mucosa or cartilage, or sores
that might be due to parasites of the L. braziliensis.
o Unfortunately some cases of leishmaniasis, may be seen treated by

topical steroid preparation. This changes the clinical picture, deteriorates the
lesion , which becomes later more chronic and decreases its response to the
specific medications.
o For adults, we give 6 cc of Pentostam I.M. daily for 10 days. This

usually gives very good results, causing rapid healing of the ulcers. The dose is
adjusted according to the age.
o ** El-Zawahry reported good results with dihydroemetine (Ciba) 2

tablets daily for adult age for one month
o ** Neostibosan (Bayer): is also an effective medication . The daily

dose is 5mg./kg. body weight . A dose of 200-300 mg. can be given for older
children and adults daily for 16 days is proved to be also effective .
o Other medications such as Chloroquine , Fouadin and antibiotics such

as Tetracycline have been found to be effective.
o ** Pentamidine isethionate can be used for Leishmania tropica in a

dose of 4 mg/kg body weight once weekly for as long as necessary .
o Patients with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis require treatment for a

longer time.
o Leishmaniasis recidivans may respond to local infiltration, or systemic

antimonies. antimonials, *must be given by injection and can cause damage to
veins
o ** Local infiltration with 1-2 ml sodium stibogluconate for solitary

lesions. *twice-weekly injections of sodium stibogluconate, a commonly used
compound for the skin disease, for six weeks. After 24 weeks, the leishmaniasis
sores were still present.
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o Cases occurring in other regions are due mainly to the

migration of infected individuals to areas such as the United States,
Canada, and many European and some Western Pacific countries (9). CD
therapy is based on two nitroaromatic drugs, nifurtimox and
benznidazole (Bz), that are recommended for all acute-stage, early-
chronic-stage, and reactivated cases (2, 6). However, both drugs are far
from ideal and give variable results, depending on the area where the
disease is endemic; present considerable toxicity; are administered over
30 or more days; and are not very effective against the later chronic
phase of CD or against naturally resistant strains (7, 21).
o Much effort has been put into the discovery of new drugs for
the treatment of this pathology, but still the most widely used drugs
remain the pentavalent antimonials, which were introduced 50 years
ago.
o Treatment for extensive lesions is with high dosage

ketoconazole for 1 month.
o Smaller lesions should be treated topically with 15%

paromomycin and 12% methyl benzethonium chloride ointment applied
bd for 10 days.9
o Few studies of phase II clinical trials mainly conducted in

Kenya with another drug, sitamaquine or kalazaquine (WR 6026), an 8-
aminoquinoline has also shown promise as an orally effective agent
(in a dose of 1 mg/kg/day for two weeks) for visceral leishmaniasis.
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o Arylimidamides (AIAs) have shown outstanding in vitro
potency against intracellular kinetoplastid parasites, and the AIA 2,5-
bis[2-(2-propoxy)-4-(2-pyridylimino)aminophenyl]furan dihydrochloride
(DB766) displayed good in vivo efficacy in rodent models of visceral
leishmaniasis (VL) and Chagas' disease. In an attempt to further
increase the solubility and in vivo antikinetoplastid potential of DB766,
the mesylate salt of this compound and that of the closely related AIA
2,5-bis[2-(2-cyclopentyloxy)-4-(2-pyridylimino)aminophenyl]furan
hydrochloride (DB1852) were prepared. These two mesylate salts,
designated DB1960 and DB1955, respectively, exhibited dose-dependent
activity in the murine model of VL, with DB1960 inhibiting liver
parasitemia by 51% at an oral dose of 100 mg/kg/day × 5 and DB1955
reducing liver parasitemia by 57% when given by the same dosing
regimen.
Leishmania resemble fungi in synthesizing 24-substituted sterols such

as ergosterol, whereas mammals have just cholesterol.
Azoles, such as ketoconazole, inhibit 14a-demethylase, a key enzyme

in this sterol biosynthesis pathway.
Ketoconazole, itraconazole and fluconazole have undergone several

trials for CL and VL with equivocal results. In one controlled trial,
ketoconazole was found to have some activity against L. mexicana, but
not against L. braziliensis infections [25]. Some recent encouragement
has been given by the oral activity of posoconazole in a Leishmania
amazonensis experimental model [26]. Bisphosphonates, for example,
risedronate and pamidronate, which are in widespread use in the
treatment of bone disorders such as osteoporosis, have also shown
activity against leishmaniasis in experimental models [27,28]. These
studies followed the characterization of acidocalcisomes in
trypanosomatids with high polyphosphate and pyrophosphate content,
and the hypothesis that bisphosphonates could interfere with
pyrophosphate metabolism, although it is now thought that the prime
target might be farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase – a key enzyme in
isoprenoid biosynthesis [29].
Other leads have come from plant products. Licochalcone A from the
Chinese liquorice plant Glycyrrhiza has shown reasonable oral
efficacy in experimental models of VL and CL; synthetic oxygenated
derivatives are also active [30]. One derivative, 35 m4ac, resulted in
97% suppression of L. donovani liver amastigotes in a hamster model
when given at 20 mg kg21 for six days intraperitoneally. The
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compounds appear to interfere with mitochondrial function. The 2-
substituted quinoline alkaloids, from the Bolivian plant Galipea
longiflora, have also shown oral activity in experimental VL and CL
mouse models [31]. Saponins purified from the Vietnamese plant Maesa
balansae and designated PX-6518 showed excellent activity after
parenteral administration against VL and CL in rodent models
[32].However, the development ofPX-6518 was halted as a result of
unacceptable toxicity (L. Maes, 2003, PhD thesis, University of Antwerp,
Belgium).
Immunomodulation
Cure of leishmaniasis, probably even during chemotherapy, appears to

be dependent upon the development of an effective immune response
that activates macrophages to produce toxic nitrogen and oxygen
metabolites to kill the intracellular amastigotes [6,33,34]. This process is
suppressed by the infection itself which downregulates the requisite
signalling between macrophage and T cells, for example, the production
of interleukin (IL)-12 or the presentation of major histocompatibility
complex (MHC) and co-stimulatory molecules at the macrophage
surface.
Studies in the 1980s showed that biological immunomodulators such as

interferon (IFN)-g can provide a missing signal and enhance the activity
of antimonials in the treatment of VL and CL. Recently, a new
generation of
§ Immunopotentiating drugs have shown

potential for leishmaniasis treatment. The imidazoquinoline
imiquimod, an ingredient of the topical cream for genital warts
known as Aladarae cream (3M Pharmaceuticals;
http://www.3m.com/), induces nitric oxide (NO) production in
macrophages.
§ Imiquimod cream was shown to have

antileishmanial activity via macrophage activation in experimental
models [35] and in clinical studies on CL in combination with
antimonials [36]. This sensitivity of Leishmania amastigotes to
NO was also exploited in a study using the NO generator nitroso-
N-pencillamine (SNAP) topically on L. brazilienisis infections [37].
§ In one approach to restore signalling, the

substituted benzaldehyde tucaresol, which stimulates a signal
to CD4þ T cells and promotes T helper cell (Th) type 1 cytokine
659
production, showed activity in mouse VL models. A 5 mg/kg 21
oral dose for five days proved effective, resulting in a 60%
reduction in the number of L. donovani liver amastigotes in mice.
[38]. On a different pathway, anisomycin restores signalling via
CD40 and activates p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase
thus killing parasites in mouse models [39]. These results
indicate that immunomodulatory drugs show promise as an
adjunct to chemotherapy.
§ benzaldehydes" increases oxygen affinity ..

Tucaresol is an electron-rich benzaldehyde of moderate
electrophilicity, which
acts by forming an imine (a Schiff base) with an amino group of
hemoglobin and
id=YTeY9ZEfNccC&pg=PA138&lpg=PA138&dq=benzaldehyde+tucaresol&source=bl&ots=MYG
7NyeIiS&sig=_Onies0j_59xBjubNG_xhmDw6Ho&hl=en&sa=X&ei=pHajVMOdOIiwyATol4CgAw
&ved=0CDEQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=benzaldehyde%20tucaresol&f=false
o A special vaccine is available in some Middle Eastern

countries (e.g. Israel).
Malaria:
o Malaria is an infectious disease of the red blood cells that is
caused by protozoan parasites called Plasmodium falciparum,
Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium ovale. The
protozoa live the first part of their lives inside mosquitoes. When an
infected mosquito bites a human, malaria can be transmitted. According
to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about
350-500 million patients become infected with malaria each year. •
Malaria can be successfully treated with anti-malarial medications.
However, drug resistance is a growing problem in many countries. •
Studies on malaria causing parasites have revealed two new distinct
forms different from the form already being studied in labs.
Understanding the genome of the parasite and all the variations may
help researchers discover new methods to combat the disease. • A
mutation on the HLA-Bgene known as HLA-B53 has been shown to
protect against malaria. Researchers believe that this mutation may help
the immune system to respond better to the parasite that causes
malaria. • A mutation in the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
(G6PD) gene may also offer protection against malaria. The G6PD gene
mutation causes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, which
is a blood disorder that causes red blood cells to break down
660
prematurely. This blood disorder appears to make it difficult for the
parasite to penetrate the blood cells. G6PD deficiency is most common in
the world where malaria is also most common. • Another genetic
mutation that protects against malaria is the gene mutation that causes
sickle cell anemia, a blood disorder that causes red blood cells to be
sickle shaped. As a result, the abnormally shaped blood cells may block
narrow blood vessels potentially leading to tissue damage. Sickle cell
anemia is caused by a mutation on the ? globin gene which leads to
abnormal hemoglobin. There are two alleles, or variations, of the ?
globin gene: A and S. ndividuals with two normal alleles (AA) have
normal hemoglobin and normal RBCs. Individuals who have two mutated
alleles (SS) produce abnormal hemoglobin and have sickle cell anemia,
but individuals who only carry the allele (AS) produce both abnormal and
normal hemoglobin.
Sleeping sickness
o Sleeping sickness is caused by two germs ( protozoa),

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosomoa brucei gambiense .
o “Sleeping sickness” is too benign a nickname for human

African trypanosomiasis, which is caused by a protozoan spread by biting
tsetse flies. When the parasites enter the brain, victims hallucinate
wildly. They have been known to chase neighbors with machetes, throw
themselves into latrines and scream with pain at the touch of water.
Only at the end do they lapse into a lassitude so great that they cannot
eat, followed by coma and death.
Treatment
o About 150,000 people contract the disease each year, but

50 million people in 36 countries live in areas where they are at risk.
o The best treatment now is eflornithine, sometimes called the

resurrection drug because it can pull the dying out of comas.
o It is almost a miracle that eflornithine is available. It was

discovered in 1980 at Pace University in New York. By early 2000, the
last 7,500 doses in the world were running out. The patentholder, a
precursor of the drug maker Sanofi-Aventis, abandoned it in 1995
because it had not lived up to its anticancer potential. Then, in late
2000, plans to make a topical form emerged. It was the key ingredient
in Vaniqa, a cream to prevent facial hair in women.
o After critics accused Sanofi-Aventis of catering to vain rich

women while letting poor Africans die, the company agreed to make an
injectable form of the drug and now gives it free to the World Health
Organization and Doctors Without Borders.
o Patients need intravenous infusions four times a day for two

weeks.
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o They still use the drug melarsoprol, which, Dr. Pécoul said,
“is not effective and sometimes kills.”
o Melarsoprol, invented in the 1940s, is essentially arsenic

dissolved in propylene glycol, the antifreeze ingredient. It can be given
once a day for 10 days, which is easier on nurses. But it kills 5 percent
of those who take it and burns survivors’ veins.
o Dr. Pécoul hopes to have more countries switch to a mix of

seven days of eflornithine twice a day — so that night nurses are not
needed — plus seven days of nifurtimox, an oral drug that kills protozoa
but is ineffective alone.
o Another drug, fexinidazole, is better. It can be taken orally,

and in animal tests it cures even late-stage sleeping sickness in the brain
within two weeks. But it has not been tested on humans. Phase 1 trials,
small tests of its safety in humans, are to start late this year.
o Fexinidazole was developed by the German pharmaceutical

company Hoechst, now part of Sanofi-Aventis, and abandoned in the
1980s when the company gave up its tropical disease programs, said Els
Torreele, who directs the initiative’s fexinidazole project. It is one of a
class of drugs known as azoles, like fluconazole, that work against fungi
and may work against cancer.
o “We tested 500 different azoles,” Dr. Pécoul said. The

advantage of adopting an abandoned drug is that the former
patentholder has usually done the chemical analyses, animal studies
and, sometimes, early human trials, saving millions of dollars.
o The $19 million from the Gates Foundation is not for that,
but to begin the hunt for a completely new candidate.
The global distribution of clinical episodes of Plasmodium falciparum
Uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria
• artemether plus lumefantrine
• artesunate plus amodiaquine
• artesunate plus mefloquine
• artesunate plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine
• dihydroartemisinin plus piperaquine
The choice of ACT in a country or region will be based on the level of resistance to the
constituents in the combination.[31] Artemisinin and its derivatives should not be used as
monotherapy in uncomplicated falciparum malaria.[31] As second-line antimalarial treatment,
when initial treatment does not work or stops working, an alternative ACT known to be effective
in the region is recommended, such as:
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• Artesunate plus tetracycline or doxycycline or clindamycin.[31]
• Quinine plus tetracycline or doxycycline or clindamycin[31]
Any of these combinations are to be given for 7 days.[31]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium_falciparum
Filarioidea
o Mansonella species – nonperiodic anytime
§ Mansonella perstans
§ Mansonella streptocerca
§ Mansonella ozzardi
§ Dipetalonema perstans - africa
§ Dipetalonema streptocerca
o Loa loa- 1300 hours diurnal
o Onchocerca volvulus.
o Brugia timori- 2400 hours peak - nocturnal
o Brugia malayi- 2100 hours peak- Nocturnal subperiodic
o Wuchereria bancrofti – 2400 hours peak - nocturnal
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Loiasis:
o Loiasis:
o Loaisis
o Family Filarioidea
o When filariae that normally infect animals infect humans, the condition is
termed zoonotic filariasis.
o Filarioidea - Bloodsucking arthropod vectors such as black flies and

mosquitoes - bloodmeal
o Reported worldwide
o Variable clinical presentations
o Asymptomatic state to a serious illness with widespread dissemination
o Zoonotic filariasis of the skin is most commonly caused by filariae of the

