The PracTEX Journal, 2007, No.

1
Article revision 2007/02/20

Tables in LATEX2ε : Packages and Methods

Lapo Filippo Mori
Email mori@northwestern.edu
Website http://www.lapomori.com/
Address Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston,
IL
Abstract This article aims to provide the tools to correctly create tables in LATEX2ε .This
objective is pursued analyzing the typical problems that users find creating
tables and possible solutions; particular emphasis is on the packages to be
used. Examples are given for each case.

Introduction
Tables are one of the most used objects in scientific publications. Besides the
regular LATEX commands, a large number of packages can be used to customize
the tables and overcome the limitations that the regular commands have. The
documentation on tables is very fragmented because every package modifies just
an aspect of the table typeset; hence, authors have to look for information on
several guides.
This article explains how to use LATEX2ε and its packages to create tables. Each
topic is not studied in depth (the reader can refer to the package manual for
this) but the author tries to cover as many aspects as possible highlighting the
solutions that he likes most. The choice of the contents comes firstly from the
author’s experience and then from the many discussions on tables on the forum
of guIt (Gruppo Utilizzatori Italiani di TEX).1
The text presumes that the reader is familiar with the basics of LATEX2ε , which
means that he has read at least one of the many free guides available on the net
[8, 21] or a book [1, 5, 10–12, 14–18]. Whenever a package is cited, the article
1. The forum of guIt is at http://www.guit.sssup.it/forum/.

Copyright © 2007 Lapo Filippo Mori.

Permission is granted to distribute verbatim or modified
copies of this document provided this notice remains intact.
 Table 1: Table not in agreement of the general typeset rules.

D Pu uu β Gf
5 in 269.8 lbs 0.000674 in 1.79 0.04089 psi · in
10 in 421.0 lbs 0.001035 in 3.59 "
20 in 640.2 lbs 0.001565 in 7.18 "

does not give a complete description of how it works, which can be found in the
package manual,2 but analyzes the main options and suggests their use.
This text is focused on the preparation of tables and does not address prob-
lems that are connected to it as for example how to position floating objects or
how to modify the caption [3]. For these topics, that are in common with all the
other floating objects (e.g. figures), the reader can refer to [20].

1 Basics
1.1 General rules
The typeset of tables should be based on the following rules [7]:

1. never use vertical lines;

2. avoid double lines;

3. place the units in the heading of the table (instead of the body);

4. do not use quotation marks to repeat the content of cells.

To better understand the importance of these simple rules, the reader can
compare tab. 1 and 2.
2. The majority of LATEX packages has a manual which describes how to use it and usually gives
examples. The location of the manual can vary between different distributions but, usually, is
under the subfolder /texmf/doc.

2
 Table 2: Table in agreement of the general typeset rules.

D Pu uu β Gf
(in) (lbs) (in) (psi · in)
5 269.8 0.000674 1.79 0.04089
10 421.0 0.001035 3.59 0.04089
20 640.2 0.001565 7.18 0.04089

1.1.1 How to input the code

LATEX does not require the columns (i.e. &) to be aligned, however it is advisable
to align them in order to make it easier to modify the code. For example, tab. 3
can be obtained with either this code
\ begin { table }[ tp ] %
\ caption { Maximum load and nominal tension .}
\ label { aggiungi }\ centering %
\ begin { tabular }{ clccc }
\ toprule %
$D$ & & $P_u$ & $\ sigma _ N $ \\
( in )& & ( lbs ) & ( psi ) \\\ otoprule %
5 & test 1 & 285 & 38.00 \\
& test 2 & 287 & 38.27 \\
& test 3 & 230 & 30.67 \\\ midrule
10 & test 1 & 430 & 28.67 \\
& test 2 & 433 & 28.87 \\
& test 3 & 431 & 28.73 \\\ bottomrule
\ end { tabular }
\ end { table }

or this code
\ begin { table }[ tp ] %
\ caption { Maximum load and nominal tension .}
\ label { aggiungi }\ centering %
\ begin { tabular }{ clccc }
\ toprule %
$ D $&&$ P _ u $&$\ sigma _ N $\\
( in )&&( lbs )&( psi )\\\ otoprule %
5& test 1&285&38.00\\
& test 2&287&38.27\\
& test 3&230&30.67\\\ midrule
10& test 1&430&28.67\\
& test 2&433&28.87\\
& test 3&431&28.73\\\ bottomrule
\ end { tabular }
\ end { table }

3
 Table 3: Maximum load and nominal tension.

D Pu σN
(in) (lbs) (psi)
5 test 1 285 38.00
test 2 287 38.27
test 3 230 30.67
10 test 1 430 28.67
test 2 433 28.87
test 3 431 28.73

1.2 Basic commands

1.2.1 How to create a table
The basic tools that LATEX offers to create tables and matrices are the tabular,
tabular*, and array environments. The environment array can be used only in
math mode; all these three environments generate a minipage. The syntax is
\ begin { array }[ pos ]{ cols }
rows
\ end { array }

\ begin { tabular }[ pos ]{ cols }

rows
\ end { tabular }

\ begin { tabular *}{ width }[ pos ]{ cols }

rows
\ end { tabular *}

where the meaning of the arguments is [17]:

pos Vertical position. It can assume the following values:

t the line at the top is aligned with the text baseline;
b the line at the bottom is aligned with the text baseline;
none when no option is specified, the table is centered to the text baseline;
width Can only be used with tabular* and it defines the total width of the table.
When used, the argument cols must contain somewhere @{\extracolsep{\fill}}.

