Apollo by The Numbers-Sp-4029 PDF
Apollo by The Numbers-Sp-4029 PDF
Apollo by The Numbers-Sp-4029 PDF
A Statistical Reference
by
Richard W. Orloff
NASA Headquarters
Washington, DC 20546
NASA SP-2000-4029
2000
ISBN 0-16-050631-X
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
"NASA SP-2000-4029:'
Perhaps because of his long life, Schlesinger has looked toward a positive future, and that prompted him to rank the lunar
landing first. "I put DNA and penicillin and the computer and the microchip in the first 10 because they've transformed civi
lization. Wars vanish;' Schlesinger said, and many people today cannot even recall when the Civil War took place. "Pearl Harbor
will be as remote as the War of the Roses;' he said, referring to the English civil war of the 15th century. And there's no need
to get hung up on the ranking, he said. "The order is essentially very artificial and fictitious," he said. "It's very hard to decide
the atomic bomb is more important than getting on the Moon:'
There have been many detailed historical studies of Project Apollo completed in the more than thirty years since the first lunar
landing in 1969. The major contours of the American sprint to the Moon during the 1960s have been told and retold many
times, notably in several books in the NASA History Series, and by William Burroughs, Andrew Chaikin, and Charles Murray
and Catherine Bly Cox. All provide he end of the decade through the first lunar landing on July 20, 1969, on to the last of six
successful Moon landings with Apollo 17 in December 1972, NASA carried out Project Apollo with enthusiasm and aplomb.
With the passage of time, the demise of the Soviet Union, the end of the Cold War, and the subsequent opening of archives on
both sides of the space race, however, there are opportunities not present before to reconsider Project Apollo anew.
While there have been many studies recounting the history of Apollo, this new book in the NASA History Series seeks to draw
out the statistical information about each of the flights that have been long buried in numerous technical memoranda and his
torical studies. It seeks to recount the missions, measuring results against the expectations for them.
This work appears in the NASA History Series as a Special Publication (SP) in the Reference Works section, SP-4000, of the
series. Works in this section provide information, usually in dictionary, encyclopedic, or chronological form, for use by NASA
personnel, scholars, and the public. This new publication captures for the use of all detailed information about Apollo and its
unfolding during the 1960s and early 1970s.
Roger D. Launius
Chief Historian
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
October 2, 2000
Foreword 0
Introduction
The purpose of this work is to provide researchers, students, and space enthusiasts with a comprehensive reference for facts
about Project Apollo, America's effort to put humans on the Moon.
Research for this work started in 1988, when the author discovered that, despite the number of excellent books that focused on
the drama of events that highlighted Apollo, there were none that focused on the drama of the numbers.
It may be impossible to produce the perfect Apollo fact book. For a program of the magnitude of Apollo, many NASA Centers
and contractors maintained data files for each mission. As a result, the same measurements from different sources vary, some
times significantly. In addition, there are notable errors and conflicts even within official NASA and contractor documents. In
order to minimize conflicts, the author sought original documents to create this work. Some documents were previously unavail
able to the public, and were released only following the author's petitions through the Freedom of Information Act.
This book is separated into two parts. The first part contains narratives for the Apollo 1 fire and the 11 flown Apollo missions.
Included after each narrative is a series of data tables, followed by a comprehensive timeline of events from just before liftoff to
just after crew and spacecraft recovery. The second part contains more than 50 tables. These tables organize much of the data
from the narratives in one place so they can be compared among all missions. The tables offer additional data as well. The read
er can select a specific mission narrative or specific data table by consulting the Table of Contents.
Event times in this work are expressed mostly as GMT (Greenwich Mean Time) and GET (Ground Elapsed Time). Local U.S.
Eastern time, in which all missions were launched, is included only for significant events. In regular usage, GMT does not use a
colon between the hours and minutes; however for the convenience of readers of this work, most of whom are in the United
States, where time is expressed as "OO:Oo': the colon is included.
The term "GET" (Ground Elapsed Time), used for manned U.S. spaceflights prior to the Space Shuttle, was referenced to "Range
Zero;' the last integral second before liftoff. With the first launch of the Shuttle, NASA began using the term "MET" (Mission
Elapsed Time), which begins at the moment of solid rocket booster ignition. The format for GET used here is hhh:mm:ss.sss
(e.g., hours:minutes:seconds). Example: 208:23:45.343, with "GET" excluded and assumed in order to avoid confusion with GMT.
Trivia buffs will have a field day with the data published here, and it's a sure bet that a few readers will disagree with some of
it. However, it is a start. Enjoy!
Comments and documented potential corrections are welcomed. Mail inquiries should be sent to Richard Orloff, Apollo by the
Numbers, c/o NASA History Division, NASA Headquarters, Mail Code ZH, Washington, DC 20546, U.S.A.
Richard W. Orloff
October 2000
The source for some of the astronaut biographical data is Who's Who In Space: The International Space Year Edition, by
Michael Cassutt, although most information was derived from NASA biographies.
The primary source for descriptions of the mission emblems is the official NASA text that accompanied each emblem.
However, additional information has been used from Space Patches From Mercury to the Space Shuttle, written by Judith Kaplan
and Robert Muniz. Another source is Dick Lattimer's unpublished draft of Astronaut Mission Patches and Spacecraft Callsigns,
available at the time of this writing at Rice University's Fondren Library.
The source for the COSPAR designations for the various Apollo spacecraft and launch vehicle stages once on orbit is the
R.A.E. Table of Earth Satellites 1957-1986.
The author gratefully acknowledges the assistance of the following people for helping to locate original NASA documents,
images and other information, and for checking the transcript for errors.
Becky Fryday, formerly Media Services, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center; Bunda L. Dean, formerly Lyndon B. Johnson Space
Center; Dale Johnson, George C. Marshall Space Flight Center; Daryl L. Bahls, The Boeing Company; David Ransom, Jr.,
Rancho Palos Verdes, CA; J.L. Pickering, Normal, IL; Ricky Lanclos, Nederland, TX; Dr. Eric M. Jones, editor of the Apollo
Lunar Surface Journal Internet Web site; Dr. John B. Charles, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center; Florastela Luna, Lyndon B.
Johnson Space Center; Gary Evans, TRW; Gordon Davie, Edinburgh, Scotland; Janet Kovacevich, Lyndon B. Johnson Space
Center; Joan Ferry and Lois Morris, Woodsen Research Center, Rice University; Joey Pellarin Kuhlman, formerly Lyndon B.
Johnson Space Center; Kenneth Nail, formerly John F. Kennedy Space Center; Kipp Teague, Lynchburg, VA; Lee Saegesser, for
merly NASA Headquarters; Lisa Vazquez, formerly Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center; Mike Gentry, Lyndon B. Johnson Space
Center; Margaret Persinger, Kennedy Space Center; Oma Lou White, formerly George C. Marshall Space Flight Center; Paulo
D'Angelo, Rome, Italy; Philip N. French and Jonathan Grant, NASA Center for Aerospace Information; Robert Sutton,
Chantilly, VA; Robert W. Fricke, Jr., Lockheed Martin; Ruud Kuik, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Dr. David R. Williams,
National Space Data Center, GSFC; Hayes M. Harper, Downers Grove, IL; Lt. Col. George H. Orloff USA-RET, Oakhurst, NJ;
Harald Kucharek, Karlsruhe, Germany; Kay Grinter, Kennedy Space Center; and Louise Alstork, Stanley Artis, Steve Garber,
Hope Kang, Roger Launius, Warren Owens, and Michael Walker, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC.
Acknowledgments 8
This book is dedicated to
Bob started working in the space program during Project Mercury. He's seen it all, and his insights have been invaluable in
making this book come to life. In fact, it was Bob's gift to me of a copy of the Apollo Program Summary Report more than a
decade ago that helped give birth to the concept of Apollo by the Numbers. During those years, Bob has continued to be a
source of information, inspiration, and above all, a dear friend.
In recognition of the fact that he has worked on post-mission reports for more than 100 U.S. piloted spaceflights, NASA pre
sented Bob with the coveted "Silver Snoopy" award for his outstanding achievement.
Richard W. Orloff
October 2000
Introduction iv
Acknowledgments v
Dedication vi
Apollo I
The Fire
Apollo 7
Apollo 8
Apollo 9
Apollo 10
Apollo II
Apollo 12
Apollo 14
Apollo IS
The Ninth Mission: The Fourth Lunar Landing 183
Apollo 16
Apollo 17
Statistical Tables
General Background 266
Designations 274
Table of Contents 0
Launch Vehicle/Spacecraft Key Facts 275
Launch Vehicle/Spacecraft Key Facts 276
Launch Vehicle/Spacecraft Key Facts 277
Launch Windows 278
Launch Weather 279
Launch Weather 280
Apollo Program Budget Appropriations 281
Call Signs 282
Mission Insignias 283
Ground Ignition Weights 284
Ascent Data 285
Earth Orbit Data 286
Saturn Stage Earth Impact 287
Launch Vehicle Propellant Usage 288
Launch Vehicle Propellant Usage 289
Launch Vehicle Propellant Usage 290
Translunar Injection 291
S-IVB Solar Trajectory 292
S-IVB Lunar Impact 293
LM Lunar Landing 294
LM Descent Stage Propellant Status 295
LM Ascent Stage Propellant Status 296
LM Ascent and Ascent Stage Lunar Impact 297
Extravehicular Activity 298
Lunar Surface Experiments Package Arrays and Status 299
Lunar Surface Experiments 300
Lunar Surface Experiments 301
Lunar Orbit Experiments 302
Geology and Soil Mechanics Tools and Equipment 303
Lunar Subsatellites 304
Entry, Splashdown, and Recovery 305
Entry, Splashdown, and Recovery 306
Selected Mission Weights (lbs) 307
Command Module Cabin Temperature History 308
Accumulated Time in Space During Apollo Missions 309
Apollo Medical Kits 310
Apollo Medical Kits 311
Crew Weight History 312
lnflight Medical Problems in Apollo Crews 313
Postflight Medical Problems in Apollo Crews 314
NASA Photo Numbers for Crew Portraits and Mission Emblems 315
Bibliography 317
Photo Credits 323
The NASA History Series 325
Index 329
The Fire
Apollo I Fire Summary received a B.S. from the U.S. Military Academy at West
Point in 1952, an M.S. in aeronautical engineering from
(27 january 1967) the University of Michigan in 1959, and was selected as an
astronaut in 1962. His backup was Major Donn Fulton
Eisele (USAF).
The Accident
The accident occurred during the Plugs Out Integrated
Test. The purpose of this test was to demonstrate all space
vehicle systems and operational procedures in as near a
flight configuration as practical and to verify systems capa
The Apollo 1 crew (1. tor.): Ed White, Gus Grissom, bility in a simulated launch.
Roger Chaffee (NASA S66-30236).
Background
Apollo I 0
This was also confirmed from the flow rate data records. All transmission of voice and data from the spacecraft ter
The flow rate showed a gradual rise at 23:30:24 GMT minated by 23:31:22.4 GMT, three seconds after rupture.
which reached the limit of the sensor at 23:30:59 GMT. Witnesses monitoring the television showing the hatch
window report that flames spread from the left to the right
At 23:30:54.8 GMT, a significant voltage transient was side of the command module and shordy thereafter cov
recorded. The records showed a surge in the AC Bus 2 ered the entire visible area.
voltage. Several other parameters being measured also
showed anomalous behavior at this time. Flames and gases flowed rapidly out of the ruptured area,
spreading flames into the space between the command
Beginning at 23:31:04.7 GMT, the crew gave the first verbal module pressure vessel and heat shield through access
indication of an emergency when they reported a fire in hatches and into levels A-8 and A-7 of the service struc
the command module. ture. These flames ignited combustibles, endangered pad
personnel, and impeded rescue efforts. The burst of fire,
Emergency procedures called for the senior pilot, occupy together with the sounds of rupture, caused several pad
ing the center couch, to unlatch and remove the hatch personnel to believe that the command module had
while retaining his harness buckled. A number of witnesses exploded or was about to explode.
who observed the television picture of the command mod
ule hatch window discerned motion that suggested that the The immediate reaction of all personnel on level A-8 was
senior pilot was reaching for the inner hatch handle. The to evacuate the level. This reaction was prompdy followed
senior pilot's harness buckle was found unopened after the by a return to effect rescue. Upon running out on the
fire, indicating that he initiated the standard hatch-opening swing arm from the umbilical tower, several personnel
procedure. Data from the Guidance and Navigation System obtained fire extinguishers and returned along the swing
indicated considerable activity within the command mod arm to the White Room to begin rescue efforts. Others
ule after the fire was discovered. This activity was consis obtained fire extinguishers from various areas of the serv
tent with movement of the crew prompted by proximity of ice structure and rendered assistance in fighting the fires.
the fire or with the undertaking of standard emergency
egress procedures. Three hatches were installed on the command module. The
outermost hatch, called the boost protective cover (BPC)
hatch, was part of the cover which shielded the command
module during launch and was jettisoned prior to orbital
operation. The middle hatch was termed the ablative hatch
and became the outer hatch when the BPC was jettisoned
after launch. The inner hatch closed the pressure vessel wall
of the command module and was the first hatch to be
opened by the crew in an unaided crew egress.
The day of the fire, the outer or BPC hatch was in place
but not fully latched because of distortion in the BPC
caused by wire bundles temporarily installed for the test.
The middle hatch and inner hatch were in place and
latched after crew ingress.
Apollo 1 crew training (NASA 57-HC-21).
Although the BPC hatch was not fully latched, it was nec
Personnel located on adjustable level 8 adjacent to the essary to insert a specially-designed tool into the hatch in
command module responded to the report of the fire. The order to provide a hand-hold for lifting it from the com
pad leader ordered crew egress procedures to be started mand module. At this time the White Room was filling
and technicians started toward the White Room which sur with dense, dark smoke from the command module interi
rounded the hatch and into which the crew would step or and from secondary fires throughout level A-8. While
upon egress. Then, at 23:31:19 GMT, the command mod some personnel were able to locate and don operable gas
ule ruptured. masks, others were not. Some proceeded without masks
The inner hatch was unlatched and an attempt was made Visibility within the command module was extremely poor.
to raise it from its support and to lower it to the com Although the lights remained on, they could be perceived
mand module floor. The hatch could not be lowered the only dimly. No fire was observed. Initially, the crew was not
full distance to the floor and was instead pushed to one seen. The personnel who had been involved in removing
side. When the inner hatch was opened intense heat and a the hatches attempted to locate the crew without success.
considerable amount of smoke issued from the interior of
the command module. Throughout this period, other pad personnel were fighting
secondary fires on level A-8. There was considerable fear
that the launch escape tower, mounted above the com
mand module, would be ignited by the fires below and
destroy much of the launch complex.
Shortly after the report of the fire, a call was made to the
fire department. From log records, it appeared that the fire
apparatus and personnel were dispatched at about 23:32
GMT. After hearing the report of the fire, the doctor mon
itoring the test from the blockhouse near the pad proceed
ed to the base of the umbilical tower.
Apollo I OJ
travel from the fire station to the launch complex and to to maintain communications until the hatch could be
ride the elevator from the ground to Level A-8. Thus, the opened by the senior pilot as planned. With a slightly
estimated time the firefighters arrived at level A-8 was higher pressure inside the command module than outside,
shortly before 23:40 GMT. opening the inner hatch was impossible because of the
resulting force on the hatch. Thus the inability of the pres
When the firefighters arrived, the positions of the crew sure relief system to cope with the pressure increase due to
couches and crew could be perceived through the smoke but the fire made opening the inner hatch impossible until
only with great difficulty. An unsuccessful attempt was made after cabin rupture. After rupture, the intense and wide
to remove the senior pilot from the command module. spread fire, together with rapidly increasing carbon monox
ide concentrations, further prevented egress.
Initial observations and subsequent inspection revealed the
following facts. The command pilot's couch (the left Whether the inner hatch handle was moved by the crew
couch) was in the "170 degree" position, in which it was cannot be determined because the opening of the inner
essentially horizontal throughout its length. The foot hatch from the White Room also moves the handle within
restraints and harness were released and the inlet and out the command module to the unlatched position.
let oxygen hoses were connected to the suit. The electrical
adapter cable was disconnected from the communications Immediately after the firefighters arrived, the pad leader on
cable. The command pilot was lying supine on the aft duty was relieved to allow treatment for smoke inhalation.
bulkhead or floor of the command module, with his hel He had first reported over the headset that he could not
met visor dosed and locked and with his head beneath the describe the situation in the command module. In this
pilot's head rest and his feet on his own couch. A fragment manner he attempted to convey the fact that the crew was
of his suit material was found outside the command mod dead to the Test Conductor without informing the many
ule pressure vessel five feet from the point of rupture. This people monitoring the commlinication channels. Upon
indicated that his suit had failed prior to the time of rup reaching the ground the pad leader told the doctors that
ture (23:31:19.4 GMT), allowing convection currents to the crew was dead. The three doctors proceeded to the
carry the suit fragment through the rupture. White Room and arrived there shortly after the arrival of
the firefighters. The doctors estimate their arrival to have
The senior pilot's couch (the center couch) was in the been at 23:45 GMT. The second pad leader reported that
"96 degree" position in which the back portion was hori medical support was available at approximately 23:43
wntal and the lower portion was raised. The buckle releas GMT. The three doctors entered the White Room and
ing the shoulder straps and lap belts was not opened. The determined that the crew had not survived the heat,
straps and belts were burned through. The suit oxygen smoke, and thermal burns. The doctors were not equipped
outlet hose was connected but the inlet hose was discon with breathing apparatus, and the command module still
nected. The helmet visor was dosed and locked and all contained fumes and smoke. It was determined that noth
electrical connections were intact. The senior pilot was ing could be gained by immediate removal of the crew.
lying transversely across the command module just below The firefighters were directed to stop removal efforts.
the level of the hatchway.
When the command module had been adequately ventilated,
The pilot's couch (the couch on the right) was in the the doctors returned to the White Room with equipment
"264 degree" position in which the back portion was hori for crew removal. It became apparent that extensive fusion
wntal and the lower portion dropped toward the floor. All of suit material to melted nylon from the spacecraft would
restraints were disconnected, all hoses and electrical con make removal very difficult. For this reason it was decided
nections were intact and the helmet visor was closed and to discontinue removal efforts in the interest of accident
locked. The pilot was supine on his couch. investigation and to photograph the command module with
the crew in place before evidence was disarranged.
From the foregoing, it was determined that in all probabili
ty the command pilot left his couch to avoid the initial Photographs were taken and the removal efforts resumed
fire, the senior pilot remained in his couch as planned for at approximately 00:30 GMT, 28 January. Removal of the
emergency egress, attempting to open the hatch until his crew took approximately 90 minutes and was completed
restraints burned through. The pilot remained in his couch about seven and one-half hours after the accident.
The fire was not intense until about 23:31:12 GMT. The
slow rate of buildup of the fire during the early portion of
the first stage was consistent with the opinion that ignition
occurred in a zone containing little combustible material.
The slow rise of pressure could also have resulted from
absorption of most of the heat by the aluminum structure
of the command module.
Apollo I [2J
cooled. The third stage of the fire could not have lasted the spacecraft. After crew removal, two experts entered the
more than a few seconds because of the rapid depletion of command module to verify switch positions. Small groups
oxygen. It was estimated that the command module of NASA and North American Aviation management,
atmosphere was lethal by 23:31:30 GMT, five seconds after Apollo 204 Review Board members, representatives, and
the start of the third stage. consultants inspected the exterior of Spacecraft 012.
Although most of the fire inside the command module Command module 014 was shipped to NASA Kennedy
was quickly extinguished because of a lack of oxygen, a Space Center (KSC) on 1 February 1967 to assist the
localized, intense fire lingered in the area of the environ Board in the investigation. This command module was
mental control unit. This unit was located in the left placed in the Pyrotechnics Installation Building and was
equipment bay, near the point where the fire was believed used to develop disassembly techniques for selected com
to have started. Failed oxygen and water/glycol lines in this ponents prior to their removal from command module
area continued to supply oxygen and fuel to support the 012. By 7 February 1967, the disassembly plan was fully
localiZed fire that melted the aft bulkhead and burned operational. After the removal of each component, photo
adjacent portions of the inner surface of the command graphs were taken of the exposed area. This step-by-step
module heat shield. photography was used throughout the disassembly of the
spacecraft. Approximately 5,000 photographs were taken.
The Investigation
All interfaces such as electrical connectors, tubing joints,
Immediately after the accident, additional security person physical mounting of components, etc. were closely
nel were positioned at Launch Complex 34 and the com inspected and photographed immediately prior to, during,
plex was impounded. Prior to disturbing any evidence, and after disassembly. Each item removed from the com
numerous external and internal photographs were taken of mand module was appropriately tagged, sealed in clean
1
three-day period of three eight-hour shifts per day used to phere reached 100 wercent oxygen at 5 pounds per square
remove the aft heat shield, move the command module to inch. This "enriched air" mix was selected after extensive
a more convenient workstation and remove the crew com flammability tests various percentages of oxygen at vary
partment heat shield. The disassembly of the command ing pressures.
module was completed on 27 March 1967.
Other changes incl ded: substituting stainless steel for alu
Cause of the Apollo I Fire minum in high-pre~sure oxygen tubing, armor plated
water-glycol liquid !line solder joints, protective covers over
Although the Board was not able to determine conclusively wiring bundles: stor age. ~ox~s built of ~~mi~um, re~lace
the specific initiator of the Apollo 204 fire, it identified the ment of matenals tf mmim1ze flammability, mstallatwn of
conditions that led to the disaster. These conditions were: fireproof storage co tainers for flammable materials,
mechanical fastener substituted for gripper cloth patches,
1. A sealed cabin, pressurized with an oxygen atmosphere. . eproof coatin~Jon wire connections, replacement of
flam
r
plastic switches wi.. metal ones, installation of an emer
2. An extensive distribution of combustible materials in the cabin. gency oxygen syste~ to isolate the crew from toxic fumes,
and the inclusion o a portable fire extinguisher and
3. Vulnerable wiring carrying spacecraft power. fire-isolating panels in the cabin.
4. Vulnerable plumbing carrying a combustible and corrosive also made at Launch Complex 34.
coolant. changes to the White Room for
the new uici\-c,petiin!g spacecraft hatch, improved
5. Inadequate provisions for the crew to escape. &refighting emergency egress routes, emergency
access to the purging of all electrical equipment
6. Inadequate provisions for rescue or medical assistance. in the White with nitrogen, installation of a
hand-held wa,ter and a large exhaust fan in the White
Having identified these conditions, the Board addressed the and fumes out, fire-resistant paint,
question of how these conditions came to exist. Careful structural members to provide easier
consideration of this question led the Board to the conclu access to the cn<lrP,rr<1 f+ and faster egress, addition of a
sion that in its devotion to the many difficult problems of water spray system cool the launch escape system (the
space travel, the Apollo team failed to give adequate atten solid propellants be ignited by extreme heat), and
tion to certain mundane but equally vital questions of the installation of water spray systems along the
crew safety. The Board's investigation revealed many egress route from spacecraft to ground level.
deficiencies in design and engineering, manufacture, and
quality control.
Apollo I [TI
Apollo I Spacecraft History
EVENT DATE
Fabrication of spacecraft 012 at North American Aviation, Downey, CA. Aug 1964
Plugs Out Integrated Test initiated when power applied to spacecraft. 27 Jan 1967 12:55
Following completion of initial verification tests of system operation, command
pilot entered spacecraft, followed by pilot and senior pilot. 18:00
Count held when command pilot noted odor in spacecraft environmental
control system suit oxygen. Sample taken. 18:20
Count resumed after hatch installed. 19:42
Cabin purged with oxygen. 19:45
Open microphone first noted by test crew. 22:25
Count held while communication difficulties checked. Various final countdown
functions performed during hold as communications permitted. 22:40
From this time until about 23:53 GMT, flight crew interchanged equipment
related to communications systems in effort to isolate communications problem.
During troubleshooting period, problems developed with ability of various ground
stations to communicate with one another and with crew. 22:45
Final countdown functions up to transfer to simulated fuel cell power completed
and count held at T-10 minutes pending resolution of communications problems.
For next 10 minutes, no events related to fire. Major activity was routine
troubleshooting of communications problem. All other systems operated
normally during this period. 23:20
First indication by either cabin pressure or battery compartment sensors of
a pressure increase. 23:21:11
Command pilot live microphone transmitted brushing and tapping noises,
indicative of movement. Noises similar to those transmitted earlier in test
by live microphone when command pilot was known to be moving. 23:30
No voice transmissions from spacecraft from this time until transmission
reporting fire. 23:30:14
Slight increase in pulse and respiratory rate noted from senior pilot. 23:30:21
Data from guidance and navigation system indicated undetermined type of
crew movement. Gradual rise in oxygen flow rate to crew suits began,
indicating movement. Earlier in Plugs Out Integrated Test, crew reported that an
unspecified movement caused increased flow rate. 23:30:24
Senior pilot's electrocardiogram indicated muscular activity for several seconds. 23:30:30
Additional electrocardiogram indications from senior pilot. Data show increased
activity but were not indicative of alarm type of response. More intense crew
activity sensed by guidance and navigation system. 23:30:39
Crew movement ended. 23:30:44
All of senior pilot's biomedical parameters reverted to "rest'' level. 23:30:45
Variation in signal output from gas chromatograph. 23:30:50
First voice transmission ended. 23:31 :10
Fire broke from its point of origin. Evidence suggests a wall of flames extended
along left wall of module, preventing command pilot, occupying left couch, from
reaching valve which would vent command module to outside atmosphere.
Original flames rose vertically and spread out across cabin ceiling. Scattering
of firebrands of molten burning nylon contributed to spread of flames. It was
estimated that opening valve would have delayed command module rupture
by less than one second. 23:31:12
Cabin pressure exceeded range of transducers, 17 pounds per square inch absolute
(psia) for cabin and 21 psia for battery compartment transducers. Rupture and
resulting jet of hot gases caused extensive damage to exterior. 23:31:16
Apollo I @ ]
Apollo I Fire Timeline
Event GMT
GMT
Date
Time
Apollo 7 Summary
38 years old at the time of the Apollo 7 mission. He
received a B.S. in astronautics in 1952 from the U.S. Naval
(I I October-22 October 1968)
Academy, and an M.S. in astronautics in 1960 from the
U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology, and was selected as
an astronaut in 1963. 1 His backup was Commander John
Watts Young (USN).
I Eisele died of a heart attack I December 1987 in Tokyo, japan (Houston Chronicle, 3 Dec 1987, p. 8).
2 Pogue replaced Major Edward Galen Givens, jr. (USAF), who died in an automobile accident in Pearland, TX, on 6 june 1967. Givens had been selected in the astronaut class of
1966 (Houston Chronicle, 8 jun 1967).
Ascent Phase
At 000:10:26.76, the spacecraft entered Earth orbit, defined Prior to separatio~ from the S-NB, a 2-minute 56-second
as S-NB cutoff plus 10 seconds to account for engine tai manual takeover 3f
attitude control from the launch vehicle
loff and other transient effects. At insertion, conditions stage was performed at 002:30:48. The crew exercised the
3 RAE Table of Earth Satellites 1957-1986, pps. vii, and viii. The international Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) ha~ given all satellites a designation based on the year of
launch (first four digits) and number of successful launches during that year (next three digits). In COSPAR terminology, the letter A usually refers to the instrumented spacecraft,
B to the rocket, and C, D, E, etc. to fragments.
Apollo?~
manual S-IVB/IU orbital attitude control capability. This con
sisted of a test of the dosed loop spacecraft/launch vehicle
control system by performing manual pitch, roll, and yaw
maneuvers. The control system responded properly. After
completion of the test, the crew switched attitude control
back to the automatic launch vehicle system which resumed
the normal attitude timeline. By the time the CSM/S-IVB
separated at 002:55:02, venting of S-IVB propellants had
raised the orbit to 167.0 by 125.3 n mi.
Apollo? 0
the environment control unit and from the environment weather systems, winds and their effects on clouds, ocean
control unit to the inertial measurement unit were not surfaces, underwater zones of Australian reefs, the Pacific
insulated. Each time excessive condensation was noted on atolls, the Bahamas and Cuba, landform effects, climactic
the coolant lines or in a puddle on the aft bulkhead after wnes, and hydrology. Oceanographic surface features were
service propulsion system maneuvers, the crew vacuumed revealed more clearly than in any of the preceding piloted
the water overboard. Experiment S005 (Synoptic Terrain flights. The photographs of Hurricane Gladys and Typhoon
Photography) began at 098:40, using a hand-held modified Gloria, taken on 17 October and 20 October 1968, respec
70 mm Hasselblad 500C camera. The photographs were tively, were the best-to-date views of tropical storms. Image
used to study the origin of the Carolina bays in the United sharpness of photographs for this experiment ranged from
States, wind erosion in desert regions, coastal morphology, fair to excellent, again affected by the difficulty in holding
and the origin of the African rift valley. Near-vertical, high the camera steady. Regardless, ocean swells could be resolved
sun-angle photographs of Baja California, other parts of from altitudes near 100 n mi.
Mexico, and parts of the Middle East were useful for geo
logic studies. Photographs of New Orleans and Houston
were generally better for geographic urban studies than
those available from previous programs.
another spacecraft
the instrument
and the display i<Pvlnm::.rti
Example of Synoptic Weather Photography: a view of ended with the crew '"p'"'"'""''
Hurricane Gladys over the Pacific Ocean at an altitude
of 99 n mi (NASA AS07-07-1877).
performed during the eighth day,
During this time, the S-IVB stage continued to orbit the the second minimum-impulse
Earth. It impacted the Indian Ocean at 09:30 GMT on maneuver. At the the apogee was 234.6 n mi and the
18 October. The estimated impact point was latitude 8.9° perigee was 88.4 n This firing lasted 0.50 seconds and
south and longitude 81.6° east. was directed nnt-n.t-f'll:>r,P because no change in orbit was
desired.
A fifth service propulsion system firing was performed to
position the spacecraft for an optimum deorbit maneuver transmission, starting at 213:10, the
at the end of the planned orbital phase by allowing at least 1 out the window and gave ground
two minutes of tracking by the Hawaii ground station if controllers a view the Florida peninsula. They then
another orbit were required. This occurred at 165:00:00.42. turned the camera the spacecraft to show off the
To ensure verification of the propellant gauging system, the beards they had during the mission.
firing duration was increased from the original plan.
Carnarvon,
Analysis of data rnr1r>rmP•t1 the flare would have no effect
on the spacecraft crew. However, this exercise proved to
be an excellent of the systems and procedures
that would be used the event of a solar flare during a
was followed by the seventh
firing, a 7.70-second maneuver at
the spacecraft perigee at the prop
and recovery, and lowered the orbit
Apollo? 0
decided 48 hours prior to entry, and at the crew's insis
tence, that helmets and gloves would not be worn.