Dirofilaria, Onchocerca, or Brugia genera.
664
o Red skin (Calabar) swelling, eye pain, Loiasis is a parasitic
infection that is caused by a roundworm called the African eye worm

(Loa loa). Humans become infected with the parasite after they are
bitten by the deer fly chrysops (typically found near the Congo River
region, Sudan, and Ethiopia) that is carrying the immature African eye
worm. Once the parasite enters the human host, it migrates toward the
eyes, where it causes eye congestion and irritation. Sometimes the
worms move to the brain, where it causes brain swelling, which is
potentially fatal. • Loiasis is most prevalent in tropical areas of Africa.
Prevalance
o Any patient in whom therapy for lymphatic filariasis or

onchocerciasis is anticipated who comes from a region of Africa co-
endemic for loiasis should be screened for infection prior to initiating
treatment because of the risk of fatal encephalopathy after treatment
with diethylcarbamazine (DEC) or ivermectin.
Symptoms
o Loiasis: Symptoms include irritated and watery itchy eyes,

blurred vision, and eye discharge (called eye congestion). Patients may
be able to see the thread-like worms move across their own eyeballs.
Complications
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o Loaisis: If left untreated, the Loa loa worm may sometimes
enter the brain, causing brain swelling (called encephalitis) and possibly
brain damage.
http://jcm.asm.org/content/early/2014/01/30/JCM.03358-13.full.pdf
Onchocerca:
o Family Filarioidea. - The Blood Nematodes
o Hypertension and hypercholesterolemia
o Chronic papular onchodermatitis – larger papules, resulting in

hyperpigmentation
o Inflammatory skin lesion caused by a zoonotic Onchocerca species - In

humans, zoonotic nematodes have typically been found in the subcutaneous tissue,
heart, lungs, eyes, lymphatic system, brain, and spinal cord (2).
o Skin swelling on his upper back
o Small, mildly tender pruritic papule one morning measuring less than 1 cm
– resemble insect bites
o Travel to Florida
o onchocerciasis, also known as ‘river blindness,’ manifests as intense

pruritis, skin depigmentation and ocular scarring due to migration of the microfilariae (3).
The adult filariae are stationary in the human host and are found within a subcutaneous
nodule.
o Clinically interpreted as a “cyst”, the submitted sample consisted of an

ellipse of skin and subcutaneous adipose tissue
o Cross sections of a nematode - 3 micrometer diameter = 0.1 mil
o Differential - organisms were excluded, 78 including: Strongyloides

stercoralis, hookworm, Toxocara canis or T. cati, Gnathostoma spp., and Baylisascaris
procyonis. Candidate organisms included Brugia spp., Mansonella spp., and
Acanthocheilonema delicata.
o Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN. There, a molecular 84 approach to

identification of the organisms was undertaken. 174 base pair seq.
SKIN
o Lesion measuring 1.4 x 0.3 x 1.3 cm.
o Molecular techniques
o Lesions become itchy, mostly around the head, neck, chest,

shoulders, and underside of the belly. Onchocerca is what’s known as a parasitic
filarial worm (nematode). One reason these worms get relatively little attention
is that they never live in the intestines. Aka: Sweet Itch, Summer Itch, certainly
666
isn’t to try and say that all itch cases are due to neck threadworms.
Threadworms have a distinctive life cycle, but as is so often the case, the
problem presents in different ways, depending on the individual. Weeping spots,
and a scaly crest to an area. Ivermectin-based wormer is the quickest way to
tell if you have them. If the microfilariae are present, they usually respond with
intense itching. The adults live for 10-12 years. Better news it that the worms
are so fine and the lumps so small. Apparently they intertwine and live in small
clumps. Some say that an ivermectin and praziquantel wormer is more
effective. research has shown that moxidectin-based wormers are equally
as effective in addressing the microfilariae (but don’t double-dose with this one
– only with ivermectin). a single dose every 6-8 weeks. Research I’ve read
shows onchecerca microfilaraie in Canada, USA, Australia, France, Poland
The life cycle is similar to W. bancrofti, except that the intermediate

hosts are various species from the genus Simulium (Black flies), the
most important species is Simulium damnosum.
The microfilariae are ingested by a Black fly during a blood meal, from
where they are carried to the midgut where they penetrate the
epithelium and migrate, via the hemocoele, to the indirect flight muscles.
Here they undergo two molts, L1–L3 and develop into infective L3 larvae
which move to the mouth parts. Development is completed in 6–9 days.
When the infected fly takes another blood meal the infective larvae are
once again transmitted into another host (definitive host). The
microfilariae are released from the mouth parts and transmitted directly
into the hosts bloodstream. Molting takes place form L 3 - L4 within 2-5
days and the larvae then migrate widely through the body under the
skin and between muscles, ligaments and tendons. The final molt to L 5
occurs at 1.5–2.5 months after transmission. Male worms are known to
mature in about four months later. Female worms initiate the formation
of the nodules and the males may join later. The sexually mature female
worms release microfilariae which migrate out from the nodules into the
skin and other tissues, most significantly into the eye.
Morphology
The whitish adult worm lies coiled within capsules in the fibrous tissue.
The female can measure up to 50cm while the males are shorter
measuring up to 5 cm. The microfilariae of O. volvulus are unsheathed
and are usually found in the dermis. They measure between 221-287µm
long.
667
Clinical Disease
Clinical manifestations are due to microfilariae in the epidermis.
Light infections may be asymptomatic or cause pruritis. This leads to scratching which can result
in infection. Lyphadenopathy may also be a feature of early infection. After months or years,
onchodermatitis results in secondary stage of thickening due to intradermal edema and
pachydermis. There is a loss of elastic fibers resulting in hanging groin, hernias and
elephantiasis of the scrotum. There is finally atrophy of the skin resulting in loss of elasticity.
There is mottled depigmentation of the skin.
Ocular lesions are related to the intensity of the microfilariae in the skin. Ocular lesions include
sclerosing keratitis, secondary glaucoma and cataract, coroidoretinitis and fluffy corneal
opacities. The major complication of onchocerciasis is the development of lesions in the eye
which may result in blindness or other distressing ocular diseases.
2. Analysis of Biopsies
668
Biopsies of tissue nodules can be dabbed on to a slide to produce impression smears and then
stained with Giemsa stain at pH 6.8 for the presence of microfilariae.
Recent advances in diagnostic methods includes and ELISA-based antibody detection assay
which utilizes a cocktail of recombinant antigens. The advantages of using this test is that it is
highly sensitive (almost 100% in onchocerciasis foci). It is also highly specific (100%), it also
uses finger prick blood. Therefore, reducing the painful procedure of gaining a skin snip.
The disadvantages is that it requires advanced ELISA apparatus and reagents and cannot
distinguish between past and present infections due to it detecting antibodies which stay present
in the body for a long time after the infection. Another modern detection method is for Parasite
DNA detection, which is based on the amplification of specific DNA sequences form microfilariae
using molecular biology technology. The advantages of this technique is its exquisite sensitivity
and detects active infections only. The disadvantages are that it requires specialized equipment
and expensive reagents. Also it still requires a skin snip but a urine assay is a possibility for the
future.
NAME: Onchocerca volvulus.
SYNONYM OR CROSS REFERENCE: Onchocerciasis, river blindness, and craw-

craw Footnote 1-Footnote 3, Footnote 3-Footnote 12.
CHARACTERISTICS: O. volvulus is a filarial nematode with a five-stage life cycle:

4 larval stages (microfilariae), and an adult stage (macrofilariae) Footnote 9, Footnote
11. Females are 30 cm to 80 cm in length, whereas males are only 3 cm to 5 cm
long appear to migrate from nodule to nodule to inseminate the females Footnote 2,
669
Footnote 11.Female macrofilariae can remain sessile and live coiled-up in
subcutaneous tissue (forming a “nodule” or “onchocercoma”) for up to 15 years,
producing more than 700-1,500 microfilariae per day Footnote 13. Microfilariae
measure 220 to 360 μm in length and can survive in humans for 2 to 3 years
Footnote 5.
PATHOGENICITY/TOXICITY: Onchocerciasis is a chronic systemic illness associated

with extensive and disfiguring skin changes, musculoskeletal complaints, weight
loss, and changes in the immune system Footnote 3. The principal organ affected in
onchocerciasis is the skin; however, infection with O. volvulus can lead to severe
visual impairment and blindness Footnote 5, Footnote 7, Footnote 11. In Sub-Saharan
Africa, onchocerciasis is the second most common cause of preventable blindness,
and has caused visual impairments in 500,000, and blindness in 270,000 persons
Footnote 3, Footnote 4. The pathogenesis of onchocerciasis is believed to be largely due
to an immune reaction to dying or dead microfilariae that have localised in the skin
and eyes Footnote 2, Footnote 3. In heavily infected persons, 100,000 or more
microfilariae can die every day Footnote 3. There are 5 main categories of
onchocercal skin disease: acute papular onchodermatitis, chronic papular
onchodermatitis, lichenified onchodermatitis, atrophy, and depigmentation Footnote 7.
Acute papular onchodermatitis: Primarily affects the face, small pruritic

papules may be scattered on limbs, trunk, shoulders and extremities.
Lesions may progress to vesicles and pustules Footnote 7.
Chronic papular onchodermatitis: Often affects the shoulders, buttocks

and extremities and consists of a severely itchy maculopapular rash
containing scattered flat-topped papules and hyperpigmented macules
Footnote 7.
Lichenified onchodermatitis: Consists of hyperkeratotic and

hyperpigmented confluent plaques most often affecting the lower
extremities and associated with lymphadenopathy Footnote 7.
Atrophy: Typically affecting the buttocks and lower back, and consisting
of large atrophic plaques with finely wrinkled inelastic skin resembling
cigarette paper Footnote 7.
Depigmentation: Often referred to as leopard skin and consists of

vitiligo-like lesions with hypopigmented patches containing perifollicular
spots of normally pigmented skin. Onchocercal depigmentation often
affects the shins and is rarely associated with itch and excoriations
Footnote 7.
Other clinical pictures include; “lizard skin” with dry ichthyoses-like

lesions with a mosaic pattern resembling the scales of a lizard, and
“hanging groin” with folds of atrophic inelastic skin in the inguinal region
associated with lymphadenopathy Footnote 7. The different clinical
670
patterns are not mutually exclusive and may be present simultaneously
or one pattern may evolve into another.
Onchocercal ocular disease: The disease ranges from mild symptoms

such as itching, redness, pain, photophobia, diffuse keratitis, and blurred
vision, to more severe symptoms such as corneal scarring, night
blindness, intraocular inflammation, glaucoma, visual field loss, and,
eventually, blindness Footnote 7. Ocular lesions are usually bilateral and
can affect various structures of the anterior and posterior segments of
the eye resulting in uveitis, iridocyclitis, conjunctivitis, chorioretinitis,
cataracts and glaucoma Footnote 5, Footnote 11. Increasing corneal opacity
is not caused by O. volvulus but is believed to be from a host
inflammatory response to its endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria, which
are released by dying microfilariae Footnote 14.
EPIDEMIOLOGY: O. volvulus infection is estimated to affect more than 17 million

people worldwide in 34 countries in Africa, the Middle East, South America and
Central America Footnote 2, Footnote 3, Footnote 5, Footnote 8, Footnote 9. Countries with the
highest prevalence of onchocerciasis include 11 sub-Saharan West African nations,
including Ghana, Nigeria, Liberia, and parts of Mali Footnote 1, Footnote 9. The
endemicity also extends latitudinally across the entire continent of Africa and into
Southwest Asia, with foci in Yemen and Oman in the Arabian Peninsula Footnote 5,
Footnote 9. Small foci also exist in Ecuador, Venezuela, Columbia, southern Mexico,
and Guatemala. In West Africa, there are 3 major strains of O. volvulus: a forest
strain with low ocular pathogenicity associated with high nodule numbers and
severe skin disease, a dry savannah strain with high ocular pathogenesis and an
associated high rate of blindness, and a humid savannah strain with an intermediate
pattern Footnote 2, Footnote 3.
HOST RANGE: Humans are the sole definitive host; however, there is evidence of
infection in gorillas Footnote 1, Footnote 2, Footnote 9.
INFECTIOUS DOSE: Unknown.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION: O. volvulus is spread by blackflies (genus Simulium),

which breed in fast-flowing rivers Footnote 2, Footnote 8, Footnote 9, Footnote 15. Infection
occurs during the bloodmeal of a blackfly, which results in the dissemination of an
O. volvulus larva (at stage 3 of life cycle) into the host Footnote 9. Female worms stay
permanently in a fibrous capsule, while males are able to move freely in skin tissues
and subcutaneous regions.
INCUBATION PERIOD: Highly variable, but normally symptoms are developed within
1 to 2 years of infection Footnote 1-Footnote 5.
COMMUNICABILITY: No evidence for direct human-to-human transmission Footnote

1; however, infection can be spread indirectly between humans via blackfly bites
Footnote 2, Footnote 3, Footnote 5, Footnote 9. People can infect flies as long as living
microfilariae occur in the skin.
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SECTION III - DISSEMINATION
RESERVOIR: Humans Footnote 1, Footnote 9.
ZOONOSIS: No, the Onchocerca species found in animals cannot infect humans
Footnote 1.
VECTORS: Blackfly (Simulium spp.) Footnote 1-Footnote 6, Footnote 6, Footnote 8, Footnote

11, Footnote 15. In Africa, the Simulium damnosus sensu lato (s.l.) species complex is
the main vector and is responsible for more than 95% of onchocerciasis cases
worldwide Footnote 3, Footnote 6. In Uganda, Tanzania, Ethiopia, and the Congo, the
vectors are the S. neavei s.l. complex, and S. albivirgulatum s.l. is the vector that is
only found in the Congo Basin Footnote 3. In Latin America, S. ochraceum s.l., S.
exiguum s.l., S. metallicum s.l., and S. guianense s.l. are the main vectors Footnote 3,
Footnote 6.
SECTION IV – STABILITY AND VIABILITY