4
 cols Defines the alignment and the borders of each column. It can have the
following values:
l the column is aligned to the left;
r the column is aligned to the right;
c the column is centered;
p{wth} the column is justified and its width is wth (the text is inserted into
a parbox of width wth);
*{num}{form} the format form is repeated num times; for example *{3}{|l}|
is equal to |l|l|l|.
Besides the format of the columns, we can also specify what can be inserted
between two columns with the following symbols:
| draws a vertical line (not recommended);
|| draws a double vertical line (not recommended);
@{text} insert the text text in every line of the table between the columns
where it appears. This command eliminates the space that is automati-
cally inserted between the columns. If some horizontal space is needed
between text and the columns, it can be inserted with the command
\hspace{}. The command \extraspace\fill in a tabular* environ-
ment extends the space between the columns where it appears in order
to let the table have the width defined by the user (see for example
table 12 which is obtained with the code at page 14). In order to elimi-
nate the space that is automatically inserted between two columns it is
possible to use the empty command @{}.
rows represents the content of the cells of the table for each row that is ended by
the command \\. In each row the content of each column is separated by
the symbol &; each row has the same number of cells (i.e. same number of
&)3 which must be equal to that declared in the definition cols.
\hline can be placed in the first row or at the end of a row \\ and it draws
an horizontal line as wide as the entire table.
\cline{n-m} draws an horizontal line from the left of column n up to the
right of the column m.
3. The cells might be empty.

5
 Table 4: Example of the standard LATEX multicolumn and cline
commands.

Sample Roughness R a
(nm)
A ring 385
plate 397
B ring 376
plate 390

\multicolumn{num}{col}{text} combines the following num columns into

a single cell that has the same width, including the spaces between the
columns. The argument col must contain a position symbol l, r o c.
An example of these commands is reported in table 4 which is generated by
the following code:
\ begin { tabular }{ llc }
\ hline %
\ multicolumn {2}{ c }{ Sample } & Roughness $ R _ a $\\
& & ( nm )\\\ hline %
A & ring & 385\\\ cline {2 -3}
& plate & 397\\\ hline
B & ring & 376\\\ cline {2 -3}
& plate & 390\\\ hline
\ end { tabular }

Since the command @{...} inserts its argument without any space between
the columns, it can be used without any argument if we want to eliminate that
space. For example in some cases it is useful to eliminate the space on the left of
the first column and on the right of the last column; table 5 is obtained with the
following code:
\ begin { tabular }{ @ {} >{\ bfseries } lp {6 cm } @ {}}
...
\ end { tabular }

Compare the result with table 9.

1.2.2 Parameters that control the style of a table

There are some parameters that control the style of a table and to which LATEX
assigns a default value. These commands can be modified by the user either

6
 Table 5: Table without horizontal space on the left of the first col-
umn and on the right of the last one.

Force Force is a vector quantity defined

as the rate of change of the momen-
tum of the body that would be in-
duced by that force acting alone.
Moment of a force Moment of a force with respect to
an origin is defined as the cross
product of the position vector (with
respect to the same origin) and the
force.

globally in the preamble or locally inside an environment.

\tabcolsep is half of the width of the space between the columns of the tabular
and tabular* environments.
\arraycolsep is half of the width of the space between the columns of the array
environments.
\doublerulesep is the space between double lines (\hline\hline).

The command \setlength can be used to modify these parameters [1, 5, 8, 10, 11,
14, 15, 17, 18, 21].

1.2.3 Floating tables

Usually the tables are used as floating objects [7, 17, 18, 20]. In this case the
tabular environment must be inserted in a table environment which:

– allows to generate the list of tables with the command \listoftables (sim-
ilar to \listoffigures for the figures).
– allows to create a caption taking care of:
· assigning the right name to the environment; this depends on the lan-
guage selected with babel: in Italian it is “tabella” while in English is
“table”;

7
 · assigning a number to the table.
– allows to assign a \label to the table which can be used for references in
the text.

To center a floating table,4 the \centering command must be used instead of

the center environment because the latter inserts an undesired additional vertical
space [6, 22].
For example table 5 is obtained with the following code:
\ begin { table }[ tp ]
\ caption {...} \ label {...} \ centering \ small
\ begin { tabular }{...}
...
\ end { tabular }
\ end { table }

1.3 Multirow cells

As \multicolumn allows to have cells on more than one column, the \multirow
command allows to have cells on more than one row. This command requires the
package multirow.
\multirow can be used in two different ways:

\multirow{row}*{text} creates a cell that contains the text text and extends on
row rows and has an undefined width;
\multirow{row}{larg}*{testo} creates a cell that contains the text text and
extends on row rows and has an width equal to larg;

Table 6 is an example of a table with multirow cells and is generated by the

following code:
\ begin { tabular }{ clcc }
\ toprule %
\ multicolumn {2}{ c }{$ D $} & $P_u$ & $\ sigma _ N $\\
\ multicolumn {2}{ c }{( in )} & ( lbs ) & ( psi )\\\ otoprule %
\ multirow {3}*{5} & test 1 & 285 &
38.00\\\ cmidrule ( l ){2 -4}
& test 2 & 287 & 38.27\\\ cmidrule ( l ){2 -4}
& test 3 & 230 & 30.67\\\ midrule
\ multirow {3}*{10} & test 1 & 430 &
28.67\\\ cmidrule ( l ){2 -4}

4. Note that this is valid for every floating object.

8
 Table 6: Example of the standard LATEX multicolumn and multirow
commands.

D Pu σN
(in) (lbs) (psi)
test 1 285 38.00
5 test 2 287 38.27
test 3 230 30.67
test 1 430 28.67
10 test 2 433 28.87
test 3 431 28.73

& test 2 & 433 & 28.87\\\ cmidrule ( l ){2 -4}

& test 3 & 431 & 28.73\\\ bottomrule
\ end { tabular }

Compare it with table 3 that does not use the \multirow command.

