Java quick overview 9.

Arrays in Java

1. Basic structure of a Java program int[] data = new int[10]; // Array to store 10 integer values
...
public class MyClass for (int i = 0; i < data.length; i++)
{ ...
public static void main(String[] args)
{ int[] someData = {10, 11, 12}; // Array with pre-defined data
// Main code of our program
} int[][] data2 = new int[5][]; // Array with 5 rows
} data2[0] = new int[3]; // Row 1 has 3 columns
data2[1] = new int[10]; // Row 2 has 10 columns
...
2. Basic data types: for (int i = 0; i < data2.length; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < data2[i].length; j++)
byte, short, int, long // float, double // char // boolean // String ...

3. Convert to number 10. Strings in Java

int number = Integer.parseInt("42"); • charAt method to get a specific character: text.charAt(i)

float floatNumber = Float.parseFloat("3.1416");
double doubleNumber = Double.parseDouble("3.141592654");
• compareTo to compare two strings alphabetically. Returns negative, 0 or positive number if
first text is lower, equal or greater than the second text, respectively:
4. Operators if (text1.compareTo(text2) > 0)...
• equals / equalsIgnoreCase t o d e t e r m i n e i f t w o s t r i n g s a r e t h e s a m e :
if (text1.equals(text2))...
• Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, %, ++, –
• indexOf / lastIndexOf to look for a subtext in a text (returns the position where it is found, or
• Assignments: =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=
-1 if it was not found): int pos = text1.indexOf("hello");
• Comparisons: >, >=, <, <=, ==, != (do not use with Strings, use equals instead)
• contains to check if a text contains a subtext (text.contains(subtext)), and startsWith /
• Logical: &&, ||, !
endsWith to check if a text starts or ends with a given subtext (text.endsWith(subtext))
• toUpperCase / toLowerCase to convert the whole string to upper / lower case:
5. Basic input String result = text.toUpperCase();
• substring so cut from the specified start index (inclusive) to the specified end index
import java.util.Scanner;
... (exclusive). If no end index is speficied, it cuts until the end of the string.
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in); String subtext = text.substring(3, 5);
int number = sc.nextInt(); • replace to replace all the occurrences of an old substring with a new substring in a given
String text = sc.nextLine(); text: String result = text.replace("old", "new");
sc.close();
• split to split a string in an array using a delimiter: String[] parts = text.split(",");
6. Basic output
11. Functions in Java
System.out.println("The result is " + result);
System.out.print("The result is " + result); public static String myFunction()
System.out.printf("The result is %.2f", result); {
return "Hello";
}
7. Constants
public static void myOtherFunction (int a, String b)
class MyClass {
{ ...
public static final int MAX_USERS = 10; }

8. foreach in Java 12. Exception handling

for (int number: numbers)
System.out.println("" + number);
Catching exceptions:

try
{
// Code that may fail
} catch (NumberFormatException e1) { 15. Inheritance
// Error message for number format
} catch (DivideByZeroException e2) { public class Dog extends Animal
// Error message for dividing by zero
...
} catch (Exception eN) { Methods that can be overriden from Object:
// Error message for any other error
} @Override @Override
public boolean equals(Object o) public String toString()
Throwing exceptions:
We can use "super" to call methods and constructors from parent class
public static void a() throws InterruptedException
{ public Dog() {
throw new InterruptedException ("Exception in a"); super()
} ...

try
{
16. Abstract classes
a();
} catch (...) public abstract class Animal {
...
public abstract void talk();
}
13. Defining classes and objects

class Person
17. Interfaces
{
String name; public interface Shape { public class Circle implements Shape
int age; float calculateArea();
void draw();
public Person(String name, int age) }
{
this.name = name; 18. Anonymous classes
this.age = age;
} Person[] people = new Person[10];
...
public String getName() Arrays.sort(people, new Comparator<Person>()
{ {
return name; @Override
} public int compare(Person p1, Person p2)
{
public void setName(String name) return Integer.compare(p1.getAge(), p2.getAge())
{ }
this.name = name; });
}

… 19. Collections
}
List<String> myList = new ArrayList<>();
Person p = new Person("Nacho", 40); myList.add("Hello");
System.out.println(p.getName()); for (int i = 0; i < myList.size(); i++)
System.out.println(myList.get(i));
14. Visibility
Map<String, Person> data = new HashMap<>();
data.put("1111111A", new Person("Nacho", 40));
public: everyone can see the element for (String key: data.keySet())
protected: only subclasses and classes from the same package System.out.println(data.get(key));
private: only the own class
Set<String> mySet = new HashSet<>();
package (default value): only classes from the same package mySet.add("One");
Iterator<String> it = mySet.iterator();
while(it.hasNext())
System.out.println(it.next());