Recovery
At CM retrieval, the weather recorded onboard the Essex 3. The overall thermal alance of the spacecraft, for both active
showed light rain showers, 600-foot ceiling; visibility 2 n mi; and passive element , was more favorable than predicted for the
wind speed 16 knots from 260° true north; air temperature near-Earth environ ent.
74° F; water temperature 81° F; with waves to 3 feet from
260° true north. 4. The endurance requ red for systems operation on a lunar mis
sion was demonstra ed.
The CM was offloaded from the Essex on 24 October at
the Norfolk Naval Air Station, Norfolk, Virginia, and the 5. The capability of pe forming rendezvous using the CSM, with
Landing Safing Team began the evaluation and deactiva only optical and on oard data, was demonstrated; however, it
tion procedures at 14:00 GMT. Deactivation was completed was determined tha ranging information would be extremely
at 01:30 GMT on 27 October 1968. The CM was then desirable for the ter inal phase.
flown to Long Beach, California and trucked to the North
American Rockwell Space Division facility at Downey, 6. Navigation techniqf s in general were demonstrated to be ade
California for postflight analysis. quate for lunar mis ions. Specifically:
hm~n
The Apollo 7 mission was successful in every respect. All
spacecraft systems operated satisfactorily, and all but one of b. Th< Eruth ""' not =hk "" "!'!"' m"'"""''"' m
the detailed test objectives were met. As an engineering test low Earth orbit with the available optics design and techniques.
flight, Apollo 7 demonstrated the performance of the
orbital safing experiment, the adequacy of attitude control c. Although a deb is cloud of frozen liquid particles following
in both the manual and automatic modes, and that the venting obscure star visibility with the scanning telescope, it
vehicle systems could perform for extended periods in could be expect d to dissipate rapidly in Earth orbit without
orbit. For the first time, a mixed cabin atmosphere consist significantly co taminating the optical surfaces.
ing of 65 percent oxygen and 35 percent nitrogen was used
aboard an American piloted spacecraft. All previous flights d. Star visibility d ta with the scanning telescope indicated that
had used 100 percent oxygen, a procedure changed as a in cislunar spa e, with no venting and with proper spacecraft
result of recommendations made by the Apollo 1 fire orientation to ield the optics from the Sun and Earth or
investigation board. Another "first" was the availability of Moon light, co stellation recognition would be adequate for
hot and cold drinking water for the crew as a by-product platform inerti orientation.
of the service module fuel cells, an important element for
piloted lunar excursions. Consumables usage was main e. Sextant star vi ibility was adequate for platform realignments
tained at safe levels, and permitted the introduction of in daylight usi g Apollo navigation stars as close as 30° from
additional flight activities toward the end of the mission. the Sun line-o sight.
Apollo? 0
7. The rendezvous radar acquisition and tracking test demonstrat 5. Pl.l2: To demonstrate guidance navigation control system a~to
ed the capability of performance at ranges required for ren matic and manual attitude controlled reaction control system
dezvous between the CSM and the LM. maneuvers. Partially achieved, by the automatic mode prior to the
service propulsion system burns and the manual mode. Although
8. Mission support facilities, including the Piloted Space Flight all required modes were demonstrated, all rates were not checked.
Network and the recovery forces were satisfactory for an Earth
orbital mission. 6. Pl.l3: To perform guidance navigation control system controlled .
service propulsion system and reaction control system velocity
Apollo 7 Objectives4 maneuvers. Achieved, at various times during the mission.
Launch Vehicle Primary Detailed Objectives 7. Pl.l4: To evaluate the ability of the guidance navigation control
system to guide the entry from Earth orbit. Achieved, during entry.
1. To demonstrate the adequacy of the launch vehicle attitude con
trol system for orbital operation. Achieved. 8. PUS: To perform star and Earth horizon sightings to establish
an Earth horizon model. Not achieved. On the two occasions
2. To demonstrate S-IVB orbital sating capability. Achieved. attempted, the Earth horizon was indistinct and variable, with no
defined boundaries or lines, thus precluding obtaining the neces
3. To evaluate S-IVB J-2 engine augmented spark igniter line sary data.
modifications. Achieved.
9. Pl.l6: To obtain inertial measurement unit performance data in
Launch Vehicle Secondary Detailed Test Objectives the flight environment. Achieved, in conjunction with the inertial
measurement unit alignment checks. Two pulse integrating pendu
1. To evaluate the S-IVB/instrument unit orbital coast lifetime lous accelerometer bias tests were also performed.
capability. Achieved.
10. P2.3: To monitor the entry monitoring system during service
2. To demonstrate command and service module piloted launch propulsion velocity changes and entry. Achieved, during the first
vehicle orbital attitude control. Achieved. service propulsion service burn and entry.
Spacecraft Primary Objectives 11. P2.4: To demonstrate the stabilization control system automatic
and manual attitude controlled reaction control system maneu
1. To demonstrate command and service module and crew per vers. Achieved, except for testing the high and auto rate modes.
formance. Achieved.
12. P2.5: To demonstrate the command and service module stabi
2. To demonstrate crew, space vehicle, and mission support facili lization control system velocity control capability. Achieved.
ties performance. Achieved.
13. P2.6: To perform a manual thrust vector control takeover. Achieved.
3. To demonstrate command and service module rendezvous capa
bility. Achieved. 14. P2.7: To obtain data on the stabilizationcontrol systems capabil
ity to provide a suitable inertial reference in a flight environ
Spacecraft Primary Detailed Test Objectives ment. Achieved, during the zero-g phase of the mission prior to
the fourth service propulsion system burn and prior to the S-IVB
1. Pl.6: To perform inertial measurement unit alignments using separation. Desired data during the boost phase was not obtained.
the sextant. Achieved.
15. P2.10: To accomplish the backup mode of the gyro display
2. Pl.7: To perform an internal measurement unit orientation deter coupler-flight director attitude indicator alignment using the
mination and a star pattern daylight visibility check. Achieved. scanning telescope in preparation for an increment velocity
maneuver. Achieved, although there was a problem with the
3. P1.8: To perform onboard navigation using the technique of the flight director attitude indicator in the latter part of the mission.
scanning telescope landmark tracking. Achieved.
16. P3.14: To demonstrate the service propulsion system minimum
4. Pl.lO: To perform optical tracking of a target vehicle using the impulse burns in a space environment. Achieved, during the
sextant. Achieved, during rendezvous. fourth and sixth service propulsion burns.
4 Apollo objectives and their level of achievement for all flights are derived from mission reports and from Boeing's final flight evaluation reports for Apollo 7, 8, 9, and 10.
19. P3.20: To verify the adequacy of the propellant feed line ther 34. P20.ll: To obtai data on all command and service module
mal control system. Achieved, by the demonstration of normal consumables. Ac ieved.
operation and the cold soak test.
35. P20.l3: To perfo m a command and service module active ren
20. P4.4: To verify the life support functions of the environmental dezvous with th S-IVB. Achieved.
control system. Achieved.
36. P20.l5: To obtai crew evaluation of intravehicular activity in
21. P4.6: To obtain data on operation of the waste management general. Achieve
system in the flight environment. Achieved.
Spacecraft SeconL Detailed Test Objectives
22. P4.8: To operate the secondary coolant loop. Achieved, and
included daily redundant component tests. 1. Sl.l1: To monitor e guidance navigation control systems and
displays during Ia nch. Achieved.
23. P4.9: To demonstrate the water management subsystems opera
tion in the flight environment. Achieved, throughout the mission, 2. S3.l7: To obtain ata on the service module reaction control
despite a problem with the chlorination procedure and some subsystem pulse nd steady state performance. Achieved.
hardware problems.
3. S7.24: To obtain ata on initial coning angles when in the spin
24. P4.l0: To demonstrate the postlanding ventilation circuit opera mode as used du ing transearth flight. Partially achieved. The
tion. Achieved. first of three tests as accomplished. A pitch control mode was
also accomplished but was not planned prior to launch. The third
25. P5.8: To obtain data on thermal stratification with and without test was deleted ( e crew objected because they expected excessive
the cryogenic fans of the cryogenic gas storage system. cross-coupling).
Achieved. Although only two of the three stratification tests were
successful and part of the third test was accomplished (the rest 4. S7.28: To obtain qonllm;md and service module vibration data.
was deleted), sufficient data were obtained. powered flight, and deorbit.
26. P5.9: To verify automatic pressure control of the cryogenic tank 5. S20.9: To manual out-of-window command and service
systems in a zero-g environment. Achieved. qm:manon for retrofire. Achieved, by two tests.
27. P5.l0: To demonstrate fuel cell water operations in a zero-g crew controlled manual S-IVB attitude
environment. Achieved.
28. P6.7: To demonstrateS-band data uplink capability. Achieved. the launch vehicle propellant pressure dis
aat!qua~ to warn of a common bulkhead reversal.
29. P6.8: To demonstrate a simulated command and service mod
ule overpass of the lunar module rendezvous radar during the
lunar stay. Achieved, during the 48th revolution. photographs of the command module ren
wu"1r.wc during discrete phases of the mission.
30. P7.l9: To obtain data on the environmental control system pri the second and third ofJour scheduled tests
mary radiator thermal coating degradation. Achieved, from
092:37 to 097:00.
data on propellant slosh damping following
31. P7.20: To obtain data on the block II forward heat shield ther v•vvw<uv•• system cutoff and following reaction control
mal protection system. Achieved, during entry. Achieved, by three tests.
Apollo 7 0
10. S20.18: To obtain data via the command and service photographs enabled ineteorologists to ascertain much more accu
module/Apollo range instrumentation aircraft communication rately the types ofclouds involved than with black-and-white
subsystems. Achieved. satellite photographs. Oceanographic surface features were also
revealed more clearly than in any of the preceding piloted flights.
11. S20.19: To demonstrate command and se~ice module VHF
voice communications with the Manned Space Flight Network. 3. M006: To establish the occurrence and degree of bone deminer
Achieved, throughout the mission and during recovery. alization during long spacdlights. Aehieved, by preflight and post
flight x-ray studies of selected bones of crew members.
12. S20.20: To evaluate the crew optical alignment sight for dock
ing, rendezvous, and proper attitude verification. Achieved, 4. MO11: To determine if the space environment fosters any cellu
throughout the mission and in conjunction with deorbit attitude. lar changes in human blood. Achieved, by comparison ofpreflight
and postflight crew blood samples.
13. S7.21: To obtain data on the service module lunar module
adapter deployment system operation. Achieved. 5. M023: To measure changes in lower body negative pressure as
evidence of cardiovascular deconditioning resulting from pro
Experiments longed weightlessness. Achieved, by preflight and postflight med
ical examinations.
1. SOOS (Synoptic Terrain Photography): To obtain elective, high
quality photographs with color and panchromatic film of select Test Objectives Added During Mission
ed land and ocean areas. Achieved. OJ the more than 500 photo
graphs obtained, approximately 200 were usable for the purposes 1. Pitch about Y axis. Achieved.
of the experiment. The objective of comparing color with
black-and-white photography of the same areas was not successful 2. Optics degradation evaluation. Achieved.
because ofproblems with focus, exposure, and filters.
3. Sextant/horizon sightings. Not achieved. Erroneous procedures
2. S006 (Synoptic Weather Photography): To obtain selective, high were given to the crew.
quality color cloud photographs to study the fine structure of
Earth's weather syst.em. Achieved. In particular, excellent views of 4. Three additional S-band communication modes. Achieved.
Hurricane Gladys and Tjphoon Gloria were obtained. The color
Individual and combined CM and SM systems test completed at factory. 18 Mar 1968
Saturn IB stage delivered to KSC. 28 Mar 1968
Saturn IV-B stage delivered to KSC. 7 Apr 1968
Saturn IB instrument unit delivered to KSC. 11 Apr 1968
Integrated CM and SM systems test completed at factory. 29 Apr 1968
CM #101 and SM #101 ready to ship from factory to KSC. 29 May 1968
CM #101 and SM #101 delivered to KSC. 30 May 1968
CM #101 and SM #101 mated. 11 Jun 1968
CSM #101 combined systems test completed. 19 Jun 1968
CSM #101 altitude tests completed. 29 Jul1968
Space vehicle moved to Cape Kennedy Launch Complex 34. 9 Aug 1968
CSM #101 integrated systems test completed. 27 Aug 1968
CSM #101 electrically mated to launch vehicle. 30 Aug 1968
Space vehicle overall test completed. 4 Sep 1968
Space vehicle countdown demonstration test completed. 17 Sep 1968
Space vehicle flight readiness test completed. 25 Sep 1968
Liftoffli 000:00:00.36 0.019 0.000 0.0 1,341.7 I 28.3608 -80.5611 0.06 90.01
Mach 1 achieved 000:01:02.15 4.120 0.753 1,039.1 1,960.1 28.3649 -80.5477 29.63 86. 70
Maximum.dynamic pressure 000:01:15.5 6.567 1.933 1,459.4 2,408.8 28.3708 -80.5264 31.64 83.65
S-IB center engine cutoff 000:02:20.65 30.626 29.184 6,264.7 7,394.5 123.64 28.5090 -80.0349 27.09 75.87
S-IB outboard engine cutoff 000:02:24.32 32.678 32.418 6,479.1 7,616.8 147.31 28.5252 -79.9765 26.55 75.78
S- IBIS- IVB separation7 000:02:25.59 33.389 33.561 6,472.1 7,612.6 28.5310 -79.9558 26.32 75.79
S-IVB engine cutoff 000:10:16.76 123.167 983.290 24,181.2 25,525.9 469.79 31.3633 -61.9777 0.00 85.91
Earth orbit insertion 000: 10:26.76 123.177 1,121.743 24,208.5 25,553.2 31.4091 -61.2293 0.005 86.32
5 There are conflicts in NASA literature regarding the history of Apollo hardware. Where conflicts exist, the author has use the dates that appear to be most logical. The sources for
these events are: Apollo Program Summary Report (JSC-09423); Stages To Saturn: A Technological History of Saturn/Apoll Launch Vehicles (SP-4206); and the Saturn V Flight
Evaluation Report for each mission.
6 Altitude on the launch pad is measured at the instrument unit for all Apollo missions.
7 Only the commanded time is available for this event.
Apollo? 0
Apollo 7 Earth Orbit Phase
Space
Fixed Event Velocity
GET Velocity Duration Change Apogee Perigee Perigee Inclination
Event (hhh:mm:ss) (ft!sec) (sec) (ftlsec) (n mi) (n mi) (mins) (deg)
Apollo 7
Apollo 7 Timeline
GET
GMT
GMT
Apollo 7
Apollo 7 Timeline
GET
GMT
GMT
8th SPS ignition (deorbit burn). 259:39: 16.36 10:42:01 22 Oct 1968
8th SPS cutoff. 259:39:28.15 10:42:13 22 Oct 1968
CM!SM separation. 259:43:33.8 10:46:18 22 Oct 1968
Entry. 259:53:26 10:56:11 22 Oct 1968
Communication blackout started. 259:54:58 10:57:43 22 Oct 1968
Communication blackout ended. 259:59:46 11:02:31 22 Oct 1968
Maximum entry g force (3.33 g). 260:01:09 11:03:54 22 Oct 1968
SM impact in the Atlantic Ocean. S-band contact with CM by recovery aircraft. 260:03 11:055 22 Oct 1968
Drogue parachute deployed. 260:03:23 11:06:08 22 Oct 1968
Main parachute deployed. VHF voice contact with CM established by recovery forces. 260:04:13 11:06:58 22 Oct 1968
Splashdown (went to apex-down). 260:09:03 11:11:48 22 Oct 1968
Inflation of flotation bags started. 260:18 11:20 22 Oct 1968
CM returned to apex-up position. 260:22 11:24 22 Oct 1968
VHF recovery beacon signal received by recovery aircraft. 260:23 11:25 22 Oct 1968
VHF voice communication with CM reestablished. 260:24 11:26 22 Oct 1968
CM sighted by recovery helicopter. 260:30 11:32 22 Oct 1968
Swimmers and flotation collar deployed. 260:32 11:34 22 Oct 1968
Flotation collar inflated. 260:41 11:43 22 Oct 1968
CM hatch opened. 260:45 11:47 22 Oct 1968
Crew aboard recovery helicopter. 260:58 12:00 22 Oct 1968
Recovery ship at CM. Crew aboard recovery ship. 261:06 12:08 22 Oct 1968
CM aboard recovery ship. 262:01 13:03 22 Oct 1968
Crew departed recovery ship. 285:54 12:56 23 Oct 1968
Crew arrived at Cape Kennedy. 288:43 15:45 23 Oct 1968
CM offloaded at Norfolk Naval Air Station. 24 Oct 1968
Saling team started CM deactivation. 310:58 14:00 24 Oct 1968
Deactivation of CM completed. 370:28 01:30 27 Oct 1968
Apollo 8 Summary After two months of testing, which started 11 June 1968, it
was determined that the LM would not be ready for the
(21 December-27 December 1968) projected early December launch. Therefore, the decision
was made on 19 August that a 19,900-pound LM test arti
cle would be installed in the spacecraft/launch vehicle
adapter for mass loading purposes, replacing the LM. It
was also on this date that the crew was instructed to train
for a mission to the Moon, officially designated "Apollo 8."
Apollo8 [}D
Ascent Phase Four recoverable film camera capsules were carried aboard
the S-IC stage. Two were located in the forward interstage
Apollo 8 was launched from Launch Complex 39, Pad A, at looking forward to view S-IC/S-II separation and S-II
the Kennedy Space Center, Florida. Liftoff occurred at a engine start. The other two were mounted on top of the S
Range Zero time of 12:51:00 GMT (07:51:00 a.m. EST) on IC stage LOX tank and contained pulse cameras which
21 December 1968, well within the planned launch window. viewed aft into the LOX tank through fiber optics bundles.
One of the LOX tank capsules was recovered by helicopter
The ascent phase was nominal. Moments after liftoff, the at 00:19:30 at latitude 30.22° north and longitude 73.97°
vehicle rolled from a launch pad azimuth of 90° to a flight west. Despite film damage caused by sea water and dye
azimuth of 72.124° east of north. The S-IC engine shut down marker which had leaked into the camera compartment,
at 000:02:33.82, followed by S-IC/S-II separation, and S-II the film provided usable data. It was not known if the
engine ignition. The S-II engine shut down at 000:08:44.04 other three capsules were ejected. There were also two tele
followed by separation from the S-NB, which ignited at vision cameras on the S-IC to view propulsion and control
000:08:48.29. The first S-NB engine cutoff occurred at system components. Both provided good quality data.
000:11:24.98, with deviations from the planned trajectory of
only+1.44 ft/sec in velocity and only -0.01 n mi in altitude. The maximum wind conditions encountered during ascent
were 114.1 ft/sec at 284° from true north at 49,900 feet
(high dynamic pressure region). Component wind shears
were of low magnitude at all altitudes. The largest wind
shear was a pitch plane shear of 0.0103 sec-t at 52,500 feet.
Translunar Phase
1 The maneuver at 010:59:59.2 was targeted for a velocity change of 24.8 ft/sec. Only 20.4 ft/sec was achieved because thrust was less than expected. The firing time of 2.4 seconds
was correct for the constants loaded into the computer, but was approximately 0.4 second too short for the actual engine performance.
Apollo 8 35
CMP Jim Lovell with camera (NASA S68-56533).
Apollo8 0
The still photography contributed significantly to knowl tude of 60 n mi reduced the probability that a crew would
edge of the lunar environment. In addition, many valuable be able to use color to distinguish geologic units while
observations were made by the crew. Their initial com operating near or on the lunar surface.
ments during the lunar orbit phase included descriptions
of the color of the lunar surface as "black-and-white;'
"absolutely no color" or "whitish gray, like dirty beach
sand:' As expected, the crew could recognize surface fea
tures in shadow zones and extremely bright areas of the
lunar surface, but these features were not well delineated in
the photographs.
Transearth Phase
After emerging from lunar occlusion following transearth
injection, Apollo 8 experienced the only significant com transmissions were made during
munications difficulty of the mission. Although two-way fifth was a 9-minute 31-second trans
phaselock was established at 089:28:47, two-way voice con spacecratt interior at 104:24:04. The sixth
tact and telemetry synchronization were not achieved until
089:33:28 and 089:43:00, respectively. Data indicated that of Earth, particularly of the western
high-gain antenna acquisition may have been attempted
while line-of-sight was within the service module reflection
region and that the reflections may have caused the anten was jettisoned at 146:28:48, and the
na to track on a side lobe. In addition, the spacecraft was an automatically guided entry profile.
luuLuV\rcu
erroneously configured for high-bit-rate transmission; data for the service module were avail
therefore the command at 089:29:29 that configured the able during entry, but photographic coverage information
spacecraft for normal voice and subsequent playback of the correlated well the predicted trajectory in altitude, lat
data storage equipment, selected an S-band signal combi
Apollo8 0
The parachute system effected splashdown of the CM in
the Pacific Ocean at 10:51:42 GMT (05:51:42 a.m. EST) on
27 December. Mission duration was 147:00:42.0. The
impact point was 1.4 n mi from the target point and 2.6 n
mi from the recovery ship U.S.S. Yorktown. The splashdown
site was estimated to be latitude 8.10° north and longitude
165.00° west. Due to the splashdown impact, the CM
assumed an apex-down flotation attitude, but was success
fully returned to the normal flotation position 6 minutes
and 3 seconds later by the inflatable bag uprighting system.
Recovery
With only minor problems, all Apollo 8 spacecraft systems 8. To accommodate e change in Apollo 8 from an Earth orbital
operated as intended, and all primary mission objectives to a lunar mission pre-mission planning, crew training, and
were successfully accomplished. Crew performance was ground support re onfigurations were completed in a time peri
admirable throughout the mission. Approximately 90 per od significantly sh rter than usual. The required response was
cent of the photographic objectives were accomplished and particularly dema ding on the crew and, although not desirable
60 percent of the additional lunar photographs requested on a long-term ba is, exhibited a capability which had never
as "targets of opportunity" were also taken, despite fogging before been demo ·strated.
of three of the spacecraft windows due to exposure of the
window sealant to the space environment and early curtail olio 8 Objectives
ment of crew activities due to fatigue. Many smaller lunar
features, previously undiscovered, were photographed. Objectives
These features were located principally on the far side of
the Moon in areas which had been photographed only at 1. To demonstrate cr w/space vehicle/mission support facilities
much greater distances by automated spacecraft. In addi performance duri g a piloted Saturn V mission with the com
tion, the heat shield system was not adversely affected by mand and service module. Achieved.
exposure to cislunar space or to the lunar environment
and performed as expected. The following conclusions 2. To demonstrate th performance of nominal and selected back
were made from an analysis of post-mission data: up lunar orbit ren ezvous mission activities, including:
1. The CSM systems were operational for a piloted lunar mission. a. Saturn targetin for translunar injection. Achieved.
2. All system parameters and consumable quantities were main b. Long-duration ervice propulsion burns and midcourse cor
tained well within their design operating limits during both cis rections. Achie ed.
lunar and lunar orbit flight.
c. Pre-translunar njection procedures. Achieved.
3. Passive thermal control, a slow rolling maneuver perpendicular
to the Sun line, was a satisfactory means of maintaining critical d. Translunar inj ction. Achieved.
spacecraft temperatures near the middle of the acceptable
response ranges. e. Command and service module orbital navigation. Achieved.
4. The navigation techniques developed for translunar and lunar Primary Detailed est Objectives
orbit flight were proved to be more than adequate to maintain
required lunar orbit insertion and transearth injection guidance guidance and navigation control system con
accuracies. lunar return. Achieved.
5. Non-simultaneous sleep periods adversely affected the normal 2. Pl.33: To perform tar-lunar horizon sightings during the translu
circadian cycle of each crew member and provided a poor envi nar and transear phases. Achieved, although the field of view in
ronment for undisturbed rest. Mission activity scheduling for the scanning telesc e was obscured by what appeared to be parti
the lunar orbit coast phase also did not provide adequate time cles whenever the t lescope optics were repositioned.
for required crew rest periods.
3. Pl.34: To perform tar-Earth horizon sightings during translunar
6. Communications and tracking at lunar distances were excellent and transearth ph ses. Achieved, although the field of view in the
in all modes. The high-gain antenna, flown for the first time, scanning telescope as obscured by what appeared to be particles
performed exceptionally well and withstood dynamic structural whenever the teles IJie optics were repositioned.
loads and vibrations which exceeded anticipated operating levels.
Apollo8 0
4. P6.11: To perform manual and automatic acquisition, tracking, 15. P20.114: To perform translunar and transearth midcourse cor
and communication with the Manned Space Flight Network using rections. Achieved, although the service propulsion system engine
the high-gain command and service moduleS-band antenna dur experienced a momentary drop in chamber pressure from 94 psi
ing a lunar mission. Achieved. to 50 psi during the service propulsion system burn for midcourse
correction, and the entry monitoring system velocity counter
5. P7.31: To obtain data on the passive thermal control system dur counted through zero at the termination ofthe transearth mid
ing a lunar orbit mission. Achieved. course correction.
6. P7.32: To obtain data on the spacecraft dynamic response. Secondary Detailed Test Objectives
Achieved.
1. Sl.27: To monitor the guidance and navigation control system
7. P7.33: To demonstrate spacecraft lunar module adapter panel jet and displays during launch. Achieved.
tison in a zero-g environment. Achieved.
2. S1.30: To obtain inertial measurement unit performance data in
8. P20.105: To perform lunar orbit insertion service propulsion sys the flight environment. Achieved.
tem guidance and navigation control system controlled burns with
a fully loaded command and service module. Achieved. 3. Sl.32: To perform star-Earth landmark sighting navigation dur
ing translunar and transearth phases. Partially achieved. The
9. P20.106: To perform a transearth insertion guidance and naviga three sets ofsightings required at less than 50,000 n mi altitude
tion control system controlled service propulsion system burn. were not obtained. The accuracy of other navigation modes was
Achieved. sufficient to preclude the necessity of using star-Earth landmarks
for midcourse navigation. No constraint on subsequent missions
10. P20.107: To obtain data on the command module crew proce resulted from this problem.
dures and timeline for lunar orbit mission activities. Achieved.
4. Sl.35: To perform an inertial measurement unit alignment and
11. P20.109: To demonstrate command service module passive ther a star pattern visibility check in daylight. Achieved.
mal control modes and related communication procedures dur
ing a lunar orbit mission. Achieved. 5. S3.21: To perform service propulsion system lunar orbit injec
tion and transearth injection burns and monitor the primary
12. P20.110: To demonstrate ground operational support for a com and auxiliary gauging systems. Achieved.
mand and service module lunar orbit mission. Achieved.
6. S4.5: To obtain data on the block II environmental control sys
13. P20.111: To perform lunar landmark tracking in lunar orbit from tem performance during piloted lunar return entry conditions.
the command and service module. (The intent of this objective Achieved, although the #2 cabin fan was noisy.
was to establish that an onboard capability existed to compute
relative position data for the lunar landing mission. This mode 7. S6.10: To communicate with the Manned Space Flight Network
was to be used in conjunction with the Manned Space Flight using the command and service module S-band omni antennas
Network state-vector update). Partially achieved. All portions of the at lunar distance. Achieved.
objective were satisfied exceptfor the functional test, which required
the use of onboard data to determine the error uncertainties in the 8. S7.30: To demonstrate the performance of the block II thermal
landing site location. A procedural error caused the time intervals protection system during a piloted lunar return entry. Achieved.
between the mark designations to be too short; thus, the data may
have been correct but may not have been representative. The accu 9. S20.104: To perform a command and service module/S-IVB sep
racy of the onboard capability was not determined because the aration and a command and service module transposition on a
data analysis was not complete at the time the mission report was lunar mission timeline. Achieved.
published. Sufficient data were obtained to determine that no con
straint existed for subsequ.:nt missions. A demonstration of this 10. S20.108: To obtain data on command·and service module con
technique was planned for the next lunar mission. sumables for a command and service module lunar orbit mis
sion. Achieved.
14. P20.112: To prepare for translunar injection and monitor the
guidance and navigation control system and launch vehicle tank 11. S20.115: To obtain photographs during the transearth, translu
pressure displays during the translunar injection burn. Achieved. nar and lunar orbit phases for operational and scientific pur
Functional Tests Added to Primary Detailed Test 5. To demonstrate capability of the S-IVB to restart in Earth
Objectives During the Mission orbit. Achieved.
1. Pl.34: Star/earth horizon photography through the sextant. Achieved. operation of the S-IVB helium heater repres
surization Achieved.
2. P1.34: Midcourse navigation with helmets on. Achieved.
capability to safe the S-IVB stage in orbit.
3. Pl.34: Navigation with long eyepiece. Achieved.
4. P6.11: High-gain antenna, automatic reacquisition. Achieved. caJ:~bilityto inject the S-IVB/instrument unit/lunar
"B" into a lunar "slingshot" trajectory. Achieved.
5. P20.109: Passive thermal control, roll rate of 0.3° per second.
Achieved. of the launch vehicle to perform a
injection. Achieved.
Launch Vehicle Primary Detailed Test Objectives
Detailed Test Objective
1. To verify that modifications incorporated in the S-IC stage since
the Apollo 6 flight suppress low-frequency longitudinal oscilla To verify the command and communications system and
tions (POGO). Achieved. ground system and the operation of the command and
in the deep space environment. Achieved.