1.4 Aesthetic improvements

The tabular environment provided by LATEX gives a not satisfactory typographic
result because the vertical space between the horizontal lines (obtained with
\hline) and the text is too thin.
To solve this problem, the booktabs and ctable packages offer the \toprule,
\midrule, and \bottomrule commands to be used instead of \hline. In particular
\toprule and \bottomrule must be used for the first and the last line and are
thicker than the others, obtained with \midrule. \cmidrule is to be used instead
of \cline. These commands modify the thickness of the lines and the vertical
space before and after them; in particular \toprule and \bottomrule are thick
and with a wider space below and above respectively, while \midrule is thin and
with above and below space of the same width. Compare tables 2 and 7.
The default thicknes is 0.08 em for \toprule and \bottomrule and 0.05 em for
\midrule. To modify the thickness of a line locally (i.e. on a single line) the user
can insert the thickness in square brackets after the line command; for example

9
 Table 7: Table obtained with the standard LATEX lines (hline).

D Pu uu β Gf
(in) (lbs) (in) (psi · in)
5 269.8 0.000674 1.79 0.04089
10 421.0 0.001035 3.59 0.04089
20 640.2 0.001565 7.18 0.04089

the command
\ midrule [0.08 em ]

modifies locally the thickness of a \midrule. To modify the thickness of lines

globally (i.e. in the whole document), the user can modify the \heavyrulewidth
(which controls the thick lines, i.e. \toprule and \bottomrule) and \lightrulewidth
(which controls the thin lines, i.e. \midrule) lengths. For example in this article
the thick lines are 0.1 em thick due to the command
\ setlength {\ heavyrulewidth }{0.1 em }

In this article the line below the heading of the tables has always thickness equal
to \toprule and \bottomrule but it is vertically centered with respect to the row
above and below (which is typical of the lines \midrule). To obtain this result, a
new line type has been defined with the following command
\ newcommand {\ otoprule }{\ midrule [\ he av yr ule wi dt h ]}

2 How to align the text inside a cell

LATEX provides four types of alignment (see paragraph 1.2.1): left alignment (l),
right alignment (r), centering (c) and justified with assigned width (p{wth}). Spe-
cific packages provide more types of horizontal alignment for the text.

2.1 The array package

The array package defines new options for column alignment in the array and
tabular environments:
m{wth} defines a justified column with width wth and cells that are vertically
centered (as a \parbox[c]{wth});

10
 b{wth} defines a justified column with width wth and cells that are aligned to
the bottom (as a \parbox[b]{wth});
>{ins} can be placed before a command l, r, c, p, m or b and inserts ins before
the content of the cell;
<{ins} can be placed after a command l, r, c, p, m or b and inserts ins after the
content of the cell.

If the content of the table is only mathematics, it can be handy to define it in

the preamble of the table instead of using $...$ in each cell. For example it is
possible to define new types of column
\ newcolumntype { A }{ >{$} c <{$}}
\ newcolumntype { Q }{ >{$} l <{$}}
\ newcolumntype { V }{ >{$} r <{$}}

to have column respectively centered, aligned to the left or to the right. If the
cell have to contain mathematics in the displaystyle format we can define the
columns as
\ newcolumntype { A }{ >{$\ displaystyle }c <{$}}
\ newcolumntype { Q }{ >{$\ displaystyle }l <{$}}
\ newcolumntype { V }{ >{$\ displaystyle }r <{$}}

For example the code

\ newcolumntype { Q }{ >{$\ displaystyle }l <{$}}
\ newcolumntype { A }{ >{$} c <{$}}
\ begin { tabular }{ QA }
\ toprule %
\ int \ cos x \ , dx & \ sin x + c \\\ midrule
\ int e ^ x dx & e^x + c \\\ midrule
\ int \ sec ^2 x \ , dx & \ tan x + c \\\ bottomrule
\ end { tabular }
\ end { table }

gives table 8.
Further details on the array package can be found on its manual and [13].

2.1.1 How to format the text of a column

The commands >{ins} and <{ins} can also be used to format certain columns:
it is possible to use LATEX commands \upshape, \itshape, \slshape, \scshape,
\mdseries, \bfseries, \rmfamily, \sffamily, and \ttfamily [18].
For example the code

11
 Table 8: Table with mathematics obtained with the array package.
Z
cos x dx sin x + c
Z
e x dx ex + c
Z
sec2 x dx tan x + c

Table 9: Table with automatic boldface text on one column (array

package).

Force Force is a vector quantity de-

fined as the rate of change of
the momentum of the body that
would be induced by that force
acting alone.
Moment of a force Moment of a force with respect
to an origin is defined as the
cross product of the position
vector (with respect to the same
origin) and the force.

\ begin { tabular }{ >{\ bfseries } l p {6 cm }}

\ toprule
Force & Force is a vector quantity defined as the rate of
change of the momentum of the body that would be induced by that
force acting alone .\\\ midrule
Moment of a force & Moment of a force
with respect to an origin is defined as the cross product of the
position vector ( with respect to the same origin ) and the
force .\\\ bottomrule
\ end { tabular }

produces table 9 where the text in the first column is boldface.

12
 Table 10: Use of the array package to format the text of a row.

Quantity Symbol Unit Value

Stiffness in z direction kz N/m 2276
Stiffness in r direction kr N/m 3414
Weight of the body P N 35

2.1.2 How to format the text of a row

There are no commands or packages to format rows but it is possible to define a
new command [6] which uses the tools of the array package discussed above. The
following definitions are added to the preamble
\ newcolumntype {+}{ >{\ global \ let \ c u r re n t r o w s ty l e \ relax }}
\ newcolumntype {^}{ >{\ currentrowst y l e }}
\ newcommand {\ rowstyle }[1]{\ gdef \ c u r re n t r o w s ty l e {#1} %
#1\ ignorespaces
}

and then + must be added on the left of the first column and ^ on the right
of every other column in the column definition of tabular. This defines a new
command
\ rowstyle {...}

which can be inserted at the beginning of a row to format its cells. For example
the code
\ begin { tabular }{+ l ^ c ^ c ^ c }
\ toprule \ rowstyle {\ bfseries } %
Quantity & Symbol & Unit & Value \\\ otoprule %
...
\ end { tabular }

produces table 10 where the first row is boldface.

2.2 The tabularx package

The tabularx package requires the same arguments of tabular* but, in order to
let the table have the width specified by the user, it modifies the width of cer-
tain columns instead of the space between columns. The columns that can be
stretched are identified by the alignment command X. This package requires the
array package. For example the commands

13
 Table 11: Table obtained with the tabularx package.

Force Force is a vector quantity defined as the rate of change

of the momentum of the body that would be induced by
that force acting alone.
Moment of a force Moment of a force with respect to an origin is defined as
the cross product of the position vector (with respect to
the same origin) and the force.