DRUG SUSCEPTIBILITY: Microfilariae are susceptible to ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, and
albendazole, although diethylcarbamazine is no longer used due to adverse side effects Footnote 1-
Footnote 4, Footnote 6, Footnote 8, Footnote 9. Adult worms are susceptible to suramin, which is no longer
used due to extreme toxicity, in favour of a new drug, moxidectin, which is safe for use in humans
and has already undergone phase II trials Footnote 2, Footnote 9. Symbiotic Wolbachia spp. present
within O. volvulus are sensitive to doxycycline treatment Footnote 15. Although the use of ivermectin
against infection has proven to be effective, constant and regular treatment is necessary as studies
have found live and possibly fertile worms present in patients even after 6 years of treatment Footnote
16.
SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DISINFECTANTS: Unknown. In a study testing the efficacy of Rifampin and

Azithromycin on O.volvulus, the instruments used to obtain skin biopsies from patients were
disinfected with a combination of disinfectants, which included the sequential use of full-strength
bleach (30 seconds), 95% ethanol (30 seconds), distilled water (30 seconds), 95% ethanol (30
seconds), and then the instruments were air dried Footnote 17.
PHYSICAL INACTIVATION: Unknown; however, air drying, in combination with several common
disinfectants, has been used clinically to disinfect instruments that have come into contact with
O.volvulus Footnote 17.
SURVIVAL OUTSIDE HOST: Unknown.
SECTION V - FIRST AID / MEDICAL

SURVEILLANCE: Onchocerciasis should be considered in persons from endemic areas or expatriate
visitors who present with itching with or without a rash Footnote 3. Onchocerciasis can be diagnosed
based on the observation of living microfilaria in skin biopsies Footnote 2, Footnote 3, Footnote 5, Footnote 9,
Footnote 10. Bloodless “skin snips” can be obtained from the shins, buttocks, and the iliac crests, and
then placed in saline and examined microscopically for the presence of microfilariae Footnote 2, Footnote
3, Footnote 5, Footnote 9, Footnote 10. Microscopic demonstration of microfilaria may not be sensitive, and,
therefore, methods such as PCR, ELISA, and immunolabelling are used to detect microfilaria in skin
snips with greater sensitivity Footnote 1-Footnote 3, Footnote 9, Footnote 10. These methods still utilize skin
snips which can be painful and increase the risk of blood borne contaminations, furthermore non-
invasive tests, such as the dipstick assay, may prove to be more useful for the diagnosis of
672
onchocerciasis Footnote 2, Footnote 10. Microfilariae can also be detected in the anterior chamber of the
eye with a slit lamp Footnote 3, Footnote 5. Adult worms may be found in excised nodules.
FIRST AID/TREATMENT: The drug of choice for the treatment of onchocerciasis is ivermectin
(Stromectol, Mectizan) Footnote 1-Footnote 3, Footnote 5, Footnote 6, Footnote 8, Footnote 9, Footnote 12, Footnote
15. The drug is administered once per year and for the expected lifespan of the parasite (often more
than 10 years) Footnote 2, Footnote 3, Footnote 5, Footnote 6. Co-treatment with ivermectin and doxycycline
(for 6 weeks) has been shown to be more effective, since doxycycline will interrupt the
embryogenesis of O. volvulus for a few months by depleting symbiotic Wolbachia endobacteria
Footnote 15. Another treatment, based on removal of nodules (nodulectomy, particularly from the
head) is available in Mexico and Guatemala and is thought to reduce the number of microfilariae that
can enter the eye and hence limit the number of cases of blindness Footnote 2, Footnote 3.
IMMUNIZATION: None, although several strategies are currently being employed to develop a
vaccine Footnote 2, Footnote 12.
PROPHYLAXIS: Although no chemoprophylaxis exists, measures such as insect nets and protective
clothing, insecticide, and larvicides are used in endemic regions Footnote 1-Footnote 3, Footnote 6, Footnote
8, Footnote 10. Onchocerciasis Elimination Program for the Americas – ivermectin q6m to prevent
disease and interrupt transmission.
1Chemotherapy
Ivermectin (dihydroavermectin B1) is the drug of choice for the treatment of onchocerciasis. In
1996, ivermectin (Stromectol) was registered for human use in the United States; it was
registered in France as Mectizan. (For animals in the United States, it was registered previously
by Merck Sharpe & Dohme as Heartgard, a widely used veterinary gastrointestinal anthelmintic
and ectoparasiticide.)
Ivermectin is a macrocyclic lactone derived from the actinomycete Streptomyces avermitilis

found in a soil sample from a Japanese golf course and is produced by fermentation. [13, 14] It
has structural similarities to the macrolide antibiotics but lacks antibacterial activity. Ivermectin
enters the worm by the transcuticular route.
It functions as a single dose and is a rapidly effective microfilaricide for O volvulus; however,
attempts to give a single dose of ivermectin (150 mcg/kg) on the preadult stages of O volvulus
did not have any prophylactic effect.[15]
Unlike diethylcarbamazine (DEC), ivermectin does not produce a significant Mazzotti reaction in
onchocerciasis,[16] most likely because it acts by paralyzing the microfilariae in the skin tissue
spaces and lymphatics. They are then swept away into the local lymph nodes, which may swell
up and only cause some local limb edema. On the other hand, DEC "unmasks" the microfilariae
in the tissue spaces and the exposed Wohlbachia organisms within them. Ivermectin elicits a
dose-dependent eosinophil sequestration, activation, and degranulation, but the duration
apparently is very limited and resolution is quick.[17]
Ivermectin kills microfilariae within female worms, as well as those in human tissues. Dead
microfilariae within the uteri of the female worm degenerate and prevent further microfilarial
production for 6-12 months. Ivermectin not only kills microfilariae, it is also a microfilarial
suppressant. Two to 3 months after ivermectin therapy, microfilariae usually disappear
673
The addition of oral doxycycline (100 mg/d) given for 6 weeks from the start of ivermectin to kill
off Wolbachia organisms helps to prevent treatment reactions.[29]
Caution is needed in areas endemic for both loiasis and onchocerciasis because ivermectin can
initiate serious adverse effects in patients with high L loa microfilarial loads.[27, 28]
Studies have demonstrated that after many rounds of ivermectin treatment, some patients
continue to have surprisingly high microfilarial counts. This suboptimal response to ivermectin
treatment may indicate a developing drug resistance.[30]
Because increasing numbers of parasite strains of importance are showing ivermectin

resistance, a new interest has emerged in developing alternative drugs. The search for
novel filaricides and alternative medicines includes a renewed interest in old
herbicidal extracts. Extracts of Margaritaria discoidea (Bushveld Peacock-berry) and
Homalium africanum (also called the elephant’s legs tree) have demonstrated efficacy
on Onchocerca and further testing is indicated.[31, 32]
DEC is a microfilaricide with no effect on the adult worm. It produces Mazzotti

reactions that become severe in heavily infected persons. Eosinophilic degranulation is
correlated strongly with the Mazzotti reaction. [33] A low dose of dexamethasone (3
mg/d), begun after onset of the Mazzotti reaction, modifies the progression of the
Mazzotti reaction without interfering with the macrofilaricidal efficacy of DEC. [34] This
suggests that the Mazzotti reaction is not directly caused by death of microfilariae, but
rather is a direct effect of DEC on the immune system.
Wolbachia organisms appear to play a critical role in the biology and metabolism of filarial
worms. The use of tetracycline to kill the Wolbachia organisms appears to be lethal to adult O
ochengi, and recent evidence suggests it also is effective for O volvulus and perhaps other
filarial worms.[38]
Diagnosis
o The standard diagnostic test for the diagnosis of loiasis is

demonstration of microfilariae on a daytime (10AM to 2PM) Giemsa-
stained thin or thick blood smear. It is important to note that the timing
of the blood smear should be adjusted to reflect local time at the point
of origin of a traveler who is still experiencing jetlag. Concentration
techniques such as Nuclepore™ filtration (Whatman Inc., Florham Park,
NJ), Knott's concentration, or saponin lysis may increase the diagnostic
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yield in persons with low numbers of circulating microfilariae.
Identification of microfilariae on blood smear is sufficient for diagnosis of
the infection. Quantification of the number of microfilariae per mL is
needed to direct treatment.
Differential
o There is a general screen for any filarial infection (including

Wuchereria, Brugia, Onchocerca, and Mansonella infections) that is
available in some specialty diagnostic labs.
Testing
o Because the test is highly sensitive, it is useful in

determining if an individual has had filarial infection, but it is not specific
enough to identify which filarial infection. As with any antibody test, the
results indicate only that the patient has been exposed to the disease,
but they do not indicate if the patient has an active infection. This
distinction is less important in symptomatic travelers, but it limits the
usefulness of the test in persons from endemic areas. One advantage of
the test is that it can pick up evidence of infection in the pre-patent
stage of infection. There are several Loa-specific serologic tests in
existence, such as the tests for antibodies to the LlSXP-1 recombinant
antigen which can be used in both an ELISA and a luciferase
immunoprecipitation systems (LIPS) assay, but these are currently
available only in the research setting and are not approved for diagnosis
in the United States. There is one polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test
for loiasis approved for diagnosis in the United States.
o In general the diagnosis of L. loa infection should be made

with blood smear. However, when blood smears are negative and clinical
suspicion of infection is high, the general antibody test could be used in
an attempt to exclude infection. If the general antibody test were
positive, then it might be necessary to consider seeking additional
diagnostic information by enlisting the assistance of researchers who
perform specific antibody and/or PCR tests.
treatment
Loa loa do not contain Wolbachia so doxycycline is not an effective treatment.
Treatment Indication Adult Dose Pediatric Dose
8–10 mg/kg orally in 8–10 mg/kg orally in 3

Diethylcarbamazine Symptomatic loiasis with MF/mL
3 divided doses daily divided doses daily for
(DEC) <8,000
for 21 days 21 days
Symptomatic loiasis, with MF/mL 200 mg orally twice 200 mg orally twice
Albendazole <8,000 and failed 2 rounds DEC daily for 21 days daily for 21 days
OR
Symptomatic loiasis, with MF/ml
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Treatment Indication Adult Dose Pediatric Dose
≥8,000 to reduce level to <8,000 prior

to treatment with DEC
Apheresis* followed Symptomatic loiasis, with MF/mL

N/A N/A
by DEC ≥8,000
MF = microfilariae of L. loa
* Apharesis should be performed at an institution with experience in using this therapeutic
modality for loiasis.
Filariasis:
o A filarial infection (called filariasis) is a type of infection
that is caused by any of the round, thread-like parasitic nematode
species worms. Many develop lymphodema. Symptoms start with
fever, Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (TPE), digestion changes, GERD,
dirreah, itches, and puritis. Later stages include •Testicular and/or
inguinal pain, Limb or genital swelling - Repeated episodes of
inflammation and lymphedema lead to lymphatic damage, chronic
swelling, and elephantiasis of the legs, arms, scrotum, vulva, and
breasts.
o Filarial infections (microfilaria hatchlings) can also be

caused by common round worms, if sufficiently infested. Once the
parasite enters the human, it migrates to the GI trac and lymph system.
Females release larvae, which circulate in the patient's bloodstream.
Ascaris adult worms typically live for two years, if not treated with anti-
parasitic medications. Rarely fatal, it can cause fevers, night sweats,
frequent infections, and serious inflammation of the lymph system if it is
not treated. Cardio pulmonary involvement is often felt, even if not
diagnosed or noticed.
o Lymphatic filariasis Wuchereria bancrofti Mosquitoes

carry this parasite, which they release into the bloodstream of a human
host as they feed. Lymphatic filariasis, also called elephantiasis
(even though few develop elephantiasis, many develop lymphodema),
is caused by a nematode worm including severe cases of Wuchereria
bancrofti or Brugia malayi. The infection is transmitted to humans when
a mosquito infected with the larvae bites a person. In the lymph nodes it
develops into an adult. Adult filarial worms typically live for about seven
years. Over a period of years it can destroy the lymph system. The
larvae move to the lymph nodes, which are predominantly in the legs
and genital area and develop into an adult worm over the course of a
676
year. They are commonly responsible for the tropical disease filariasis,
but in extreme cases can cause elephantiasis.
Symptoms:
o Filiariasis
o Fever, chills, skin infections, painful lymph nodes, thickened

skin, swelling
o Lymphatic filariasis:
o Symptoms of lymphatic filariasis generally develop 5-18

months after being bitten by an infected mosquito. Lymphatic filariasis
causes tissue damage that limits the normal flow of lymph fluid through
the body. As a result, patients typically experience swelling, scarring,
and infections, especially of the legs and groin.
Onchocerciasis
o The so called “River blindness” (Onchocerciasis) has one

in 3 varieties that cause eye infection and blindness in untreated
cases:
Symptoms
o River blindness (onchocerciasis): Symptoms usually develop

one to three years after the larvae enter the body. Patients may develop
an itchy skin rash, skin lesions, loss of skin pigmentation (which causes
the skin to become white), enlarged lymph nodes, visual impairment,
and sometimes blindness.
o The most often displayed symptom is Dermatitis - Skin

lesions include edema, pruritus, erythema, papules, scablike eruptions,
altered pigmentation, and lichenification.
o Itchy skin nodules, de/pigmentations, enlarged lymph

nodes,
o River blindness, also called onchocerciasis, is a parasitic

infection of the eyes that is caused by a worm called Onchocerca
volvulu.
o Skin nodules (ie, onchocercomas) - Skin nodules or large

bumps, tend to be common over bony prominences,
Vectors
o The disease is transmitted to humans by biting black flies