Apollo 8 ~
Apollo 8 Spacecraft History
EVENT DATE
Liftoff 000:00:00.67 0.032 0.000 2.2 1,340.7 28.4470 -80.6041 0.00 90.00
Mach 1 achieved 000:01 :01.45 3.971 1.297 1,076.3 2,078.4 28.4526 -80.5805 26.79 85.21
Maximum dynamic pressure 000:01 :18.9 7.252 3.545 1,735.4 2,754.7 28.4645 -80.5398 29.56 82.43
S-IC center engine cutoff2 000:02:05.93 22.398 22.704 5,060.1 6,213.78 132. 2 28.5581 -80.1934 24.527 76.572
S-IC outboard engine cutoff 000:02:33.82 35.503 48.306 7,698.0 8,899.77 160.41 28.6856 -79.7302 20.699 75.387
S-ICIS- II separation2 000:02:34.47 35.838 49.048 7,727.36 8,930.15 28.6893 -79.7168 20.605 75.384
S-11 engine cutoff 000:08:44.04 103.424 812.267 21,055.6 22,379.1 367.85 31.5492 -65.3897 0.646 81.777
S-11/S-IVB separation2 000:08:44.90 103.460 815.159 21,068.14 22,391.60 31.5565 -65.3338 0.636 81.807
S-IVB 1st burn cutoff 000:11:24.98 103.324 1,391.631 24,238.3 25,562.43 156.69 32.4541 -54.0565 -0.001 88.098
Earth orbit insertion 000:11:34.98 103.326 1,430.363 24,242.9 35,532.41 32.4741 -53.2923 -2.072 87.47
Apollo8 0
Apollo 8 Translunar Phase
Space
Fixed Space
Space Flight Fixed
Fixed Event Velocity Path Heading
GET Altitude Velocity Duration Change Angle Angle
Event (hhh:mm:ss) (n mi) (ft/sec) (sec) (ft/sec) (deg) (E ofN)
Apollo 8 47
Apollo 8 Timeline
GET GMT GMT
Event (hhh:mm:ss) Time Date
Apolloo 8 49
Apollo 8 Timeline
GET GMT GMT
Event (hhh:mm:ss) Time Date
CMP: "Roger. Please be informed there IS a Santa Claus:' 089:34:25 06:25:25 25 Dec 1968
CAPCOM: "That's affirmative. You are the best ones to know:' 089:34:31 06:25:31 25 Dec 1968
Two-way telemetry synchronization established. 089:43:00 06:34:00 25 Dec 1968
Midcourse correction ignition. 104:00:00.00 20:51:00 25 Dec 1968
Midcourse correction cutoff. 104:00:15.00 20:51:15 25 Dec 1968
5th television transmission started. 104:24:04 21:15:04 25 Dec 1968
5th television transmission ended. 104:33:35 21:24:35 25 Dec 1968
Onboard state vector and platform alignment data corrupted due to crew error. 106:26 23:17 25 Dec 1968
State vector and platform alignment data corrected. 106:45 23:36 25 Dec 1968
Test of high-gain antenna automatic acquisition. 110:16:55 3:07:55 26 Dec 1968
6th television transmission started. 127:45:33 20:36:33 26 Dec 1968
6th television transmission ended.
128:05:27 20:56:27 26 Dec 1968
1st reception of ground VHF during transearth coast.
142:16:00 11:07:00 27 Dec 1968
CM/SM separation.
146:28:48.0 15:19:48 27 Dec 1968
Entry.
146:46:12.8 15:37:12 27 Dec 1968
Communication blackout started.
146:46:37 15:37:37 27 Dec 1968
Maximum entry g force (6.84 g).
146:47:38.4 15:38:38 27 Dec 1968
Recovery aircraft received direction-finding signals from CM and established visual contact.
146:49 15:4 27 Dec 1968
Radar contact with CM established by recovery ship at 270 nautical miles.
146:50 15:41 27 Dec 1968
Radar contact with CM established by recovery ship at 109 nautical miles.
146:51 15:42 27 Dec 1968
Communication blackout ended.
146:51:42.0 15:42:42 27 Dec 1968
Radar contact with CM established by recovery ship at 60 nautical miles.
146:52 15:43 27 Dec 1968
Drogue parachute deployed.
146:54:47.8 15:45:47 27 Dec 1968
Main parachute deployed.
146:55:38.9 15:46:38 27 Dec 1968
Voice contact established with CM by recovery helicopter. Recovery beacon signal contact
established with CM by recovery aircraft. 146:56:01 14:52 27 Dec 1968
Recovery beacon contact with CM established. 146:57:05 15:48:05 27 Dec 1968
Splashdown (went to apex-down).
147:00:42.0 15:51:42 27 Dec 1968
CM went to apex down position. Voice contact lost.
147:00:50 15:51:50 27 Dec 1968
CM returned to apex-up position.
147:07:45 15:58:45 27 Dec 1968
Crew aboard recovery ship.
148:29 17:20 27 Dec 1968
Recovery ship arrived at CM.
149:22 18:13 27 Dec 1968
Crew in life raft.
148:15 17:06 27 Dec 1968
Swimmers deployed to CM.
147:44 16:35 27 Dec 1968
Flotation collar inflated.
148:07 16:58 27 Dec 1968
CM hatch opened.
148:12 17:03 27 Dec 1968
Crew aboard recovery helicopter.
148:23 17:14 27 Dec 1968
CM aboard recovery ship.
149:29 18:20 27 Dec 1968
Deactivation of CM started at Ford Island, Hawaii.
200:09 21:00 29 Dec 1968
CM arrived at contractor's facility in Downey, CA.
296:09 21:00 02 Jan 1969
{3 March-13 March 1969) • to demonstrate crew, space vehicle, and mission support facilities
performance during a piloted Saturn V mission with command
and service modules and lunar module;
Launch Preparations
Apollo 9 was launched from Kennedy Space Center Launch Parking orbit conditions at insertion, 000:11:14.65 (S-IVB
Complex 39, Pad A, at a Range Zero time of 16:00:00 cutoff plus 10 seconds to account for engine tailoff and
GMT (11:00:00 a.m. EST) on 3 March 1969. The planned other transient effects), showed an apogee and perigee of
launch window for Apollo 9 extended to 19:15:00 GMT. 100.74 by 99.68 n mi, an inclination of 32.552°, a period
of 88.20 minutes, and a velocity of 25,569.78 ft/sec. The
Between 000:00:13.3 and 000:00:33.0, the vehicle rolled apogee and perigee were based upon a spherical Earth with
from a launch pad azimuth of 90° to a flight azimuth of a radius of 3,443.934 n mi.
72°. The S-IC engine shut down at 000:02:42.76, followed
by S-IC/S-II separation and S-II engine ignition. The S-II The international designation for the CSM upon achieving
engine shut down at 000:08:56.22, followed by separation orbit was 1969-018A; the S-IVB was designated 1969-018B.
from the S-IVB, which ignited at 000:09:00.82. The first After undocking, the LM ascent stage would be designated
S-IVB engine cutoff occurred at 000:11:04.66, with devia 1969-018C and the descent stage 1969-018D.
Apollo 9
Earth Orbit Phase At 005:59:01.07, the crew performed the first of eight st:rv
ice propulsion firings, a 5.23-second maneuver that raised
After post-insertion checkout, the CSM was separated from the CS¥/LM orbit to 127.6 by 113.4 n mi.
the S-IVB stage at 002:41:16.0. The adapter that housed the
LM and shielded it from the rigors of launch was then jetti The third and final S-IVB ignition at 006:07:19.26 was a
soned. The CM was turned so its apex, holding the docking 242.06-second maneuver to demonstrate restart capability
probe, faced the LM. Docking with the LM was completed after the 80-minute coast and to test the engine perform
at 003:01:59.3. ance under "out-of-specification" conditions. It also provid
ed better ground tracking lighting conditions for the
upcoming rendezvous. The escape orbit was achieved 10
seconds after S-IVB engine cutoff, and the velocity was
31,619.85 ft/sec. S-IVB performance was not as predicted
due to various anomalies, including the failure of an LH2
and LOX dump. The LH2 dump through the engine could
not be accomplished due to loss of pneumatic control of
the engine valves. The LOX dump was not performed due
loss of engine pneumatic control during the third bum.
The LOX tank was satisfactorily safed by utilizing the LOX
non-propulsive venting system.
At 004:08:06, an ejection mechanism, used for the first On the third day, at 043:15, the lunar module pilot trans
time, ejected the docked spacecraft from the S-IVB. ferred to the LM to activate and check out the systems.
The commander followed at 044:05. The LM landing gear
Following a separation maneuver, the S-IVB was restarted at was deployed at 045:00.
004:45:55.54 and burned for 62.06 seconds. Ten seconds later,
the S-IVB entered a 1,671.58 by 105.75 n mi intermediate At 045:40, the commander reported that the lunar module
coasting orbit that would allow the engine to cool down pilot had been sick on two occasions and that the crew
sufficiently prior to a restart within one revolution. The peri was behind in the timeline. For these reasons, the extrave
od of the orbit was 119.22 seconds, the inclination was hicular activity was restricted to one daylight pass and
32.302°, and the velocity at insertion was 27,753.61 ftlsec. would include only the opening of the hatches of the CM
During this same period, the command module pilot, After the lunar module pilot came back inside, both space
dependent on CSM systems for life support, depressurized craft were repressurized, and a second and final 10-minute
the CM and opened the side hatch at 073:02:00. He par television broadcast was telecast from inside the LM. Voice
tially exited the hatch for observation, photography, and and pictures were both good, an improvement over the
retrieval of thermal samples from the side of the CM. The previous day’s transmission.
samples were missing, so he retrieved the service module
thermal samples at 073:26. The lunar module pilot On the fifth day, the lunar module pilot transferred to the
retrieved the LM thermal samples at 073:39. Three minutes LM at 088:05, followed by the commander at 088:55, to
later, he began an abbreviated evaluation of translation and prepare for the first LM free flight and active rendezvous.
Apollo 9
The CSM was maneuvered to the inertial undocking atti During this maneuver, the LM engine ran smoothly un~il
tude at 092:22. Undocking was attempted at 092:38:00, but throttled to 20 percent, at which time it chugged noisily.
the capture latches did not release immediately. Undocking The commander stopped throttling and waited. Within sec
occurred at 092:39:36, and the LM was rolled on its axis so onds, the chugging stopped. He accelerated to 40 percent
that the CMP could make a visual inspection. A small sep before shutting down and had no more problems. The LM
aration maneuver at 093:02:54, using the service module crew then checked their systems and fired the descent
reaction control system, placed the LM 2.0 n mi behind engine again to 10 percent. It ran evenly.
the CSM 45 minutes later. The maximum range between
the LM and CSM was 98 n mi, achieved about halfway
between the coelliptical sequence initiation and constant
differential height maneuver.
The resulting ascent stage orbit was 116 by 111 n mi. After
coelliptic sequence initiation using the CSM reaction con
Schweickart during EVA (NASA AS09-19-2983). trol system, rendezvous radar tracking was reestablished,
Apollo 9 57
While over Hawaii, the crew made a sighting of the ascent The CM was offioaded from the Guadalcanal on 16 March
stage from 222:38:40 to 222:45:40. at the Norfolk Naval Air Station, Norfolk, Virginia, and the
Landing Safing Team began the evaluation and deactiva
The service propulsion system was fired for the seventh tion procedures at 16:00 GMT. Deactivation was completed
time at 169:30:00.36, a 24.90-second maneuver that raised on 19 March. The CM was then flown to Long Beach,
the apogee to 253.2 by 100.7 n mi and established the California, and trucked to the North American Rockwell
desired conditions for the nominal deorbit point. If the Space Division facility at Downey, California, for postflight
service propulsion system had failed at deorbit, the reac analysis, where it arrived on 21 March.
tion control system could have conducted a deorbit
maneuver from this apogee condition and still landed near
the primary recovery area. The deorbit maneuver was
accomplished after 151 orbits with the eighth service
propulsion firing, an 11.74-second maneuver at
240:31:14.84. It was performed one revolution later than
planned because of unfavorable weather in the planned
recovery area.
Recovery
2. The functional operation of the docking process of the two space 1. To demonstrate crew/space vehicle/mission support facilities
craft was demonstrated. However, the necessity for proper lighting performance during a piloted Saturn V mission with command,
conditions for the docking alignment aids was illustrated. service, and lunar modules. Achieved.
3. The performance of all systems in the extravehicular mobility 2. To demonstrate lunar module/crew performance. Achieved.
unit was excellent throughout the entire extravehicular opera
tion. The results of this mission, plus satisfactory results from 3. To demonstrate performance of nominal and selected backup
additional qualification tests of minor design changes, provided lunar orbit rendezvous mission activities, including the following:
verification of the operation of the extravehicular mobility unit
on the lunar surface. a. Transposition, docking, and lunar module withdrawal.
Achieved.
4. The extent of the extravehicular activity indicated the practicali
ty of extravehicular crew transfer in the event of a contingency. b. Intravehicular and extravehicular crew transfer. Achieved.
Cabin depressurization and normal repressurization were
demonstrated in both spacecraft. c. Extravehicu ar capability. Achieved.
Apollo 9 59
d. Service propulsion system and descent propulsion system natural and propulsion-induced thermal environments. Achieved;
burns. Achieved. lunar module environmental and thermal effect data were collect
ed during the docked descent propulsion system burn, extravehicu
e. Lunar module active rendezvous and docking. Achieved. lar activity, and post-rendezvous inspection.
4. To assess command, lunar, and service module consumables. 9. Ml7.18: To demonstrate the structural integrity of the lunar
Achieved. module during Saturn V launch and during descent propulsion
system and ascent propulsion system burn in an orbital environ
Mandatory Detailed Test Objectives ment. Achieved.
1. Mll.6: To perform a medium-duration descent propulsion sys Primary Detailed Test Objectives
tem firing to include manual throttling with command and
service module and lunar module docked, and a short-duration 1. Pl.23: To demonstrate block II command and service module
descent propulsion system firing with an undocked lunar mod attitude control during service propulsion system thrusting with
ule and approximately half-full descent propulsion system pro the command and service module and lunar module docked.
pellant tanks. Achieved; the primary guidance and navig!ition Achieved during the first, second, and third service propulsion
control system/digital auto-pitch performance was monitared and burns.
found acceptable during the first and second descent propulsidn
system burns. 2. Pl.24: To perform inertial measurement unit alignments using
the sextant while docked. Achieved.
2. Ml3.11: To perform a long-duration ascent propulsion system
burn. Achieved; a burn to depletion was performed by th~ ascent 3. P1.25: To perform an inertial measurement unit and a star pat
propulsion system for an extended period. tern visibility check in daylight while docked. Achieved; many
daytime sightings were made with visible star patterns, although
3. M13.12: To perform a long-duration descent propulsioQ system reflective light hindered some tests.
burn and obtain data to determine that no adverse interactions
exist between propellant slosh, vehicle engine vibration, and · 4. P2.9: To perform manual thrust vector control takeover of a
descent propulsion system performance during a burn. Achieved; guidance navigation control system initiated service propulsion
data were collected during the docked descent propulsion system docked burn. Achieved during the third service propulsion system
burn and the rendezvous. burn.
4. Ml4: To demonstrate the performance of the environmental 5. P7.29: To obtain data on the effects of the tower jettison motor,
control system during lunar module activity periods. Achieved, S-ll retrorockets, and service module reaction control system
although minor problems occurred in the system. exhaust on the command and service module. Achieved.
Spacecraft exhaust effects data were collected following Earth
5. Ml5.3: To determine the performance of the lunar module elec orbital insertion, and lunar module/command and service module
trical power subsystem in the primary and backup modes.' ejection during the revised extravehicular period and during the
Achieved, despite some problems in the fuel cells. post-rendezvous inspection; however, the revised extravehicular
activity permitted recovery of only part of the thermal samples.
6. Ml6.7: To operate the landing radar during the descent propul
sion system burns. Achieved. · 6. Pll.5: To perform lunar module inertial measurement unit
alignments using the alignment optical telescope and calibrate
7. Ml7.9: To deploy the lunar module landing gear and obtain data the coarse optical alignment sight. Achieved; lunar module
on landing gear temperatures resulting from descent propulsion inflight inertial measurement unit alignment data were collected
system operation. Achieved. at various times during lunar module activity periods.
8. Ml7.17: To verify the pe1formance of the passive thermal sub 7. Pll.7: To demonstrate reaction control system translation and
systems (thermal blanket, plume protection, ascent and descent attitude control of the staged lunar module using automatic and
stage base heat shields, and thermal control coatings) to·provide manual primary guidance and navigation control system con
adequate thermal control when the spacecraft is exposed to the trols. Achieved.
10. PI 2.2: To demonstrate an abort guidance system calibration 23. P20.29: To perform a pyrotechnic separation of the lunar mod
and obtain abort guidance system performance data in the ule and command and service module in flight. Achieved.
flight environment. Achieved during docked descent propulsion
system burn an d the rendezvous phasing burn. 24. P20.31: To demonstrate mission support facilities performance
during an Earth orbital mission. Achieved.
11. P12.3: To demonstrate reaction control system translation and
attitude control of unstaged lunar module using automatic and 25. P20.33: To perform procedures required to prepare for a com
manual abort guidance system/control electric section control mand and service module active rendezvous with the lunar mod
modes. Achieved. ule. Achieved the command and service modules were maintained
in a recovery mode during the lunar module simulated descent.
12. P12.4 To perform an abort guidance system/control electric
section controlled descent propulsion system burn with a heavy 26. P20.34: To demonstrate crew capability to transfer themselves
descent stage. Achieved. and equipment from the command and service module to the
lunar module and return. Achieved; the crew was successful in
13. P16.4: To demonstrate tracking of command and service mod m aking the transfer in the time allotted.
ule rendezvous radar transponder at various ranges between the
command and service module and the lunar module. Achieved. 27. P20.35: To demonstrate extravehicular transfer and obtain
extravehicular activity data. Achieved although the program was
14. P16.6: To perform a landing radar self-test. Achieved. m odified during the mission.
15. P16.19: To obtain data on rendezvous radar corona susceptibili Secondary Detailed Test Objectives
ty during lunar module -X translation reaction control system
engine firings while undocked and during -X reaction control 1. SI.26: To perform onboard navigation using the technique of
system engine firings while docked. Partially Achieved. D ata scanning telescope landmark tracking. Achieved.
were obtained, but the rendezvous rad ar faile d to lock.
2. S13.10: To perform an unpiloted ascent propulsion burn to
16. P20.21: To demonstrate the lunar module/Manned Space Flight depletion. Achieved.
Network operational S-band communication subsystem capa
bility. Achieved despite interm ittent discrepancies. 3. S20.32: To evaluate one-person lunar module operation capabili
ty and obtain data on crew maneuverability, crew compartmen-
17. P20.22: To demonstrate lunar module/command and service tation, and propulsive venting. Achieved.
module/ Manned Space Flight Network/extravehicular activity
operational S-band and VHF communication compatibility. 4. S20.37: To obtain data on descent propulsion plume effects on
Achieved, despite sporadic failures. astronauts’ visibility. Achieved; the descent propulsion system did
not affect the crew’s visibility during the two burns.
18. P20.24: To demonstrate command and service module docking
with the S-IVB/spacecraft/lunar module adapter/lunar module. 5. S20.120: To obtain data on the electromagnetic compatibility of
Achieved. the command and service module, lunar module, and portable
life support system. A chieved the com m and an d service module,
19. P20.25: To demonstrate lunar module separation and ejection lunar module, an d portable life support system were electrom ag
of the command and service module/lunar module from the netically compatible with respect to any conducted or radiated
spacecraft/lunar module adapter. Achieved. electrom agnetic interference.
Apollo 9 61
Functional Tests Added During The Mission Launch Vehicle Secondary Objectives
I. Command and service module intravehicular transfer, unsuited. I. To demonstrate S-IVB restart capability. Achieved.
Achieved.
2. To verify J-2 engine modifications. Achieved.
2. Tunnel clearing, unsuited. Achieved.
3. To confirm J-2 environment in S-II stage. Achieved.
3. Command module platform alignment in daylight. Achieved.
4. To confirm launch vehicle longitudinal oscillation environment
4. Command module platform alignment, using a planet (Jupiter). during S-IC stage burn period. Achieved.
Achieved.
5. To demonstrate helium heater repressurization system operation.
5. Digital autopilot orbital rate, pitch and roll. Achieved. Achieved.
6. Backup gyro display coupler alignment of stabilization and con 6. To demonstrate S-IVB propellant dump and safing with a large
trol system. Achieved. quantity of residual S-IVB propellants. Partially achieved. The
S-IVB stage was adequately safed; however, propellant dump was
7. Window degradation photography. Achieved. not achieved due to loss of engine helium control regulator dis
charge pressure.
8. Satellite tracking, ground inputs. Achieved.
7. To verify that modifications incorporated in the S-IC stage sup
9. Command and service module high-gain S-band antenna reac press low-frequency longitudinal oscillations. Achieved.
quisition test. Achieved.
8. To demonstrate SO-minute restart capability. Partially achieved.
10. Passive thermal control cycling at 0.1°/second at three dead The experimental start was achieved, and it accomplished the
bands: +/-10°, +/-20°, and +/-25°. Achieved. planned S-IVB third burn. However, rough combustion, a gas gen
erator spike at ignition, and control oscillations resulted in a low
Experiment performance at start, performance loss during the burn, and loss
of engine helium control regulator discharge pressure.
S-065: To obtain selective, simultaneous multispectral photographs,
with four different film/filter combinations, of selected land and 9. To demonstrate dual repressurization capability. Achieved.
ocean areas. Achieved.
10. To demonstrate helium heater restart capability. Achieved.
Launch Vehicle Primary Objective
II. To verify the onboard command and communications
To demonstrate S-IVB/instrument unit control capability during system/ground system interface and operation in the deep
transposition, docking, and lunar module ejection maneuver. space environment. Achieved.
Achieved.
EVENT DATE
Apollo 9 0
Apollo 9 Ascent Phase
Space
Fixed Space
Earth Space Flight Fixed
Fixed Fixed Event Geocentric Path Heading
Event GET Altitude Range Velocity Velocity Duration Latitude Longitude Angle Angle
(hhh:mm:ss) (n mi) (n mi) (ft/sec) (ft/sec) (sec) (deg N) (deg E) (deg) (E of N)
Liftoff 000:00:00.67 0.032 000.0 1.8 1,340.7 28.4470 -80.6041 0.08 90.00
Mach I achieved 000:01:08.2 4.243 1.383 1,088.4 2,100.7 28.4545 -80.5794 26.35 84.50
Maximum dynamic pressure 000:01:25.5 7.429 3.789 1,737.7 2,783.2 28.4666 -80.5369 28.08 81.87
S-IC center engine cutoff! 000:02:14.34 22.459 24.602 5,154.1 6,329.49 140.64 28.5720 -80.1602 22.5766 76.420
S-IC outboard engine cutoff 000:02:42.76 34.808 51.596 7,793.3 9,013.71 169.06 28.7071 -79.6718 18.5394 75.335
S-IC/S-II separation! 000:02:43.45 35.144 52.410 7,837.89 9,059.28 28.7111 -79.6571 18.449 75.337
S-II engine cutoff 000:08:56.22 100.735 830.505 21,431.9 22,753.54 371.06 31.6261 -65.0422 0.9177 81.872
S-II/S-IVB separation 1 000:08:57.18 100.794 833.794 21,440.5 22,762.27 31.6343 -64.9786 0.906 81.907
S-IVB 1st burn cutoff 000: II:04.66 103.156 1,296.775 24,240.6 25,563.98 123.84 32.4266 -55.9293 -0.0066 86.979
Earth orbit insertion 000:11:14.66 103.154 1,335.515 24,246.39 25,569.78 32.4599 -55.1658 -0.0058 87.412
Space
Fixed Event
GET Velocity Duration Apogee Perigee Perigee Inclination
Event (hhh:mm:ss) (ftlsec) (sec) (ftlsec) (n mi) (n mi) (mins) (deg)
Apollo9 0
Apollo 9 Timeline
GET GMT
GMT
Apollo 9 67
Apollo 9 Timeline
Apollo 9 69
Apollo 9 Timeline
GET
GMT
GMT
The Fo Mission:
Apollo I 0 Summary The crew members were Colonel Thomas Patten Stafford
(USAF), commander; Commander John Watts Young
( 18 May-26 May 1969) (USN), command module pilot; and Commander Eugene
Andrew "Gene" Cernan (USN), lunar module pilot.
Ascent Phase
Apollo 10 73
Earth Orbit Phase
After intlight systems checks, the 343.08-second translunar
injection maneuver (second S-IVB firing) was performed at
002:33:27.5. The S-IVB engine shut down at 2:39:10.58 and
translunar injection occurred ten seconds later, after 1.5
Earth orbits lasting 2 hours 27 minutes 16.82 seconds, at a
velocity of 35,585.83 ft/sec.
Translunar Phase
At 003:02:42.4, the CSM was separated from the S-IVB
stage. It was transposed and then docked with the LM at
003:17:36.0. The docked spacecraft were ejected at
003:56:25.7 and a separation maneuver was performed at
004:39:09.8. The sequence was televised to Earth starting at
003:06:00 for 22 minutes and from 003:56:00 for 13 min
utes 25 seconds. Additional television broadcasts during
translunar coast included:
A preplanned, 7.1-second, midcourse correction of Earth as seen from a distance of 100,000 n mi (NASA
49.2 ft/sec was executed at 026:32:56.8 and adjusted the ASI0-34-5026).
trajectory to coincide with a July lunar landing trajectory.
The maneuver was so accurate that two additional planned At 075:55:54.0, at an altitude of 95.1 n mi above the
midcourse corrections were canceled. The passive thermal Moon, the service propulsion engine was fired for 356.1
control technique was employed to maintain desired space seconds to insert the spacecraft into a lunar orbit of 170.0
craft temperatures throughout the translunar coast except by 60.2 n mi. The translunar coast had lasted 73 hours
when a specific attitude was required. 22 minutes 29.5 seconds.
LM inside S-IB following separation from CSM (NASA A 8.3-second CSM reaction control system maneuver at
S69-33994). 098:47:17.4 separated the CSM to about 30 feet from the
LM. The CSM was in an orbit of 62.9 by 57.7 n mi at the
Lunar Orbit Phase time. Stationkeeping was initiated at this point while the
command module pilot visually inspected the LM. The
After two revolutions of tracking and ground updates, a CSM reaction control system was then used to perform the
13.9-second maneuver was performed at 080:25:08.1 to cir separation maneuver directed radially downward toward
cularize the orbit at 61.0 by 59.2 n mi. the Moon’s center. This maneuver provided a separation at
descent orbit insertion of about 2 n mi from the LM.
A 29-minute 9-second scheduled color television transmis CM after separation from LM (NASA AS10-27-3873).
sion of the lunar surface was conducted at 080:45:00, with
the crew describing the lunar features below them. The Following stationkceping, a 27.4-second LM descent
picture quality of lunar scenes was excellent. propulsion system burn at 099:46:01.6 inserted the LM
into a descent orbit of 60.9 by 8.5 n mi so that the result
The lunar module pilot entered the LM at 081:55 for two ing lowest point in the orbit occurred about 15° prior to
hours of “housekeeping” activities and some LM commu lunar landing site 2.
Apollo 10 75
Northwest view of Triesnecher crater with associated Lunar farside area near International Astronomical
rlne at bottom (NASA AS10-32-4819). Union Crater 300, seen from the CM (NASA AS10-34
5173).
Numerous photographs of the lunar surface were taken.
Some camera malfunctions were reported and although
some communications difficulties were experienced, the
crew provided a continuous commentary of their observa
tions. An hour later, the LM made a low-level pass over
Apollo landing site 2. The pass was highlighted by a test of
the landing radar, visual observation of lunar lighting,
stereoscopic strip photography, and execution of the phas
ing maneuver using the descent engine. The lowest meas
ured point in the trajectory was 47,400 feet (7.8 n mi)
above the lunar surface at 100:41:43.
Apollo 10 77
required was a 6.7-second, 2.2 ft/sec, maneuver at was estimated to be latitude 15.07° south and longitude
188:49:58.0, three hours before CM/SM separation. 164.65° west.
Six television transmissions were made on the return trip After splashdown, the CM assumed an apex-up flotation
and were broadcast to Earth. The duration of the trans- · attitude. The crew was retrieved by helicopter and was
missions and the subjects were as follows: aboard the recovery ship 39 minutes after splashdown. The
CM was recovered 57 minutes later. The estimated CM
Television Transmissions-Return Trip weight at splashdown was 10,901 pounds, and the estimat
ed distance traveled for the mission was 721,250 n mi.
Duration
Start (mm:ss) Subject
137:50:51 43:03 View of Moon after transearth injection
139:30:16 06:55 View of Moon after transearth injection
147:23:00 11:25 View of receding Moon and spacecraft interior
152:29:19 29:05 View of Earth, Moon, and spacecraft interior
173:27:17 10:22 View of Earth and spacecraft interior
186:51:49 11:53 View of Earth and spacecraft interior
The parachute system effected a soft splashdown of the CM All systems in the CSM and the LM were managed very
in the Pacific Ocean at 16:52:23 GMT (11:52:23 p.m. EDT) well. Although some problems occurred, most were minor
on 26 May. Mission duration was 192:023:23. The impact and none caused a constraint to completion of mission
point was about 1.3 n mi from the target point and 2.9 n mi objectives. Valuable data concerning lunar gravitation were
from the recovery ship U.S.S. Princeton. The splashdown site obtained during the 61 hours in lunar orbit.
2 The Guinness Book Of World Records states that Apollo 10 holds the record for the fastest a human has ever traveled: 24,791 st mi per hour at 400,000 feet altitude (entry) on
26 May 1969. However, the Apollo 10 mission report states the maximum speed at entry was 36,397 feet per second, or 24,816 st mi per hour.
Conclusions
2. The crew activity timeline, in those areas consistent with the Apollos 10 and 11 crews during post-mission debriefing
lunar landing profile, demonstrated that critical crew tasks asso (NASA S69-35504).
ciated with lunar module checkout, initial descent, and ren
dezvous were both feasible and practical without unreasonable Apolio 10 Objectives
crew workload.
Spacecraft Primary Objectives
3. The lunar module S-band communications capability using
either the steerable or the omni-directional antenna was satis 1. To demonstrate crew/space vehicle/mission support facilities
factory at lunar distances. performance during a piloted lunar mission with a command
and service module and lunar module. Achieved.
4. The operating capability of the landing radar in the lunar envi
ronment during a descent propulsion firing was satisfactorily 2. To evaluate lunar module performance in the cislunar and lunar
demonstrated for the altitudes experienced. environment. Achieved.
Apollo 10 79
Spacecraft Primary Detailed Objectives manual abort guidance system/control electronics system con
trol. Achieved.
1. PlUS: To perform primary guidance and navigation control
system/descent propulsion system undocked descent orbit inser 7. Sl2.9: To perform an unpiloted abort guidance system con
tion and a high thrust maneuver. Achieved. trolled ascent propulsion system burn. Achieved.
2. Pl6.10: To perform manual and automatic acquisition, tracking, 8. Sl2.10: To evaluate the ability of the abort guidance system to
and communications with the Manned Space Flight Network perform a lunar module active rendezvous. Achieved.
using the steerable S-hand antenna at lunar distance. Achieved,
despite some problems during the 13th lunar revolution. 9. Sl3.13: To perform a long duration unpiloted ascent propulsion
system burn. Achieved.
3. Pl6.14: To operate the landing radar at the closest approach to
the Moon and during descent propulsion system burns. Achieved. 10. Sl3.14: To obtain supercritical helium system pressure data
while in standby conditions and during all descent propulsion
4. P20.66: To obtain data on the command module and lunar system engine firings. Achieved.
module crew procedures and timeline for the lunar orbit phase
of a lunar landing mission. Achieved. 11. Sl6.12: To communicate with the Manned Space Flight Center
using the lunar module S-hand omni antennas at lunar dis
5. P20.78: To perform a lunar module active simulated lunar land tance. Achieved, despite some problems during the 13th lunar
ing mission rendezvous. Achieved. revolution.