\ begin { tabularx }{\ textwidth }{ >{\ bfseries } lX }

\ toprule
Force & Force is a vector quantity defined as the rate of change of
the momentum of the body that would be induced by that
force acting alone .\\\ midrule
Moment of a force & Moment of a force with respect to an origin is
defined as the cross product of the position vector ( with respect to
the same origin ) and the
force .\\\ bottomrule
\ end { tabularx }

produce table 11; notice that in the similar table 9 the length of the second column
has been defined by the user, while in table 11 the user defines the total width of
the table (in this case \textwidth) and then the program computes automatically
the width of the second column. Compare the result with table 12 obtained
with the tabular* environment: in this case the space between the columns is
stretched instead of the width of the column. To obtain the table, the following
code was used
\ begin { tabular *}{\ textwidth }[ tb ] %
{ >{\ bfseries } l@ {\ extracolsep {\ fill }} p {6 cm }}
...
\ end { tabular *}

The X column are by default of type p{wth} (i.e. justified) and the width
wth is determined automatically by the program. It is anyway possible to de-
fine new column types with a different horizontal alignment with the command
\newcolumntype. For example
\ newcolumntype { Y }{ >{\ raggedright \ ar ra yb ack sl as h } X }

defines columns aligned to the left,

\ newcolumntype { W }{ >{\ raggedleft \ arr ay ba cks la sh } X }

14
 Table 12: Table obtained with the tabular* environment.

Force Force is a vector quantity de-

fined as the rate of change of
the momentum of the body that
would be induced by that force
acting alone.
Moment of a force Moment of a force with respect
to an origin is defined as the
cross product of the position
vector (with respect to the same
origin) and the force.

defines columns aligned to the right,

\ newcolumntype { Z }{ >{\ centering \ ar ra yb ack sl as h } X }

defines centered columns. For example the code

\ begin { tabularx }{\ textwidth }{ YXZW }
\ toprule
Cell with text aligned to the left & 1 & 2 & 3\\\ midrule
4 & Cell with justified text & 5 & 6\\\ midrule
7 & 8 & Cell with centered text & 9\\\ midrule
10 & 11 & 12 & Cell with text aligned to the right \\\ bottomrule
\ end { tabularx }

produces table 13 which is as wide as the text (\textwidth).

The X column are by default of type p{wth} corresponding to a \parbox[t]
which means that vertically the cells are aligned to the top. It is anyway possible
to define new column types with a different vertical alignment with the command
\tabularxcolumn. For example
\ renewcommand {\ tabularxcolumn }[1]{ >\ arr ay ba cks la sh } m {#1}}

defines columns vertically aligned to the center,

\ renewcommand {\ tabularxcolumn }[1]{ >\ arr ay ba cks la sh } b {#1}}

defines columns vertically aligned to the bottom. The code

\ renewcommand {\ tabularxcolumn }[1]{ >{\ a rra yb ac ksl as h } m {#1}}
\ begin { tabularx }{\ textwidth }{ YXZW }
\ toprule Cell with text aligned to the left & 1 & 2 & 3\\\ midrule 4 &
Cell with justified text & 5 & 6\\\ midrule 7 & 8 & Cell with centered

15
 Table 13: Table obtained with the tabularx package and redefining
new types of horizontal alignment for the columns.

Cell with text 1 2 3

aligned to the left
4 Cell with justified 5 6
text
7 8 Cell with 9
centered text
10 11 12 Cell with text
aligned to the
right

text & 9\\\ midrule 10 & 11 & 12 & Cell with text aligned to the
right \\\ bottomrule
\ end { tabularx }

produces table 14(a), while the same code with the command
\ renewcommand {\ tabularxcolumn }[1]{ >{\ a rra yb ac ksl as h } b {#1}}

produces table 14(b).

The tabularx package is also useful when some columns must have the same
width but it is not required to define it directly. In fact, if several X columns are
used in the same table, their width is the same. For example table 15 is obtained
with the following code
\ newcolumntype { K }{ >{\ centering \ ar ra yb ack sl as h $} X <{$}}
\ begin { tabularx }{.7\ textwidth }{*{7}{ K }}
...
\ end { tabularx }

By default the width of the columns is automatically computed by the pro-

gram, anyway tabularx allows to assign the width of some columns. This can be
done only if the sum of the widths X remains the same. If for example a column is
supposed to be half as wide as another one and the table has only two X columns
(these two), the first one must be 23 · x wide and the second one 43 · x; in this way
they are in the right proportion and their sum is equal to 2x (which is the width
of two X columns); to obtain this result the following command can be used

16
Table 14: Tables obtained with the tabularx package and defining
the vertical alignment of the cells in order to have them centered
(a) and aligned to the bottom (b).

(a) Vertically centered cells

Cell with text
1 2 3
aligned to the left
Cell with justified
4 5 6
text
Cell with
7 8 9
centered text
Cell with text
10 11 12 aligned to the
right

(b) Cells aligned to the bottom

Cell with text
aligned to the left 1 2 3
Cell with justified
4 text 5 6
Cell with
7 8 centered text 9
Cell with text
aligned to the
10 11 12 right

Table 15: Table obtained with the tabularx package to have columns
with the same width.

α sin α cos α tan α csc α sec α cot α

−2π 0 1 0 ∞ 1 ∞
√ √ √ √
−7π/4 2/2 2/2 1 2 2 1

−3π/2 1 0 ∞ 1 ∞ 0
√ √ √ √
−5π/4 2/2 − 2/2 −1 2 − 2 −1
−π 0 −1 0 ∞ −1 ∞
√ √ √ √
−3π/4 − 2/2 − 2/2 1 − 2 − 2 1

−π/2 −1 0 ∞ −1 ∞ 0
√ √ √ √
−π/4 − 2/2 2/2 −1 − 2 2 −1
0 0 1 0 ∞ 1 ∞

17
 Table 16: Table obtained with the tabularx package imposing the
proportion on the width of columns: the first column is half as
wide as the second one.

Force Force is a vector quantity defined as the rate of

change of the momentum of the body that would
be induced by that force acting alone.
Moment of a force Moment of a force with respect to an origin is de-
fined as the cross product of the position vector
(with respect to the same origin) and the force.