(called Buffalo gnats). When these flies bite a human, they allow the
677
parasitic larvae to enter the human's body. Once inside the human, the
larvae begin to mature into adults. Adults then produce millions of tiny
worms, called microfilaria, which migrate throughout the body.
o River blindness often causes severe itching of the skin, and

if left untreated, it may lead to blindness. •
o River blindness is considered an epidemic in more than 25

countries across the central part of Africa. According to the World Health
Organizations' export committee on river blindness, about 18 million
people are infected with the parasite each year worldwide. Of those
infected, an estimated 6.5 million suffer from severe itching or
dermatitis, 500,000 suffer serious visual impairment, and 270,000 are
blind.
o Scabies: Scabies is a contagious skin disease that is caused

by microscopic mites that live three to four weeks in a person's skin. The
female mite burrows into skin surface to lay her eggs. These eggs cause
an inflammatory response in the host that causes itching, redness, and
mild swelling. • Scabies is often spread through direct or prolonged skin
contact with an infected person or animal. It is easily spread through
direct contact with sexual partners or family members. It may also be
spread after sharing clothes, towels, bedding, or other linens, with an
infected person. • According to the American Academy of Dermatology,
about 300 million cases of scabies are reported each year worldwide
Cutaneous Filariasis
Cutaneous Filariasis is a parasitic disease caused by thread-like filarial
nematodes ... These worms occupy the subcutaneous layer of the skin, in the fat
layer. .... Chronic papular lesions often with postinflammatory hyperpigmentation.
Filariasis is a parasitic disease caused by thread-like filarial nematodes (roundworms) in the

family Filarioidea (also known as 'filariae').[1] Of the hundreds of described filarial parasites,
only eight species cause natural infections in humans (see separate articlesLymphatic
Filariasis and Body Cavity Filariasis).[1] Cutaneous filariasis may be caused byLoa loa (the
African eye worm), Onchocerca volvulus and Mansonella streptocerca. These worms
occupy the subcutaneous layer of the skin, in the fat layer.
• The larvae develop into adults in palpable subcutaneous nodules, usually

found over bony prominences of the thorax, pelvic girdle or knees (also found on the
head of children). Adults can live in the nodules for approximately 15 years. Some
nodules may contain many male and female worms.
678
• In the subcutaneous nodules, the female worms produce microfilariae,
which have a lifespan that may reach two years. Microfilariae are usually found in
the skin and in the lymphatics of connective tissues.
• A blackfly ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal. After ingestion, the
microfilariae migrate to the thoracic muscles, where they develop into third-stage
infective larvae. The third-stage infective larvae migrate to the blackfly's proboscis and
can then infect another human when the fly takes a blood meal.
• n the mild form there is localised maculopapular rash with itching. These
may clear spontaneously or progress to a chronic and generalised form with severe
itching.
• May heal with hyperpigmentation. Lichenified, hyperkeratotic lesions can

be very distressing, as they are widespread and intensely itchy.
• A localised form in Arabia causes chronic papular dermatitis, often in one

extremity only.
• In long-standing infection, destruction of elastic fibres in the skin makes it

thin and wrinkled. The skin begins to sag and depigmentation of the pretibial
areas is typical in older people living in endemic areas, (called 'leopard skin').
• Light-skinned patients infected on visiting a country may appear a year or so

later with intensely itchy, red macular or maculopapular lesions that may be localised
to one area of the body or be more generalised.
• There may also be fever, muscle or joint pain, weight loss and
lymphadenitis.
• Rash sometimes lasts for several months after treatment.
• Ocular changes include intraocular microfilariae, punctate keratitis,

sclerosing keratitis, anterior uveitis, chorioretinitis, optic neuritis, optic atrophy,
glaucoma, and severe sight impairment (river blindness).
1Treatment
• Ivermectin: a single dose clears microfilariae from the skin for several
months. Repeating the dose every 6-12 months prevents progression.[6]
• Treatment is often associated with increased itching, swelling of the face

or extremities, headache and body pains, which usually occur after the first treatment.
2Prevention
• Control of blackfly by spraying.
• Mass distribution of ivermectin.
• Doxycycline is effective at eliminating W. pipientis and its elimination may

have a very important role in the treatment of onchocerciasis and other nematode
infections in the future.[7]
679
Mansonellosis (Mansonella streptocerca)

[8]
• M. streptocerca are found in Africa.
• Transmitted by Culicoides midges in tropical climates, they are of very

limited clinical significance.
• Of the Mansonella species, only M. streptocerca causes recognised

cutaneous symptoms.
• The females measure approximately 27 mm in length.
1Life cycle
• During a blood meal, an infected midge introduces third-stage filarial larvae
on to the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound.
• Larvae develop into adults in the dermis, close to the skin surface. Adults
produce microfilariae, which live in the skin but can also reach the peripheral blood.
• A midge ingests the microfilariae during a blood meal. The microfilariae

migrate to the thoracic muscles, where they develop into third-stage larvae. The third-
stage larvae migrate to the midge's proboscis, and can then infect another human
when the midge takes another blood meal.
2Presentation
• Chronic papular lesions often with postinflammatory hyperpigmentation.
• Less commonly, it causes lichenification.
3Investigations
• Microfilariae shown in blood or skin (a distinctive 'walking stick' shape to the
tail).
4Treatment
• If asymptomatic then no treatment is required.
• Otherwise, either diethylcarbamazine or ivermectin is effective.
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Tapeworm
https://www.google.com/#q=flea+tapeworm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipylidium_caninum
http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/dipylidium/faqs.html
Dipylidium caninum, also called the flea tapeworm, double-pore tapeworm, or cucumber tapeworm (in
reference to the shape of its cucumber-seed-like proglottids), though these also resemble grains of rice or
sesame seeds), is a cyclophyllid cestode that infects organisms afflicted with fleas and canine chewing lice,
including dogs,cats, and sometimes human pet-owners, especially children. The adult worm is about 18
inches (46 cm) long.Gravid proglottids containing the worm's microscopic eggs are either passed in the
definitive host's feces or may leave their host spontaneously and are then ingested by microscopic flea
larvae (the intermediate hosts) in the surrounding environment. These larvae eventually pupate and
transform into adult fleas still carrying the tape worm, which are then ingested by a dog or cat during
grooming activity. From there, the worm enters the animal's digestive tract and anchors itself to the intestinal
wall where it will soon begin generating proglottids, completing the life cycle. Examples of fleas that can
spread D. caninum include Ctenocephalides canis and Ctenocephalides felis.
As in all members
of family Dipylidiidae, p
roglottids of the adult
worm have genital
pores on both sides
(hence the
name double-pore
tapeworm). Each side
has a set of male and
female reproductive
organs. The uterus is
paired with 16 to 20
radial branches each.
The scolex has a
retractable rostellum wi
th four rows of hooks,
along with the four
suckers that all
cyclophyllid cestodes
have.
Cream Color Worms
are plainly visable in
the stool.
In children, infection
causes diarrhea and restlessness. As with most tapeworm infections, the drugs of choice
areniclosamide or praziquantel. The best way to prevent human infection is to treat infected animals to kill
fleas. Tapeworm infection usually does not cause pathology in the dog or cat, and most pets show no
adverse reaction to infection other than increased appetite.
The other tapeworm infecting cats is Taenia taeniaeformis, though this form is much less commonly
encountered that the one currently under discussion here.
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Can humans be harmed by tapeworms?
Certain tapeworms found in dogs or cats may cause serious disease in humans.
Fortunately, these tapeworms (Echinococcus species) are uncommon in the United
States and are readily treated by prescriptions available from your veterinarian.
There are rare reports of Dipylidium(a common tapeworm in pets) infections in
children, but these infections are not associated with significant disease.
Can Cat Worms Infect People?

A disease which can be transmitted from animals to humans is known as a zoonotic disease. There are
several external and internal cat parasites which are zoonotic, some of which can be more serious to
humans than to their pets. This is because humans are an abnormal host for feline parasites, so the
parasites become lost and confused in a human body and do some unusual things when they cannot find
their way to a target feline organ.
Feline roundworms can also cause disease in humans. Eggs from this parasite are excreted in cat feces.
After two weeks in the open they can become infectious to humans! If accidentally ingested, the worms can
migrate to organs such as the liver, lungs, brain or eyes, where the human body generates an immune
response to try to wall them off and prevent them moving any further.
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o Tapeworm infection: Fish tapeworm, beef tapeworm and

pork tapeworm are obtained from eating raw or undercooked, infected
meat. Adult worms can reach a length of more than 15 feet.
o Pork tapeworms can enter the brain and cause seizures. Fish
tapeworms can produce over one million eggs per day.
o The fish tapeworm is the largest of the human tapeworms,

reaching the length of 33 feet or more. There can be 3,000 to 4,000
segments in one worm. It can produce more than 1,000,000 eggs a day.
This type of infestation can cause anemia because of interference with
vitamin B12, says Dr. Brooks in his book. Also, the weight challenges of
some people can be directly attributed to tapeworms. This is especially
true of weight loss programs that don’t work. The person may be
hosting a tapeworm which is eating all the food and making the person
constantly hungry. Tapeworms can also cause water retention. Besides
683
tapeworms from beet, pork and fish, there is also a type of dog
tapeworm you can get when dogs lick your face or hands.
o A tapeworm infection is a parasitic infection that affects

the digestive tract.
o Humans become infected with tapeworms after they

consume food or water that is contaminated with tapeworm larvae.
o Most tapeworm infections in humans are caused by the pork

tapeworm (Taenia solium), the dwarf tapeworm (Hymenolepis nana),
the beef tapeworm (Taenia saginata), or the fish tapeworm
(diphyllobothrium latum). Tapeworm infections typically occur when a
person consumes food, water, or soil that is contaminated with human
or animal feces. • Most tapeworm infections cause no symptoms.
Symptoms
o Tapeworm infections do not always cause symptoms. The

most common symptoms include weakness, nausea, decreased appetite,
diarrhea, weight loss, and abdominal pain. Some patients may be able to
see small white tapeworm eggs in their stools.
o However, if symptoms do occur, patients typically

experience abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, and diarrhea.
o Can cause great harm when the immature larvae invade the
muscles, heart, eye or brain when infection is often misdiagnosed as
epilepsy.
o Signs and symptoms: Can consume over 80% of its host's

vitamin B12 producing pernicious anaemia. Other common symptoms
include digestive disturbances, pain and fullness in the upper abdomen,
nausea and anorexia.
Diagnosis
o Stool Passing of white round ¼ inch or larger Segments,
o Flat ribbons, or sectioned worms are tapeworms.
Differential
o These worms don't appear to be doing that... just moving around
and bunkering in in small hidy holes (under my tonsils) and small spaces at the
back of my neck.
Behaviour
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о Only Tapeworms are so aggressive
Complications
o Tapeworm infections may lead to malnutrition. The parasites

absorb many of the nutrients from the food its host eats before the
patient is able to do so. As a result, the patient may not get the
necessary vitamins and minerals to stay healthy. This may also lead to
weight loss. Once the parasite is killed, the patient will be able to absorb
nutrients and will gain back lost weight.
Treatment
o Tapeworm infections that are limited to the intestines can be

successfully treated with anti-helminthic medications.
Prevention
o • Cooking meat thoroughly kills the parasites and prevents an

infection from occurring. The meat must reach at least at least 150
degrees Fahrenheit in order to ensure that any tapeworm eggs and
larvae have been killed.
TREATMENT
o Natural treatment FOR TAPEWORMS
o Asafoetida Dissolve a small piece of asafoetida in water and drink

it on an empty stomach once a day for 3 days. Ash Gourd Seeds Take a
handful of ash gourd seeds and grind them. Eat it in the morning on an
empty stomach. Two hours later, take two teaspoons of castor oil.
Betel nut Grind one betel nut with a small glass of milk. Take this early
in the morning on an empty stomach. NOTE: Do not give to children.
Avoid: if suffering with cardiovascular disease or pregnant.
o Black Walnut Hulls can be taken as an extract. NOTE

This herb is not recommended for infants or children.
o Coconut and Castor Oil. A tablespoon of the freshly

ground coconut should be taken at breakfast followed by a dose of
castor oil after three hours. The process may be repeated till the cure is
complete.
o Paico Leaf can effectively eradicate tapeworms in most

cases.
o Pumpkin the seeds of this herb can be eaten whole or

mashed and mixed with juice. Two or three hours after eating up to 25
ounces of seeds, a laxative such as senna or prunes is recommended
to purge the intestines.
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o Cascara sagrada this herb can be used after eating
pumpkin seeds to help eliminate parasites from the body. It is milder
than senna, but has a similar action.
o Wormseed can be taken as a tea. Do not use concentrated

wormseed oil as it is too potent.
o Torrya seed can be used with pumpkin seed and betel

nut
PYR-P Pyrantel Pamoate 1 oz Reeses Pinworm medicine liquid

144mg/ml NDC 10956-618-01
o www.drugs.com
o Effective against most nematode infections
o CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Pin-X® has demonstrated
anthelmintic activity against Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) and
Ascaris lumbricoides (common roundworm). The anthelmintic action is
probably due to the neuromuscular blocking property of the drug. Pin-
X® is partially absorbed after an oral dose. Plasma levels of unchanged
drug are low. Peak levels (0.05 - 0.13 micrograms per milliliter) are
reached in 1-3 hours. Quantities greater than 50% of administered drug
are excreted in feces as the unchanged form, whereas only 7% or less
of the dose is found in urine as the unchanged form of the drug and its
metabolites.
o Symptoms suggestive of pinworm infestation: Pruritis
Ani (itching in the anal area), insomnia, gastrointestinal distress,
irritability, enuresis (bed wetting) and secondary infection due to
localized scratching are symptoms of pinworms. However, you should
make a visual inspection and confirmation of the pinworms before using
this product.
o pinworms all areas should be as clean as possible.
o Abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, or
dizziness sometimes occur
o 11 mg/kg (maximum: 1 g/dose) administered once daily for
3 days
o Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm), Ascariasis lumbricoides
(roundworm), Necator americanus (hookworm) (unlabeled use):
o 11 mg/kg administered as a single dose; repeat twice 2
weeks apart
http://research.universityofcalifornia.edu/stories/2012/07/orphan_drug.html
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o What’s more the UC researchers have already shown that