6. P20.91: To perform lunar landmark tracking in lunar orbit from 12. Sl6.15: To obtain data on the rendezvous radar performance
the command and service module with the lunar module and capability near maximum range. Achieved.
attached. Achieved.
13. Sl6.17: To demonstrate lunar module, command and service
7. P20.121: To perform lunar landmark tracking from the com module/Manned Space Flight Center communications at lunar
mand and service module while in lunar orbit. Achieved. distance. Achieved, despite some problems due to procedural
errors.
Spacecraft Secondary Detailed Objectives
14. S20.46: To perform command and service module transposi
1. Sl.39: To perform star-lunar landmark sightings during the tion, docking, and command and service module/lunar module
transearth phase. Achieved. ejection after the S-IVB translunar injection burn. Achieved.
2. S6.9: To perform a reflectivity test using the command and 15. S20.77: To obtain data on the operational capability of VHF
service module S-hand high-gain antenna while docked. Not ranging during a lunar module active rendezvous. Achieved.
achieved, canceled while docked. S-band communications lost
because steerable antenna track mode not switched properly; how 16. S20.79: To demonstrate command and service module/lunar
ever, operation of steerable antenna during abnormal staging module passive thermal control modes during a lunar orbit
excursions demonstrated ability of antenna to track under very mission. Achieved.
high rates.
17. S20.80: To demonstrate operational support for a command
3. S7.26: To obtain data on the passive thermal control system dur and service module/lunar module orbit mission. Achieved
ing a lunar orbit mission. Achieved. despite some communication problems.
4. Sll.l7: To obtain data to verify inertial measurement unit per 18. S20.82: To monitor primary guidance and navigation control
formance in the flight environment. Achieved. system/abort guidance system performance auring lunar orbit
operations. Achieved.
5. Sl2.6: To obtain abort guidance system performance data in the
flight environment. Achieved. 19. S20.83: To obtain data on lunar module consumables for a
simulated lunar landing mission, in lunar orbit, to determine
6. Sl2.8: To demonstrate reaction control system translation and lunar landing mission consumables. Achieved.
attitude control of the staged lunar module using automatic and
Apollo 10 ~
Apollo I0 Spacecraft History
EVENT DATE
Liftoff 000:00:00.58 0..035 0.000 1.3 1,340.4 28.4658 -80.6209 0.06 90.00
Mach 1 achieved 000:01:06.8 4.244 1.037 1,057.9 2,028.6 28.4714 -80.6023 27.82 85.03
Maximum dynamic pressure 000:01 :22.6 7.137 2.893 1,623.4 2,645.8 28.4813 -80.5690 28.83 82.23
S-IC center engine cutoff3 000:02:15.16 23.430 25.009 5,299.0 6,473.20 141.56 28.5967 -80.1577 22.807 76.461
S-IC outboard engine cutoff 000:02:41.63 35.247 50.419 7,810.2 9,028.58 168.03 28.7182 -79.7090 18.946 75.538
S-IC/S-II separation3 000:02:42.31 35.580 51.223 7,833.4 9,052.79 28.7222 -79.6943 18.848 75.538
S-II center engine cutoff 000:07:40.61 96.710 599.079 17,310.1 18,630.15 296.56 30.9579 -69.4941 1.029 79.585
S-II outboard engine cutoff 000:09:12.64 101.204 883.670
i
21,309.9 22,632.02 388.59 31.7505 -64.0222 0.741 82.458
S-IllS- IVB separation3 000:09:13.50 101.247 886.634 21,317.81 22,639.93 31.7574 -63.9647 0.730 82.490
S-IVB 1st burn cutoff3 000:11:43.76 103.385 1,430.977 24,238.8 25,562.40 146.95 32.5150 -53.2920 -0.0064 88.497
Earth orbit insertion 000:11 :53.76 103.334 1,469.790 24,244.3 25,567.88 32.5303 -52.5360 -0.0049 89.933
lo I 0 Translunar Phase
Space
Fixed Space
Space Flight Fixed
Fixed Event Velocity Path Heading
Event GET Altitude Velocity Duration Change Angle Angle
(hhh:mm:ss) (nmi) (ft/sec) (sec) (ft/sec) (deg) (EofN)
Apollo 10 ~
Apollo 10 Lunar Orbit Phase
Space
Fixed Event Velocity
GET Altitude Velocity Duration Change Apogee Perigee
Event (hhh:mm:ss) (n mi) (ftlsec) (sec) (ftlsec) (n mi) (n mi)
Apollo 10 ~
Apollo 10 Timeline
GET GMT GMT
Event (hhh:mm:ss) Time Date
Apollo 10 ~
Apollo I 0 Timeline
GET
GMT GMT
Apollo 11 crew (1. to r.): Neil Armstrong, Mike Collins, The capsule communicators (CAPCOMs) for the mission
Buzz Aldrin (NASA S69-31740). were Major Charles Moss Duke, Jr. (USAF), Lt. Commander
Ronald Ellwin Evans (USN), Lt. Commander Bruce
Background McCandless II (USN), Lovell, Anders, Lt. Commander
Thomas Kenneth "Ken" Mattingly II (USAF), Haise, Don
Apollo 11 was a Type G mission, a piloted lunar landing Leslie Lind, Ph. D., Owen Kay Garriott, Jr., Ph. D., and
demonstration. The primary objective of the Apollo pro Harrison Hagan "Jack" Schmitt, Ph. D. The support crew
gram was to perform a piloted lunar landing and return were Mattingly, Evans, Major William Reid Pogue (USAF),
safely to Earth. and John Leonard "Jack" Swigert, Jr. The flight directors
were Clifford E. Charlesworth and Gerald D. Griffin (first
It was only the second time an all-experienced crew had shift), Eugene F. Kranz (second shift), and Glynn S. Lunney
flown an American mission, and it would be the last until (third shift).
Space Shuttle mission STS-26 nearly two decades later.
The Apollo 11 launch vehicle was a Saturn V, designated
The crew members for this historic mission were Neil SA-506. The mission also carried the designation Eastern
Alden Armstrong, commander; Lt. Colonel Michael Collins Test Range #5307. The CSM was designated CSM- 107 and
(USAF), command module pilot; and Colonel Edwin had the call-sign "Columbia:' The lunar module was desig
Eugene "Buzz" Aldrin, Jr. (USAF), lunar module pilot. nated LM-5 and had the call-sign "Eagle."
Selected as an astronaut in 1962, Armstrong had been the Possible landing sites for Apollo 11 were under study by
first civilian ever to command an American space mission NASA's Apollo Site Selection Board for more than two
when he was command pilot of Gemini 8, which featured years. Thirty sites were originally considered, but the list
the first -ever docking of two vehicles in space. Apollo 11 was shortened to three for the first lunar landing. Selection
made him the first civilian to command two missions. of the final sites was based on high-resolution photographs
Armstrong was born 5 August 1930 in Wapakoneta, Ohio, taken by the Lunar Orbiter satellite, plus close-up photo
and was 38 years old at the time of the Apollo 11 mission. graphs and surface data provided by the Surveyor space
He received a B.S. in aeronautical engineering from Purdue craft, which landed on the Moon.
University in 1955 and an M.S. in aerospace engineering
Apollo 11
southerly surface winds and brought moisture into the The S-IC stage impacted the Atlantic Ocean at 000:09:03.70
Cape Kennedy area. These circumstances contributed to the at latitude 30.212° north and longitude 74.038° west, 357.1
cloudy conditions and distant thunderstorms observed at n mi from the launch site. The S-II stage impacted the
launch time. Cumulus clouds covered 10 percent of the sky Atlantic Ocean at 000:20:13.7 at latitude 31.535° north and
(base 2,400 feet), altocumulus covered 20 percent (base longitude 34.844° west, 2,371.8 n mi from the launch site.
15,000 feet), and cirrostratus covered 90 percent (base not
recorded); the temperature was 84.9° F; the relative humid The maximum wind conditions encountered during ascent
ity was 73 percent; and the barometric pressure was 14.798 were 18.7 knots at 297° from true north at 37,400 feet, and
lbfin2. The winds, as measured by the anemometer on the a maximum wind shear of 0.0077 sec-' at 48,490 feet.
light pole 60.0 feet above ground at the launch site, meas
ured 6.4 knots at 175° from true north. Parking orbit conditions at insertion, 000:11:49.34 (S-IVB
cutoff plus 10 seconds to account for engine tailoff and
Ascent Phase other transient effects), showed an apogee and perigee of
100.4 by 98.9 n mi, and an inclination of 32.521°, a period
Apollo 11 was launched from Kennedy Space Center Launch of 88.18 minutes, and a velocity of 25,567.9 ft/sec. The
Complex 39, Pad A, at a Range Zero time of 13:32:00 GMT apogee and perigee were based upon a spherical Earth with
(09:32:00 a.m. EDT) on 16 July 1969. The planned launch a radius of 3,443.934 n mi.
window for Apollo 11 extended to 17:54:00 GMT to take
advantage of a sun elevation angle on the lunar surface of The international designation for the CSM upon achieving
10.8°. orbit was 1969-059A, and the S-IVB was designated 1969
0598. After undocking at the Moon, the LM ascent stage
would be designated 1969-059C and the descent stage
1969-059D.
Translunar Phase
Trajectory parameters after the translunar Injection firing During the second lunar orbit, at 078:20, a scheduled live
were nearly perfect. A 3.13-second midcourse correction of color television transmission was accomplished, providing
20.9 ft/sec was made at 026:44:58.64 during the translunar spectacular views of the lunar surface and the approach
phase. During the remaining periods of tree -aui Inde flight, path to landing site 2.
passive thermal control, a rotating “barbecue”-like maneu
ver, was used to maintain spacecraft lemperatures within
desired limits.
An unscheduled 50-minute television transmission was
accomplished at 030:28, and a 36-minute scheduled trans
mission began at 033:59. The crew initiated a 96-minute
color television transmission at 055:08. The picture resolu
tion and general quality were exceptional. The coverage
included the interior of the CM and LM and views of the
exterior of the CM and Earth. Excellent views of the crew
accomplishing probe and drogue removal, spacecraft tunnel
hatch opening, LM housekeeping, and equipment testing
were broadcast.
During the latter transmission, the commander and lunar
module pilot transferred to the LM at 055:30 tp make the
initial inspection and preparations for the systems checks Approach to lunar landing site #3 in southwest Sea of
that would be made shortly after lunar orbit insertion. Tranquility seen from LM while still docked to the CSM
They returned to the CM at 058:00. (NASA AS11-37-5437).
At 075:49:50.37, at an altitude of 86.7 n mi above the After two revolutions and a navigation update, a second
Moon, the service propulsion engine was fired for 357.53 service propulsion retrograde bum was made. The 16.88-
seconds to insert the spacecraft into a lunar orbit of 169.7 second maneuver occurred at 080:11:36.75 and circularized
by 60.0 n mi. The translunar coast had lasted 73 hours 5 the orbit at 66.1 by 54.5 n mi. The commander and lunar
minutes 34.83 seconds. module pilot then transferred to the LM and, for about
Apollo 11
two hours, performed various housekeeping functions, a The 756.19-second powered descent engine burn was initi
voice and telemetry test, and an oxygen purge system ated at 102:33:05.01. The time was as planned, but the
check. LM functions and consumables checked out well. position at which powered descent initiation occurred was
Additionally, both cameras were checked and verified oper about 4 n mi farther downrange than expected. This
ational. The pair then returned to the CSM. At 095:20, resulted in the landing point being shifted downrange
they returned to the LM to perform a thorough check of about 4 n mi.
all LM systems in preparation for descent.
The first of five alarms occurred at 102:38:22 because of a
computer overload, but it was determined that it was safe
to continue the landing. The crew checked the handling
qualities of the LM at 102:41:53 and switched to automatic
guidance ten seconds later. The landing radar switched to
"low-scale" at 102:42:19 as the LM descended below 2,500
feet altitude. The LM was maneuvered manually 1,100 feet
down range from the preplanned landing point during the
final 2.5 minutes of descent. The final alarm occurred at
102:42:58, followed by the red-line low-level fuel quantity
light at 102:44:28, just 72 seconds before landing.
Undocking occurred at 100:12:00.0 at an altitude of 62.9 n The LM landed on the Moon at 20:17:39 GMT (16:17:39
mi. This was followed by a CSM reaction control system EDT) on 20 July 1969 at 102:45:39.9. Engine shutdown
9.0-second separation maneuver at 100:39:52.9 directed occurred 1.5 seconds later. The LM landed in Mare
radially downward toward the center of the Moon as Tranquilitatis (Sea of Tranquility) at latitude 0.67408°
planned. The LM descent orbit insertion maneuver was north and longitude 23.47297° east at an angle to the sur
performed with a 30-second firing of the descent propul face of 4.SO, and about 3.75 n mi southwest of the planned
sion system at 101:36:14.0, which put the LM into an orbit point. Approximately 45 seconds of firing time remained at
of 58.5 by 7.8 n mi. landing.!
For the first two hours on the lunar surface, the crew per
formed a checkout of all systems, configured the controls
for lunar stay, and ate their first post-landing meal. A rest
period had been planned to precede the extravehicular
activity of exploring the lunar surface but was not needed.
1 According to the Apollo 11 Mission Report (MSC-00171), postflight analysis revealed that there was 45 seconds of fuel remaining at lunar touchdown, not as little as 7 seconds as
indicated by other sources.
Apollo 11 95
The lunar module pilot deployed the solar wind composi he was able to move about with great ease. Both crew mem
tion experiment on the lunar surface in direct sunlight and bers indicated that their mobility throughout this period
to the north of the LM as planned. exceeded all expectations. Also, indications were that meta
bolic rates were much lower than pre-mission estimates.
Photo of plaque on LM leg (NASA ASll-40-5899). Armstrong and Aldrin set up U.S. flag on lunar surface
(NASA S69-40308).
Apollo 11 97
126:17:49.6lowered the orbit to 47.4 by 42.1 n mi. A 22.7 Passive thermal control was exercised for most of the
second terminal phase initiate maneuver at 127:03:51.8 transearth coast.
brought the ascent stage to an orbit of 61.7 by 43.7 n mi.
The 28.4-second terminal phase maneuver at 127:46:09.8
finalized the orbit at 63.0 by 56.5 for docking of the ascent
stage and the CSM at 128:03:00.0. The two craft had been
undocked for exactly 27 hours 51 minutes.
The crew and spacecraft were released from quarantine on All spacecraft systems performed satisfactorily. With the
10 August. On 14 August the spacecraft was delivered to completion of the Apollo 11 mission, the national objective
the North American Rockwell Space Division facility in of landing humans on the Moon and returning them safe
Downey, California, for postflight analysis. ly to Earth before the end of the decade was accomplished.
Apollo II ~
Receiving Laboratory was accomplished successfully and without
any violation of the quarantine.
2. The planned techniques involved in the guidance, navigation, 2. To obtain data to assess the capability and limitations of the
and control of the descent trajectory were good. Performance of astronaut and his equipment in the lunar surface environment.
the landing radar met all expectations in providing the informa
tion required for descent. a. Lunar surface extravehicular operations. Achieved.
3. The extravehicular mobility units were adequately designed to b. Lunar surface operations with extravehicular mobility unit.
enable the crew to conduct the planned activities. Adaptation to Achieved.
1/6 g was relatively quick, and mobility on the lunar surface was
easy. c. Landing effects on lunar module. Achieved.
4. The two-person pre-launch checkout and countdown for asce!lt d. Location of landed lunar module. Partially achieved. The LM
from the lunar surface were well planned and executed. crew was unable to make observations oflunar features dur
ing descent. The command module pilot was therefore unable
5. The timeline activities for all phases of the lunar landing mission to locate the lunar module through the sextant. Toward the
were well within the crew's capability to perform the required tasks. end of the lunar surface stay, the location of the lunar module
was determined from the lunar module rendezvous radar
6. The quarantine operation from spacecraft landing until release tracking data, which was confirmed post-mission using descent
of the crew, spacecraft, and lunar samples from the Lunar photographic data.
l) Long-distance photographic coverage from the command 6. Pilot describing function. Achieved.
module.
2. Lunar field geology. Partially achieved. Although 2 core tube sam a. S-IVB/instrument unit recontact with the spacecraft.
ples and 15 pounds of additional lunar samples were obtained, Achieved.
time constraints precluded collection of these samples with the
degree of documentation originally planned. In addition, time did b. S-IVB/instrument unit Earth impact. Achieved.
not permit the collection of a lunar environmental sample or a
gas analysis sample in the two special containers provided. It was, c. S-IVB/instrument unit lunar impact. Achieved.
however, possible to obtain the desired results using other samples
contained in the regular sample return containers.
Apollo II~
Apollo I I Spacecraft History
EVENT DATE
Individual and combined CM and SM systems test completed at factory. 12 Oct 1968
LM #5 integrated test at factory. 21 Oct 1968
Integrated CM and SM systems test completed at factory. 06 Dec 1968
LM #5 final engineering evaluation acceptance test at factory. 13 Dec 1968
LM ascent stage #5 ready to ship from factory to KSC. 07 Jan 1969
LM ascent stage #5 delivered to KSC. 08 Jan 1969
Spacecraft/1M adapter #14 delivered to KSC. 10 Jan 1969
LM descent stage #5 ready to ship from factory to KSC. 11 Jan 1969
LM descent stage #5 delivered to KSC. 12 Jan 1969
CSM #107 quads delivered to KSC. 15 Jan 1969
Saturn S-IVB stage #506 delivered to KSC. 18 Jan 1969
Saturn S-IVB stage #506 delivered to KSC. 19 Jan 1969
CM #107 and SM #107 ready to ship from factory to KSC. 22 Jan 1969
CM #107 and SM #107 delivered to KSC. 23 Jan 1969
CM #107 and SM #107 mated. 29 Jan 1969
Saturn S-II stage #6 delivered to KSC. 06 Feb 1969
LM ascent stage #5 and descent stage #5 mated. 14 Feb 1969
CSM #107 combined systems test completed. 17 Feb 1969
LM #5 combined systems test completed. 17 Feb 1969
Saturn S-IC stage #6 delivered to KSC. 20 Feb 1969
Saturn S-IC stage #6 erected. 21 Feb 1969
Saturn V instrument unit #506 delivered to KSC. 27 Feb 1969
Saturn S-II stage #6 erected. 04 Mar 1969
Saturn S-IVB stage #506 erected. 05 Mar 1969
Saturn V instrument unit #506 erected. 05 Mar 1969
CSM #107 altitude test with prime crew completed. 18 Mar 1969
LM #5 altitude test with prime crew completed. 21 Mar 1969
CSM #107 altitude tests completed. 24 Mar 1969
LM #5 altitude tests completed. 25 Mar 1969
Launch vehicle propellant dispersion/malfunction overall test completed. 27 Mar 1969
CSM #107 moved to VAB. 14 Apr 1969
Spacecraft erected. 14 Apr 1969
LM #5 combined systems test completed. 18 Apr 1969
CSM #107 integrated systems test completed. 22 Apr 1969
CSM #107 electrically mated to launch vehicle. 05 May 1969
Space vehicle overall test completed. 06 May 1969
Space vehicle overall test #1 (plugs in) completed. 14 May 1969
Space vehicle and MLP #1 transferred to launch complex 39A. 20 May 1969
Mobile service structure transferred to launch complex 39A. 22 May 1969
LM #4 flight readiness test completed. 02 Jun 1969
Space vehicle flight readiness test completed. 06 Jun 1969
Saturn S-IC stage #6 RP-1 fuel loading completed. 25 Jun 1969
Space vehicle countdown demonstration test (wet) completed. 02 Jul1969
Space vehicle countdown demonstration test (dry) completed. 03 Jul1969
Liftoff 000:00:00.63 0.032 0.000 1.5 1,340.7 28.4470 -80.6041 0.06 90.00
~ach 1 achieved 000:01 :06.30 4.236 1.044 1,054.1 2,023.9 28.4523 -80.5853 27.88 85.32
~aximum dynamic pressure 000:01 :23.00 7.326 3.012 1,653.4 2,671.9 28.4624 -80.5499 29.23 82.41
S-IC center engine cutoff3 000:02:15.20 23.761 25.067 5,320.8 6,492.8 141.6 28.5739 -81.1517 22.957 76.315
S-IC outboard engine cutoff 000:02:41.63 35.701 50.529 7,851.9 9,068.6 168.03 28.7007 -79.6908 19.114 75.439
S-IC/S-II separation3 000:02:42.30 36.029 51.323 7,882.9 9,100.6 28.7046 -79.6764 19.020 75.436
S-II center engine cutoff 000:07:40.62 97.280 601.678 17,404.8 18,725.5 296.62 30.9513 -69.4309 0.897 79.646
S-II outboard engine cutoff 000:09:08.22 101.142 873.886 21,368.2 22,690.8 384.22 31.7089 -64.1983 0.619 82.396
S-II/S-IVB separation3 000:09:09.00 101.175 876.550 21 ,377.0 22,699.6 31.7152 -64.1467 0.611 82.426
S-IVB 1st burn cutoff 000:11:39.33 103.202 1,421.959 24,237.6 25,561.6 147.13 32.4865 -53.4588 0.011 88.414
Earth orbit insertion 000:11:49.33 103.176 1,460.697 24,243.9 25,567.8
Apollo II~
Apollo I I Lunar Orbit Phase
Space
Fixed Event Velocity
GET Altitude Velocity Duration Change Apogee Perigee
Event (hhh:mm:ss) (n mi) (ft/sec) (sec) (ft/sec) (n mi) (n mi)
Apollo II~
Apollo II Timeline
GET GMT GMT
Event (hhh:mm:ss) Time Date
S-IVB 2nd burn maximum total inertial acceleration (1.45 g). 002:50:03.11 16:22:03 16 Jull969
S-IVB 2nd burn maximum Earth-fixed velocity. 002:50:03.50 16:22:03 16 Jull969
S-IVB safing procedures started. 002:50:03.80 16:22:03 16 Jul 1969
Translunar injection. 002:50:13.03 16:22:13 16 Jul 1969
Maneuver to local horizontal attitude started. 002:50:23.00 16:22:23 16 Jull969
Orbital navigation started. 002:50:23.90 16:22:23 16 Jull969
Maneuver to transposition and docking attitude started. 003:05:03.90 16:37:03 16 Jull969
CSM separated from S-IVB. 003:15:23.00 16:47:23 16 Jull969
CSM separation maneuver ignition. 003:17:04.60 16:49:04 16 Jull969
CSM separation maneuver cutoff. 003:17:11.70 16:49:11 16 Jull969
CSM docked with LM/S-IVB. 003:24:03.70 16:56:03 16 Jull969
CSM/LM ejected from S-IVB. 004:17:03.00 17:49:03 16 Jull969
CSM/LM evasive maneuver from S-IVB ignition. 004:40:01.72 18:12:01 16 Jull969
CSM/LM evasive maneuver from S-IVB cutoff. 004:40:04.65 18:12:04 16 Jul 1969
S-IVB maneuver to lunar slingshot attitude initiated. 004:41:07.60 18:13:07 16 Jull969
S-IVB lunar slingshot maneuver-LH 2 tank CVS opened. 004:51:07.70 18:23:07 16 Jull969
S-IVB lunar slingshot maneuver-LOX dump started. 005:03:07.60 18:35:07 16 Jull969
S-IVB lunar slingshot maneuver-LOX dump ended. 005:04:55.80 18:36:55 16 Jul 1969
S-IVB lunar slingshot maneuver-APS ignition. 005:37:47.60 19:09:47 16 Jull969
S-IVB lunar slingshot maneuver-APS cutoff. 005:42:27.80 19:14:27 16 Jul 1969
S-IVB maneuver to communications attitude initiated. 005:42:48.80 19:14:48 16 Jul 1969
TV transmission started (recorded at Goldstone and transmitted to Houston at 011:26). 010:32:00.00 00:04:00 17 Jull969
TV transmission ended. 010:48:00.00 00:20:00 17 Jul 1969
Midcourse correction ignition. 026:44:58.64 16:16:58 17 Jull969
Midcourse correction cutoff. 026:45:01.77 16:17:01 17 Jull969
TV transmission started. 030:28:00.00 20:00:00 17 Jull969
TV transmission ended. 031:18:00.00 20:50:00 17 Jul 1969
TV transmission started. 033:59:00.00 23:31:00 17 Jull969
TV transmission ended. 034:35:00.00 00:07:00 18 Jull969
TV transmission started. 055:08:00.00 20:40:00 18 Jul 1969
CDR and LMP entered LM for initial inspection. 055:30:00.00 21:02:00 18 Jull969
TV transmission ended. 056:44:00.00 22:16:00 18 Jull969
CDR and LMP entered CM. 057:55:00.00 23:27:00 18 Jull969
Equigravisphere. 061:39:55.00 03:11:55 19 Jull969
Lunar orbit insertion ignition. 075:49:50.37 17:21:50 19 Jull969
Lunar orbit insertion cutoff. 075:55:47.90 17:27:47 19 Jull969
Sighting of an illumination in the Aristarchus region. 1st time a lunar transient event sighted
by an observer in space. 077:13:00.00 18:45:00 19 Jull969
TV transmission started. 078:20:00.00 19:52:00 19 Jull969
S-IVB closest approach to lunar surface. 078:42:00.00 20:14:00 19 Jull969
TV transmission ended. 079:00:00.00 20:32:00 19 Jul 1969
Lunar orbit circularization ignition. 080:11:36.75 21:43:36 19 Jull969
Lunar orbit circularization cutoff. 080:11 :53.63 21:43:53 19 Jull969
LMP entered CM for initial power-up and system checks. 081:10:00.00 22:42:00 19 Jull969
LMP entered CM. 083:35:00.00 01:07:00 20 Jull969
CDR and LMP entered LM for final preparations for descent. 095:20:00.00 12:52:00 20 Jull969
LMP entered CM. 097:00:00.00 14:32:00 20 Jull969
LMP entered LM. 097:30:00.00 15:02:00 20 Jull969
LM system checks started. 097:45:00.00 15:17:00 20 Jull969
Apollo II~
Apollo II Timeline
GET GMT GMT
Event (hhh:mm:ss) Time Date
1st step taken on lunar surface (CDR). "That's one small step for a man...one giant leap
for mankind:' 109:24:15.00 02:56:15 21 Jul1969
CDR started surface examination and description, assessed mobility and described effects
of LM descent engine. 109:24:48.00 02:56:48 21 Jul1969
CDR ended surface examination. LMP started to send down camera. 109:26:54.00 02:58:54 21 Jul1969
Camera installed on RCU bracket, LEC stored on secondary strut of LM landing gear. 109:30:23.00 03:02:23 21 Jul 1969
Surface photography (CDR). 109:30:53.00 03:02:53 21 Jul1969
Contingency sample collection started (CDR). 109:33:58.00 03:05:58 21 Jul1969
Contingency sample collection ended (CDR). 109:37:08.00 03:09:08 21 Jul1969
LMP started egress from LM. 109:39:57.00 03:11:57 21 Jul1969
LMP at top of ladder. Descent photographed by CDR. 109:41:56.00 03:13:56 21 Jul1969
LMP on lunar surface. 109:43:16.00 03:15:16 21 Jul1969
Surface examination and examination of landing effects on surface and on LM started
(CDR, LMP). 109:43:47.00 03:15:47 21 Jul1969
Insulation removed from modular equipment stowage assembly (CDR). 109:49:06.00 03:21:06 21 Jul1969
TV camera focal distance adjusted (CDR). 109:51:35.00 03:23:35 21 Jul1969
Plaque unveiled (CDR). 109:52:19.00 03:24:19 21 Jul1969
Plaque read (CDR). 109:52:40.00 03:24:40 21 Jul1969
TV camera redeployed. Panoramic TV view started (CDR). 109:59:28.00 03:31:28 21 Jul1969
TV camera placed in final deployment position (CDR). 110:02:53.00 03:34:53 21 Jul1969
Solar wind composition experiment deployed (LMP). 110:03:20.00 03:35:20 21 Jul1969
United States flag deployed (CDR, LMP). 110:09:43.00 03:41:43 21 Jul1969
Evaluation of surface mobility started (LMP). 110:13:15.00 03:45:15 21 Jul1969
Evaluation of surface mobility end (LMP). 110:16:02.00 03:48:02 21 Jul1969
Presidential message from White House and response from CDR. 110:16:30.00 03:48:30 21 Jul1969
Presidential message and CDR response ended. 110:18:21.00 03:50:21 21 Jul1969
Evaluation of trajectory of lunar soil when kicked (LMP) and bulk sample collection
started (CDR). 110:20:06.00 03:52:06 21 Jul 1969
Evaluation of visibility in lunar sunlight (LMP). 110:10:24.00 03:42:24 21 Jul1969
Evaluation of thermal effects of sun and shadow inside the suit (LMP). 110:25:09.00 03:57:09 21 Jul1969
Evaluation of surface shadows and colors (LMP). 110:28:22.00 04:00:22 21 Jul1969
LM landing gear inspection and photography (LMP). 110:34:13.00 04:06:13 21 Jul1969
Bulk sample completed (CDR). 110:35:36.00 04:07:36 21 Jul1969
LM landing gear inspection and photography (CDR, LMP). 110:46:36.00 04:18:36 21 Jul1969
Scientific equipment bay doors opened. 110:53:38.00 04:25:38 21 Jul1969
Passive seismometer deployed. 110:55:42.00 04:27:42 21 Jul1969
Lunar ranging retrorefiector deployed (CDR). 111:03:57.00 04:35:57 21 Jul1969
1st passive seismic experiment data received on Earth. 111:08:39.00 04:40:39 21 Jul1969
Collection of documented samples started (CDR/LMP). 111:11:00.00 04:43:00 21 Jul1969
Solar wind composition experiment retrieved (LMP) . 111:20:00.00 04:52:00 21 Jul1969
LMP inside LM. 111:29:39.00 05:01:39 21 Jul 1969
Sample containers transfern:d (LMP). 111:30:00.00 05:02:00 21 Jul1969
EVA ended. CDR inside LM, assisted and monitored by LMP. 111:37:00.00 05:09:00 21 Jul1969
EVA ended (hatch closed). 111:39:13.00 05:11:13 21 Jul1969
LM equipment jettisoned. 114:05:00.00 07:37:00 21 Jul 1969
LM lunar liftoff ignition (LM APS). 124:22:00.79 17:54:00 21 Jul 1969
LM orbit insertion cutoff. 124:29:15.67 18:01:15 21 Jul 1969
Coelliptic sequence initiation ignition. 125: 19:35.00 18:51:35 21 Jul1969
Coelliptic sequence initiation cutoff. 125:20:22.00 18:52:22 21 Jul 1969
Apollo II~
Apollo I I Timeline
GET GMT GMT
Event (hhh:mm:ss) Time Date
1 Conrad died 8 july 1999 in Ojai, CA, as a result of injuries sustained in a motorcycle accident.
Ascent Phase
Apollo 12 ~
from the planned trajectory of only -1.9 ft/sec in velocity velocity of 35,419.3 ft/sec after 1.5 Earth orbits lasting 2
and only 0.2 n mi in altitude. hours 41 minutes 30.03 seconds.