{ >{\ hsize =0.66\ hsize }X >{\ hsize =1.34\ hsize } X }

Table 16 is obtained adding this line to the code of table 11.

2.3 The tabulary package

The tabulary package provides results similar to those obtained with the tabularx
package in table 13. Instead of redefining the alinement of the column with the
command \newcolumntype as shown in par. 2.2, the tabulary package provides
the commands R (aligned to the right), C (centered), L (aligned to the left) e J
(justified).
For example table 13 can be obtained also with the code
\ begin { tabulary }{\ textwidth }{ LJCR }
\ toprule
Cell with text aligned to the left & 1 & 2 & 3\\\ midrule
4 & Cell with justified text & 5 & 6\\\ midrule
7 & 8 & Cell with centered text & 9\\\ midrule
10 & 11 & 12 & Cell with text aligned to the right \\\ bottomrule
\ end { tabulary }

2.4 How to break lines manually

If the content of a cell is too long, it is necessary to break it into more lines. The
packages presented above (tabularx and tabulary) solve this problem automatically
and then they are preferred. In the cases in which it is not possible to use them
it is still possible to break the lines manually. If, for example, we want to break

18
 Table 17: Table with a column of defined width and alignment to
the right.

Force Force is a vector quantity

defined as the rate of change
of the momentum of the
body that would be induced
by that force acting alone.
Moment of a force Moment of a force with
respect to an origin is
defined as the cross product
of the position vector (with
respect to the same origin)
and the force.

the lines only in certain cells of a column, it is possible to insert into these cells a
parbox or a minipage.
The use of these commands is also convenient when we want to assign the
width of a non justified column.5 If for example we want a column 5 cm wide
and with text aligned to the right, it is possible to insert all the cells of that column
into minipage environments with the command
{ >{\ bfseries }l >{\ begin { minipage }[ t ]{5 cm } %
\ raggedleft \ arraybackslash } %
l <{\ end { minipage }\ arraybackslash }}

With this command it is possible to obtain table 17 with the code used for table
11.

2.5 How to change the horizontal alignment of certain cells

To modify the alignment of certain cells, it is possible to insert the text into a box
(for example with the command \makebox). For example table 18 is obtained with
the following code:
\ begin { tabular }{ lp {3 cm }}
\ hline
Text & to the left \\\ hline

5. If the column has to be justified we can just use a p{wth}.

19
 Table 18: Table with cell with different alignment in the same col-
umn.

Text to the left

Text at the center
Text to the right

Text & \ makebox [3 cm ][ c ]{ at the center }\\\ hline

Text & \ makebox [3 cm ][ r ]{ to the right }\\\ hline
\ end { tabular }

2.6 How to align the numbers to the decimal point

2.6.1 Standard commands
The command @{.} can be used to align the numbers to the decimal point if the
integral part of the number is on one column and the fractional part on the next
one. For example table 20 can be obtained with the following code:
\ begin { tabular }{ c r @ {.} l }
\ toprule
Expression & \ multicolumn {2}{ c }{ Value } \\\ otoprule
$\ pi $ & 3 & 1416 \\\ midrule
$\ pi ^{\ pi }$ & 36 & 46 \\\ midrule
$\ pi ^{\ pi ^{\ pi }}$ & 80662 & 7 \\\ bottomrule
\ end { tabular }

2.6.2 The dcolumn package

If we do not want to break the fractional and the integral part in two columns,
the dcolumn package provides a new type of column
D { sep - in }{ sep - out }{ before . after }

The first argument (sep-in) is the symbol used in the .tex document to separate
the integral and the fractional part (usually the decimal point . or the decimal
comma ,), the second argument (sep-out) is the symbol that we want in the
output, the third is the number of digits on the left (before) and on the right
(after) of this symbol. The numbers are aligned to the decimal point and, in case
that the third argument is negative, the decimal point is aligned to the center of
the column. If the columns have a heading, it must be inserted into the command

20
 Table 19: Table with alignment to the decimal point.

Expression Value
π 3.1416
ππ 36.46
π
ππ 80662.7

\multicolumn{1}{c}{...}. For example table 20 can be obtained also with the

following code
\ begin { tabular }{ cD { ,}{.}{5.4}}
\ toprule
Espressione & \ multicolumn {1}{ c }{ Valore }\\\ otoprule
$\ pi $ & 3 ,1416 \\\ midrule
$\ pi ^{\ pi }$ & 36 ,46 \\\ midrule
$\ pi ^{\ pi ^{\ pi }}$ & 80662 ,7 \\\ bottomrule
\ end { tabular }

In order to avoid inserting all the three parameters for every column, it is possible
to define a new type of column, for example with the code
\ newcolumntype { d }[1]{ D { ,}{.}{#1}}

where d has only one argument which defines the number of decimal digits.
Gregorio [13] shows an interesting use of \newcolumntype to let the decimal
separator be dependent on the language selected with babel: comma (,) for the
italian option and point (.) for the english option.

2.6.3 The rccol package

rccol is a more advanced package that allows to align numbers to the decimal
point. This package has the same capabilities of dcolumn but in addition can
round the numbers and even add zeros in order to have all the cells with the
same number of decimal digits. The columns to be aligned to the point are
defined with the code
R [ sep - in ][ sep - out ]{ before }{ after }

where the arguments have the same meaning of those for dcolumn. The argument
after in this case defines the number of digits to keep during the approximation;
for example if this parameter is equal to 3, 3.1416 becomes 3.142 and 80662.7

21
 Table 20: Table with alignment to the decimal point and automatic
approximation.

Expression Value
π 3.142
ππ 36.460
π
ππ 80662.700

becomes 80662.700. These parameters assign to the number a precision of 10−n

(where n is the value of after) and thus it can also assume negative values; for
example if this parameter is equal to −1, 3.1416 becomes 0 and 80662.7 becomes
80660.
For example the code
\ begin { tabular }{ cR [ ,][.]{5}{3}}
\ toprule
Expression & \ multicolumn {1}{ c }{ Value } \\\ otoprule
$\ pi $ & 3 ,1416 \\\ midrule
$\ pi ^{\ pi }$ & 36 ,46 \\\ midrule
$\ pi ^{\ pi ^{\ pi }}$ & 80662 ,7 \\\ bottomrule
\ end { tabular }

produces table 20.