auranofin is far more potent than the best drug currently used against
the tropical infections — an antibiotic called metronidazole, known to
cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting and dizziness. If clinical
trials confirm its effectiveness in infected people, the arthritis drug could
be used at a lower dose and at a much lower cost per person, they said.
o Last year, they hit gold. They showed in lab and animal studies
that an arthritis drug called auranofin can knock out a particularly
aggressive parasite that disables hundreds of thousands and kills 70,000
people a year. The drug also cripples a second protozoan parasite
responsible for nearly 300 million infections a year. Auranofin has been
identified in a high-throughput drug screen as 10 times more potent
than metronidazole on Entamoeba histolytica, the protozoan agent of
human amebiasis. Assays of thioredoxin reductase and transcriptional
profiling suggest that the effect of auranofin on the enzyme enhances
the sensitivity of the trophozoites to reactive oxygen-mediated killing in
mouse and hamster models; the results are markedly reductions of the
number of parasites, the inflammatory reaction to the infestation and
the damage to the liver.[5][6][7]
o Metronidazole Flagyl is a nitroimidazole antibiotic medication used
particularly for anaerobic bacteria and protozoa.
o Metronidazole is primarily used to treat: bacterial vaginosis, pelvic
inflammatory disease (along with other antibacterials like ceftriaxone),
pseudomembranous colitis, aspiration pneumonia, rosacea (topical), fungating
wounds (topical), intra-abdominal infections, lung abscess, gingivitis,
amoebiasis, giardiasis, trichomoniasis, and infections caused by susceptible
anaerobic organisms such as Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Clostridium,
Peptostreptococcus, and Prevotella species.[6] It is also often used to eradicate
Helicobacter pylori along with other drugs and to prevent infection in people
recovering from surgery.[6]
o Metronidazole is listed by the US National Toxicology Program
(NTP) as reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.[15] Although some
of the testing methods have been questioned, oral exposure has been shown to
cause cancer in experimental animals and has also demonstrated some
mutagenic effects in bacterial cultures
o Interaction with alcohol Consuming alcohol while taking
metronidazole has long been thought to have a disulfiram-like reaction
with effects that can include nausea, vomiting, flushing of the skin,
tachycardia, and shortness of breath.[24] Consumption of alcohol is
typically advised against by patients during systemic metronidazole
therapy and for at least 48 hours after completion of treatment.[6]
However, some studies call into question the mechanism of the
interaction of alcohol and metronidazole,[25] ,[26][27] and a possible
central toxic serotonin reaction for the alcohol intolerance is suggested.
[13] Metronidazole is also generally thought to inhibit the liver
metabolism of propylene glycol (found in some foods, medicines, and in
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many electronic cigarette e-liquids), thus propylene glycol may
potentially have similar interaction effects with metronidazole.[citation
needed]
Piperazine Phosphate powder (Pripsen)
This works differently to the Mebendazole which deprives them of glucose.
Piperazine Phosphate by Pripsen paralyzes the worms
the Pripsen tablets also contain Senna, a herbal mild laxative which helps expel them.
It seemed to work well for us but will not get rid of the worms in other parts of the body (eyes, nose,
ears, vagina), for that I recommend Mebendazole. After taking the Mebendazole you might feel tired
and headachey as the dead and decaying worms in your guts release toxins before you're able to expel
them, nice huh?
Nitazoxanide
http://www.intramed.net/userfiles/1.pdf
Alinia (Pro, More...)

generic name: nitazoxanide class: amebicides
First, names. Nitazoxanide comes in so many different brand names that I can only list a few.
Alinia was the first, and is the drug name given to nitazoxanide by its discoverer, Dr. Jean-
Francois Rossignol, who works at the Pasteur Institute in Paris.
Dr. Rossignol is part of a company called Romark Laboratories, in Tampa, Florida, which
manufactures Alinia and is running the current trials for its use as an adjunct therapy with SOC.
Romark has licensed certain other manufacturers to produce nitazoxanide. These are the less-
expensive equivalents that can be found, for example, in Europe and Canada and a few other
places that still respect patents and copyrights. In places that don't, nitazoxanide is produced by
a plethora of small-ish pharmaceutical companies under a myriad of brand names. A few of
them are: Daxon, Dexidex, Pacovanton, Paramix, Nitax, Zox, Nitazox, Toza, Zóntricon, Celectan,
Nixoran, Dexidex, Kidonax, Nitanid, Colufase, Nodik, Paraxin, Rosanil, Nitaxom, Noxolin,
Uniplus7, Nitaxin, Nitapax, Zoxanid, Nitarid, Bionit, Rosanil, Parsenida, Zotanixin.
Prices vary widely, as one would imagine. And since the Internet has spawned huge industries
of online wholesalers, retailers, and geographically-unidentifiable resellers of everything under
the sun including pharmaceuticals, there are places (I use this term in its broadest virtual sense)
where you can buy nitazoxanide, or something that looks very much like it, for a small fraction
of what the name brand companies sell it for. Here's a list of the ones I've had time to look at,
together with price data:
http://www.wisemeds.net/
http://www.freedom-pharmacy.com/Products2.asp?ID=4120&T=
688
===========================================
http://www.wisemeds.net/buy_online/Nitarid.shtml
***@****
Nitarid
Glenmark Ltd.
500mg x 60 Tablets $55.42 ($0.92/tablet)
===========================================
http://www.brandprescriptiondrugs.com/Nitazoxanide.htm (Int'l comparison site)
Nitarid
Cipla Ltd. (India)
2 x 60 tabs x 500mg $ 99.65 ($0.83/tablet)
===========================================
http://www.generics.ws/shopping_carts/show/
(India)
Nizonide
Lupin Pharm.
12 x 2 = 24 for $18.96 = ($0.79/tablet)
Nitazoxanide is an antiparasitic agent. It works by interfering with the production of certain

substances that are needed by the parasite to live.
 Take nitazoxanide with food.
Diarrhea; headache; nausea; stomach pain.
Seek medical attention right away if any of these SEVERE side effects occur:
Severe allergic reactions (rash; hives; difficulty breathing; tightness in the chest; swelling of
the mouth, face, lips, or tongue); bone pain; fainting; fast heartbeat; severe or persistent
dizziness; shortness of breath; unusual tiredness.
1Usual Adult Dose for:
 Amebiasis
 Cryptosporidiosis
 Giardiasis
Usual Adult Dose for Giardiasis

For diarrhea in AIDS patients: 1000 mg twice daily with food for 14 days or until diarrhea
resolves.
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Usual Pediatric Dose for Cryptosporidiosis
For diarrhea in immunocompetent patients:
12 to 47 months: 100 mg (5 mL) by mouth with food every 12 hours for 3 days.
4 to 11 years: 200 mg (10 mL) with food every 12 hours for 3 days.
Greater than or equal to 12 years: 500 mg twice daily with food for 3 days.
Usual Pediatric Dose for Giardiasis

For diarrhea in immunocompetent patients:
12 to 47 months: 100 mg (5 mL) by mouth with food every 12 hours for 3 days.
4 to 11 years: 200 mg (10 mL) with food every 12 hours for 3 days.
Greater than or equal to 12 years: 500 mg twice daily with food for 3 days.
Usual Pediatric Dose for Ascariasis

Study (n=105)
Dosage given orally morning and evening for 3 consecutive days.
2 to 3 years: 100 mg/5 mL
Usual Pediatric Dose for Hymenolepis nana (Dwarf Tapeworm)

Study (n=105)
Dosage given orally morning and evening for 3 consecutive days.
Usual Pediatric Dose for Amebiasis

Study (n=53):
Greater than or equal to 12 years:
Renal Dose Adjustments

Data not available
Liver Dose Adjustments

Data not available
Dose Adjustments
Data not available. Caution recommended.
690
Precautions
Caution is recommended in patients with renal and/or hepatic disease.
Nitazoxanide should be taken with food.
http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/40/8/1173.full
Intestinal parasitic infections rank among the most significant causes of morbidity
and mortality in the world today. Nevertheless, it has been >30 years since the
introduction of any new innovative treatment and, for some pathogens (including
Cryptosporidium), there is currently no accepted specific therapy [1]. Nitazoxanide,
2-acetyloxy-N-(5-nitro-2-thiazolyl) benzamide (Alinia; Romark Laboratories), is a
new nitrothiazole benzamide compound notable for its activity in treating both
intestinal protozoal and helminthic infections. It was first described in 1975 by Jean
Francois Rossignol and was initially developed as a veterinary antihelminthic with
activity against intestinal nematodes, cestodes, and liver trematodes [2]. In
humans, nitazoxanide has been reported to be effective against a broad range of
parasites, including Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium
parvum, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Vittaforma corneae,
Encephalitozoon intestinalis, Isospora belli, Blastocystis hominis, Balantidium coli,
Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichura, Taenia saginata,
Hymenolepis nana, and Fasciola hepatica [3–9]. In vitro studies have also shown
antimicrobial activity against numerous gram-positive and gram-negative anaerobic
bacteria, specifically Bacteroides species, Clostridium species, and Helicobacter
pylori, and against aerobic gram-positive bacteria [10, 11].
Studies of protozoa and anaerobic bacteria have shown that nitazoxanide inhibits
pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR), an enzyme essential to anaerobic
energy metabolism [12]. However, interference with the PFOR enzyme–dependent
electron transfer reaction may not be the only pathway by which nitazoxanide
exhibits antiprotozoal activity, and the mechanism of nitazoxanide's activity against
helminths is unknown.
Nitazoxanide has demonstrated in vitro activity against C. parvum and G.

intestinalis. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of sporozoites of C. parvum on
its own [13, 14], and has also demonstrated combined in vitro activity with both
azithromycin and rifampin, suppressing growth of C. parvum by 83.9% and 79.8%,
respectively, compared with 56.1% when used alone [15]. Similarly, in vitro studies
of nitazoxanide and its derivative, tizoxanide, have shown greater efficacy than
metronidazole against G. intestinalis [16]. Specifically, tizoxanide was demonstrated
to be 8 times more active than metronidazole against metronidazole-susceptible
isolates of G. intestinalis and twice as active against resistant isolates [17].
Nitazoxanide has also shown broad in vitro activity against numerous other parasitic
and microbial pathogens, including E. intestinalis [18], V. corneae [18], E.
histolytica [16], T. vaginalis [16], B. hominis [19], Echinococcus multilocularis [20],
Echinococcus granulosus [21], and F. hepatica [22]. The antimicrobial properties of
nitazoxanide and tizoxanide have been tested against 241 anaerobes, the majority
of which were inhibited in vitro, with an MIC90 between 0.06 mg/L and 4 mg/L [10].
Nitazoxanide has also shown in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity against
Clostridium difficile [23] and both metronidazole-susceptible and metronidazole-
resistant strains of H. pylori [11, 24].
691
Nitazoxanide is available in oral suspension at a dose of 100 mg per 5 mL or in
tablet formulation at a dose of 500 mg. The oral suspension, when reconstituted
with water, has a pink color and a strawberry flavor. The recommended dosage for
children aged 12–47 months is 100 mg b.i.d. for 3 days, and for children aged 4–11
years, the recommended dosage is 200 mg b.i.d. for 3 days. The recommended
adult dosage is 500 mg b.i.d. for 3 days. The bioavailability of nitazoxanide is nearly
doubled by administration with food [25].
Studies of pharmacokinetics in humans have shown that nitazoxanide is absorbed

from the gastrointestinal tract, with approximately one-third of the oral dose
excreted in urine and two-thirds excreted in feces [26]. In blood, nitazoxanide is
rapidly hydrolyzed by plasma esterases into its desacetyl derivative, tizoxanide
(desacetyl-nitazoxanide) [27]. Tizoxanide is the active metabolite in vivo and the
only measurable species in plasma. Following oral administration of nitazoxanide, a
maximum tizoxanide plasma concentration of 2 mg/L is observed within 1–4 h [27].
Tizoxanide is extensively bound to plasma proteins (>99%), and its urinary
elimination half-life is 7.3 h [27]. Tizoxanide then undergoes glucuronidation to
form tizoxanide glucuronide (figure 1). The parent drug, nitazoxanide, is not
detected in plasma, urine, bile, or feces. Tizoxanide is found in plasma, urine, bile,
and feces, and tizoxanide glucuronide is found in plasma, urine, and bile [27].
692
Strongyloides Protocol
o Nosebleeds subsided and a worm ejected itself from each
nostril, at different times. No nosebleeds since then.
o Continually suffer with the sores, crawling, biting,
pricking,and itching
The name threadworm comes from the fact that although it is long in parasite
standards (2 mm), it is only 0.035 mm wide – a thread. It is unusual in several
respects. It has two forms: a parasitic form, and a form that is called 'free-living,'
meaning it can live and reproduce just fine outside of a host. Another unique aspect of
Strongyloides is that the parasitic worms are only females.
The female worm lives in the intestine of the host where it lays eggs. Remarkably, the
eggs can develop even though they have not been fertilized by a male. In fact, there
are no adult male worms. The eggs hatch into larvae in the intestine and are passed
out in the feces. These larvae can either develop into infective parasitic larvae or into
free-living worms of either sex. The parasitic larvae enter a new host by penetrating
the skin. They then migrate to the lungs, travel up the trachea and are swallowed. The
free-living larvae mate, but do not produce more free-living larvae, only infective larvae
that must enter a
host to survive.
693
thread. It is unusual in several respects. It has two forms: a parasitic form, and a form
that is called 'free-living,' meaning it can live and reproduce just fine outside of a host.
Another unique aspect of Strongyloides is that the parasitic worms are only females.
The female worm lives in the intestine of the host where it lays eggs. Remarkably, the
eggs can develop even though they have not been fertilized by a male. In fact, there
are no adult male worms. The eggs hatch into larvae in the intestine and are passed
out in the feces. These larvae can either develop into infective parasitic larvae or into
free-living worms of either sex.
The parasitic larvae enter a new host by penetrating the skin. They then migrate to the
lungs, travel up the trachea and are swallowed. The free-living larvae mate, but do not
produce more free-living larvae, only infective larvae that must enter a host to survive.
Ingested larvae go directly to the small intestine where they burrow in the intestinal
wall andmature there, causing ulceration of the lining of the intestines and subsequent
bloody diarrhea is often seen. Bowel movements may be dark and tarry, or black in
color indicating ulceration and bleeding in the intestines.
Larvae that penetrate the skin migrate to the lungs are coughed up and swallowed, and
take up final residence in the small intestine. Autoinfection can also occur if the first-
stage larvae develop to infective third-stage larvae before passing out of the host. If
this occurs, the larvae penetrate the mucosa of the rectum or perianal skin and migrate
through the body as before.
Herxheimer Reaction To Parasitic Die-Off:
o While taking parasite drugs, a Herxheimer reaction might