Translunar Phase
A 56-minute television transmission began at 062:52. It During the first lunar orbit, good quality television cover
provided excellent color pictures of the CM, intravehicular age of the surface was received for about 33 minutes,
transfer, the LM interior, and brief shots of Earth and the beginning at 084:00. The crew provided excellent descrip
Moon. tions of the lunar features while transmitting sharp pic
tures back to Earth.
At 083:25:23.36, at an altitude of 82.5 n mi above the
Moon, the service propulsion engine was fired for 352.25 Two revolutions later, at 087:48:48.08, a 16.91-second
seconds to insert the spacecraft into a lunar orbit of 168.8 maneuver was performed to circularize the orbit at 66.1 by
Apollo 12 ~
54.3 n mi. On the next revolution, the LM crew trans and automatically activated a color television camera which
ferred to the LM to perform various housekeeping chores permitted his actions to be televised to Earth.
and communication checks.
Three hours after landing, the crew members began prepa On the return traverse, the crew collected a core tube sam
rations for egress. The commander exited the hatch and ple and additional surface samples. They entered the LM
deployed the modularized equipment stowage assembly and the closed the hatch at 119:06:36. The first extravehic
2 The COSPAR designation for Surveyor III was 1967-03SA. The NORAD designation was 02756.
At 119:47:13.23, the CSM performed a plane change Bean deploys the ALSEP during the first EVA (NASA
maneuver of 18.23 seconds which changed the orbit to AS12-47-6919).
62.5 by 57.6 n mi.
Astronaut movement on the lunar surface was recorded on
The second extravehicular activity period began at 131:33, the passive seismometer and on the lunar surface magne
after a seven-hour rest period. The crew first cut the cable tometer. In addition, the commander rolled a grapefruit
and stored the inoperative LM TV camera in the equip sized rock down the wall of Head Crater, about 300 to 400
ment transfer bag for return to Earth and failure analysis. feet from the passive seismometer. No significant response
The commander then went to the ALSEP site to check the was detected on any of the four axes.
leveling of the lunar atmosphere detector. As he approached
the instrument, it recorded a higher atmosphere, which was During the geological traverse towards Surveyor Ill, the
attributed to the outgassing of his suit. crew members obtained the desired photographic panora-
Apollo 12 ~
mas, stereo photographs, core samples (two single and one entire spacecraft had a brown appearance. The glass parts
double), an eight-inch-deep trench sample, lunar environ were not broken, only warped slightly on their mountings,
ment samples, and assorted rock, dirt, bedrock, and and therefore were not retrieved.
"molten" samples. They reported seeing fine dust buildup
on all sides of larger rocks and that soil color seemed to
become lighter as they dug deeper.
Apollo 12 ~
Prior to transearth injection, a 19.25-second plane change
maneuver at 159:04:45.47 altered the CSM orbit to 64.7 by
56.8 n mi. Following a 130.32-second maneuver at 63.3 n mi
altitude at 172:27:16.81, transearth injection was achieved at
172:29:27.13 at a velocity of 8,351 ft/sec after 45 lunar orbits
lasting 88 hours 58 minutes 11.52 seconds. Good quality tele
vision of the receding Moon and the spacecraft interior was
received for about 38 minutes, beginning about 20 minutes
after transearth injection.
Transearth Phase
The final midcourse correction, a 5.7-second, 2.4-ft/sec Sea-state conditions were fairly rough, and the parachute
maneuver, was made at 241:21:59.7. system effected an extremely hard splashdown of the CM in
the Pacific Ocean at 20:58:24 GMT (03:58:24 p.m. EST) on
Recovery 24 November 1969. The force of the impact, about 15 g, not
only knocked loose portions of the heat shield, but caused
The service module was jettisoned at 244:07:20.1, and the 16 mm sequence camera to separate from its bracket
command module entry (400,000 feet altitude) occurred at and strike the LMP above the right eye. Mission duration
244:22:19.09 at a velocity of 36,116 ft/sec, following a was 244:36:25. The impact point was about 2.0 n mi from
transearth coast of 71 hours, 52 minutes and 52.0 seconds. the target point and 3.91 n mi from the recovery ship U.S.S.
Following separation from the CM, the service module Hornet. The splashdown site was estimated to be latitude
reaction control system was fired to depletion. However, no 15.78° south and longitude 165:15° west.
radar acquisition nor visual sightings by the crew or recov
ery personnel were made, and it was believed that the After splashdown, the CM assumed an apex-down attitude,
service module became unstable during the depletion firing but was successfully returned to the normal flotation posi
and did not execute the velocity change required to skip tion in 4 minutes 26 seconds by the inflatable bag upright
out of Earth's atmosphere into the planned high-apogee ing system.
orbit. Instead, it probably entered the atmosphere and
impacted before detection.
Eclipse of the Sun by Earth as seen during transearth Apollo 12 crew in raft following egress from CM (1. to
flight (NASA SS0-37-37406). r.): Conrad, Bean and Gordon (NASA S69-22271).
4. An ALSEP was deployed for the first time and, despite some
operating anomalies, returned valuable scientific data in a vari
ety of study areas.
Apollo 12 ~
5. To obtain photographs of candidate exploration sites. Achieved.
Detailed Objectives
1. To perform selenological inspection, survey, and sampling in a c. High resolution photographs using a 500 mm lens, and addi
mare area. Achieved. tional high resolution oblique photography. Partially achieved.
The first photographs were of Herschel instead ofLalande due
2. To deploy the ALSEP consistent with a seismic event. Achieved. to crew error. A first attempt to obtain high resolution photo
graphs of Fra Mauro and Descartes was unsuccessful because
a. S-031: Passive seismic experiment. of a camera malfunction. On a second attempt, photographs
were obtained of Fra Mauro and an area slightly east of
b. S-034: Lunar surface magnetometer experiment. Descartes.
e. S-058: Cold cathode ion gauge experiment. 8. Landed lunar module location. Achieved.
3. To develop techniques for a point landing capability. Achieved. 9. Photographic coverage. Achieved.
4. To further develop human capability to work in the lunar envi 10. Television coverage.
ronment. Achieved.
b. An external view of the landed lunar module. Not achieved. Launch Vehicle Objectives
The camera was damaged immediately after it was removed
from its stowage compartment. 1. To launch on a flight azimuth between 72° and 96° and inser
tion of the S-!VB/instrument unit/spacecraft into a circular
c. The lunar surface in the general vicinity of the lunar module. Earth parking orbit. Achieved.
Not achieved. The camera was damaged immediately after it
was unstowed. 2. To restart the S-IVB during either the second or Lhird revolution
and injection of the S-IVB/instrument unit/spacecraft into the
d. Panoramic coverage of distant terrain features. Not achieved. planned translunar trajectory. Achieved.
The camera was damaged immediately after it was removed
from its stowage compartment. 3. To provide the required attitude control for the S-IVB/instru
ment unit/spacecraft during the transposition, docking, and
e. A crew member during extravehicular activity. Not achieved. ejection maneuver. Achieved.
The camera was damaged immediately after it was removed
from its stowage compartment. 4. To use the S-IVB auxiliary propulsion system burn to execute a
launch vehicle evasive maneuver after ejection of the command
11. Surveyor III investigation. Achieved. and service module/lunar module from the S-IVB/instrument
unit. Achieved.
12. Selenodetic reference point update. Achieved.
5. To use residual S-IVB propellants and the auxiliary propulsion
Experiments system to maneuver to a trajectory that utilizes lunar gravity to
insert the expended S-IVB/instrument unit into a solar orbit
1. Lunar field geology. Achieved. ("slingshot"). Not achieved. The S-IVB!instrument unit failed to
achieve solar orbit.
2. Solar wind composition. Achieved.
6. To vent and dump all remaining gases and liquids to safe the
3. Lunar multispectral photography. Achieved. S-IVB/instrument unit. Achieved.
Apollo 12 ~
Apollo 12 Spacecraft History
EVENT DATE
Liftoff 000:00:00.68 0.032 0.000 0.0 1,340.7 28.4470 -80.6041 0.07 90.00
1st lightning strike3 000:00:36.5 1.053 0.062 387.9 1,445.7 28.4469 -80.6030 15.40 89.29
2nd lightning strike 000:00:52 . 2.374 0.399 692.1 1,690.4 28.4487 -80.5968 22.74 87.32
Mach 1 achieved 000:01 :06.1 4.215 1.228 1,067.6 2,057.7 28.4532 -80.5820 27.13 84.84
Maximum dynamic pressure 000:01:21.1 6.934 3.019 1,601.4 2,617.3 28.4627 -80.5498 29.02 82.10
S-IC center engine cutoff 000:02:15.24 24.158 25.441 5,334.5 6,494.4 141.7 28.5794 -80.1463 23.944 76.115
S-IC outboard engine cutoff 000:02:41.74 36.773 50.616 7,821.4 9,024.5 168.2 28.7069 -79.6913 20.513 75.231
S-ICIS- II separation 000:02:42.4 37.118 51.338 7,850.3 9,054.2 28.7107 -79.6773 20.430 75.228
S-II center engine cutoff 000:07:40.75 100.463 599.172 17,453.5 18,775.3 297.55 30.9599 -69.4827 0.502 79.632
S-II outboard engine cutoff 000:09:12.34 102.801 884.711 21,508.8 22,831.7 389.14 31.7508 -63.9914 0.442 82.501
S-II/S-IVB separation 000:09:13.20 102.827 887.667 21,517.8 22,840.7 31.7576 -63.9341 0.432 82.533
S-IVB 1st burn cutoff 000:11:33.91 103.093 1,399.874 24,236.6 25,560.2 137.31 32.4933 -53.8956 -0.015 88.146
Earth orbit insertion 000:11:43.91 103.086 1,438.608 24,242.3 25,565.9 32.5128 -53.1311 -0.014 88.580
3 Data for this event reflects postflight trajectory reconstruction for 36 seconds Ground Elapsed Time.
Apollo 12 ~
Apollo 12 Lunar Orbit Phase
Space
Fixed Event Velocity
GET Altitude Velocity Duration Change Apogee Perigee
Event (hhh:mm:ss) (n mi) (ft/sec) (sec) (ft!sec) (n mi) (n mi)
Apollo 12 ~
Apollo 12 Timeline
GET GMT GMT
Event (hhh:mm:ss) Time Date
Apollo 12 ~
Apollo 12 Timeline
GET
GMT
GMT
Apollo 12 ~
Apollo 12 Timeline
GET
GMT
GMT
Apollo 12 ~
Apollo 12 Timeline
GET
GMT GMT
Event (hhh:mm:ss) Time Date
Container 2, remainder of biological samples and film flown to Samoa. 259:08 11:30 25 Nov 1969
Container I, controlled temperature shipping container I, and film arrived in Houston. 268:23 20:45 25 Nov 1969
CM hatch secured and decontaminated. 270:01 22:23 25 Nov 1969
Mobile quarantine facility secured after removal of transfer tunnel. 271:08 23:30 25 Nov 1969
Container 2, remainder of biological samples, and·film arrived in Houston. 276:26 04:48 26 Nov 1969
Mobile quarantine facility and CM offloaded in Hawaii. 345:56 02: 18 29 Nov 1969
Safing of CM pyrotechnics completed. 352:18 08:40 29 Nov 1969
Mobile quarantine facility arrived at Ellington Air Force Base. 355:28 11:50 29 Nov 1969
Flight crew in Lunar Receiving Laboratory. 357:28 13:50 29 Nov 1969
Deactivation of CM fuel and oxidizer completed. 405:53 14:15 I Dec 1969
CM delivered to Lunar Receiving Laboratory. 435:08 19:30 2 Dec 1969
Launch Preparations
2 Swigert died of complications from bone marrow cancer treatments on 27 December 1982 in Washington, DC.
Apollo 13 ~
nar injection. Onboard television was .initiated at 001:35
for about five-and-a-half minutes.
Translunar Phase
When the crew heard the bang and got the master alarm
for low DC main bus B voltage, the commander was in
the lower equipment bay of the command module, stow
ing the television camera which had just been in use. The
Seismic recording of the S-IVB stage impacting the lunar module pilot was in the tunnel between the CSM
lunar surface as planned (NASA S70-34985). and the LM, returning to the CSM. The command module
pilot was in the left-hand couch, monitoring spacecraft
Through the first 46 hours of the mission, telemetered data performance. Because of the master alarm indicating low
and crew observations indicated that the performance of voltage, the command module pilot moved across to the
oxygen tank 2 was normal. At 046:40:02, the crew routinely right-hand couch where CSM voltages can be observed. He
turned on the fans in oxygen tank 2. Within three seconds, reported that voltages were "looking good" at 055:56:10
the oxygen tank 2 quantity indication changed from a nor and also reported hearing " ... a pretty good bang ... " a few
mal reading of about 82 percent full to an obviously incor seconds before. At this time, DC main bus B had recovered
rect "off-scale high" reading of over 100 percent. Analysis and fuel cell 3 did not fail for another 90 seconds. He also
of the electrical wiring of the quantity gauge shows that reported fluctuations in the oxygen tank 2 quantity, fol
this erroneous reading could have been caused by either a lowed by a return to the off-scale high position.
short circuit or an open circuit in the gauge wiring or a
short circuit between the gauge plates. Subsequent events
indicated that a short was the more likely failure mode.
Apollo 13 ~
The commander reported," ...We're venting something . .. into left the CM batteries, normally used only during reentry, as
space... " at 056:09:07, followed at 056:09:58 by the lunar mod the sole power source. The only oxygen left was contained
ule pilot's report that fuel cell 1 was off-line. Less than half an in a surge tank and repressurization packages used to
hour later, he reported that fuel cell 3 was also off-line. repressurize the CM after cabin venting. The LM became
the only source of sufficient electrical power and oxygen to
When fuel cells' 1 and 3 electrical output readings went to permit a safe return to Earth, and led to the decision to
zero, the ground controllers could not be certain that the abort the Apollo 13 mission. By 058:40, the LM had been
cells had not somehow been disconnected from their activated, the inertial guidance reference transferred from
respective busses and were not otherwise alright. Attention the CSM guidance system to the LM guidance system, and
continued to be focused on electrical problems. the CSM systems were turned off.
Astronaut AI Shepard, scheduled to command Apollo From I. to r., Director of Flight Crew Operations
14, monitors communications between crew and ground Donald "Deke" Slayton and astronauts Ken Mattingly,
regarding oxygen cell failure (NASA S?0-34904). Vance Brand, Jack Lousma, and John Young evaluate
Apollo 13's situation (NASA 570-34902).
Five minutes after the accident, controllers asked the crew
to connect fuel cell 3 to DC main bus B in order to be The remainder of the mission was characterized by two
sure that the configuration was known. When it was real main activities: planning and conducting the necessary
ized that fuel cells 1 and 3 were not functioning, the crew propulsion maneuvers to return the spacecraft to Earth,
was directed to perform an emergency powerdown to and managing the use of consumables in such a way that
lower the load on the remaining fuel cell. Fuel cell 2 was the LM, which is designed for a basic mission with two
shut down at 058:00, followed 10 minutes later by power crew members for a relatively short duration, could sup
down of the CM computer and platform. port three crew members and serve as the actual control
vehicle for the time required.
Observing the rapid decay in oxygen tank 1 pressure, con
trollers asked the crew to switch power to the oxygen tank A number of propulsion options were developed and consid
2 instrumentation. When this was done, and it was realized ered. It was necessary to return the spacecraft to a free-return
that oxygen tank 2 had failed, the extreme seriousness of trajectory and to make any required midcourse corrections.
the situation became clear. Normally, the SM service propulsion system would be used
for such maneuvers. However, because of the high electrical
Several attempts were then made to save the remaining power requirements for that engine, and in view of its uncer
oxygen in oxygen tank 1, but the pressure continued to tain condition and the uncertain nature of the structure of
decrease. It was obvious by about 90 minutes after the the SM after the accident, it was decided to use the LM
accident that the oxygen tank 1 leak could not be stopped descent engine if possible.
and that shortly it would be necessary to use the LM as a
"lifeboat" for the remainder of the mission. The resultant The spacecraft was then maneuvered back into a
loss of oxygen made the three fuel cells inoperative. This free-return trajectory at 061:29:43.49 by firing the LM
Lunar farside, showing crater Tsiolkovsky (NASA ASB The unprecedented powered-down state of the CM
60-8659). required several new procedures for entry. The CM was
3 Source of lunar occultation times unknown, but appear to be more accurate expressions of times in Apollo 13 Mission Operations Report, p. lll-26. 1992 Guinness Book of World
Records, page 118, states that Apollo 13 holds the record for farthest distance traveled from Earth: 248,655 st mi at 1:21 a.m. British Daylight Time 15 April 1970 at 158 miles
above the Moon, the equivalent of 216,075 n mi 00:21 GMT 15 Aprill970 (08:21p.m. EST, 14 April) at an apolune of 137 n mi.
Apollo 13 ~
briefly powered up to assess the operational capability of The crew viewed the SM and reported that an entire panel
critical systems. Also, the CM entry batteries were charged was missing near the S-band high-gain antenna, the fuel
through the umbilical connectors that had supplied power cells on the shelf above the oxygen shelf were tilted, the
from the LM while the CM was powered down. high-gain antenna was damaged, and a great deal of debris
was exposed.
of southwestern U.S. and northwestern Mexico. Baja splashes down in the Pacific (NASA S70-35638).
The impact point was about 1.0 n mi from the target point
and 3.5 n mi from the recovery ship U.S.S. Iwo lima. The
Flight controllers gather around the console of Shift 4 splashdown site was at latitude 21.63° south and longitude
Flight Director Glynn Lunney to review weather maps 165.37° west. After splashdown, the CM assumed an apex-up
of the proposed splashdown site in the south Pacific flotation attitude. The crew was retrieved by helicopter and
Ocean (NASA S70-35014). aboard the recovery 45 minutes after splashdown.
Apollo 13 ~
Crew exits recovery helicopter aboard U.S.S. Iwo lima Flight Director Gene Kranz relaxes after the safe return
(NASA KSC-70PC-0130). of the Apollo 13 crew (NASA S70-35145).
3. The performance of lunar module systems demonstrated an Data were not adequate to determine precisely the way in
emergency operational capability. Lunar module systems support which the oxygen tank 2 system lost its integrity. However,
ed the crew for a period twice their intended design lifetime. available information, analyses, and tests performed during
this investigation indicate that most probably combustion
4. The effectiveness of pre-mission crew training, especially in con within the pressure vessel ultimately led to localized heating
junction with ground personnel, was reflected in the skill and and failure at the pressure vessel closure. It is at this point,
precision with which the crew responded to the emergency. the upper end of the quantity probe, that the Inconel con
duit is located, through which the Teflon-insulated wires
5. Although the mission was not a complete success, a lunar flyby enter the pressure vessel. It is likely that the combustion
mission, including three planned experiments (lightning phe progressed along the wire insulation and reached this loca-
Apollo 13 ~
tion where all of the wires come together. This, possibly cated that this was due to gas leakage through the displaced fill
augmented by ignition of the metal in the upper end of the tube assembly.
probe, led to weakening and failure of the closure or the
conduit, or both. • The special detanking procedures at KSC subjected the tank to
an extended period of heater operation and pressure cycling.
Failure at this point would lead immediately to pressuriza These procedures had not been used before, and the tank had
tion of the tank dome, which is equipped with a rupture not been qualified by test for the conditions experienced.
disc rated at about 75 psi. Rupture of this disc or of the However, the procedures did not violate the specifications that
entire dome would then release oxygen, accompanied by governed the operation of the heaters at KSC.
combustion products, into bay 4. Spacecraft accelerations
recorded at this time were probably caused by this release. • In reviewing these procedures before the flight, officials of NASA,
NR, and Beech did not recognize the possibility of damage due
Release of the oxygen then began to pressurize the oxygen to overheating. Many of these officials were not aware of the
shelf space of bay 4. If the holes formed in the pressure extended heater operation. In any event, adequate thermostatic
vessel were large enough and formed rapidly enough, the switches might have been expected to protect the tank.
escaping oxygen alone would be adequate to blow off the
bay 4 panel. However, it is also quite possible that the • A number of factors contributed to the presence of inadequate
escape of oxygen was accompanied by combustion of thermostatic switches in the heater assembly. The original 1962
Mylar and Kapton (used extensively as thermal insulation specifications from NR to Beech Aircraft Corporation for the tank
in the oxygen shelf compartment and in the tank dome), and heater assembly specified the use of 28 V DC power, which
which would augment the pressure caused by the oxygen is used in the spacecraft. In 1965, NR issued a revised
itself. The slight temperature increases recorded at various specification which stated that the heaters should use a 65 V DC
SM locations indicate that combustion external to the tank power supply for tank pressurization; this was the power supply
probably took place. The ejected panel then struck the used at KSC to reduce pressurization time. Beech ordered switch
high-gain antenna, disrupting communications from the es for the Block II tanks but did not change the switch
spacecraft for the 1.8 seconds. specifications to be compatible with 65 V DC.
How the Problem Occurred • The thermostatic switch discrepancy was not detected by NASA,
NR, or Beech in their review of documentation, nor did tests
Following is a list of factors that led to the accident: identify the incompatibility of the switches with the ground sup
port equipment at KSC, since neither qualification nor acceptance
• After assembly and acceptance testing, oxygen tank 2 that flew on testing required switch cycling under load as should have been
Apollo 13 was shipped from Beech Aircraft Corporation to North done. It was a serious oversight in which all parties shared.
American Rockwell (NR) in apparently satisfactory condition.
• The thermostatic switches could accommodate the 65 V DC dur
• It is now known, however, that the tank contained two protective ing tank pressurization because they normally remained cool and
thermostatic switches on the heater assembly, which were inade closed. However, they could not open without damage with 65 V
quate and would subsequently fail during ground test operations DC power applied. They were never required to do so until the
at Kennedy Space Center (KSC). special detanking. During this procedure, as the switches started
to open when they reached their upper temperature limit, they
• In addition, it is probable that the tank contained a loosely fitting were welded permanently closed by the resulting arc and were
fill tube assembly. This assembly was probably displaced during rendered inoperative as protective thermostats.
subsequent handling, which included an incident at the prime
contractor's arc plant in which the tank was jarred. • Failure of the thermostatic switches to open could have been
detected at KSC if switch operation had been checked by observ
• In itself, the displaced fill tube assembly was not particularly ing heater current readings on the oxygen tank heater control
serious, but it led to the use of improvised detanking procedures panel. Although it was not recognized at that time, the tank tem
at KSC which almost certainly set the stage for the accident. perature readings indicated that the heaters had reached their
temperature limit and switch opening should have been expected.
• Although Beech did not encounter any problem in detanking
during acceptance tests, it was not possible to detank oxygen • As shown by subsequent tests, failure of the thermostatic switches
tank 2 using normal procedures at KSC. Tests and analyses indi probably permitted the temperature of the heater tube assembly
• The rapid expulsion of high-pressure oxygen which followed, pos 12. EMU water consumption measurement. Not attempted.
sibly augmented by combustion of insulation in the space sur
rounding the tank, blew off the outer panel to bay 4 of the SM, 13. Thermal coating degradation. Not attempted.
caused a leak in the high-pressure system of oxygen tank 1,
damaged the high-gain antenna, caused other miscellaneous Experiments
damage, and aborted the mission.
I. ALSEP III: Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package. Not
Apollo 13 Objectives attempted.
2. To deploy and activate an Apollo lunar surface experiments d. Cold cathode gauge experiment.
package. Not attempted.
e. Lunar dust detection.
3. To further develop human capability to work in the lunar envi
ronment. Not attempted. 2. S-059: Lunar field geology. Not attempted.
4. To obtain photographs of candidate exploration sites. Not 3. S-080: Solar wind composition. Not attempted.
attempted.