3 Large tables
Sometimes, especially in the appendix, the size of a table is bigger than a page in
width, height, or both. In case the table is too long, it is possible to

– reduce the size of the font (see par. 3.1);

– scale it down (see par. 3.3);
– break it over several pages (see par. 3.4).

In case the table is too wide, it is possible to

– reduce the size of the font (see par. 3.1);

– rotate it (see par. 3.2);

22
 Table 21: Table with font size smaller (footnotesize) than the rest
of the text (normalsize).

Force Force is a vector quantity defined as

the rate of change of the momentum
of the body that would be induced by
that force acting alone.
Moment of a force Moment of a force with respect to an
origin is defined as the cross product
of the position vector (with respect to
the same origin) and the force.

– scale it down (see par. 3.3);

– break it over several pages (see par. 3.4).

Obviously in each case it is possible to use more solutions at once.

3.1 How to reduce the size of the font

Reducing the size of the font in a table just requires the font size command to be
inside the table environment (or similar). For example the code
\ begin { table }[ tp ]\ footnotesize
\ caption {...} \ label {...} \ centering
\ begin { tabular }{...}
...
\ end { tabular }
\ end { table }

produces table 21; compare the result with table 9.

In case the table is non floating (i.e. it is not inside the table environment or
similar) the font size command must be outside the tabular environment and
then, at the end of the table, the font size used in the rest of the document must
be reestablished. On the contrary, when the font size command is inside a table
environment (or similar) it affects just the text inside this environment and it is
not necessary to reestablish the normal font size at the end.

23
3.2 Rotating tables
The methods to rotate tables are also valid for every other floating object; [23] is
an excellent reference on this topic.

3.2.1 The graphicx package

The graphicx package provides the command
\ rotatebox [ options ]{ angle }{ object }

that allows to rotate every object (or box) and can also be used for tables; options
is an optional argument to modify the origin of the rotation (see [23]), angle is
the angle of the rotation (for tables is typically 90◦ ) and object is the object to be
rotated (in this case tabular).

3.2.2 The rotating package

The rotating package provides commands that rotate specifically floating objects
and can be used also with tables. The first thing to do is to define the positive
direction for rotations with the commands

clockwise (default) measures the angle clockwise to be compatible with [10],

where the positive angles are always clockwise.
counterclockwise as the previous but with positive angles counterclockwise.

The rotating package provides the rotate, turn, sideways, and sidewaystable
environments.6

The rotate environment. This environment does not leave vertical space for the
rotated object thus it cannot be used for tables because they would overwrite the
preceding text.
\ begin { rotate }{ angle }
...
\ end { rotate }

6. The package also provides sidewaysfigure which is the analogous of sidewaystable for
figures.

24
The turn environment. This environment, unlike rotate, adds a vertical space for
the rotated object and thus behaves like \rotatebox (see par. 3.2.1).
\ begin { turn }{ < degree >}
...
\ end { turn }

The sideways environment. This environment is a particular turn environment: it

rotates the object by 90◦ and leaves vertical space for it; in this case the user does
not have to indicate the angle. Since wide tables must be rotated by 90◦ , this is
the most suitable environment.
\ begin { sideways }
\ begin { tabular }
...
\ end { tabular }
\ end { sideways }

The sidewaystable environment. This environment does the same rotation sideways
does but it must be used with floating tables for which it substitutes the table
environment. The sintax is
\ begin { sidewaystable }
\ caption {...}
\ begin { tabular }
...
\ end { tabular }
\ end { sidewaystable }

Unlike the preceding environments, sidewaystable uses a whole page. Since

it is a floating environment, if necessary, LATEX fills the preceding page with the
text that comes after the table.
For example the code
\ begin { sidewaystable }[ p ]\ small
\ caption {...} \ label {...} \ centering
\ renewcommand {\ tabularxcolumn }[1]{ >{\ a rra yb ac ksl as h } m {#1}}
\ newcolumntype { W }{ >{\ centering \ ar ra yb ack sl as h } X }
\ begin { tabularx }{\ textheight }{ lccWWWWW }
...
\ end { tabularx }
\ end { sidewaystable }

produces the table at page 1; in this example, besides sidewaystable, also the
tabularx package is used to define a W type column (horizontally centered text),

25
 Figure 1: Example of the sidewaystable environment.

the text is vertically centered, and the font size is reduced with the command
\small.

3.2.3 The lscape package

The lscape package defines the landscape environment which rotates its content
by 90◦ . This environment has been designed to work with the longtable package
and so its content can even span over several pages.

26
3.3 Scaling tables
The graphicx package provides two commands that can be used to scale tables:
\scalebox and \resizebox.
The command
\ scalebox {h - scale }[ v - scale ]{ argument }

scales argument (in this case a table) by h-scale horizontally and v-scale ver-
tically; for tables the same scale factor must be used horizontally and vertically
and this can be done assigning one parameter between h-scale and v-scale and
assigning ! to the other one.
The command
\ resizebox { width }{ height }{ argument }

scales argument (in this case a table) in order to have a width equal to width and a
height equal to height; in this case is also possible to use ! to maintain the same
aspect ratio of the table. Typically these commands are used to scale down large
tables in order to let them be as wide as the text; this can be done for example
with the commands
\ begin { table }[ tb ]
\ caption {...} \ label {...} \ centering
\ resizebox {\ textwidth }{!}{ %
\ begin { tabular }{...}
...
\ end { tabular }}
\ end { table }

For example tables 14(a) and 14(b) are obtained with the same code of 13 but
are scaled with \resizebox so that their width is 65% of that of the text:
\ resizebox {0.65\ textwidth }{!}{...}

3.4 Tables over several pages

The tabular environment must always be contained in a single page: if bigger,
the parts that exceed the page boundaries are cut and an Overfull vbox error
message is displayed. Several packages can be used to overcome this limitation
and break tables over several pages.