occur in severe infections with a heavy parasite burden. This is an
immune system response to toxic chemicals (endotoxins) released in the
blood & tissue by parasites & pathogens killed off by medication.
o While the body is detoxifying, the released toxins might (but
not always) either worsen the symptoms being treated or create their
own.
o As a result, you might feel worse before feeling better.
Although you may not feel very well, the Herx effect is actually a sign
that healing is taking place.
o The important thing is that worsening symptoms donot
indicate failure of the treatment in question. In fact, it's usually just the
opposite.
o So brace yourself if dying parasites & toxins make a mass
exodus from every pore & orifice of your body.
694
Dosing Tips:
o Recommend taking these antiparasitic vitamins &

supplements, especially Zinc & Sulfur (MSM), during treatment:
http://curezone.com/forums/fm.asp?i=1575262#i.
o Eat high-fiber foods & drink 8 glasses of fluids daily to flush
out parasitic die-off & toxins. During drug treatment, stop using herbal
remedies, flushes, cleanses, DE, laxatives, colonics, MMS, nutrasilver,
RIFE, zappers, & other OTC parasite products.
o None of these methods cure parasite infections. They can be
toxic, destroy beneficial flora in the gut, & impair organs of the digestive
system.
o They cause parasites to scatter everywhere, carrying enteric
pathogens from the GI tract with them. And they counteract & remove
parasite drugs from your system.
o Disseminated parasites & toxins throughout the body create
hyperinfectin & severely impact the immune system. Then it's an uphill
battle to eradicate them & repair damage done to the body.
o For constipation or if worms or larva migrate to lower colon
out of reach of meds in upper intestines:
Peripheral Nervous System Disorders
o The peripheral nervous system refers to parts of the nervous

system outside the brain and spinal cord. It includes the cranial nerves
and spinal nerves from their origin to their end. The anterior horn cells,
although technically part of the CNS, are sometimes discussed with the
peripheral nervous system because they are part of the motor unit.
o Motor neuron dysfunction results in muscle weakness or
paralysis. Sensory neuron dysfunction results in abnormal or lost
sensation. Some disorders are progressive and fatal.
o 17.1.1 Anatomy
o A motor unit consists of an anterior horn cell, its motor
axon, the muscle fibers it innervates, and the connection between them
(neuromuscular junction). The anterior horn cells are located in the gray
matter of the spinal cord and thus are technically part of the CNS. In
contrast to the motor system, the cell bodies of the afferent sensory
fibers lie outside the spinal cord, in dorsal root ganglia. Nerve fibers
outside the spinal cord join to form anterior (ventral) motor roots and
posterior (dorsal) sensory root nerve roots. The ventral and dorsal roots
combine to form a spinal nerve. Thirty of the 31 pairs of spinal nerves
have dorsal and ventral roots; C1 has no sensory root (Fig. 1: Spinal
nerve. ). The spinal nerves exit the vertebral column via an
intervertebral foramen. Because the spinal cord is shorter than the
695
vertebral column, the more caudal the spinal nerve, the further the
foramen is from the corresponding cord segment. Thus, in the
lumbosacral region, nerve roots from lower cord segments descend
within the spinal column in a near-vertical sheaf, forming the cauda
equina. Just beyond the intervertebral foramen, spinal nerves branch
into several parts.
o Branches of the cervical and lumbosacral spinal nerves
anastomose peripherally into plexuses, then branch into nerve trunks
that terminate up to 1 m away in peripheral structures. The intercostal
nerves are segmental. The term peripheral nerve refers to the part of a
spinal nerve distal to the root and plexus. Peripheral nerves are bundles
of nerve fibers. They range in diameter from 0.3 to 22 μm. Schwann
cells form a thin cytoplasmic tube around each fiber and further wrap
larger fibers in a multilayered insulating membrane (myelin sheath).
Etiology
Disorders can result from damage to or dysfunction of the cell body, myelin sheath,
axons, or neuromuscular junction. Disorders can be genetic or acquired (due to toxic,
metabolic, traumatic, infectious, or inflammatory conditions—see Table 1: Some Causes
of Peripheral Nervous System Disorders ). Peripheral neuropathies may affect one
nerve (mononeuropathy), several discrete nerves (multiple mononeuropathy, or
mononeuritis multiplex), or multiple nerves diffusely (polyneuropathy). Some conditions
involve a plexus (plexopathy) or nerve root (radiculopathy). More than one site can be
affected; eg, in the most common variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome, multiple
segments of cranial nerves, usually the 2 facial nerves, may be affected.
Motor neuron*
Acquired, chronic Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, paraneoplasticsyndrome, postpolio

syndrome, progressive bulbar palsy
о Nerve root Hereditary Neurofibroma

о Acquired Herniated disk, infections, metastatic cancer, spinalforaminal stenosis, trauma
о Plexus Acquired Acute brachial neuritis, diabetes mellitus, hematoma, local tumors (eg,
schwannoma), metastatic cancer, neurofibromatosis (rare),
о traction during birth, severe trauma Peripheral nerve
о Infectious Hepatitis C, herpes zoster, HIV infection, Lyme disease, syphilis
о In developing nations: Diphtheria, leprosy, parasite Infections
Recovery:
696
о Damage to the myelin sheath (eg, by injury or Guillain-Barré syndrome) can often be
repaired by surviving Schwann cells in about 6 to 12 wk.
о After axonal damage, the fiber regrows within the Schwann cell tube at about 1 mm/day
once the pathologic process ends. However, regrowth may be misdirected, causing aberrant
innervation (eg, of fibers in the wrong muscle, of a touch receptor at the wrong site, or of a
temperature instead of a touch receptor).
Finding Cause to Consider
Symmetric, diffuse deficits Diffuse disorders (eg, toxic metabolic, hereditary, infectious,
or inflammatory disorders; most immune-mediated disorders)
Unilateral deficits Focal disorders (eg, mononeuropathies, plexopathies)
Deficits localized to one or more peripheral nervous system structures (eg, nerve root,
spinalnerve, nerve plexus, single peripheral nerve, ≥ 2 discrete nerves in separate areas
[multiplemononeuropathy])
Lesion in a peripheral nervous system structure
о Stocking-glove distribution of deficits Diffuse

peripheral polyneuropathies, possibly axonal Disproportionate
weakness of proximal muscles (eg, difficulty climbing stairs or
combing hair) with no sensory deficits
о Diffuse muscle dysfunction, as occurs in diffuse
myopathies
о Possibly disorders of the neuromuscular junction if the
eyes are affected
о Chronic, progressive weakness affecting mostly distal
muscles with no sensory deficits Motor neuron disease
Buzzing and tingling with motor weakness and decreased reflexes
Demyelination
Profound proximal and distal (away from the center line ) motor
weakness with minimal atrophy
Acquired demyelinating polyneuropathy
Deficient pain and temperature sensation; painful, often burning

sensations
Weakness proportional to atrophy; disproportionately mild reflex

abnormalities,
Vascular disorders (eg, vasculitis,ischemia, hypercoagulable

states)
697
Threadworm (Strongyloides)
o Threadworm infection: Cream-colored parasites as thin as a thread.
o When Provoked (treated) They often come out in the stool by the
hundreds.
o Threadworm infection, also called
strongyloidiasis are red.

o Strongyloides ate also called red worms or blood worms.
o Strongyles are the really bad kids on the block. They top the
most-unwanted list on pretty much any list of parasites.
o They pose a serious threat to health.
o Acute infection is generally characterized by gastrointestinal

(GI) and pulmonary symptoms, whereas chronic infection is
characterized by skin involvement.
o Severe strongyloidiasis (hyperinfection, disseminated disease)

may be insidious; occasionally, symptoms may have an abrupt onset.
Fever is almost always present in disseminated disease.[34] Invasion of
larvae into tissue is potentially massive. As a result, patients present
with an exaggeration of the symptoms of established infection found in
patients who are immunocompetent. In addition, as larvae penetrate the
intestinal wall, they may allow enteric flora to escape, causing
bacteremia, sepsis, meningitis, and endocarditis. Thus, a diagnosis of
severe strongyloidiasis should be suspected with unusual GI or
pulmonary symptoms or an unexplained Gram-negative bacilli sepsis.
o Strongyloides is a parasitic infection of the intestines that is

caused by a type of
roundworm called
Strongyloides
stercoralis. Unlike the
more common
roundworm infection
Ascariasis, a
threadworm infection
may also spread to the
skin. • The infection is
transmitted to humans
when a person comes
into contact with soil
698
that is contaminated with S. stercoralis. This usually occurs when an
individual walks barefoot on soil. The larvae enter the human through
the skin. Once inside the body, they migrate to the lymph nodes where
they are carried into the lungs. Once in the lungs, the larvae migrate to
the patient's throat. When the patient coughs, the larvae are swallowed
and they enter the digestive tract. Once in the intestine, the larvae
mature into egg producing adults. The eggs are then released in the
patient's feces. Adult threadworm may grow to be one to two inches
long. • Threadworm infections are not fatal. However, if left untreated,
threadworm infections can last for as long as 45 years. • Although this
infection can occur in most areas of the world, it is most prevalent in
tropical and subtropical climates.
o Threadworms Contracted through the soil in south

Asia and south-eastern USA, larvae penetrate the skin and invade
the intestine wall or lungs. Can reproduce entirely in a human host or
grow as a free-living worm. Infections can last for 30 years.
Symptoms:
The signs and symptoms of threadworm infection vary, depending on the stage of the
disease.
After the larvae enter the body through the skin, the area may be swollen and itchy, similar to
a bug bite. Patients with long-term threadworm infections may develop an itchy skin rash near
the buttocks, abdomen, and/or thighs.
Some patients may only have mild diarrhea and cramping, while others may have nausea,
vomiting, fever, fatigue, and blood or mucus in the stools.
When the larvae move to the lungs and airways, the patient may develop a dry cough, fever,
or difficulty breathing and may cough up blood or pus.
Gastrointestinal manifestations
o Gastrointestinal symptoms are vague, including epigastric

abdominal cramping, indigestion, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, chronic
diarrhea, constipation, pruritus ani, bloating and, rarely, small bowel
obstruction. The common signs are bloating, greasy stools, diarrhoea
and pulmonary disorders.
o Strongyloides May bring on intense itching in the area

around the rectum and cause periodic bouts of diarrhoea alternating
with constipation, cough and fever.
699
o Prolonged malabsorption of both fat and protein can lead to
a celiac-like syndrome, characterized by steatorrhea, hypoalbuminemia,
and peripheral edema.
In disseminated disease,
o Abdominal symptoms are similar to those of chronic infection,

but they are more severe. Gut flora invade host tissues either through
penetration of infective larvae from bowel lumen or through damaged
intestinal epithelium. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species are the most
common organisms involved. Bloody stools and/or blood diarrhea may
occur along with severe abdominal pains. Massive GI tract bleeding has
also been reported.[35]
Complications
o If the larvae spread to other organs in the body, the condition is

called hyperinfection syndrome. Symptoms of this condition may include
inflammation of the heart tissue, stomach ulcers, perforations of the intestines,
blood poisoning, meningitis (which often causes fever, headache, vomiting,
nausea, confusion, and fatigue), sudden and life-threatening drop in blood flow
throughout the body (called shock), and possible death.
http://www.naturecures.co.uk/parasites.htm
TREATMENT
Pharmacudical Treatment for Threadworms
Natural TREATMENT FOR THREADWORMS
o Butternut this herb relieves constipation and expels

intestinal worms. NOTE This herb should not be taken for a long period
of time. Neem Leaves Grind neem leaves to a fine paste. For one
week, take a marble sized ball of this paste every morning on an empty
stomach. Do not take this for the second week. For the third week, take
the neem leaves again as before on an empty stomach. The whole
family should take this treatment together for curing threadworms.
Carrot Can eliminate threadworms from children. A small cup of grated
carrot taken every morning for three days, with no other food added to
this meal, can clear these worms quickly. Chinese Rhubarb Root Mix 1
teaspoon of rhubarb powder to 1 cup of water. Then, bring to boil and
simmer at a reduced heat for 10 minutes. Add a little honey to sweeten.
o #Indigo [Indg]
Is a remedy for ascarides or thread-worms in melancholy children,
with intense pain in the umbilical region, also convulsions from worms.
700
Trichinosis:
o Trichinosis is a type of parasitic infection that is caused by
the roundworm Trichinella.
o Trichinella (trichinella spiralis) - diarrhea, headache,

muscle pains, chills, eye swelling, Contracted by eating undercooked or
raw pork. Cysts are present in infected pork and once eaten the
immature roundworms are released and can travel to human muscles.
They burrow into the larynx, chest, abdomen, jaw and upper arm and
cause tender calcified cysts in muscles and fever.
Vector
o Humans become infected when they eat undercooked meat

(usually beef or pork) that is contaminated with Trichinella larvae.
Development
o Once inside the human, the larvae mature in the intestine

into adult worms over the course of several weeks. The adults then
produce larvae that migrate to various body tissues, including muscle.
Symptoms
o Some patients may have mild, if any, symptoms.
o Symptoms of trichinosis range from mild to severe,

depending on the number of parasites in the body.
o Patients with a very mild form may experience no symptoms

at all.
o When the parasite is in the intestine, common symptoms

include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and general feeling of discomfort.
o About one week after the parasite enters the body, the
females produce larvae that penetrate body tissues, including muscles.
Symptoms at this stage may include high fever, muscle pain and
tenderness, weakness, swelling of the eyelids or face, sensitivity to light,
headache, and pinkeye (called conjunctivitis).
o Upon infection 2-4 weeks of acute gastrointestinal symptoms,

thereafter severe muscle pain plus a wide range symptoms which can
masquerade as a variety of more familiar diseases. In the advanced
stages the Trichinella encysts within muscles, causes extreme
dehydration, swelling of the lips and eyelids, difficulty breathing,
enlarged lymph glands, meningitis and pneumonia.
o However, if the patient is infected with hundreds of worms, it

may lead to permanent tissue damage. This is because the larvae
burrow into the patient's muscle and other tissues in the body.
701
Prevention
o The United States Centers for Disease Control (CDC)

recommends cooking meat products until the juices run clear or to an
internal temperature of 170 degrees Fahrenheit in order to kill
Trichinellalarvae.
Treatment
o Albendazole 400 mg po bid for 8 to 14 days
Pinworms
o Pinworms
http://www.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/pinworms/overview.html?
http://www.healthline.com/health/pinworms#Overview1
o Pinworms are small worms that infect the intestines.
Alternative Names
o Enterobiasis; Oxyuriasis; Threadworm; Seatworm;