4. S-164: S-band transponder exercise. Not attempted.
Detailed Objectives
5. S-170: Downlink bistatic radar observations of the Moon. Not
1. Television coverage. Not attempted. attempted.
2. Contingency sample collection. Not attempted. 6. S-178: Gegenschein from lunar orbit. Not attempted.
3. Selected sample collection. Not attempted. 7. S-184: Lunar surface close-up photography. Not attempted.
4. Landing accuracy improvement techniques. Not attempted. 8. T-029: Pilot describing function. Achieved.
Apollo 13 ~
Launch Vehicle Objectives
Individual and combined CM and SM systems test completed at factory. 16 Mar 1969
Integrated CM and SM systems test completed at factory. 08 Apr 1969
LM 7 final engineering evaluation acceptance test at factory. 18 May 1969
LM 7 integrated test at factory. 18 May 1969
Saturn S-IVB stage S08 delivered to KSC. 13 Jun 1969
Saturn S-IC stage 8 delivered to KSC. 16 Jun 1969
Saturn S-IC stage 8 erected on MLP 3. 18 Jun 1969
LM ascent stage 7 ready to ship from factory to KSC. 24 Jun 1969
CM 109 and SM 109 ready to ship from factory to KSC. 2S Jun 1969
LM descent stage 7 ready to ship from factory to KSC. 2S Jun 1969
CM 109 and SM 109 delivered to KSC. 26 Jun 1969
LM ascent stage 7 delivered to KSC. 27 Jun 1969
LM descent stage 7 delivered to KSC. 28 Jun 1969
Saturn S-II stage 8 delivered to KSC. 29 Jun 1969
CM 109 and SM 109 mated. 30 Jun 1969
CSM 109 combined systems test completed. 07 Jui 1969
Saturn V instrument unit S08 delivered to KSC. 07 Jul1969
LM ascent stage 7 and descent stage 7 mated. 1S Jul1969
Saturn S-II stage 8 erected. 17 Jui 1969
Spacecraft/LM adapter 16 delivered to KSC. 18 Jul 1969
LM 7 combined systems test completed. 22 Jul1969
Saturn S-IVB stage S08 erected. 31 Jul1969
Saturn V instrument unit S08 erected. 01 Aug 1969
Launch vehicle electrical systems test completed. 29 Aug 1969
CSM 109 altitude tests completed. 12 Sep 1969
LM 7 altitude tests completed. 20 Sep 1969
Launch vehicle propellant dispersion/malfunction overall test completed. 21 Oct 1969
Launch vehicle service arm overall test completed. 04 Dec 1969
CSM 109 moved to VAB. 09 Dec 1969
Spacecraft erected. 10 Dec 1969
Space vehicle and MLP 3 transferred to launch complex 39A. 1S Dec 1969
CSM 109 integrated systems test completed. OS Jan 1970
LM 7 combined systems test completed. OS Jan 1970
CSM 109 electrically mated to launch vehicle. 18 Jan 1970
Space vehicle overall test 1 (plugs in) completed. 20 Jan 1970
LM 6 flight readiness test completed. 24 Jan 1970
Space vehicle flight readiness test completed. 26 Feb 1970
Saturn S-IC stage 8 RP-1 fuel loading completed. 16 Mar 1970
Space vehicle countdown demonstration test (wet) completed. 2S Mar 1970
Space vehicle countdown demonstration test (dry) completed. 26 Mar 1970
Apollo 13 ~
Apollo I 3 Ascent Phase
Space
Fixed Space
Earth Space Flight Fixed
Fixed Fixed Event Geocentric Path Heading
Event GET Altitude Range Velocity Velocity Duration Latitude Longitude Angle Angle
(hhh:mm:ss) (nmi) (nmi) (ft/sec) (ft/sec) (deg E) (deg N) (deg E) (deg) (E ofN)
Liftoff 000:00:00.61 0.032 0.000 0.9 1,340.7 28.4470 -80.6041 0.04 90.00
Mach 1 achieved 000:01:08.4 4.394 1.310 1,095.2 2,087.5 28.4533 -80.5804 27.34 85.14
Maximum dynamic pressure 000:01 :21.3 6.727 2.829 1,550.6 2,566.2 28.4608 -80.5529 28.98 82.96
S-IC center engine cutoff! 000:02:1 5.18 23.464 24.266 5,162.8 6,328.2 141.9 28.5677 -80.1654 23.612 76.609
S-IC outboard engine cutoff 000:02:43.60 36.392 50.991 7,787.3 9,002.5 170.3 28.6989 -79.6810 19.480 75.696
S-ICIS- II separation4 000:02:44.3 36.739 51.815 7,820.8 9,036.3 28.7029 -79.6660 19.383 75.693
S-II center engine 5 cutoff 000:05:30.64 86.183 298.100 11,566.6 12,859.6 164.64 29.8167 -75.1433 4.158 76.956
S-II to complete CECQ4 000:07:42.6 97.450 580.109 15,583.8 16,904.3 132.00 30.8785 -69.8409 0.77 79.40
S-II outboard engine cutoff 000:09:52.64 102.112 964.578 21,288.0 22,610.8 426.64 31.9133 -62.4374 0.657 83.348
S-II/S-IVB separation4 000:09:53.50 102.150 967.505 21,301.6 22,624.5 31.9193 -62.3805 0.650 83.380
S-IVB 1st burn cutoff 000:12:29.83 103.469 1,533.571 24,236.4 25,560.4 152.93 32.5241 -51.2552 0.004 89.713
Earth orbit insertion 000:12:39.83 103.472 1,572.300 24,242.1 25,566.1 32.5249 -50.4902 0.005 90.148
Earth orbit insertion 000:12:39.83 25,566.1 35,538.4 100.3 99.3 88.19 32.547
S-IVB 2nd burn ignition 002:35:46.30 25,573.2
S-IVB 2nd burn cutoff 002:41 :37.15 35,562.6 350.85 10,039.0 31.818
Transearth injection ignition (LM DPS) 079:27:38.95 5,465.26 4,547.7 72.645 -116.308
Transearth injection cutoff 079:32:02.77 5,658.68 5,020.2 263.82 860.5 64.784 -117.886
Midcourse correction ignition (LM DPS) 105:18:28.0 152,224.32 4,457.8 -79.673 114. 134
Midcourse correction cutoff 105:18:42.0 152,215.52 4,456.6 14.00 7.8 -79.765 114.242
Midcourse correction ignition (LM RCS) 137:39:51.5 37,808.58 10,109.1 -72.369 118.663
Midcourse correction cutoff 137:40:13.00 37,776.05 10,114.6 21.50 3.2 -72.373 118.660
SM separation 138:01:48.0 35,694.93 10,405.9 -71.941 118.824
LM jettisoned 141:30:00.2 11,257.48 17,465.9 -60.548 120.621
Apollo 13 ~
Apollo 13 Timeline
GET GMT GMT
Event (hhh:mm:ss) Time Date
10 Apr 1970
T erm in al c o u n td o w n sta rte d a t T-28 h o u rs. -028:00:00 05:00:00
Sched u led 9 -h o u r 13 m in u te ho ld a t T -9 h o u rs. -009:00:00 00:00:00 11 Apr 1970
C o u n td o w n re su m e d a t T-9 h o u rs. -009:00:00 09:13:00 11 Apr 1970
Sched u led 1 -h o u r h o ld a t T-3 h o u rs 30 m in u te s. -003:30:00 14:43:00 11 Apr 1970
C o u n td o w n re su m e d at T-3 h o u rs 30 m in u te s. -003:30:00 15:43:00 11 Apr 1970
G u id an ce reference release. -000:00:16.961 19:12:43 11 Apr 1970
S-IC e n g in e s ta r t c o m m a n d . -000:00:08.9 19:12:51 11 Apr 1970
S-IC e n g in e ig n itio n (5). -000:00:06.7 19:12:53 11 Apr 1970
All S-IC e n g in e s th r u s t OK. -000:00:01.4 19:12:58 11 Apr 1970
R an g e zero. 000:00:00.00 19:13:00 11 Apr 1970
All h o ld d o w n a rm s released (1 st m o tio n ) (1.06 g). 000:00:00.3 19:13:00 11 Apr 1970
L iftoff (u m b ilical d isco n n ected ). 000:00:00.61 19:13:00 11 Apr 1970
Tower clearan ce yaw m a n e u v e r sta rte d . 000:00:02.3 19:13:02 11 Apr 1970
Yaw m a n e u v e r en d ed . 000:00:10.0 19:13:10 11 Apr 1970
Pitch a n d roll m a n e u v e r sta rte d . 000:00:12.6 19:13:12 11 Apr 1970
Roll m a n e u v e r e n d ed . 000:00:32.1 19:13:32 11 Apr 1970
M ach 1 achieved. 000:01:08.4 19:14:08 11 Apr 1970
M a x im u m b e n d in g m o m e n t achieved (69,000,000 lbf-in ). 000:01:16 19:14:16 11 Apr 1970
M a x im u m d y n a m ic p re ssu re (651.63 lb /f t2). 000:01:21.3 19:14:21 11 Apr 1970
S-IC c en ter e n g in e cu to ff c o m m a n d . 000:02:15.18 19:15:15 11 Apr 1970
P itch m a n e u v e r en d ed . 000:02:43.3 19:15:43 11 Apr 1970
S-IC o u tb o a rd e n g in e cutoff. 000:02:43.60 19:15:43 11 Apr 1970
S-IC m a x im u m to ta l in e rtia l acceleration (3.83 g). 000:02:43.70 19:15:43 11 Apr 1970
S-IC m a x im u m E arth -fix ed velocity. 000:02:44.10 19:15:44 11 Apr 1970
S-IC /S-II se p a ra tio n c o m m a n d . 000:02:44.3 19:15:44 11 Apr 1970
S-II e n g in e s ta r t c o m m a n d . 000:02:45.0 19: 15:45 11 Apr 1970
S-II ignition. 000:02:46.0 19:15:46 11 Apr 1970
S-II a ft in terstag e je ttiso n ed . 000:03:14.3 19:16:14 11 Apr 1970
L au n c h e scap e to w er je ttiso n ed . 000:03:21.0 19:16:21 11 Apr 1970
Iterative g u id an c e m o d e in itiated. 000:03:24.5 19:16:24 11 Apr 1970
S-IC apex. 000:04:31.7 19:17:31 11 Apr 1970
S-II c en ter en g in e c u to ff (S -II e n g in e 5 c u to ff 132.36 se c o n d s early). 000:05:30.64 19:18:30 11 Apr 1970
S-II c o m m a n d to co m p lete CECO. 000:07:42.6 19:20:42 11 Apr 1970
S-II m a x im u m to ta l in e rtia l acceleration (1.66 g). 000:08:57.00 19:21:57 11 Apr 1970
S-IC im p a c t (th eo retical). 000:09:06.9 19:22:06 11 Apr 1970
S -II o u tb o a rd en g in e cu to ff (34.53 seco n d s late r th a n p lan n e d ). 000:09:52.64 19:22:52 11 Apr 1970
S -II m a x im u m E arth -fix ed velocity; S-II/S-IV B se p a ra tio n c o m m a n d . 000:09:53.50 19:22:53 11 Apr 1970
S-IVB 1st b u r n s ta r t c o m m a n d . 000:09:53.60 19:22:53 11 Apr 1970
S-IVB 1st b u r n ig n itio n . 000:09:56.90 19:22:56 11 Apr 1970
S-IVB ullage case je ttiso n ed . 000:10:05.4 19:23:05 11 Apr 1970
S -II a p e x. 000:10:32.2 19:23:32 11 Apr 1970
S-IVB 1st b u r n c u to ff (9 se c o n d s la te r th a n p lan n e d ). 000:12:29.83 19:25:29 11 Apr 1970
S-IVB 1st b u r n m a x im u m to tal in e rtia l acceleratio n (0.58 g). 000:12:30.00 19:25:30 11 Apr 1970
S-IVB 1st b u r n m a x im u m Earth-fi x e d velocity. 000:12:30.50 19:25:30 11 Apr 1970
E a rth o rb it in se rtio n . 0 0 0 :12:39.83 19:25:39 11 Apr 1970
M a n e u v er to local h o rizo n tal a ttitu d e sta rte d . 000:12:50.1 19:25:50 11 Apr 1970
O rb ital n av ig atio n sta rte d . 000:14:10.4 19:27:10 11 Apr 1970
S-II im p a c t (th eo retical). 000:20:58.1 19:33:58 11 Apr 1970
T V tra n s m iss io n sta rte d . 001:37 20:50 11 Apr 1970
T V tra n s m iss io n en d ed . 001:43 20:56 11 Apr 1970
S-IVB 2 n d b u r n re s ta rt p re p ara tio n . 002:26:08.10 21:39:08 11 Apr 1970
Apollo 13 155
A p o llo 13 Tim eline
GET GMT GMT
Event (hhh:nun:ss) Time Date
Apollo 13 157
~ Apollo by the Numbers
APOLLO 14
Apollo 14 Summary
(3 I January-09 February 1971)
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Background
• to develop human capability of working in the lunar environ APOLLO LUNAR HAND TOOL CARRIER (ALHT)
ment; MET TRAVERSE CONFIGURATION
• to obtain photographs of candidate exploration sites. Line drawing of the Apollo Lunar Hand Tool Carrier in
configuration for use with the MET (NASA S70-50763).
Although the primary mission objectives for Apollo 14 were
the same as those of Apollo 13, provisions were made for An investigation into the cause of the Apollo 13 cryogenic
returning a significantly greater quantity of lunar material oxygen tank failure led to three significant changes in the
and scientific data than had been possible previously. An CSM cryogenic oxygen storage and electrical power systems
innovation that allowed an increase in the range of lunar for Apollo 14 and future missions. The internal construction
surface exploration and in the amount of material collected of the oxygen tanks was modified, a third oxygen tank was
was the provision of a collapsible two-wheeled cart, the added, and an auxiliary battery was installed. These changes
modular equipment transporter (MET), for carrying tools, were also incorporated into all subsequent spacecraft.
cameras, a portable magnetometer, and lunar samples.
Apollo 14 ~
measured at 530 feet above the launch site, measured 16.5
knots at 275° from true north.
Ascent Phase
Apollo 14 was launched from Kennedy Space Center
Launch Complex 39, Pad A, at a Range Zero time of
21:03:02 GMT (04:03:02 p.m. EST) on 31 January 1971.
The planned launch window was from 20:23:00 GMT on
31 January to 00:12:00 GMT on 1 February to take advan
tage of a sun elevation angle on the lunar surface of 10.3°.
The maximum wind conditions encountered during ascent At 003:02:29.4, the CSM was separated from the S-IVB
were 102.6 knots at 255° from true north at 43,270 feet, stage. Transposition occurred normally; however, six dock
and a maximum wind shear of 0.0201 sec-1 at 43,720 feet. ing attempts were required before the CSM was successful
ly docked with the LM at 004:56:56.0. The docked space
Parking orbit conditions at insertion, 000:11:50.56 (S-IVB craft were ejected from the S-IVB by a 6.9-second
cutoff plus 10 seconds to account for engine tailoff and maneuver at 005:47:14.4, and an 80.2-second separation
other transient effects), showed an apogee and perigee of maneuver was performed at 006:04:01.7. Inflight examina
100.1 by 98.9 n mi, an inclination of 31.120°, a period of tion of the docking probe revealed no problems. It was
88.18 minutes, and a velocity of 25,565.9 ft/sec. The apogee therefore assumed that the capture-latch assembly must
and perigee were based upon a spherical Earth with a not have been in the locked configuration during the first
radius of 3,443.934 n mi. five attempts.
The international designation for the CSM upon achieving As on Apollo 13, the S-IVB stage was targeted to impact
orbit was 1971-008A, and the S-IVB was designated the Moon within a prescribed area to supply seismic data.
1971 -008B. After undocking at the moon, the LM ascent A 252.2-second auxiliary propulsion system lunar impact
stage would be designated 1971-008C and the descent stage maneuver was performed at 009:04:11.2 to accomplish that
1971-008D. objective. The S-IVB impacted the lunar surface at
082:37:52.17. The impact point was latitude 8.07° south
After inflight systems checks, the 350.84-second translumr and longitude 26.04° west, 159 n mi from the target point,
injection maneuver (second S-IVB firing) was performed at and 94 n mi southwest of the Apollo 12 seismometer. The
002:28:32.40. The S-IVB engine shut down at 002:34:23.24 seismometer recorded the impact 37 seconds later and
and translunar injection occurred ten seconds later, at a responded to vibrations for more than three hours. At
velocity of 35,541.0 ft/sec after 1.5 Earth orbits lasting impact, the S-IVB weighed 30,836 pounds and was travel
2 hours 22 minutes 42.68 seconds. ing 8,343 ft/sec.
Apollo 14 ~
site for Apollo 13, on a slope of about 7°. Approximately cathode ion gauge to fall over; low transmitter strength on
70 seconds of engine firing time remained at landing. the central station; noisy data from the suprathermal ion
detector experiment; and failure of five of the active seis
Preparations for the initial period of lunar surface explo mic experiment thumper initiators. to fire.
ration began two hours after landing, and cabin depressur
ization began at 113:39:11. The first extravehicular activity
began 49 minutes late due to intermittent PLSS communi
cations during the EVA preparations. Proper communica
tions were established during a rerun of the checklist. The
cause was believed to have been an LM configuration
problem. A recycling of the audio circuit breaker cleared
the problem.
Several problems were encountered during the deployment The crew entered the LM and the cabin was repressurized
of the ALSEP package. They were as follows: difficulty in at 118:27:01. The first extravehicular activity period lasted
releasing the Boyd bolt on the suprathermal ion detector; 4 hours 47 minutes 50 seconds. The distance traveled was
stiffness in the cable between the suprathermal ion detector 3,300 feet (1 km}; an estimated 45.2 pounds (20.5 kg) of
and the cold cathode ion gauge, which caused the cold samples were collected.
Apollo 14 ~
they only reached a point within 50 feet (15 m) from the
rim of the crater. Nevertheless, the objectives associated
with reaching the vicinity of this crater were achieved.
While the landing crew was on the lunar surface, the com
mand module pilot performed tasks to obtain data for scien
Mitchell looks at traverse map during EVA-2. Note lunar tific analyses and future mission planning. These tasks includ
dust clinging to the left leg of his suit (NASA AS14-64 ed orbital science photography of the lunar surface,
9089). photography of the proposed Descartes landing site for site
selection studies, photography of the lunar surface under
En route to Cone Crater, photographs, various samples, high-sun-angle lighting conditions for operations planning,
and terrain descriptions were obtained. Rock and soil sam photography of low-brightness astronomical light sources, and
ples were collected in a blocky field near the rim. photography of the Gegenschein and Moulton Point regions.
Apollo 14 ~
an orbit of 63.4 by 56.8 n mi. A 76.2-second deorbit firing ration, liquid transfer, heat flow and convection, and co:n
at 57.2 n mi altitude depleted the ascent stage propellants, posite casting under zero-gravity conditions.
and impact occurred at 147:42:23.4. The impact point was
latitude 3° 25' 12" south and longitude 19° 40' 1" west, 36 Recovery
n mi west of the Apollo 14 landing site, 62 n mi from the
Apollo 12 landing site, and 7 n mi from the target. The service module was jettisoned at 215:32:42.2, and the
CM followed a normal entry profile. The command mod
ule reentered the Earth's atmosphere (400,000 feet altitude)
at 215:47:45.3 at a velocity of 36,170 ft/sec following a
transearth coast of 67 hours 9 minutes 13.8 seconds. The
service module should have entered Earth's atmosphere
and its debris should have landed in the Pacific Ocean 650
n mi southwest of the CM splashdown; however, no radar
data or sightings confirmed the entry or impact.
Conclusions
Apollo 14 ~
mately two hours from that required on previous missions. The Apollo 14 Objectives
timeline activities, however, are greatly compressed.
Spacecraft Primary Objectives
Detailed Objectives
7. Launching through cumulus clouds with tops up to 10,000 feet 7. Command and service module oxygen flow rate. Achieved.
was demonstrated to be a safe launch restriction for the preven
tion of triggered lightning. The cloud conditions at liftoff were at 8. Transearth lunar photography. Partially achieved. Excellent photog
the limit of this restriction and no triggered lightning was raphy ofthe lunar surface was obtained, but no lunar topographic
recorded during the launch phase. photography was obtained because of a camera malfunction.
10. Dim-light photography. Achieved. 1. Electrophoretic separation (Marshall Space Flight Center).
Achieved.
Detailed Objectives Added During Mission
2. Heat flow and convection (Marshall Space Flight Center).
1. S-IVB photography. Not achieved. The S-IVB could not be iden Achieved.
tified on the film during post-mission analysis.
3. Liquid transfer (Lewis Research Center). Achieved.
2. Command and service module water-dump photography.
Partially achieved. Although some water particles were seen on 4. Composite casting (Marshall Space Flight Center). Achieved.
photographs of the water dump, there was no indication of the
''snowstorm" described by the crew. Operational Tests
1. ALSEP IV: Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package. a. Lunar gravity measurement (using the lunar module pri
mary guidance system). Achieved.
a. Lunar passive seismology. Achieved.
b. Hydrogen maser test (a network and unified S-band investi
b. Lunar active seismology. Achieved. gation sponsored by the Goddard Space Flight Center).
Achieved.
c. Suprathermal ion detector. Achieved.
2. For Department of Defense
d. Charged particle lunar environment. Achieved.
a. Chapel Bell (classified Department of Defense test). Results
e. Cold cathode gauge. Achieved. classified.
2. Lunar geology investigation. Achieved. c. Ionospheric disturbance from missiles. Results classified.
Apollo 14 ~
3. To provide the required attitude control for the S-IVB/instru
ment uniUspacecraft during transposition, docking, and ejection.
Achieved.
Individual and combined CM and SM systems test completed at factory. 02 Apr 1969
Integrated CM and SM systems test completed at factory. 07 May 1969
LM #8 final engineering evaluation acceptance test at factory. 25 Aug 1969
LM #8 integrated test at factory. 25 Aug 1969
LM ascent stage #8 ready to ship from factory to KSC. 08 Nov 1969
LM descent stage #8 ready to ship from factory to KSC. 13 Nov 1969
CM #110 and SM #110 ready to ship from factory to KSC. 17 Nov 1969
CM #110 and SM #110 delivered to KSC. 19 Nov 1969
CM #110 and SM #110 mated. 24 Nov 1969
LM ascent stage #8 delivered to KSC. 24 Nov 1969
LM descent stage #8 delivered to KSC. 24 Nov 1969
Saturn S-IC stage #9 delivered to KSC. 11 Jan 1970
Saturn S-IC stage #9 erected on MLP #2. 14 Jan 1970
LM ascent stage #8 and descent stage #8 mated. 20 Jan 1970
Saturn S-IVB stage #509 delivered to KSC. 20 Jan 1970
Saturn S-II stage #9 delivered to KSC. 21 Jan 1970
LM #8 combined systems test comp1eted. 22 Jan 1970
CSM #110 combined systems test completed. 02 Feb 1970
Spacecraft/LM adapter #17 delivered to KSC. 31 Mar 1970
Saturn V instrument unit #509 delivered to KSC. 06 May 1970
Saturn S-II stage #9 erected. 12 May 1970
Saturn S-IVB stage #509 erected. 13 May 1970
Saturn V instrument unit #509 erected. 14 May 1970
Launch vehicle electrical systems test completed. 04 Jun 1970
LM #8 altitude tests completed. 22 Jun 1970
Launch vehicle propellant dispersion/malfunction overall test completed. 07 Jul 1970
CSM #110 altitude tests completed. 01 Aug 1970
Launch vehicle service arm overall test completed. 21 Oct 1970
CSM #110 moved to VAB. 04 Nov 1970
Spacecraft erected. 04 Nov 1970
Space vehicle and MLP #2 transferred to launch complex 39A. 09 Nov 1970
LM #8 combined systems test completed. 16 Nov 1970
CSM #110 integrated systems test completed. 18 Nov 1970
CSM #110 electrically mated to launch vehicle. 13 Dec 1970
LM #7 flight readiness test completed. 14 Dec 1970
Space vehicle overall test #1 (plugs in) completed. 14 Dec 1970
Space vehicle flight readiness test completed. 19 Dec 1970
Saturn S-IC stage #9 RP-1 fuel loading completed. 08 Jan 1971
Space vehicle countdown demonstration test (wet) completed. 18 Jan 1971
Space vehicle countdown demonstration test (dry) completed. 19 Jan 1971
Apollo 14 ~
Apollo 14 Ascent Phase
Space
Fixed Space
Earth Space Flight Fixed
Fixed Fixed Event Geocentric Path Heading
Event GET Altitude Range Velocity Velocity Duration Latitude Longitude Angle Angle
(hhh:mm:ss) (n mi) (nmi) (ft!sec) (ft!sec) (sec) (deg N) (deg E) (deg) (E ofN)
Liftoff 000:00:00.57 0.060 0.000 1.1 1,340.7 28.4470 -80.6041 0.05 90.00
Mach 1 achieved 000:01:08.0 4.337 1.379 1,077.0 2,082.4 28.4521 -80.5787 26.80 86.06
Maximum dynamic pressure 000:01:21.0 6.649 2.886 1,524.6 2,540.5 28.4580 -80.5509 28.77 84.61
S-IC center engine cutoff 000:02:15.14 23.202 24.169 5,103.0 6,283.6 141.6 28.5441 -80.1598 23.554 79.228
S-IC outboard engine cutoff 000:02:44.10 36.317 51.132 7,741.7 8,972.5 170.6 28.6516 -79.6634 19.584 78.468
S-ICIS- II separation 000:02:44.8 36.663 51.947 7,773.0 9,004.8 28.6548 -79.6484 19.489 78.468
S-II center engine cutoff 000:07:43.09 98.091 594.709 17,212.7 18,554.4 296.59 30.3347 -69.4425 0.829 82.809
S-II outboard engine cutoff 000:09: 19.05 101.556 890.920 21,562.5 22,905.8 392.55 30.8611 -63.7444 0.621 85.784
S-II/S-IVB separation 000:09:20.00 101.596 894.194 21,573.8 22,917.2 30.8654 -63.6810 0.612 85.818
S-IVB 1st burn cutoff 000:11:40.56 103.091 1,406.287 24,215.6 25,559.9 137.16 31.0978 -53.7349 -0.004 91.245
Earth orbit insertion 000:11 :50.56 103.086 1,444.989 24,221.6 25,565.8 31.0806 -52.9826 -0.003 91.656
Apollo 14 ~
A p o llo 14 Tim eline
GET GM T GM T
E vent (h h h :m m :s s ) T im e D a te
Apollo 14 177
A p o llo 14 Tim eline
G ET GM T GM T
Event (hhh:m m :ss) Tim e D ate
Apollo 14 179
A p o llo 14 Tim eline
GET GMT GMT
Event (hhh:mm:ss) Time Date
D e p a rte d sta tio n G1 for LM (CD R/LM P). 134:52 11:55 06 Feb 1971
EVA clo seo u t (CDR). 134:55 11:58 06 Feb 1971
EVA clo seo u t (LM P). 134:57 12:00 06 Feb 1971
Solar w in d c o m p o sitio n e x p erim e n t retrieved. 135:13 12:16 06 Feb 1971
CSM c o n tin g en cy p h o to g rap h y o f D escartes. 135:20 12:23 06 Feb 1971
EVA e n d e d (L M P). 135:25 12:28 06 Feb 1971
EVA e n d e d (CDR). Post-EVA activ ity o p e ratio n s p rio r to LM c ab in rep re ssu riz a tio n (LM P). 135:35 12:38 06 Feb 1971
Post-EVA activ ity o p e ratio n s p rio r to LM c ab in re p re ssu riz a tio n (CDR). 135:41 12:44 06 Feb 1971
2 n d EVA telev isio n tra n s m iss io n en ded.
2 n d EVA e n d e d (c ab in rep re ssu riz a tio n sta rte d ). 135:42:54 12:45:56 06 Feb 1971
LM c ab in d e p ressu riz e d , e q u ip m e n t jettiso n e d , c ab in rep ressu rized . 136:40 13:43 06 Feb 1971
CSM la n d m a rk tra c k in g sta rte d . 137:10 14:13 06 Feb 1971
CSM la n d m a rk trac k in g en d ed . 137:55 14:58 06 Feb 1971
R endezvous r a d a r activ atio n a n d self-test. 138:40 15:43 06 Feb 1971
CSM b ack w a rd -lo o k in g zero p h a se o b se rv atio n s a n d o rb ital science photography. 139:00 16:03 06 Feb 1971
CSM fo rw ard -lo o k in g zero p h a se ob serv atio n s. 139:55 16:58 06 Feb 1971
LM lu n a r lifto ff ig n itio n (LM APS). 141:45:40 18:48:42 06 Feb 1971
L u n ar a scen t o rb it cutoff. 141:52:52.1 18:55:54 06 Feb 1971
V ernier a d ju s tm e n t ig n itio n (LM RCS). 141:56:49.4 18:59:51 06 Feb 1971
V ernier a d ju s tm e n t cutoff. 1 4 1 :5 7 :0 1 .5 19:00:03 06 Feb 1971
T erm in al p h a se in itia tio n ignition. 142:30:51.1 19:33:53 06 Feb 1971
T erm in al p h a se in itiatio n cutoff. 142:30:54.7 19:33:56 06 Feb 1971
LM 1st m id c o u rse co rrectio n . 142:45 19:48 06 Feb 1971
LM 2 n d m id c o u rse co rrectio n . 143:00 20:03 06 Feb 1971
T erm in al p h a se finalize ig n ition. 143:13:29.1 20:16:31 06 Feb 1971
T erm in al p h a se finalize cutoff. 143:13:55.8 20:16:57 06 Feb 1971
T V tra n s m iss io n sta rte d . 143:15 20:18 06 Feb 1971
TV tra n s m iss io n en d ed . 143:20 20:23 06 Feb 1971
TV tra n s m is s io n sta rte d . 143:28 20:31 06 Feb 1971
CSM /LM docked. 143:32:50.5 20:35:52 06 Feb 1971
TV tra n s m iss io n en d ed . 143:35 20:38 06 Feb 1971
E q u ip m e n t a n d sa m p le s tra n s fe rre d to CM. 144:00 21:03 06 Feb 1971
LM a scen t stage je ttiso n ed . 145:44:58.0 22:48:00 06 Feb 1971
CSM /LM fin al se p a ra tio n ig n itio n (SM RCS). 145:49:42.5 22:52:44 06 Feb 1971
C SM /LM fin al se p a ra tio n cutoff. 145:49:58.3 22:53:00 06 Feb 1971
C o n tam in atio n control. 146:20 23:23 06 Feb 1971
LM a sc en t stag e d e o rb it ig n itio n (LM RCS). 147:14:16.9 00:17:18 07 Feb 1971
LM a scen t stage fuel d ep letio n . 147:15:33.1 00:18:35 07 Feb 1971
LM a scen t stage im p a c t o n lu n a r surface. 147:42:23.4 00:45:25 07 Feb 1971
A pollo 12 LM im p a c t p o in t a n d A pollo 13 a n d A pollo 14 S-IVB im p a c t p o in ts p h o to g rap h e d . 147:45 00:48 07 Feb 1971
T ran sea rth in je c tio n ig n itio n (SPS). 148:36:02.30 01:39:04 07 Feb 1971
T ran sea rth in je c tio n cutoff. 148:38:31.53 01:41:33 07 Feb 1971
L u n ar photography. 148:55 01:58 07 Feb 1971
C islu n ar n av ig atio n started . 163:30 16:33 07 Feb 1971
C islu n ar n av ig atio n en d ed . 164:20 17:23 07 Feb 1971
M id co u rse co rre c tio n ig n itio n (SM RCS). 165:34:56.69 18:37:58 07 Feb 1971
M id co u rse co rre c tio n cutoff. 165:34:59.69 18:38:01 07 Feb 1971
C islu n ar n av ig atio n sta rte d . 165:40 18:43 07 Feb 1971
C islu n ar n av ig atio n en d ed . 166:50 19:53 07 Feb 1971
Oxygen flow rate te s t a ttitu d e sta rte d . 167:25 20:28 07 Feb 1971
O xygen flow ra te test started . 167:50 20:53 07 Feb 1971
Apollo 14 181
A p o llo 14 Tim eline
Background
Griffin (first shift), Milton L. Windler (second shift), and (NASA S?l-41356).
1 Irwin, who had a history of heart trouble, died of a heart attack on 08 August 1991 in Glenwood Springs, Colorado.
Apollo IS~
Between 000:00:12.21 and 000:00:23.02, the vehicle rolled impact point was latitude 0.99° south and longitude 11.89°
from a launch pad azimuth of 90° to a flight azimuth of west, 83 n mi from the target point, 191 n mi from the
80.088°. The S-IC engine shut down at 000:02:39.56, fol Apollo 12 seismometer, and 102 n mi from the Apollo 14
lowed by S-IC/S-II separation, and S-II engine ignition. seismometer. At impact, the S-IVB weighed 30,880 pounds
The S-II engine shut down at 000:09:09.06 followed by and was traveling 8,455 ft/sec.
separation from the S-IVB, which ignited at 000:09:13.20.
The first S-IVB engine cutoff occurred at 000:11:34.67,
with deviations from the planned trajectory of only -2.0
ft/sec in velocity and only 0.4 n mi in altitude.
The international designation for the CSM upon achieving View of Earth from approximately 30,000 n mi (NASA
orbit was 1971-063A and the S-IVB was designated 1971 AS15-91-12343).
063B. After undocking at the Moon, the LM ascent stage
would be designated 1971-063C, the descent stage 1971 Two minor midcourse corrections were required during
063E, and the subsatellite 1971-063D. translunar flight to assure proper lunar orbit injection. The
first was a 0.8-second maneuver at 028:40:22.00 that pro
Translunar Phase duced a change in velocity of 5.3 ft/sec.
After inflight systems checks, the 350.79-second translunar The second midcourse correction was performed with the
injection maneuver (second S-IVB firing) was performed at service propulsion system bank A in order to provide bet
002:50:02.90. The S-IVB engine shut down at 002:55:53.61 ter analysis of an apparent intermittent short. Because
and translunar injection occurred ten seconds later at a power could still be applied to the valve with a down
velocity of 35,606.5 ft/sec after 1.5 Earth orbits lasting 2 stream short, barlk A could be operated satisfactorily in the
hours 44 minutes 19.02 seconds. manual mode for subsequent firings. The redundant bank
B system was nominal and could be used for automatic
At 003:22:27.2, the CSM was separated from the S-IVB starting and shutdown.
stage, transposed, and docked at 003:33:49.50. Onboard
color television was initiated to cover the docking. The The LM crew entered the LM at 033:56 for checkout,
docked spacecraft were ejected from the S-IVB at approximately 50 minutes earlier than scheduled. LM com
004:18:01.2, and an 80.2-second separation maneuver was munications checks were performed between 034:21 and
performed at 004:40:01.8. 034:45. Good quality voice and data were received even
though the Goldstone tracking station in California was
At 005:46:00.7, the S-IVB tanks were vented and the auxil not yet configured correctly during the initial portion of
iary propulsion system was fired for 241.2 seconds to tar the down-voice backup checks. Approximately 15 minutes
get the S-IVB for a luna1 impact. An additional 71-second later, the downlink carrier lock was lost for a minute and a
maneuver was made at 010:00:01, about 30 minutes later half; however, because other stations were tracking, data
than planned. The late burn provided additional tracking loss was reduced to just a few seconds.
time to compensate for any trajectory perturbations intro
duced by liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen tarlk venting. A television transmission of the CSM and LM interiors
The S-IVB impacted the lunar surface at 079:24:41.55. The was broadcast between 034:55 and 035:46. Camera opera
Apollo IS~
The powered descent engine firing began at 104:30:09.4 at
an altitude of 5.8 n mi and ended 739.2 seconds later, just
0.7 seconds before landing at 22:16:29 GMT (06:16:29 p.m.
EDT) on 30 July at 104:42:29.3. The spacecraft landed in
the Montes Apenninus (Apennine Mountains), adjacent to
Hadley Rille at latitude 26.13222° north and longitude
3.63386° east, and about 1,800 feet from the planned land
ing point. Approximately 103 seconds of engine firing time
remained at landing.
After the crew left the LM for the second EVA, they checked
out the LRV and prepared it for the second traverse. During
the checkout, they recycled the circuit breakers on the vehi
cle and the front steering became completely operational.
Apollo IS~
Checkout of LRV prior to EVA-2. Note surface map Irwin uses scoop to make a trench in the lunar soil
The return route closely followed the outbound route. After reaching the LM at 148:32:17, the crew returned to the
Documented samples, a core sample, and a comprehensive experiments package site where the commander completed
sample were collected, and photographs were taken. drilling the second hole for the heat flow experiment,
emplaced the probe, and collected a core tube sample. The
drill core stems were left at the ALSEP site for retrieval dur
ing EVA-3.