27
3.4.1 The supertabular package
The supertabular package provides the homonymic supertabular environment
that behaves like the regular tabular but, when compiling, it checks the length
of the table at every row: when the length exceeds textheight the package auto-
matically inserts the optional argument tabletail and the \end{tabular} com-
mand; then it starts a new table on the next page, after the optional argument
tablehead. The tabletail argument can be used to place at the bottom of every
page in which the table is broken “continues on the next page” while tablehead
for “continues from the previous page”. The supertabular package treats the part
of the table that is in the new page independently thus the width of the column
can vary across different pages unless the user uses fixed width columns.

3.4.2 The xtab package

The xtab package has functions very similar to those of supertabular but it corrects
some defects thus it is recommended. It also allows to have a different caption
for the last page (\tablelasthead).

3.4.3 The longtable package

The longtable package builds pieces of the table during the first compilation and
then uses the information that it wrote in the .aux file to decide where to break
the table during the following compilations. In this way the columns have the
same width in every page. The package requires several compilation (as opposed
to supertabular) and it is incompatible with many other packages.

3.4.4 The lscape package

The lscape package is meant to rotate by 90◦ the supertabular environment for
wide and long tables.
The reader is suggested to read the manual for all the packages reported
above since they report several examples and describe all the options. As regards
longtable, [13] is also suggested.

28
4 Tables and colors
A colored background can be very useful when trying to highlight a part of a
table. The colortbl package can be used to color the background of cells, rows
or columns of tabular environments; it can also be used to color the lines (for
example \hline) but this topic is not analyzed since scientific document should
never use colored lines. The colortbl requires the color and array packages. The
xcolor [4] package can be used instead of color but the examples reported below
use only the latter.

4.1 How to color columns

The package provides the command \columncolor that must be used only inside
the command >{...} (see par. 2.1). The syntax is
\ columncolor [ clrmodel ]{ color }[ left overhang ][ right overhang ]

The first two arguments are standard commands of the color package [2], used as
in the command \color, while the last two arguments are lengths.

clrmodel declares the color model to be used; rgb, cmyk, gray, and named are
available.
color declares the color to be used; this definition depends on the color model
chosen. rgb (Red Green Blue) requires a list of three numbers between 0
and 1 and separated by commas; each of them gives the corresponding
color component (red, green, and blue). cmyk (Cyan Magenta Yellow Black)
requires a list of four numbers between 0 and 1 and separated by com-
mas each of them gives the corresponding color component (cyan, magenta,
yellow, and black). gray requires just a number between 0 and 1 of the cor-
responding gray level; in scientific tables grays are preferred to colors thus
this command is very convenient. named allows to use colors based on their
name; the name, if not already defined by default, must be defined by the
user with the command
\ definecolor { name }{ clrmodel }{ color }

where name is the color name assigned by the user, clrmodel and color have
the same meaning they have in the command \columncolor.

29
 Table 22: Table with a column with colored background obtained
with the colortbl package.

D Pu uu β Gf
(in) (lbs) (in) (psi · in)
5 269.8 0.000674 1.79 0.04089
10 421.0 0.001035 3.59 0.04089
20 640.2 0.001565 7.18 0.04089

left overhang and right overhang specifies how much the colored background
is separated from the text on the left and on the right respectively. The use
of these commands is not recommended since, if they are not equal to zero,
the colored background does not fill all the space reserved to \tabcolsep.

The \newcolumntype command (see par. 2.1) can be used to redefine new col-
umn types with the desired background color. For example the command
\ newcolumntype { K }{\ columncolor [ gray ]{0.8}\ raggedright }

allows to obtain table 23 with the code

\ begin { tabular }{ ccccU }
\ hline %
$D$ & $P_u$ & $u_u$ & $\ beta $ & $ G _ f $ \\
( in ) & ( lbs ) & ( in ) & &$(\ text { psi }\ cdot \ text { in })$ \\\ hline %
5 &269.8 & 0.000674 & 1.79 & 0.04089 \\\ hline %
10 &421.0 & 0.001035 & 3.59 & 0.04089 \\\ hline %
20 &640.2 & 0.001565 & 7.18 & 0.04089 \\\ hline %
\ end { tabular }

Compare the result with table 7. Note that the commands provided by the ctable
package (see par. 1.4) cannot be used for the horizontal lines: these commands
leave vertical space above and below every cell and so the background color
would be interrupted; see for example table 22.

4.2 How to color rows

The \rowcolor command can be used to color rows: it has the same syntax of
\columncolor and must be placed at the beginning of the row. If both \columncolor
and \rowcolor are used in a table, the latter prevails. For example table 24 is ob-
tained with the same code of table 2 just adding the command
\ rowcolor [ gray ]{.8}

30
 Table 23: Table with a column with colored background (ctable
package).

D Pu uu β Gf
(in) (lbs) (in) (psi · in)
5 269.8 0.000674 1.79 0.04089
10 421.0 0.001035 3.59 0.04089
20 640.2 0.001565 7.18 0.04089

Table 24: Table with a row with colored background (\rowcolor

command).

D Pu uu β Gf
(in) (lbs) (in) (psi · in)
5 269.8 0.000674 1.79 0.04089
10 421.0 0.001035 3.59 0.04089
20 640.2 0.001565 7.18 0.04089

Sometimes the background color is not used to highlight certain rows but to
separate them (as horizontal lines do). In this case the xcolor package is very
handy because it provides commands to automatically color all the odd and even
lines of the table. The table option of the package must be loaded in the preamble
\ usepackage [ table ]{ xcolor }

and then the following command must be used right before the tabular environ-
ment
\ rowcolors { row }{ odd - row color }{ even - row color }

where

row is the number of the first row to be colored,

odd-row color is the color to use with odd rows (if this parameter is blank it
means no color),
even-row color is the color to use with even rows (if this parameter is blank it
means no color).

31
 Table 25: Table with colored odd rows obtained with the xcolor
package.

D Pu uu β Gf
(in) (lbs) (in) (psi · in)
5 269.8 0.000674 1.79 0.04089
10 421.0 0.001035 3.59 0.04089
20 640.2 0.001565 7.18 0.04089

Table 26: Table with a colored cell obtained with the \cellcolor
command.