Enterobius vermicularis; E vermicularis; “Helminthic”sl. infection
Symptoms are itching and irritation of the anus or vagina, digestive disorders, insomnia,
irritability or nervousness.
Causes
o Pinworm eggs are spread directly from person to person.
o They can also be spread by touching bedding, food, or other

items contaminated with the eggs.
702
o
Vector
o Typically, children
o They are most common in school-age children.
o Children are infected more than any other segment of the

population, but any age group can have pinworms
o Infected persons unknowingly touching pinworm eggs and

putting their fingers in their mouths. The eggs are swallowed, and
eventually hatch in the small intestine. The worms migrate and mature
in the colon.
o Female worms then move to the anal area, especially at

night, and deposit more eggs. This may cause intense itching. The area
may even become infected. When the person scratches the anal area,
eggs can get under fingernails. These eggs can be transferred to others
or items in the house.
Prevalance / Numbers
o Worldwide, about 500 million are infected with pinworms.
o Pinworms are the most common worm infection in the

United States.
o Enterobiasis or oxyuriasis, is the most common type of worm

infection in humans in the United States.
o Pinworms About 30 to 40 million people in the USA are

believed to be infected with pinworms. Most prevalent in children,
eighty percent of children between 2-10 years of age will contract
pinworms.
Transmission
o Contracted through contaminated water, soil, house dust

and also by human-to-human contact. The adult female pinworm
inhabits the intestine and moves outside the anus to lay eggs at night.
The eggs can then be transferred to the mouth by the fingers after
itching the anal area and infections can also be spread to other family
members via bathtubs, toilet seats, and bedding.
703
o Female worms crawl out of the anus to lay their eggs around
the anal region at night. One female can deposit over 15,000 eggs that
become infective immediately or within hours. Adult pinworms are about
0.5 in. (12.7 mm) long and look like little white threads. Pinworm eggs
are so tiny; you'd need a microscope to see them.
o Pinworms are very infectious and can cause a lot of itchiness

in the anal area. "The worms deposit their eggs mostly at night,
contaminating pajamas and bed linen," writes Dr. Brooks. "The eggs are
readily transported through the air, and it is not uncommon to find them
in every room of the house....Complications are much more common in
women than in men" . Pinworms can also be found in the vulva, uterus
and fallopian tubes because the female worm loses her way while trying
to return to the anus after depositing her eggs.
o The eggs are normally caught on tape, placed near the anus
at night. When the worms lay eggs, it can cause itching. If the child
scratches, the eggs can cling to the child's fingers and get stuck under
the fingernails.
o The eggs then stick to things the child touches, such as

clothing, dishes, toys, and furniture. The eggs can live 2 to 3 weeks
outside the body.
o When you touch something the child has touched, the eggs
get on your hands. Then if you touch food or your mouth, you can
swallow the eggs. This starts the cycle over again.
o Pinworms spread easily in homes, day care centers, schools,

and other places where groups of people spend time together. So if one
person in your family has pinworms, others probably do too.
o It's possible to get pinworms by inhaling airborne eggs, but

this is rare. It's also rare to get pinworms from a swimming pool.
o Pinworms are spread from person to person. Pets don't get

pinworms and can't spread them to humans.
o The crawling of the female worm on the skin around the anal
area often causes intense itching causing a person to scratch, getting
eggs on their hands. If unwashed hands touch the mouth or food, the
eggs are swallowed and hatch in the lower colon where the worms
mate, and the cycle continues.
Risc Factors
While anyone can get a pinworm infection, the following groups are more susceptible:
704
o Children who attend daycare, preschool, or elementary
school
o Family members or caregivers of infected children and

adults
o Individuals who live in institutions or other crowded

accommodations
o Children who don’t practice regular and careful hand

washing prior to eating
o Children who have a habit of sucking their thumbs
Symptoms:
o Irritation and intense itching in the area around the rectum

especially at night. Pinworm infection can produce an enormous range of
diverse mental and behavioural symptoms including epilepsy,
hyperactivity and vision problems.
o Difficulty sleeping due to the itching that occurs during the

night
o Intense itching around the anus
o Irritability due to itching and interrupted sleep
o Irritated or infected skin around the anus, from constant

scratching
o Irritation or discomfort of the vagina in young girls (if an

adult worm enters the vagina rather than the anus)
o Loss of appetite and weight (uncommon, but can occur in

severe infections)
Exams and Tests
o Pinworms can be spotted in the anal area, especially at night

when the worms lay their eggs there.
o Your doctor or nurse may have you do a tape test. A piece

of cellophane tape is pressed against the skin around the anus, and
removed. This should be done in the morning before bathing or using
the toilet, because bathing and wiping may remove eggs. The doctor will
stick the tape to a slide and look for eggs using a microscope.
o (enterobius vermicularis) Pinworms are a common human

parasite, causing enterobiasis. Adult females range from 8 to 13
705
millimetres in length and have a long, pin-shaped posterior, for which
the worm is named. Pinworms mate by traumatic insemination - the
male stabs the female with his penis - after which the male dies. They
make their home in the host's intestines, but unlike many parasites they
do not pass into the blood and cannot survive in other parts of the body
for any length of time.
Treatment
o Anthelmintic (anti-worm) medicines are used to kill the

pinworms (not their eggs). Your doctor or nurse will likely recommend
one dose of mebendazole or albendazole. These are available over-the-
counter and by prescription.
o More than one household member is likely to be infected, so

the entire household is often treated. Another dose is usually repeated
after 2 weeks. This treats worms that hatched since the first treatment.
o To control the eggs:
o Clean toilet seats daily
o Keep fingernails short and clean
o Wash all bed linens twice a week
o Wash hands before meals and after using the toilet
o Avoid scratching the infected area around the anus. This can
contaminate your fingers and everything else that you touch.
o Keep your hands and fingers away from your nose and
mouth unless they are freshly washed. Be extra careful while family
members are being treated for pinworms.
Outlook (Prognosis)
o Pinworm infection is fully treatable.
o Call for an appointment with your health care provider if:
o You or your child has symptoms of pinworm infection
o You have seen pinworms on your child
Prevention
o Wash hands after using the bathroom and before preparing

food. Wash bedding and underclothing frequently, especially those of
any affected family members.
706
Supplements FOR PINWORMS
o Garlic Chop finely, or crush, 4 cloves of garlic and mix with 1

glass of liquid (water, juice or milk) and drinkdaily for three weeks.
Chinese Rhubarb Root Mix 1 teaspoon of rhubarb powder to 1 cup of
water. Then, bring to boil and simmer at a reduced heat for 10 minutes.
Add a little honey to sweeten. Mugwort An infusion of the dried leaves
and flowers helps expel pinworms. Infusion: 1 ounce dried herb or fresh
leaves to 1 pint boiling water. Steep for 5-10 minutes then strain and sip
slowly.
o #Teucrium. [Teucr]
The remedy for ascarides or pin-worms; there is much irritation caused
by them in the rectum. Hughes prefers the tincture or lower dilutions,
saying that it rarely fails in this condition. Another remedy for pin-worms
is Sinapis nigra.
o Copyright © 2011 Natural Standard

(www.naturalstandard.com)
o The information in this monograph is intended for

informational purposes only, and is meant to help users better
understand health concerns. Information is based on review of scientific
research data, historical practice patterns, and clinical experience. This
information should not be interpreted as specific medical advice. Users
should consult with a qualified healthcare provider for specific questions
regarding therapies, diagnosis and/or health conditions, prior to making
therapeutic decisions.
References
o Dent AE, Kazura JW. Enterobiasis (Enterobius Vermicularis).

In: Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton BF, eds. Nelson
Textbook of Pediatrics . 19th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;
2011:chap 286.
Whipworm
http://www.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/whipworm-infection/overview.html?
o Whipworm infection: Whipworm infection is an infection of

the large intestine with a type of roundworm.
o Symptoms of whipworms are bloody stools
o Whipworm infection: Symptoms range from mild to severe.

Common symptoms include abdominal pain and diarrhea. A severe
infection may cause bloody diarrhea, iron-deficiency anemia and,
707
sometimes, rectal prolapse, which occurs when the rectum slips down
outside the anus.
Alternative Names:
o Trichuriasis
o Whipworm infection occurs when a parasitic worm, called

Trichocephalus trichiura, infects the large intestine. Once inside the
body, the eggs hatch and attach themselves to the wall of the large
intestine.
Causes
o Whipworm infection is caused by the roundworm, Trichuris

trichiura. It is a common infection that mainly affects children.
o Children may become infected if they swallow soil

contaminated with whipworm eggs. When the eggs hatch inside the
body, the whipworm sticks inside the wall of the large intestine.
Prevalence
o Whipworms are found around the world, especially in

countries with warm and humid weather.
o Whipworm infections are estimated at several hundred million

worldwide.
o Whipworm is found throughout the world, especially in

countries with warm, humid climates. Some outbreaks have been traced
to contaminated vegetables (believed to be due to soil contamination.
o Humans become infected after they consume foods that are

contaminated with soil that contains whipworm eggs.
o This infection primarily affects children. This infection often

infects and is spread to the entire family.
o Whipworms are named for their whip-like appearance, and

are transmitted through the ingestion of larvae and eggs on infected
foods like fruits and vegetables.
Whipworms
o These insidious creatures actually inject a digestive fluid that

converts the colon tissue into liquid that the worms sucks up. Dr.
Norman Stoll, a former worm expert at the Rockefeller Institute for
Medical Research, estimated that the roundworm infects about 644
million people in the world. This was in the 1940s and there are no
708
doubt a lot more people infected with roundworm now! Dr. Brooks
believes nutritional deficiencies are seen in heavy roundworm infections.
Symptoms
o Symptoms range from mild to severe. Sometimes, there are

no symptoms. A severe infection may cause:
§ Bloody diarrhea
§ Iron-deficiency anemia
§ Fecal incontinence (during sleep)
§ Rectal prolapse
o Hemorrhage can occur when worms penetrate the intestinal wall

and bacterial infections usually follow.
o Can grow to 1 to 2 inches length.
o After infection, mucus will be passed from the anus due to the
increased mucoidal secretions produced by the injured intestine.
o An infestation will also most likely cause diarrhea.
o Whipworms are known to cause anemia and diarrhea.
o In addition, children with large infestations have been noted

to suffer mental retardation.
Exams and Tests
o A stool ova and parasites exam reveals the presence of

whipworm eggs
Treatment
o Mebendazole taken by mouth for 3 days is commonly

prescribed when the infection causes symptoms. Albendazole or
Ivermectin may sometimes be used.
(Prognosis)
o Full recovery is expected with treatment.
709
o Seek medical attention if you or your child develop bloody
diarrhea. In addition to whipworm, there are many other infections and
illnesses that can cause similar symptoms.
Prevention
o Improved facilities for feces disposal have decreased the

incidence of whipworm.
o Always wash your hands before handling food. Thoroughly

washing food may also help prevent this condition
References
o Maguire JH. Intestinal nematodes (roundworms). In:

Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and Practice of
Infectious Diseases . 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Churchill
o Diemert DJ. Intestinal nematode infections. In: Goldman L,

Schafer AI, eds. Cecil Medicine . 24th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders
Elsevier; 2011:chap 365.
Fluke
Blood fluke
Flatworm
http://www.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/schistosomiasis/overview.html
o Flatworm blood fluke (schistosoma mansoni, S.

haematobium, S. japonicum) Flukes are flatworms from a few
millimetres to 2.5 cm in length (1 inch) that tend to live in tissues other
than the lumen of the digestive tract. The most common human
parasitic flukes are liver, blood and lung flukes.
o Blood flukes live in the final host over a span of several

years. Eggs produce minute granulomata and scars in organs where they
lodge or are deposited. The symptoms experienced by humans depend
on the location of the parasite in the human host.
Clinical stages.
o Generally, three clinical stages of infection can be

delineated. In the first phase, there is an itchy erythematous or petechial
rash at the sites of penetrates of the cercariae, the free-swimming
larvae; this lasts from two to five days. In the second clinical phase, four
to five weeks later, the symptoms are primarily allergic and of varied
710
severity. There may be fever, urticaria, malaise, respiratory symptoms,
and the liver and the spleen may be temporarily enlarged. In two to
eight weeks, the person becomes asymptomatic. The final clinical phase,
which can occur six months to several years after infection, is
characterized by diarrhea, dysentery, intestinal tumors, portal
hypertension, and hepatic insufficiency.
o It should be noted that these parasites could live for many

years. Some people with light infections are asymptomatic and never
have signs or symptoms of parasitic disease. (2) Course and severity.
Remember that the course and severity of the disease caused by the
blood fluke depends on three elements:(a) The number of adult worms
present.(b) The number of eggs produced.(c)The sites of the lesions the
worms cause.(3) Intestinal blood flukes. Early symptoms are diarrhea,
dysentery, and abdominal pain. Symptoms of later stages include
anorexia, weight loss, polypoid intestinal tumors. Signs of portal
hypertension and hepatic insufficiency are also in evidence.(4) Urinary
blood flukes. In the urinary form of the disease, the patient may have
the signs/symptoms of ureteral and renal damage ending in fatal
uremia. The infected human might die of bladder carcinoma many years
after being infected. (5) Oriental blood flukes. Symptoms are similar to
those of intestinal blood flukes, but the disease is more serious.
Complications that come from chronic infection can be fatal.
Exams and Tests
o The doctor or nurse may/will examine you. Tests that may

be done include:
o Antibody test to check for signs of infection
o Biopsy of tissue
o Complete blood count (CBC) to check for signs of anemia
o Eosinophil count to measure the number of certain white

blood cells
o Kidney function tests
o Liver function tests
o Stool examination to look for parasite eggs
o Urinalysis to look for parasite eggs
Treatment.
711
o The drug of choice for all three species of blood fluke--
intestinal blood fluke, urinary blood fluke, and Oriental blood fluke--is
praziquantel.
o Alternative drugs are as follows:(1)Intestinal blood fluke

disease--oxamniquine
o Around 200 million people are infected with blood flukes of

which some 20 million are severely ill and many more just show
symptoms. The impact of flukes can play havoc with economic
development, especially in tropical developing countries.
o Schistosomiasis is at present the world's second most

prevalent infectious disease - second only to malaria. Schistosoma, is
responsible for the second most common parasitic infection of
humans: bilharzia. Liver fluke infections have been reported in Europe
and the United States, as well as the Middle East, China, Japan and
Africa. Lung fluke infections are common in the Far East, South-east
Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Indonesia and the Pacific
Islands.
o You get a schistosoma infection through contact with

contaminated water. The parasite in its infective stages is called a
cercaria. It swims freely in open bodies of water.
o On contact with humans, the parasite burrows into the skin,

matures into another stage (schistosomula), then migrates to the lungs
and liver, where it matures into the adult form.
o The adult worm then migrates to its preferred body part,

depending on its species. These areas include the bladder, rectum,
intestines, liver, portal venous system (the veins that carry blood from
the intestines to liver), spleen, and lungs.
Symptoms
o Symptoms vary with the species of worm and the phase of

infection.
o Heavy infestation (many parasites) may cause fever, chills,

lymph node enlargement, and liver and spleen enlargement.
o Initial invasion of the skin may cause itching and a rash