Apollo IS~
at 163:18:14. The third extravehicular activity began 1 hour
45 minutes later than planned due to cumulative changes
in the surface activities timeline. Because of this delay and
later delays at the ALSEP site, the planned trip to the
North Complex was deleted.
Irwin salutes U.S. flag during EVA-3. LM is in back Interesting feature encountered during EVA-3-a white
ground; LRV to the right (NASA AS15-88-11866). ejecta crater on the east rim of St. George Crater (NASA
AS15-89-12164)
The first stop was the ALSEP site at 164:09:00 to retrieve
drill core stem samples left during EVA-2. Two core sec The third geologic traverse took a westerly direction and
tions were disengaged and placed in the LRV. The drill and included stops at Scarp Crater, Rim Crater, and "The Terrace"
the remaining four sections could not be separated and near Rim Crater. Extensive samples and a double-core-tube
were left for later retrieval. sample were obtained.
To prove that items of different mass fall at the same Final parking site for the first lunar rover vehicle which
speed in zero gravity, Scott drops feather and hammer will televise the liftoff of the Apollo IS LM ascent stage
and it works-as seen in this TV still (NASA S71-43788). (NASA AS15-88-11901).
Photographs were taken of the west wall of Hadley Rille, The third extravehicular period lasted 4 hours 49 minutes
where exposed layering was observed. The return trip was 50 seconds. The distance traveled in the lunar rover vehicle
east toward the LM with a stop at .the ALSEP site at was 16,700 feet (5.1 km), vehicle drive time was 35 min
166:43:40 to retrieve the remaining sections of the deep utes, the vehicle was parked for 1 hour 22 minutes, and an
core sample. One more section was separated, and the estimated 60.2 pounds (27.3 kg) of samples were collected.
remaining three sections were returned in one piece. The crew reentered the LM and the cabin was repressur
During sample collecting, the commander tripped over a ized at 168:08:04, thus ending the Apollo program's fourth
rock and fell, but experienced no difficulty in getting up. piloted exploration of the Moon.
Apollo IS Q§J
For the mission, the total time spent outside the LM was
18 hours 34 minutes 46 seconds, the total distance traveled
in the lunar rover vehicle was 91,500 feet (27.9 km), vehi
cle drive time was 3 hours 0 minutes, the vehicle was
parked during extravehicular activities for 5 hours 10 min
utes, and the collected samples totaled 170.44 pounds
(77.31 kg; official total in kilograms as determined by the
Lunar Receiving Laboratory in Houston). The farthest
point traveled from the LM was 16,470 feet.
Apollo IS~
In preparation for the launch of a subsatellite into lunar reported that the mass spectrometer boom was not fully
orbit, a 3.42-second orbit-shaping maneuver at 221:20:48.02 retracted. The EVA was completed at 242:36:19. This brought
altered the CSM orbit to 76.0 by 54.3 n mi. The subsatellite the total extravehicular activity for the mission to 19 hours
was then spring-ejected from the scientific instrument mod 46 minutes 59 seconds.
ule bay at 222:39:29.1 during the 74th revolution into an
orbit of 76.3 by 55.1 n mi at an inclination of -28.7°. The
subsatellite was instrumented to measure plasma and ener
getic-particle fluxes, vector magnetic fields, and subsatellite
velocity from which lunar gravitational anomalies could be
determined. All systems operated as expected.
Transearth Phase
Although one of the three parachutes collapsed prior to :r'he mission accomplished all primary objectives and pro
CM splashdown, the crew was not harmed (NASA S71 vided scientists with a large amount of new information
41999). concerning the Moon and its characteristics.
Apollo IS~
7. Landing site visibility was improved by the use of a steeper
landing trajectory.
3. The modified pressure garment and portable life support sys Spacecraft Primary Objectives
tems provided better mobility and extended the lunar surface
extravehicular time. 1. To perform selenological inspection, survey, and sampling of
materials and surface features in a preselected area of the
4. The ground-controlled mobile television camera allowed greater Hadley-Apennine region. Achieved.
real-time participation by Earth-bound scientists and opera
tional personnel during lunar surface extravehicular activity. 2. To emplace and activate surface experiments. Achieved.
5. The practicality of the lunar rover vehicle was demonstrated by 3. To evaluate the capability of the Apollo equipment to provide
greatly increasing load-carrying capability and range of explo extended lunar surface stay time, increased extravehicular opera
ration of the lunar surface. tions, and surface mobility. Achieved.
6. The lunar communications relay unit provided the capability for 4. To conduct inflight experiments and photographic tasks from
continuous communications en route to and at the extended lunar orbit. Achieved.
ranges made possible by the lunar rover vehicle.
2. Extravehicular communications with the lunar communications 8. Alpha particle spectrometer. Achieved.
relay unit and ground controlled television assembly. Achieved.
9. S-band transponder (command and service module and lunar
3. Extravehicular mobility unit assessment on lunar surface. module). Achieved.
Achieved.
10. Mass spectrometer. Achieved.
4. Lunar module landing effects evaluation. Achieved.
11. Downlink bistatic radar observations of the Moon. Achieved.
5. Service module orbital photographic tasks. Achieved.
12. Apollo window meteoroid. Achieved.
6. Command module photographic tasks. Achieved.
13. Ultraviolet photography of the Earth and Moon. Achieved.
7. Scientific instrument module thermal data. Achieved.
14. Gegenschein from lunar orbit. Not achieved. The fourteen 35-mm
8. Scientific instrument module inspection during extravehicular photographs scheduled for this experiment were not obtained due
activity. Achieved. to an error in the spacecraft photographic attitudes.
9. Scientific instrument module door jettison evaluation. Achieved. 15. Soil mechanics. Achieved.
10. Lunar module descent engine performance. Achieved. 16. Bone mineral measurement. Achieved.
11. Visual observations from lunar orbit. Achieved. 17. Lunar dust detector. Achieved.
c. Solar wind spectrometer. Achieved. a. Lunar gravity measurement using the lunar module primary
guidance system. Achieved.
d. Suprathermal ion detector. Achieved.
b. Lunar module voice and data relay test. Achieved.
e. Heat flow. Achieved.
5. Solar wind composition. Achieved. c. Ionospheric disturbance from missiles. Results classified.
Apollo IS~
d. Acoustic measurement of missile exhaust noise. Results clas
sified.
Individual and combined CM and SM systems test completed at factory. 05 Nov 1969
Saturn S-II stage #10 delivered to KSC. 18 May 1970
Saturn S-IVB stage #510 delivered to KSC. 13 Jun 1970
Saturn V instrument unit #510 delivered to KSC. 26 Jun 1970
Saturn S-IC stage #10 delivered to KSC. 06 Jul 1970
Saturn S-IC stage #10 erected on MLP #3. 08 Jul 1970
Spacecraft/1M adapter #19 delivered to KSC. 08 Jull970
Saturn S-II stage #10 erected. 15 Sep 1970
Saturn S-IVB stage #51 0 erected. 16 Sep 1970
Saturn V instrument unit #510 erected. 17 Sep 1970
LM #10 final engineering evaluation acceptance test at factory. 21 Sep 1970
LM #10 integrated test at factory. 21 Sep 1970
LM ascent stage #10 ready to ship from factory to KSC. 04 Nov 1970
LM ascent stage #10 delivered to KSC. 06 Nov 1970
LM descent stage #10 ready to ship from factory to KSC. 16 Nov 1970
Launch vehicle electrical systems test completed. 17 Nov 1970
Integrated CM and SM systems test completed at factory. 24 Nov 1970
CM #112 and SM #112 ready to ship from factory to KSC. 11 Jan 1971
CM #112 and SM #112 delivered to KSC. 14 Jan 1971
CM #112 and SM #112 mated. 18 Jan 1971
LM ascent stage #10 and descent stage #10 mated. 09 Feb 1971
LM #10 combined systems test completed. 12 Feb 1971
CSM #112 combined systems test completed. 08 Mar 1971
LRV #1 delivered to KSC. 15 Mar 1971
LM #10 altitude tests completed. 06 Apr 1971
CSM #112 altitude tests completed. 09 Apr 1971
Launch vehicle propellant dispersion/malfunction overall test completed. 15 Apr 1971
Launch vehicle service arm overall test completed. 27 Apr 1971
LRV #1 installed. 28 Apr 1971
CSM #112 moved to VAB. 08 May 1971
Spacecraft erected. 08 May 1971
Space vehicle and MLP #3 transferred to launch complex 39A. 11 May 1971
LM #10 combined systems test completed. 17 May 1971
CSM #112 integrated systems test completed. 18 May 1971
CSM #112 electrically mated to launch vehicle. 07 Jun 1971
Space vehicle overall test #1 (plugs in) completed. 09 Jun 1971
LM #8 flight readiness test completed. 10 Jun 1971
Space vehicle flight readiness test completed. 22 Jun 1971
Saturn S-IC stage #10 RP-1 fuel loading completed. 06 Jul 1971
Space vehicle countdown demonstration test (wet) completed. 13 Jul 1971
Space vehicle countdown demonstration test (dry) completed. 14 Jul 1971
Apollo IS~
Apollo IS Ascent Phase
Space
Fixed Space
Earth Space Flight Fixed
Fixed Fixed Event Geocentric Path Heading
GET Altitude Range Velocity Velocity Duration Latitude Longitude Angle Angle
Event (hhh:mm:ss) (n mi) (n mi) (ftlsec) (ftlsec) (deg E) (deg N) (deg E) (deg) (E ofN)
Liftoff 000:00:00.58 0.060 0.000 1.5 1,340.7 28.4470 -80.6041 0.07 90.00
Mach 1 achieved 000:01:05.0 4.224 1.004 1,052.0 2,028.1 28.4497 -80.5854 27.86 87.36
Maximum dynamic pressure 000:01:22.0 7.401 2.970 1,661.1 2,681.3 28.4555 -80.5847 29.80 85.77
S-IC center engine cutoffl 000:02:15.96 25.271 25.987 5,518.4 6,708.5 142.5 28.5203 -80.1190 24.217 82.494
S-IC outboard engine cutoff 000:02:39.56 36.947 48.610 7,811.3 9,043.3 166.1 28.5824 -79.6961 21.266 82.129
S-IC/S-11 separation2 000:02:41.2 37.830 596.012 7,827.6 9,062.2 28.5876 -79.6605 21.021 82.144
S-II outboard engine cutoff 000:09:09.06 95.184 874.532 21,588.4 22,949.6 386.06 29.6810 -63.9910 0.059 89.863
S-11/S-IVB separation2 000:09:10.1 95.187 878.126 21,601.2 22,962.5 29.6811 -63.9221 0.047 89.900
S-IVB 1st burn cutoff 000:11:34.67 93.215 1,406.808 24,236.4 25,596.7 141.47 29.2688 -53.8183 0.013 95.149
Earth orbit insertion 000:11:44.67 93.215 1,445.652 24,242.4 25,602.6 29.2052 -53.0807 0.015 95.531
Apollo 15 ~
Apollo IS Timeline
GET GMT GMT
Event (hhh:mm:ss) Time Date
M a n eu v er to local h o rizo n tal a ttitu d e sta rte d . 002:58:26.2 16:32:26 26 Jul 971
M an eu v er to tra n s p o sitio n a n d d o c k in g a ttitu d e sta rte d . 003:10:54.6 16:44:54 26 Jul 1971
CSM se p a ra te d fro m S-IVB. 003:22:27.2 16:56:27 26 Jul 1971
TV tra n s m iss io n sta rte d . 003:25 16:34 26 Jul 1971
CSM d o c k ed w ith LM /S-IVB. 003:33:49.5 17:07:49 26 Jul 1971
TV tra n s m iss io n en d ed . 003:50 16:34 26 Jul 971
CSM /LM ejected fro m S-IVB. 004:18:01.2 17:52:01 26 Jul 1971
S-IVB APS evasive m a n e u v e r ignition. 004:40:01.8 18:14:01 26 Jul 1971
S-IVB APS evasive m a n e u v e r cutoff. 004:41:22.0 18:15:22 26 Jul 1971
M an eu v er to S-IVB LOX d u m p a ttitu d e initiated . 004:49:41.8 18:23:41 26 Jul 1971
S-IVB lu n a r im p a c t m a n e u v e r— CVS v e n tin g closed. 004:56:40.6 18:30:40 26 Jul 1971
S-IVB lu n a r im p a c t m a n e u v e r— LOX d u m p . S ta rt o f u n p la n n e d velocity in cre m e n t d u e to
J-2 en g in e co n tro l h eliu m d um p. 005:01:20.6 18:35:20 26 Jul 1971
S-IVB lu n a r im p a c t m a n e u v e r— CVS ven t opened. 005:01:40.6 18:35:40 26 Jul 971
S-IVB lu n a r im p a c t m a n e u v e r— LOX d u m p end ed . 005:02:08.7 18:36:08 26 Jul 1971
S-IVB lu n a r im p a c t m a n e u v e r— J-2 en g in e co n tro l h e liu m d u m p e n d ed . 005:18:51 18:52:51 26 Jul 1971
M an eu v er to a ttitu d e re q u ire d for final S-IVB APS b u r n initiated. 005:27:13.5 19:01:13 26 Jul 1971
S-IVB lu n a r im p a c t m a n e u v e r— 1st APS ignition. 005:46:00.7 19:20:00 26 Jul 1971
S-IVB lu n a r im p a c t m a n e u v e r— S ta rt o f 1st u n p la n n e d velocity in c re m e n t d u e to in s tru m e n t
u n it th e rm a l co n tro l system w ater valve o p e ratio n s a n d APS a ttitu d e e n g in e reactions. 006:18:00 19:52:00 26 Jul 1971
S-IVB lu n a r im p a c t m a n e u v e r— E n d o f 1st velocity in c re m e n t d u e to IU/TCS a n d APS effects. 006:23:00 19:57:00 26 Jul 1971
S-IVB lu n a r im p a c t m a n e u v e r— S tart o f 2 n d velocity in c re m e n t d u e to IU/TCS a n d APS effects. 006:58:00 20:32:00 26 Jul 1971
S-IVB lu n a r im p a c t m a n e u v e r— E n d o f 2 n d velocity in c re m e n t d u e to IU/TCS a n d APS effects. 007:03:00 20:37:00 26 Jul 1971
S-IVB lu n a r im p a c t m a n e u v e r— S ta rt o f 3 rd velocity in c re m e n t d u e to IU/TCS a n d APS effects. 007:38:00 21:12:00 26 Jul 1971
S-IVB lu n a r im p a c t m a n e u v e r— E n d o f 3 rd velocity in c re m e n t d u e to IU/TCS a n d APS effects. 007:43:00 21:17:00 26 Jul 1971
S-IVB lu n a r im p a c t m a n e u v e r— S ta rt o f 4 th velocity in c re m e n t d u e to IU/TCS a n d APS effects. 008:18:00 21:52:00 26 Jul 1971
S-IVB lu n a r im p a c t m a n e u v e r— E n d o f 4 th velocity in c re m e n t d u e to IU/TCS a n d APS effects. 008:23:00 21:57:00 26 Jul 1971
S-IVB lu n a r im p a c t m a n e u v e r— S tart o f 5 th velocity in c re m e n t d u e to IU/TCS a n d APS effects. 008:53:00 22:27:00 26 Jul 1971
S-IVB lu n a r im p a c t m a n e u v e r— E n d o f 5 th velocity in c re m e n t d u e to IU/TCS a n d APS effects. 008:58:00 22:32:00 26 Jul 1971
S-IVB lu n a r im p a c t m a n e u v e r— S ta rt o f 6 th velocity in cre m e n t d u e to IU/TCS a n d APS effects. 009:28:00 23:02:00 26 Jul 1971
S-IVB lu n a r im p a c t m a n e u v e r— E n d o f 6 th velocity in c re m e n t d u e to IU/TCS a n d APS effects. 009:33:00 23:07:00 26 Jul 1971
S-IVB lu n a r im p a c t m a n e u v e r— 2 n d APS ignition. 010:00:01 23:34:01 26 Jul 1971
S-IVB lu n a r im p a c t m a n e u v e r— 2 n d APS cutoff. 010:01:12 23:35:12 26 Jul 1971
S-IVB 0.3° p e r se co n d so lar h e atin g avoidance roll c o m m a n d . 010:19:22 23:53:22 26 Jul 1971
M id co u rse co rre c tio n ignition. 028:40:22.00 18:14:22 27 Jul 1971
M id co u rse co rre c tio n cutoff. 028:40:22.80 18:14:22 27 Jul 1971
S ex tan t p h o to g ra p h y te s t sta rte d . 032:00 21:34 27 Jul 1971
S ex tan t p h o to g rap h y test end ed . 032:50 22:24 27 Jul 1971
P re p a ra tio n s for LM ingress. 033:25 22:59 27 Jul 1971
CDR a n d LM P e n te re d LM for checkout. 033:56 23:30 27 Jul 1971
TV tra n s m iss io n o f CM a n d LM in te rio rs started . 034:55 00:29 28 Jul 1971
TV tra n s m iss io n o f CM a n d LM in te rio rs en ded. 035:46 01:20 28 Jul 1971
CDR a n d LM P e n te re d CM. 036:55 02:29 28 Jul 1971
V isual lig h t flash p h e n o m e n o n o b se rv atio n s sta rte d . 051:37 17:11 28 Jul 1971
V isual lig h t flash p h e n o m e n o n o b se rv atio n s e n d ed . 052:33 18:07 28 Jul 1971
LM in g ress a n d h o u sek eeping. 056:26 22:00 28 Jul 1971
CDR a n d LM P e n te re d LM for checkout. 057:00 22:34 28 Jul 1971
CDR a n d LM P e n te red CM. 058:00 23:34 28 Jul 1971
E qu ig rav isp h ere. 063:55:20 05:29:20 29 Jul 1971
M id c o u rse co rre c tio n ig n ition. 073:31:14.81 15:05:14 29 Jul 1971
M id co u rse co rre c tio n cutoff. 073:31:15.72 15:05:15 29 Jul 1971
A p o llo 15 205
Apollo 15 Timeline
G ET GMT GMT
E vent (h h h :m m :ss) T im e D a te
A p o llo 15 207
Apollo 15 Timeline
GET GM T GM T
Event (hhh:m m :ss) T im e D ate
Apollo 15 209
~ Apollo by the Numbers
APOLLO 16
Apollo 16 Summary 10, the first test of the LM in lunar orbit and the dress
rehearsal for the first piloted landing on the Moon. Born
( 16 April-27 April 1972) 24 September 1930 in San Francisco, California, Young was
41 years old at the time of the Apollo 16 mission. He
received a B.S. in aeronautical engineering from the
Georgia Institute of Technology -in 1952. His backup for
the mission was Fred Wallace Haise, Jr.
SU8SATflUJE
PROTKTIVf COVER
Launch Preparations
The terminal countdown was picked up at T-28 hours at
03:54:00 GMT on 14 April. Scheduled holds were initiated
at T-9 hours for 9 hours and at T-3 hours 30 minutes for
one hour.
Ascent Phase The international designation for the CSM upon achieving
orbit was 1972-031A and the S-IVB was designated 1972
Apollo 16 launched from Kennedy Sp'ace Center Launch 031B. After undocking at the Moon, the LM ascent stage
Complex 39, Pad A, at a Range Zero time of 17:54:00 would be designated 1972-031C, the descent stage 1972
GMT (12:54:00 p.m. EST) on 16 April 1972. The planned 031E, and the particles and fields subsatellite 1972-031D.
launch window extended to 21 :43:00 GMT to take advan
tage of a sun elevation angle on the lunar surface of 11.9°. Translunar Phase
Between 000:00:12.7 and 000:00:31.8, the vehicle rolled After inflight systems checks, the 341.92-second translunar
from a launch pad azimuth of 90° to a flight azimuth of injection maneuver (second S-IVB firing) was performed at
72.034°. The S-IC engine shut down at 000:02:41.78, fol 002:33:36.50. The S-IVB engine shut down at 002:39:18.42
lowed S-IC/S-II separation, and S-II engine ignition. The and translunar injection occurred ten seconds later, at a
S-II engine shut down at 000:09:19.54 followed by separa velocity of 35,589.9 ft/sec after 1.5 Earth orbits lasting 2
tion from the S-IVB, which ignited at 000:09:23.60. The hours 37 minutes 32.21 seconds.
first S-IVB engine cutoff occurred at OOO:ll:46.21 with
deviations from the planned trajectory of only +0.6 ft/sec At 003:04:59.0, the CSM was separated from the S-IVB
in velocity; altitude was exactly as planned. stage, transposed, and docked at 003:21 :53.4. The docked
spacecraft were ejected from the S-IVB at 003:59:15.1, and
The maximum wind conditions encountered during ascent an 80.2-second separation maneuver was performed at
were 50.7 knots at 257° from true north at 38,880 feet, and 004:18:08.3. Color television was transmitted for 18 min
a maximum wind shear of 0.0095 sec- 1 at 44,780 feet. utes during the transposition and docking.
Apollo 16 ~
At 005:40:07.2, a 54.2-second propulsive force from the gain antenna, panel 51 was rotated out of sunlight and a
S-IVB auxiliary propulsion system targeted the S-IVB for marked decrease was then noted in the quantity of parti
impact on the Moon near the Apollo 12 landing site. As cles. On the television picture, the source of the particles
on previous missions, S-IVB impact was desired to pro appeared to be a growth of grass-like particles at the base
duce seismic vibrations that could be used to study the of the panel. The television was turned off at 009:06.
nature of the lunar interior structure. Although launch Results of the investigation determined that the particles
vehicle systems malfunctions precluded a planned trajecto were shredded thermal paint, and that the degraded ther
ry refinement, the impact point was within the desired mal protection due to the paint shredding would have no
area. Loss of S-IVB telemetry prevented establishment of effect on subsequent LM operations.
the precise time of impact, making the interpretation of
seismic data uncertain. However, it is estimated that the The 45-minute inflight electrophoresis demonstration com
S-IVB impacted the lunar surface at 075:08:04.0. The esti menced on schedule at 020:05 and was successful.
mated impact point was latitude 2.1° north and longitude Ultraviolet photography of the Earth from 58,000 and
22.1 o west, 173 n mi from the target point, 86 n mi from 117,000 n mi was accomplished as planned.
the Apollo 12 seismometer, 121 n mi from the Apollo 14
seismometer, and 585 n mi from the Apollo 15 seismome The only required midcourse correction was made at
ter. At impact, the S-IVB weighed 30,805 pounds and was 030:39:00.66. It lasted 2.01 seconds and was required to
traveling 8,711 ft/sec. ensure proper lunar orbit insertion.
View of North America following translunar injection The visual light flash phenomena experiment started at
(NASA AS16-118-18885). 049:10. Numerous flashes were reported by the crew prior
to terminating the experiment at 050:16. The crew also
During the CSM/LM docking, light colored particles were reported the flashes left no after-glow, were instantaneous,
noticed coming from the LM area. The particles were and were white.
unexplained. At 007:18, the crew reported a stream of par
ticles emitting from the LM in the vicinity of aluminum The second LM housekeeping commenced about 053:30
close-out panel 51, which covers the Mylar insulation over and was completed at 055:11. All LM system checks were
reaction control system A. This panel was located below normal. The scientific instrumentation module door was
the docking target on the +Z face of the LM ascent stage. jettisoned at 069:59:01.
To determine systems status, the crew entered the LM at At an altitude of 92.9 n mi above the Moon, the service
008:1 7 and powered up. All systems were normal and the propulsion engine was fired for 374.90 seconds to insert
LM was powered down at 008:52. The CM television was the spacecraft into a lunar orbit of 170.3 by 58.1 n mi.
turned on at 008:45 to give the mission control center a The translunar coast had lasted 71 hours 55 minutes
view of the particle emission. In order to point the high 14.35 seconds.
Lunar Orbit/Lunar Surface Phase The CSM was scheduled to perform an orbit circulariza
tion maneuver on the 13th lunar revolution at 097:41:44.
At 078:33:45.04, a 24.35-second service propulsion system However, oscillations were detected in a secondary system
maneuver was performed to reach the descent orbit of 58.5 that controlled the direction of thrust of the service
by 10.9 n mi for undocking of the LM. propulsion system engine.
Apollo 16 ~
Because the LM had remained in lunar orbit six hours
longer than planned, the LM was powered down to con
serve electrical power and the first extravehicular activity
was delayed in order to provide the crew with a well
!feserved sleep period.
NASA officials discuss whether to land on the Moon fol
lowing failure of the circularization maneuver by the The LM cabin was depressurized at 118:53:38 for the first
CSM (NASA S72-37009}. extravehicular activity period. Television coverage of surface
activity was delayed until the LRV systems were activated
The 734.0-second powered descent engine firing began at because the LM steerable antenna, used for initial lunar
104:17:25 at an altitude of 10.9 n mi. Landing occurred at surface television transmission, remained locked in one axis
02:23:35 GMT on 21 April (09:23:35 p.m. EST on 20 April) and could not be used.
at 104:29:35.
The lunar surface experiments package was successfully
The spacecraft landed in the Plain of Descartes at latitude deployed, but the commander accidentally tripped over the
8.97301° south and longitude 15.50019° east, 886 feet electronics cable, breaking it, and rendering the heat flow
northwest of the planned landing site. Approximately 102 experiment inoperative.
seconds of engine firing time remained at landing.
At the rim of Plum Crater, Young gathers rock samples At the end of a trail of lunar bootprints, Young works at
(NASA AS16-109-17804) the LRV (NASA AS16-109-17813).
Apollo 16 ~
Deployed during EVA-I, the ultraviolet camera can be
seen in the shadow of the LM. Duke is in the shadows,
with the rover and U.S. flag in the background in full
In one of the most famous photographs from the sunlight (NASA ASI6-114-I8439}.
Apollo program, John Young salutes the U.S. flag while
"hanging in the air:' thanks to the Moon's gravity which The crew entered the LM and the cabin was repressurized
is one-sixth that of Earth. The photo was taken during at 126:04:40.
EVA-I at the Descartes landing site. The LM and lunar
rover can be seen to the left (NASA ASI6-113-I8340}. The first extravehicular activity lasted 7 hours 11 minutes
2 seconds. The distance traveled in the lunar rover vehicle
Several LRV problems occurred during EVA-1. While was 13,800 feet (4.2 krn), vehicle drive time was 43 min
ascending ridges and traversing very rocky terrain, there utes, the vehicle was parked for 3 hours 39 minutes, and an
was no response at the rear wheels when full throttle was estimated 65.9 pounds (29.9 kg) of samples were collected.
applied. The vehicle continued to move, but the front
wheels were digging into the surface. After 16 hours, 30 minutes in the LM, the crew depressur
ized the cabin at 142:39:35 to begin the second extravehic
ular period.
View of cosmic ray experiment deployed on the landing Young breaks off a piece of rock and takes a soil sample
gear of the LM (NASA AS16-107-17442). at station 8 (NASA AS16-108-17701).
After the crew arrived at station 10 (LM and ALSEP area), The period ended with ingress and repressurization of the
the surface activity was extended about 20 minutes because LM cabin at 150:02:44. During ingress, a two-inch portion
the crew's consumables usage was lower than predicted. of the commander's antenna was broken off, which pro
The lunar module pilot then examined the damaged heat duced a 15 to 18 db drop in signal strength. Since the com
flow experiment. Visual inspection revealed that the cable mander's backpack radio relayed the lunar module pilot's
separated at the connector. Results of troubleshooting a information to the LM and the lunar communications relay
model of the experiment at mission control indicated a fix unit for transmission to ground stations, a decision was
could be accomplished. However it was not attempted made later to have the commander use the lunar module
because the time required could affect the third EVA. pilot's oxygen purge system, which supported the antenna.
Apollo 16 ~
The crew first drove to the rim of North Ray Crater where
photographs were taken and samples gathered, some from
House Rock, the largest single rock seen during the
extravehicular activities. The extra 30 minutes were used at
North Ray Crater.
The second extravehicular activity lasted 7 hours 23 minutes Young uses the lunar rake during EVA-2 (NASA ASIS
9 seconds. The distance traveled in the lunar rover vehicle 110-18020).
was 37,100 feet (11.3 km), vehicle drive time was 1 hour 31
minutes, park time was 3 hours 56 minutes, and an estimat
ed 63.9 pounds (29.0 kg) of samples were collected.
Full view of LM taken by LMP during EVA-3 (NASA The third extravehicular activity lasted 5 hours 40 minutes
AS16-116-18579). 3 seconds. The distance traveled in the lunar rover vehicle
(NASA AS16-107-17446).
For the mission, the total time spent outside the LM was
20 hours 14 minutes 14 seconds, the total distance traveled Duke follows his examination of House Rock by taking
in the lunar rover vehicle was 88,300 feet (26.9 km), vehi soil samples at its base (NASA AS16-116-18653).
Apollo 16 ~
While the crew was on the surface, the command module
pilot had obtained photographs, measured physical proper
ties of the Moon, and made visual observations. The com
mand module pilot also had made comprehensive deep
space measurements, providing scientific data that could be
used to validate findings from the Apollo 15 mission. A
7.14-second CSM plane change maneuver was made at
169:05:52.14 and adjusted the orbit to 64.6 by 55.0 n mi.
Apollo 16 ~
Before the CSM was maneuvered from lunar orbit, a parti
cles and fields subsatellite similar to that launched from
Apollo 15 was deployed at 196:02:09 during the 62nd revo
lution into an orbit of 66 by 52 n mi at an inclination of
-ll0°. The subsatellite was planned to be released during
the 73rd revolution into an orbit of 170 by 58 n mi. The
subsatellite was instrumented to measure plasma and ener
getic-particle fluxes, vector magnetic fields, and subsatellite
velocity from which lunar gravitational anomalies could be
determined. However, as a result of the engine gimbal
anomaly earlier in the mission, a planned CSM orbit-shap
ing maneuver had not been performed before ejection of
the subsatellite. As a result, the subsatellite was placed in
an orbit with a much shorter lifetime than planned.
CMP Mattingly (right) during transearth EVA. The LMP
It was not possible to activate the subsatellite for about 20 is at left. (NASA 572-37001).
hours after launch because of communications interference
resulting from the failure of the ascent stage to deorbit, but At 218:39:46, the command module pilot began a
this did not interfere with the subsatellite systems. Loss of transearth coast EVA. Television coverage was provided for
all tracking and telemetry data occurred at 20:31 GMT on the 1 hour 23 minute 42 second period, during which
29 May 1972. Reacquisition of the signal was expected at Mattingly retrieved film cassettes from the scientific instru
22:00 GMT on that day; but was not achieved, and it is ment module cameras, visually inspected the equipment,
believed that the subsatellite struck the far side of the lunar and exposed an experiment for ten minutes to provide
surface during the 425th revolution at longitude ll0° east. data on microbial response to the space environment. This
The lower-than-desired orbit contributed to the short brought the total extravehicular activity for the mission to
orbital life because the lunar mass concentrations on the 22 hours 17 minutes 36 seconds.
front and far sides of the Moon were located relatively
near the subsatellite ground track. A scheduled television press conference started at 243:35
and lasted for 18 minutes. During the conference, the crew
The second plane-change maneuver and some orbital sci gave a brief description of the farside of the Moon. An
ence photography were deleted so that transearth injection item of particular interest was the crew's description of
could be performed 24 hours earlier than originally planned. Guyot Crater, which appeared to be full of material. The
This decision was made due to the engine problem experi material seemed to have overflowed and spilled down the
enced during the lunar orbit circularization maneuver. side of the crater. The crew compared their observations
with similar geological formations in Hawaii.