Force Force is a vector quantity defined as

the rate of change of the momentum
of the body that would be induced by
that force acting alone.
Moment of a force Moment of a force with respect to an
origin is defined as the cross product
of the position vector (with respect to
the same origin) and the force.

For example table 25 is exactly the same as table 7 but, instead of horizontal lines
(\hline), it uses gray background for odd rows. The code that is used to create
this table is
\ rowcolors {2}{ gray !35}{}
\ begin { tabular }{ ccccc }
...
\ end { tabular }

4.3 How to color single cells

The command \cellcolor can be used to add a background color to single cells:
it works as \columncolor and \rowcolor, and prevails on both these. \cellcolor
can be placed everywhere in the cells to which it has to be applied.
For example table 26 is obtained just adding the following command to the
code of table 21,
\ cellcolor [ gray ]{0.8}

32
5 Automatic generation of tables
Often the tables that appear in LATEX documents contain data generated by other
programs, for example statistical or mathematical software. LATEX tables can be
easily and automatically generated by other programs since their syntax is very
simple. Typically the cells of a row are just separated by & and each row is ended
by \\ (see par. 1.2.1).

5.1 Stata
An interesting application of this concept has been presented for the statistical
program Stata.7 Gini [9] explains how to use Stata to automatically generate
LATEX tables with colored rows (see par. 4) and tables in which some cells are
highlighted with boldface (for example those that contains the maximum or the
minimum of a series of data).

5.2 Spreadsheets
Many freeware softwares, as Excel2LaTeX8 and Spreadsheet2LaTeX9 , that automati-
cally generates LATEX code ready to be compiled starting from a formatted10 table
in a spreadsheet. In general it is quite easy to program macros to make LATEX
code starting from a generic spreadsheet.

6 Specialities
6.1 Line styles
As said in par. 4, the colortbl package can be used to modify the color of horizontal
and vertical lines; anyway this should be avoided in scientific documents and so
the details are left to the reader.
7. Stata is a registered trade mark of StataCorp LP.
8. Excel2LaTeX is available at ftp://ftp.tex.ac.uk/tex-archive/support/excel2latex/
xl2latex.zip.
9. Spreadsheet2LaTeX is available at http://pegasus.rutgers.edu/~elflord/unix/software/
spreadsheet2latex/.
10. For example with colors, horizontal and vertical lines.

33
 The arydshln package allows to use dashed lines. The commands \hdashline
and \cdashline corresponds respectively to \hline and \cline.

6.2 Notes inside a table

The standard LATEX command for notes (\footnote) does not work inside tables
because the tabular environment does not allow the command to place text at
the bottom of the page. Many solutions and packages can be used to overcome
this problem; the best ones are reported below.
In general, two cases can arise:

a) the note must follow the numeration of the other notes in the text;

b) the numeration of the notes inside tables must be different (for example with
letters).

The package footnote provides a solution for case (a). This package defines the
savenotes environment that allows to insert notes even inside a tabular environ-
ment and place them at the bottom of the page. If we want to allow the presence
of notes in all the tables of the document, we just need to add to the preamble
the command
\ makesavenoteenv { tabular }

For example table 27 is obtained with the following code

\ begin { savenotes }
\ begin { table }[..] \ caption {...} \ label {...} \ centering
\ begin { tabular }{...} \ toprule
...
Moment of a force & Moment of a force with respect to an origin
is defined as the cross product of the position vector \ footnote { With
respect to the same origin .} and the force .\\\ bottomrule
\ end { tabular }
\ end { table }
\ end { savenotes }

The ctable package, on the other hand, offers a solution to case (b). The ctable
environment, provided by the homonymic package, offers the command \tmark
which places the symbol of the note (in this case the default numbering style is
with lowercase letters) and the command \tnote{...} that contains the text of
11. With respect to the same origin.

34
 Table 27: Table with a note that follows the numbering of the other
notes in the text and is placed at the bottom of the page (footnote
package).

Force Force is a vector quantity defined as

the rate of change of the momentum
of the body that would be induced by
that force acting alone.
Moment of a force Moment of a force with respect to an
origin is defined as the cross product
of the position vector11 and the force.

Table 28: Table with its own numbering for the notes and with
notes placed right after the table (ctable package).

Force Force is a vector quantity de-

fined as the rate of change of
the momentum of the body that
would be induced by that force
acting alone.
Moment of a force Moment of a force with respect
to an origin is defined as the
cross product of the position
vectora and the force.
a With respect to the same origin.

the note. The notes are placed right below the table and not at the bottom of the
page. For example table 28 is obtained with the following code
\ begin { ctable } %
[ caption = ... , label = ...]{...} %
{\ tnote { With respect to the same origin .}} %
{...\\\ midrule
Moment of a force & Moment of a force with respect to
an origin is defined as the cross product of the position
vector \ tmark \ and the force .\\\ bottomrule }
\ end { ctable }

35
 Table 29: Table obtained with the slashbox package.
```
``` Argument
``` 0 π/2
```
Function `
sin 0 1
cos 1 0

6.3 Slashed boxes

Sometimes the first cell on the top left of the table contains two arguments: the
first one describes the content of the first column and the second one that of
the first row. This solution, not recommended for scientific documents, can be
obtained with the command \backslashbox provided by the slashbox package.
For example the code
\ begin { tabular }{| l | >{$} c <{$}| >{$} c <{$}|}\ hline
\ backslashbox { Function }{ Argument } &0&\ pi /2\\\ hline
$\ sin $ & 0 & 1\\\ hline
$\ cos $ & 1 & 0\\\ hline
\ end { tabular }

produces table 29.

The slashbox package draws a figure with two labels on the sides of an oblique
line and then places this figure inside the cell of the table. The package uses LATEX
picture mode that has many restrictions and does not produce figures of high
quality. The pict2e package can be used to improve the quality.

Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank Valeria Angeli for her assistance during the trans-
lation of this article from the italian version [19]. The author also would like to
thank editorial staff of Ars TEXnica, on which the original paper was published
in Italian, that authorized the publication of this article on The PracTEX Journal.

References
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36
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37
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