(swimmer's itch). In this condition, the schistosome is destroyed within
the skin.
o Intestinal symptoms include abdominal pain and diarrhea

(which may be bloody).
o Urinary symptoms may include frequent urination, painful

urination (dysuria), and blood in the urine (hematuria).
712
Types
o There are several types of fluke - blood flukes, liver flukes,

oriental lung flukes, sheep liver flukes and intestinal flukes, tissue flukes,
zoonotic flukes, lancet flukes and a host of others. The differences vary
in where and how a person has been infected and where and how they
will damage the system internally.
o Liver, oriental lung, sheep liver, and intestinal flukes are

transmitted via food; blood flukes are transmitted in swimming or
bathing water. If living in the UK, Europe, North America or Canada it is
likely that any fluke contamination will have been picked up on holiday in
somewhere tropical. Areas such as Africa (especially Egypt), South
America, the Caribbean and China are worst affected. They can also be
brought right to the table in food imported from abroad. They have
complex life cycles whereby eggs are passed through urine or faeces
into fresh water, where the larva must pass though an intermediate snail
host before a larval stage emerges that can infect a mammalian host by
directly penetrating the skin. The parasite causes inflammation
(swelling) and damage to organs, particularly the liver. The adult worms
can persist in their human host for decades, and may not cause any
symptoms for years. They leave the host in faeces and spend part of
their lifecycle in a snail host.
o Passing rolled-up tomato skins, pointed red leaf shapes, or

brownish small cinnamon sticks are symptoms of flukes (see Fasciolopsis
Buski).
Fasciolopsis Buski
• Fasciolopsis buski, also called giant intestinal fluke, is a duodenal digenetic

trematode, of the Fasciolidae family. It
was described for the first time by
Busk in the duodenum of a sailor in
1843 in London and its life cycle in
humans was first described by Barlow
in 1925. Mainly found in Southeast Asia
and is found in water chesnuts,
bamboo, water caltrops etc.
o Fasciolopsis
buski lives in the small intestine
o The worms produce eggs (up to 25,000 eggs per worm per
day) that are passed in the host's feces.
713
The trematode flatworm parasite Fasciolopsis buski is the largest intestinal fluke of
humans.Fasciolopsis buski is found in Asia and the Indian subcontinent, especially in areas where
humans raise pigs and consume freshwater plants.
Pathology
o More worms, more disease- usually asymptomatic
o Large number of worms attaching to mucosa - bleeding,

inflammation and ulceration
o Diarrhea (foul smelling greenish-yellow stools), abdominal

pain, intestinal obstruction, edema
o Toxic products from worms may be absorbed and cause

toxemia
o Death is rare
Immature eggs are

discharged into the
intestine and stool. Eggs
become embryonated in
water and
release miracidia, which
invade a suitable snail
intermediate host. In the
snail, the parasites
undergo several
developmental
stages: sporocyst, redia,
and cercaria.
The cercariae are
released from the snail
and encyst
as metacercariae on
aquatic plants. The
mammalian hosts become
infected by
ingestingmetacercariae o
n the aquatic plants. After ingestion, the metacercariae excyst in the duodenum and attach to the
intestinal wall. There they develop into adult flukes (20 to 75 mm by 8 to 20 mm) in approximately
3 months, attached to the intestinal wall of the mammalian hosts (humans and pigs). The adults
have a life span of about one year. Mas-Coma et al. (2005) reviewed the biology, diagnosis,
treatment, and epidemiology of fasciolopsiasis (Mas-Coma et al. 2005 and references therein).
o Fasciolopsis buski is one of the largest digenean trematode

flatworms infecting humans. Pigs are the only important reservoir.
714
Presentation
o Individuals with moderate infection present with occasional

loose stools, some weight loss, malaise and generalised abdominal pain.
o Severe infection:
o Initially causes diarrhoea alternating with constipation and

hunger.
o As the infection progresses and the worm burden increases,

oedema of the face, abdominal wall, and lower limbs occurs, as well as
ascites and generalised abdominal pain.
o Anorexia, nausea, and vomiting are also common.
o The diarrhoea persists, becoming greenish-yellow and very

smelly.
o Patients may develop weakness, with grey and harsh skin

and oedema of the face and lower extremities.
o In people infected with H. heterophyes, embolisation of the

eggs can lead to myocarditis, chronic heart failure, and/or cerebral
emboli.
Management
o Symptoms and infection may resolve without therapy,

although treatment can be provided with praziquantel or
triclabendazole.[1]
o Treatment may also include antispasmodics to relieve

abdominal pain, and iron supplements to treat anaemia (which may
require transfusions in severe cases).
Prognosis
o Light infections may resolve spontaneously within one year,

even without treatment. However the prognosis may be grave in
patients with heavy infection.
o Immunocompromised hosts may be at an increased risk of

complications. For example, Gymnophalloides seoi worms were found to
penetrate into colonic lymphoid tissue in a patient with colon cancer.
715
o Death from infection is rare and usually occurs only in
persons with a heavy worm burden who present with severe cachexia
and prostration. Other intercurrent infection may also cause death.
o In cases of infection with H. heterophyes or M. yokogawai,

death may occur after embolisation of the eggs to the heart or brain.
Embolisation to the brain and spinal cord can also cause focal
neurological disease.
Furst T, Sayasone S, Odermatt P, et al; Manifestation, diagnosis,

and management of foodborne trematodiasis. BMJ. 2012 Jun
26;344:e4093. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e4093.
Fasciolopsiasis; DPDx, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Heterophyiasis; DPDx, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Metagonimiasis; DPDx, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Echinostomiasis; DPDx, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Lancet Flukes
o Lancet Flukes (dicrocoelium dendriticum) Start life as eggs

found in the dung of cattle. This dung is fed upon by snails which allow
the eggs to enter the snail's intestine. Once inside, the eggs hatch and
burrow into the digestive gland of the snail. The flukes reproduce in this
gland and are expelled from the snail in slime trails. Ants happen upon
the slime and consume it as a source of moisture thus taking the new
flukes into their system. Once inside, the parasite shows an interesting
tactic. By controlling nerve centres of the ant they are able to control its
behaviour. When the sun sets and temperatures drop the ant is
compelled to attach itself to a tall blade of grass by its mandibles. Here it
waits to be ingested by some grazing animal. If the ant survives the
night the sun prompts it to return to the colony and live its life normally,
until the next night. Flukes living within ants are eaten by cattle while
grazing. The flukes will enter the digestive system and force their way
into the cow's liver, where they will grow to adults capable of producing
eggs. These eggs are then expelled in the dung of cattle to begin their
life cycle. To evidence the presence of flukes a blood test may reveal an
elevated white blood cell (eosiniphil) count, although this only occurs
early in the infection process.
o Eosiniphil count is a general indicator that the host may

have more than one type of parasites such as roundworms, hookworms,
716
Toxocara, pinworms, and/or Strongyloides. Even certain drugs will raise
the white blood cell count. Many doctors dismiss the elevated eosiniphil
count as being caused by allergies, pneumonia, or an infection, not
realizing that the primary allergen is a parasite itself.
o Urine testing may also evidence blood fluke eggs in the urine
sediment, but few doctors test for this.
o Since the female adult fluke lays her eggs around the anal
area, the application of clear tape to the anal area first thing in the
morning will recover the eggs of the blood fluke as well as those from
beef and pork tapeworm. Symptoms: fever, aching, cough, diarrhea,
swollen glands, lethargy, urinary problems, liver problems, hepatitis,
abdominal pain, liver abscesses, fibrosis, diabetes, diarrhea, and
vomiting and jaundice in the case of the liver flukes.
Outlook (Prognosis)
o Treatment before significant damage or severe

complications occur usually produces good results.
Possible Complications
o Bladder cancer
o Chronic kidney failure
o Chronic liver damage and an enlarged spleen
o Colon (large intestine) inflammation with bloody diarrhea
o Kidney and bladder obstruction
o Pulmonary hypertension
o Repeated blood infections can occur, because bacteria can

enter the bloodstream through an irritated colon
o Right-sided heart failure
o Seizures
o Call your health care provider if you develop symptoms of

schistosomiasis, especially if you have traveled to a tropical or sub-
tropical area where the disease is known to exist or if you have been
exposed to contaminated or suspect bodies of water.
o TREATMENT FOR FLATWORM BLOOD FLUKE

includes:
717
§ Black seed, cloves, gentian root, fennel
seeds, green black walnut husks, hyssop leaves, oregano,
peppermint leaves, and pumpkin seeds, thyme leaves.
§ Parasite Cleanse, Remove solvent

source and remove them from the body with vitamin C (3
grams) and vitamin B2 (300mg) – Dr. Clark
§ Artemisia Absinthum, Eugenia carypphyllata,

juglans nigra
Prevention
o Avoid swimming or bathing in contaminated or potentially

contaminated water
o Avoid bodies of water of unknown safety
o Snails are an intermediate host for the parasite. Getting rid

of snails in bodies of water used by humans would help prevent
infection.
References
o Carvalho EM, Lima AAM. Schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis). In:

Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Cecil Medicine . 24th ed. Philadelphia, Pa:
Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 363.
o Maguire JH. Trematodes (schistosomes and other flukes).

In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and Practice of
Infectious Diseases . 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Churchill
Ringworm
Ringworm or Tinea is a typically mild disease of the skin, scalp or nails caused by a
fungus. Personal hygiene, supported by availability of adequate quantities of water are
important preventive measures. Ringworm rash on small boy
Skin:
On the scalp, ringworm begins in the form of a pimple or sore, which then spreads into
a ring shape. Hair becomes brittle, breaking easily and falling out, leaving bald spots on
the scalp. On the body, ringworm may first appear as red or pink, flat or slightly raised,
patches on the skin. The circular sores may be dry or scaly crusted or moist. As the
sores become larger, the central area clears, leaving a ring of infected tissue around
the clear area. Infection in the nails usually begins at the site of an injured nail and
may spread to the other nails. Infected nails become thick, pitted, grooved and
718
abnormal in shape and colour. A bioresonance practioner with a parasite database can
identify if tinea or other parasites are present under the skin.
Symptoms
o Ringworm:
Athlete's foot (tinea pedis)
may cause burning or itching
anywhere on the feet.
Symptoms are usually most
noticeable in between the
toes. Patients may also develop itchy blisters, cracked or peeling skin,
dry skin, or toenails that are thick, crumbly, discolored, or pulling away
from the nail bed.
o Jock itch (tinea cruris) typically causes the skin near the
genitals, buttocks, and inner thighs to become red and itchy. The skin
may also start to peel or crack.
o Patients with ringworm of the scalp (tinea capitis) typically

develop a circle-shaped rash on the skin that is swollen. The skin may be
scaly and itchy. There may be small black dots on the scalp. Patients
may lose small patches of hair. However, the hair will grow back once
treatment is started.
o Ringworm of the skin (tinea corporis) causes a circular red

rash to form on the skin. This rash typically develops in patches and may
be raised. The skin may be also be scaly and flakey.
Others
719
o White worms
They come in all sizes from tiny pinworms to those that look like
spaghetti or angel hair pasta.
o Red worms
These look just like earthworms. They exude from the colon wrapped in
balls. They reach up to 6 inches in length.
o Inch worms
These are thick (pencil size), black and bumpy and about 2 inches long.
o Black worms
These are 1 – 12 inches in length and leave the colon wrapped in
“yellow acid water” mixed together. They nest deep, impacted in the
colon wall.
o “Little Fish”
About 1/2″ long, these are fish-type parasites with heads and tails. They
swim out of the colon in “schools”.
o “Fuzz Balls”
Round parasites with fur-like growth on them. About 1/4 – 3/4″ in diameter, yellow in color.
o “Spiders”
Look like a spider and are colored brown, often 1″ long.
o “Stickpin worms”
One inch long and a head like a pea, perfectly round. Small ones are white, adults are black.
Histoplasmosis:
The most common form of histoplasmosis causes no symptoms. However, the parasite is
present in the body for the rest of his/her life.
Patients who are symptomatic usually develop symptoms three to 17 days after exposure.
Common symptoms include fever, headache, dry cough, chills, chest pain, weight loss, and
sweats.
When a fungal infection enters the bloodstream and affects multiple body tissues and organs,
the condition is often life threatening.
720
Histoplasmosis may spread to virtually any part of the body, including the liver, bone marrow,
eyes, skin, adrenal glands, and/or intestinal tract. When this happens, the condition is called
disseminated histoplasmosis. Symptoms vary depending on which organs are infected.
Complications
1. Disseminated histoplasmosis may lead to severe and fatal complications, including

pneumonia, pericarditis, meningitis, and/or adrenal insufficiency.
Culicoides (Ceratopogonidae)
M. Ozzardi & Perstans –> Filariasis
721

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Ascaris Fluke Tapeworm Formula

Ascaris Fluke Tapeworm Formula (Round, Flat, and Oval)

Short and Sweet – How I did it.

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I say this because my infection was life threatening.

For me it made sense to treat first, ask questions later.

Critical Accute Infection:

• Feel like you are dying?

i wanted too say i am a 50yrs old 220lb w/ male,

maybe the backslide is my gutz are blocked again!

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Severe Critical Parasite Infection