Following a 162.29-second maneuver at 200:21:33.07 at
52.2 n mi, transearth injection was achieved at Additional activities during transearth coast included pho
200:24:15.36 after 64 lunar orbits lasting 125:49:32.59, at tography for a Skylab program study of the behavior and
velocity of 8,663.0 ft:Jsec. effects of particles emanating from the spacecraft, and the
second light-flash observation session. The second mid
Transearth Phase course correction, a 6.4-second maneuver of 1.4 ft/sec, was
made at 262:37:20.7.
Between 202:57 and 203:12, good quality television pictures
were transmitted from inside the CM. From 203:29 to Recovery
204:12, pictures were broadcast from the LRV camera on
the lunar surface. The service module was jettisoned at 265:22:33, and the
CM entry followed a normal profile. The command mod
The first of two midcourse corrections, a 22.6-second ule reentered Earth's atmosphere (400,000 feet altitude) at
3.4-ft/sec maneuver, was made at 214:35:02.8 to achieve the 265:37:31 at a velocity of 36,090 ft/sec, following a
desired entry interface conditions with Earth. transearth coast of 65 hours 13 minutes 16 seconds.
1 Later analysis indicated that the ascent stage struck the lunar surface before Apollo 17 commenced, but no data were available for substantiation.
Apollo 16 ~
atmosphere, and the discovery of two new auroral belts
around Earth. The following conclusions were made from
an analysis of post-mission data:
3. The capability of the S-band omni-directional antenna system to 10-minute far ultraviolet exposure of Earth (NASA S72
support the overall lunar module mission operations was 40821).
demonstrated after the failure experienced with the S-band
steerable antenna.
Apollo 16 Objectives
8. Subsatellite tracking for autonomous navigation. Not achieved. 19. Microbial response in space environment. Achieved.
Timeline changes caused data loss.
Passive Experiments
9. Improved fecal collection bag. Achieved.
1. Bone mineral measurement. Achieved.
10. Skylab food package. Achieved.
2. Biostack. Achieved.
11. Lunar rover vehicle evaluation. Achieved.
3. Apollo window meteoroid. Achieved.
2. Active seismic. Partially achieved. The fourth mortar was not Inflight Demonstration
fired.
Fluid electrophoresis in space. Achieved.
Apollo 16 ~
3. Ionospheric disturbance from missiles. Results classified.
Apollo 16 ~
Apollo 16 Ascent Phase
Space
Fixed Space
Earth Space Flight Fixed
Fixed Fixed Event Geocentric Path Heading
GET Altitude Range Velocity Velocity Duration Latitude Longitude Angle Angle
Event (hhh:mm:ss) (n mi) (n mi) (ftlsec) (ftlsec) (sec) (deg N) (deg E) (deg) (E ofN)
Liftoff 000:00:00.59 0.060 0.000 0.0 1,340.7 28.4470 -80.6041 0.05 90.00
Mach 1 achieved 000:01:07.5 4.282 1.358 1,076.4 2,075.5 28.4539 -80.5797 26.79 84.51
Maximum dynamic pressure 000:01:26.0 7.755 3.800 1,759.6 2,785.9 28.4670 -80.5359 29.12 81.64
S-IC center engine cutoff2 000:02:17.85 24.548 26.821 5,488.2 6,658.8 144.55 28.5847 -80.1207 23.105 76.125
S-IC outboard engine cutoff 000:02:41.78 35.698 49.927 7,753.0 8,961.7 168.5 28.7009 -79.7028 19.914 75.328
S-IC/S-II separation2 000:02:43.5 36.560 51.929 7,767.8 8,979.2 28.7109 -79.6666 19.643 75.339
S-II center engine cutoff 000:07:41.77 92.441 592.660 17,039.0 18,357.7 296.57 30.9376 -69.6064 0.116 79.535
S-II outboard engine cutoff 000:09:19.54 93.445 894.079 21,539.3 22,858.7 394.34 31.7737 -63.8100 0.367 82.585
S-IIIS-IVB separation2 000:09:20.5 93.468 897.389 21,550.4 22,869.8 31.7812 -63.7457 0.358 82.622
S-IVB 1st burn cutoff 000:11:46.21 93.374 1,430.142 24,280.1 25,600.0 142.61 32.5109 -53.2983 0.001 88.496
Earth orbit insertion 000:11:56.21 93.377 1,469.052 24,286.1 25,605.1 32.5262 -52.5300 0.001 88.932
Earth orbit insertion 000:11:56.21 25,605.1 32.5262 -52.5300 91.3 90.0 87.85 32.542
S-IVB 2nd burn ignition 002:33:36.50 25,598.1 -24.5488 137.4789
S-IVB 2nd burn cutoff 002:39:18.42 35,590.2 341.92 10,389.6 -12.3781 161.7104 32.511
2 Data for this event reflects postflight trajectory reconstruction for 36 seconds Ground Elapsed Time.
Apollo 16 ~
Apollo 16 Timeline
GET GMT GMT
Event (hhh:mm:ss) Time Date
Maneuver to local horizontal attitude and orbital navigation started. 002:41:50.3 20:35:50 16 Apr 1972
Maneuver to transposition and docking attitude started. 002:54:19.3 20:48:19 16 Apr 1972
CSM separated from S-IVB. 003:04:59.0 20:58:59 16 Apr 1972
TV transmission started. 003:10 21:04 16 Apr 1972
CSM docked with LM/S-IVB. 003:21:53.4 21:15:53 16 Apr 1972
TV transmission ended. 003:28 21:22 16 Apr 1972
CSM/LM ejected from S-IVB. 003:59:15.1 21:53:15 16 Apr 1972
TV transmission started. 004:10 22:04 16 Apr 1972
S-IVB yaw maneuver to attain attitude for evasive maneuver. 004:10:01 22:04:01 16 Apr 1972
S-IVB APS evasive maneuver ignition. 004:18:08.3 22:12:08 16 Apr 1972
S-IVB APS evasive maneuver cutoff. 004: 19:28.5 22:13:28 16 Apr 1972
TV transmission ended. 004:20 22:14 16 Apr 1972
Maneuver to S-IVB LOX dump attitude initiated. 004:27:48.4 22:21:48 16 Apr 1972
Alternate (second) maneuver to LOX dump attitude. 004:31:09 22:25:09 16 Apr 1972
S-IVB lunar impact maneuver-CVS vent opened. 004:34:47.1 22:28:47 16 Apr 1972
S-IVB lunar impact maneuver-LOX dump started. 004:39:27.1 22:33:27 16 Apr 1972
S-IVB lunar impact maneuver-CVS vent closed. 004:39:47.1 22:33:47 16 Apr 1972
S-IVB lunar impact maneuver-LOX dump ended. 004:40:15.1 22:34:15 16 Apr 1972
Maneuver to attitude required for final S-IVB APS burn initiated. 005:30:37.2 23:24:37 16 Apr 1972
S-IVB lunar impact maneuver-APS ignition. 005:40:07.2 23:34:07 16 Apr 1972
S-IVB lunar impact maneuver-APS cutoff. 005:41:01.4 23:35:01 16 Apr 1972
S-IVB lunar impact maneuver~3-axis tumble command initiated. 005:55:06.2 23:49:06 16 Apr 1972
Command to inhibit instrument unit flight control computer to leave S-IVB in 3-axis
tumble mode. 005:55:37 23:49:37 16 Apr 1972
Crew reported stream of particles coming from LM. 007:18 01:12 17 Apr 1972
Unscheduled crew transfer to LM for system checks. 008:17 02:11 17 Apr 1972
TV transmission to give Mission Control a view of the particle emissions started. 008:45 02:39 17 Apr 1972
LM powered down. 008:52 02:46 17 Apr 1972
TV transmission ended. 009:06 03:00 17 Apr 1972
Electrophoresis demonstration started. 025:05 18:59 17 Apr 1972
Electrophoresis demonstration ended. 025:50 19:44 17 Apr 1972
Loss of S-IVB tracking data precluded exact determination of impact time and location
within mission objectives. 027:09:59 21:03:59 17 Apr 1972
Midcourse correction ignition (SPS). 030:39:00.66 00:33 18 Apr 1972
Midcourse correction cutoff. 030:39:02.67 00:33:02 18 Apr 1972
LM pressurized. 032:30 02:24 18 Apr 1972
CDR and LMP entered LM for housekeeping and communication checkout. 033:00 02:54 18 Apr 1972
CDR and LMP entered CM. 035:00 04:54 18 Apr 1972
False gimbal lock indication. 038:18:56 08:12:56 18 Apr 1972
Visual light flash phenomenon observations started. 049:10 19:04 18 Apr 1972
Visual light flash phenomenon observations ended. 050:16 20:10 18 Apr 1972
CDR and LMP entered LM for housekeeping. 053:30 23:24 18 Apr 1972
CDR and LMP entered CM. 055:11 01 :05 19 Apr 1972
Skylab food test. 056:30 02:24 19 Apr 1972
Equigravisphere. 059:19:45 05:13:45 19 Apr 1972
Scientific instrument module door jettisoned. 069:59:01 15:53:01 19 Apr 1972
Lunar orbit insertion ignition (SPS). 074:28:27.87 20:22:27 19 Apr 1972
Lunar orbit insertion cutoff. 074:34:42.77 20:28:42 19 Apr 1972
S-IVB impact on lunar surface. 075:08:04.0 21:02:04 19 Apr 1972
Descent orbit insertion ignition (SPS). 078:33:45.04 00:27:45 20 Apr 1972
Descent orbit insertion cutoff. 078:34:09.39 00:28:09 20 Apr 1972
Apollo 16 ~
Apollo 16 Timeline
GET GMT GMT
Event (hhh:mm:ss) Time Date
Departed for ALSEP site (station 3/10). 124:48:07 22:42:07 21 Apr 1972
Arrived at station 3/10. Performed "grand prix" with LRV, retrieved core sample,
armed the active seismic experiment mortar package, and departed for LM. 124:54:14 22:48:14 21 Apr 1972
Arrived at LM. Deployed solar wind composition experiment, gathered samples, performed
photography, and started EVA closeout. 125:05:09 22:59:09 21 Apr 1972
Solar wind composition experiment deployed. 125:07:00 23:01 21 Apr 1972
TV transmission ended for 1st EVA. 125:35 23:29 21 Apr 1972
1st EVA ended (LM cabin repressurized). 126:04:40 23:58:40 21 Apr 1972
CSM ultraviolet photography. 126:20 00:14 22 Apr 1972
CSM Gegenschein calibration. 127:00 00:54 22 Apr 1972
CSM orbital science visual observations. 128:00 01:54 22 Apr 1972
LM crew debriefing. 128:20 02:14 22 Apr 1972
CSM terminator photography. 128:30 02:24 22 Apr 1972
CSM orbital science visual observations. 129:25 03:19 22 Apr 1972
CSM orbital science photography. 130:00 03:54 22 Apr 1972
CSM terminator photography. 131:20 05:14 22 Apr 1972
2nd EVA started (LM cabin depressurized). 142:39:35 16:33:35 22 Apr 1972
LRV prepared for traverse. 142:49:29 16:43:29 22 Apr 1972
CSM Gegenschein photography. 142:30 16:24 22 Apr 1972
TV transmission started for 2nd EVA. 142:55 16:49 22 Apr 1972
CSM Gegenschein photography. 142:30 16:24 22 Apr 1972
Departed for station 4. 143:31:40 17:25:40 22 Apr 1972
Arrived at station 4. Performed penetrometer measurements, gathered samples, obtained a
double core tube sample, gathered a soil trench sample, and performed 500 mm and
panoramic photography. 144:07:26 18:01:26 22 Apr 1972
CSM deep space measurement. ~44:45 18:39 22 Apr 1972
Departed for station 5. 145:05:16 18:59:16 22 Apr 1972
Arrived at station 5. Gathered samples, performed lunar portable magnetometer
measurement, and performed panoramic photography. 145:10:05 19:04:05 22 Apr 1972
CSM orbital science photography. 145:35 19:29 22 Apr 1972
Departed for station 6. 145:58:40 19:52:40 22 Apr 1972
CSM orbital science visual observations. 146:05 19:59 22 Apr 1972
Arrived at station 6. Gathered samples and performed panoramic photography. 146:06:37 20:00:37 22 Apr 1972
Departed for station 8 (station 7 deleted). 146:29:18 20:23:18 22 Apr 1972
Arrived at station 8. Gathered samples, obtained a double core tube sample, and performed
panoramic photography. 146:40:19 20:34:19 22 Apr 1972
CSM terminator photography. 147:15 21:09 22 Apr 1972
Departed for station 9. 147:48:15 21:42:15 22 Apr 1972
Arrived at station 9. Gathered samples, obtained single core tube sample, and performed
panoramic photography. 147:53:12 21:47: 12 22 Apr 1972
Departed for station 10. 148:29:45 22:23:45 22 Apr 1972
Arrived at station 10. Gathered samples, performed penetrometer measurements, obtained
a double core tube sample, and performed panoramic photography. 148:54:16 22:48:16 22 Apr 1972
CSM solar corona photography. 149:05 22:59 22 Apr 1972
Departed for LM. 149:21:17 23:15:17 22 Apr 1972
Arrived at LM and started EVA activity closeout. 149:23:24 23:17:24 22 Apr 1972
TV transmission ended for 2nd EVA. 149:40 23:34 22 Apr 1972
2nd EVA ended (LM cabin repressurized). 150:02:44 23:56:44 22 Apr 1972
CSM photography of mass spectrometer boom. 153:05 02:59 23 Apr 1972
CSM orbital science visual observations. 153:40 03:34 23 Apr 1972
CSM terminator photography. 154:20 04:14 23 Apr 1972
Apollo 16 ~
Apollo 16 Timeline
GET GMT GMT
Event (hhh:mm:ss) Time Date
Apollo 16 ~
Apollo 16 Timeline
GET GMT GMT
Event (hhh:mm:ss) Time Date
Apollo 17 crew (l. tor.): Jack Schmitt, Gene Cernan A geologist, Schmitt was the first true scientist to explore
(seated), Ron Evans (NASA S72-50438). the Moon. Born 3 July 1935 in Santa Rita, New Mexico, he
was 37 years old at the time of the Apollo 17 mission.
Background Schmitt received a B.S. in science from the California
Institute of Technology in 1957 and a Ph.D. in geology
Apollo 17 was the third Type J mission, an extensive scien from Harvard University in 1964. He was selected as an
tific investigation of the Moon on the lunar surface and astronaut in 1965. His backup was Colonel Charles Moss
from lunar orbit. Although the spacecraft and launch vehi Duke, Jr. (USAF).
cle were similar to those for Apollo 15 and 16, some
experiments were unique to this mission. It was also the The capsule communicators (CAPCOMs) for the mission
final piloted lunar landing mission of the Apollo program. were Major Charles Gordon Fullerton (USAF), Lt. Colonel
Robert Franklyn Overmyer (USMC), Robert Alan Ridley
The primary objectives were: Parker, Ph. D., Joseph Percival Allen IV, Ph. D., Captain
Alan Bartlett Shepard, Jr. (USN), Commander Thomas
• to perform selenological inspection, survey, and sampling of Kenneth "Ken" Mattingly, II (USN), Duke, Roosa, and
materials and surface features in a preselected area of the Young. The support crew were Overmyer, Parker, and
Taurus-Littrow region; Fullerton. The flight directors were Gerald D. Griffin (first
shift), Eugene F. Kranz and Neil B. Hutchinson (second
• to emplace and activate surface experiments; and shift), and M.P. "Pete" Frank and Charles R. Lewis (third
shift).
• to conduct inflight experiments and photographic tasks.
The Apollo 17 launch vehicle was a Saturn V, designated
The targeted landing site was the Taurus-Littrow region, SA-512. The mission also carried the designation Eastern
selected because of the certainty of acquiring highlands Test Range #1701. The CSM was designated CSM-114, and
material, the potential for superior orbital coverage, and had the call-sign ''America." The lunar module was desig
for better use of the LRV. nated LM-12, and had the call-sign "Challenger:'
The crew members were Captain Eugene Andrew "Gene" Launch Preparations
Cernan, (USN), commander; Commander Ronald Ellwin
Evans (USN), command module pilot; and Harrison The terminal countdown was picked up at T-28 hours on
Hagan "Jack" Schmitt, Ph.D., lunar module pilot. at 12:53:00 GMT on 5 December 1972. Scheduled holds
The launch countdown proceeded smoothly until 2 min The maximum wind conditions encountered during ascent
utes 47 seconds before the scheduled launch, when the were 87.6 knots at 311° from true north at 38,94S feet, and
Terminal Countdown Sequencer failed to issue the S-IVB a maximum wind shear of 0.0177 sec-t at 26,164 feet.
LOX tank pressurization command. As a result, an auto
matic hold command was issued at T-30 seconds which
lasted 1 hour S minutes 11 seconds. The countdown was
recycled to T-22 minutes, but was held again at T-8 min
utes to resolve the sequencer corrective action. This hold
lasted 1 hour 13 minutes 19 seconds The countdown was
then picked up at T-8 minutes and proceeded smoothly to
launch. The delays totaled 2 hours 40 minutes.
Apollo 17 ~
velocity of 35,579.4 ft/sec after two Earth orbits lasting arrive at the Moon at the originally scheduled time. They
3 hours 6 minutes 44.99 seconds. shortened the translunar coast time by having the crew
make a 1.73-second 10.5 ft/sec midcourse correction at
035:29:59.91.
View of Earth during translunar flight. This photo is View of LM inside S-IVB stage following separation
unique because it was the only Apollo lunar mission from the CSM (NASA AS17-148-22688).
from which the crew could see the Earth's South Pole
(NASA AS17-148-22726). The commander and lunar module pilot transferred to the
LM at 040:10. At ingress, it was discovered that #4 docking
At 003:42:27.6, the CSM was separated from the S-NB latch was not properly latched. The command module
stage, transposed, and docked at 003:57:10.7. During dock pilot moved the latch handle between 30° and 45°, disen
ing, there were indications of a ring latch malfunction. The gaging the hook from the docking ring. After discussion
LM was pressurized, the hatch removed, and troubleshoot with ground control, it was decided to curtail further
ing revealed that the handles for latches 7, 9, and 10 were action on the latch until the second LM activation. The
not locked. All were manually set and the docked space remainder of the LM housekeeping was nominal and the
craft were ejected from the S-NB at 004:45:02.3. A 79.9 LM was closed out at 042:11.
second separation maneuver was performed at 005:03:01.1.
The heat flow and convection demonstrations were con
The S-IVB tanks were vented at 006:09:59.8, and the auxil ducted as planned. The first demonstration began at
iary propulsion system was fired for 98.2 seconds to target 042:55 and was performed with the spacecraft in attitude
the S-IVB for a lunar impact. A second, 102.4-second hold while the second run was accomplished with the
maneuver was performed at 011:14:59.8. spacecraft in the passive thermal control mode. The
demonstrations produced satisfactory results, and were
The S-IVB impacted the lunar surface at 086:59:40.99. The concluded at 046:00.
impact point was latitude 4.33° south and longitude 12.37°
west, 84 n mi from the target point, 182 n mi from the The second LM housekeeping session commenced at
Apollo 12 seismometer, 84 n mi from the Apollo 14 seis 059:59 and was completed at 062:16. All LM systems
mometer, 559 n mi from the Apollo 15 seismometer, and checks were nominal. During the LM housekeeping period,
460 n mi from the Apollo 16 seismometer. The impact was the command module pilot performed troubleshooting on
recorded by all four instruments. At impact, the S-IVB the docking latch #4 problem experienced during the first
weighed 30,712 pounds and was traveling 8,346 ft/sec. session. Following instructions from the ground controllers,
he stroked the latch handle and succeeded in cocking the
The 2-hour 40-minute launch delay caused ground con latch. The latch was left in the cocked position for the
trollers to modify Apollo 17's trajectory so that it would CSM/LM rendezvous.
At 086:14:22.60, at an altitude of 76.8 n mi above the The first extravehicular activity began at 114:21:49 with the
Moon, the service propulsion engine was fired for 393.16 depressurization of the LM cabin. After exiting to the sur
seconds to insert the spacecraft into a lunar orbit of 170.0 face, the crew offloaded the lunar roving vehicle (LRV-3) at
by 52.6 n mi. The translunar coast had lasted 83 hours 2 114:51:10.
minutes 18.11 seconds.
CSM (inside circle) barely seen against the Taurus At the ALSEP site, at 118:35:27, Cernan drilled two holes
Littrow landing site (NASA AS17-147-22465). for heat flow experiment probes and a deep core hole.
Apollo 17 ~
Cernan drives the LRV by the LM during EVA-I (NASA
ASI7-I47-22527).
Apollo 17 ~
View of the orange soil found at station 4 at the rim of
Shorty Crater during EVA-2 (NASA AS17-137-20990). Schmitt, with gnomon in hand, stands to the left of
"Tracy's Rock;' a large split boulder. (NASA AS17-140
An orange-colored material, believed to be of volcanic ori 21496).
gin, was found at station 4 (Shorty Crater).
Apollo 17 ~
View of craters Eratosthenese and Copernicus from CM
(NASA AS17-145-22285).
For the mission, the total time spent outside the LM was
22 hours 3 minutes 57 seconds, the total distance traveled
in the lunar rover vehicle was 117,000 feet (35.7 km), vehi Interesting oblique view of crater Copernicus as seen
cle drive time was 4 hours 29 minutes, and the collected from lunar orbit (NASA AS17-145-22287).
samples totaled 243.65 pounds (110.52 kg, official total in
kilograms as determined by the Lunar Receiving Laboratory Ignition of the ascent stage engine for lunar liftoff
in Houston). The farthest point traveled from the LM was occurred at 05:54:37 GMT (22:54:37 p.m. EST) on 14
24,180 feet. Good quality television transmissions were December at 185:21:37. The LM had been on the lunar
received during all three EVA's. surface for 74 hours 59 minutes 40 seconds.
Apollo 17 ~
altitude depleted the ascent stage propellants by 193:00:10.
Impact occurred at latitude 19° 57' 58" north and longitude
30° 29' 23" east at 193:17:21. The impact point was 0.94 n
mi (1.75 km) from the planned point and 5.35 n mi (9.9
km) southwest of the Apollo 17 landing site. The impact was
recorded by the Apollo 12, 14, 15, and 16 seismic stations.
Transearth Phase
Two more explosive packages were detonated (235:09:52
and 238:12:50), and the geophones received strong signals.
Recovery
The crew departed the Ticonderoga at 00:38 GMT on The Apollo 17 crew arrives aboard the recovery ship
21 December and arrived in Houston at 15:50 GMT. The U.S.S. Ticonderoga after retrieval by helicopter (NASA
CM was sent for deactivation to North Island Naval Air S72-55937).
Apollo 17 ~
On the first anniversary of their mission, Ceman and Lunar sample 72255 (NASA S72-16007).
Schmitt (c. and r., respectively) present a U.S. flag that
went to the Moon with them to flight controllers in Apollo 17 Objectives
Houston. Chief of the flight Control Division, Gene
Kranz looks on (NASA S73-38346). Spacecraft Primary Objectives
3. Stars and the horizon were not visible during night launches,
therefore out-of-the-window alignment techniques could not be
used for attitude reference.
2. To obtain data on the visual light flash phenomenon. Achieved. 9. Lunar sounder experiment. Achieved.
3. To obtain (command module) photographs of lunar surface fea 10. Lunar neutron probe experiment. Achieved.
tures of scientific interest and photographs of low brightness
astronomical and terrestrial sources. Achieved. Inflight Demonstration
4. To record visual observations (from lunar orbit) of particular Heat flow and convection. Achieved.
lunar surface features and processes. Achieved.
Passive Objectives
5. To obtain data on Apollo spacecraft-induced contamination
(Skylab contamination study). Achieved. 1. Long-term lunar surface exposure. Achieved.
6. To obtain data on whole body metabolic gains or losses, togeth 2. S-160: Gamma ray spectrometer. Achieved.
er with associated endocrinological controls (food compatibility
assessment). Achieved. 3. S-176: Apollo window meteoroid. Achieved.
7. To obtain data on the use of the protective pressure garment. 4. S-200: Soil mechanics. Achieved.
Achieved.
5. M-211: Biostack IIA. Achieved.
Experiments
6. M-212: Biocore. Achieved.
1. ALSEP V: Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package.
Operational Tests for Manned Spacecraft
a. S-037: Heat flow experiment. Achieved. Center/Department of Defense
b. S-202: Lunar ejecta and meteorites experiment. Partially 1. Chapel Bell (classified Department of Defense test). Results
achieved. Operation was restricted during lunar day due to classified.
overheating.
2. Radar skin tracking. Results classified.
c. S-203: Lunar seismic profiling experiment. Achieved.
Apollo 17 ~
3. Ionospheric disturbance from missiles. Results classified.
EVENT DATE
Apollo 17 ~
Apollo 17 Ascent Phase
Space
Fixed Space
Earth Space Flight Fixed
Fixed Fixed Event Geocentric Path Heading
GET Altitude Range Velocity Velocity Duration Latitude Longitude Angle Angle
Event (hhh:mm:ss) (n mi) (n mi) (ft!sec) (ft!sec) (sec) (deg N) (deg E) (deg) (E ofN)
Liftoff 000:00:00.63 0.060 0.000 1.1 1,340.6 28.4470 -80.6041 0.05 90.00
Mach 1 achieved 000:01:07.5 4.315 1.265 1,076.7 2,085.8 28.4465 -80.5082 26.91 90.29
Maximum dynamic pressure 000:01:22.5 6.992 3.071 1,611.1 2,650.5 28.4457 -80.5460 28.89 91.04
S-IC center engine cutoffl 000:02: 19.30 25.388 27.795 5,646.8 6,862.7 146.2 28.4329 -80.0781 23.199 91.355
S-IC outboard engine cutoff 000:02:41.20 35.900 49.145 7,757.4 9,012.1 168.1 28.4211 -79.6741 20.4285 91.718
S-IC/S-11 separation2 000:02:42.9 36.776 51.112 7,778.4 9,036.1 28.4200 -79.6369 20.151 91.741
S-II center engine cutoff 000:07:41.21 93.420 591.254 17,064.6 18,439.6 296.61 27.5754 -69.4919 -0.058 97.647
S-II outboard engine cutoff 000:09: 19.66 93.182 895.010 21,559.1 22,933.5 395.06 26.7251 -63.8908 0.254 100.395
S-11/S-IVB separation2 000:09:20.6 93.195 898.234 21,567.7 22,942.1 26.7147 -63.8314 0.244 100.424
S-IVB 1st burn cutoff 000:11:42.65 92.082 1,417.476 24,225.0 25,598.0 138.85 24.7139 -54.4952 0.00118 104.718
Earth orbit insertion 000:11:52.65 92.057 1,456.314 24,230.9 25,603.9 24.5384 -53.8107 0.0003 105.021
Earth orbit insertion 000:11:52.65 92.057 25,603.9 90.3 90.0 87.83 28.526
S-IVB 2nd burn ignition 003:12:36.60 96.417 22,589.4
S-IVB 2nd burn cutoff 003:18:27.64 162.127 35,579.5 351.04 10,376 28.466
2 Data for this event reflects postflight trajectory reconstruction for 36 seconds Ground Elapsed Time.
Apollo 17 ~
Apollo 17 Timeline
GET GMT GMT
Event (hhh:mm:ss) Time Date
Scheduled 1-hour hold at T-3 hours 30 minutes. -003:30:00 22:23:00 06 Dec 1972
Terminal Countdown Sequencer (TCS) failed to issue the S-IVB LOX pressurization command. -000:02:47 02:50:13 07 Dec 1972
Unscheduled but automatic 1-hour 5-minute 11-second hold at T-30 seconds due to TCS failure. -000:00:30 02:52:30 07 Dec 1972
Unscheduled 1-hour 13-minute 19-second hold at T-8 minutes to resolve TCS corrective action. -000:08:00 04:11:41 07 Dec 1972
All holddown arms released (1st motion) (1.08 g). 000:00:00.24 05:33:00 07 Dec 1972
Maximum dynamic pressure (701.75 lb/ft2). 000:01 :22.5 05:34:22 07 Dec 1972
S-IC outboard engine cutoff. Maximum total inertial acceleration (3.87 g). 000:02:41.20 05:35:41 07 Dec 1972
Launch escape tower jettisoned (planned time, actual time not recorded). 000:03:19 05:36:19 07 Dec 1972
S-II center engine cutoff. Maximum total inertial acceleration (1.74 g). 000:07:41.21 05:40:41 07 Dec 1972
S-II!S-IVB separation command. S-II maximum Earth-fixed velccity. 000:09:20.6 05:42:20 07 Dec 1972
S-IVB 1st burn cutoff and maximum total inertial acceleration (0.67 g). 000:11:42.65 05:44:42 07 Dec 1972
S-IVB 1st burn maximum Earth-fixed velocity. 000:11:52.7 05:44:52 07 Dec 1972
S-IVB 2nd burn cutoff and maximum total inertial acceleration (1.41 g). 003:18:27.64 08:51:27 07 Dec 1972
S-IVB 2nd burn maximum Earth-fixed velocity. 003:18:28.5 08:51:28 07 Dec 1972
Translunar injection. 003:18:37.64 08:51:37 07 Dec 1972
S-IVB safmg procedure-CVS opened. 003:18:28.3 08:51:28 07 Dec 1972
Maneuver to local horizontal attitude and orbital navigation started. 003:20:59.6 08:53:59 07 Dec 1972
Maneuver to transposition and docking attitude started. 003:33:28.9 09:06:28 07 Dec 1972
CSM separated from S-IVB. 003:42:27.6 09:15:27 07 Dec 1972
TV transmission started. 003:50 09:23 07 Dec 1972
CSM docked with LM/S-IVB. 003:57:10.7 09:30:10 07 Dec 1972
TV transmission ended. 004:10 09:43 07 Dec 1972
CSM/LM ejected from S-IVB. 004:45:02.3 10:18:02 07 Dec 1972
S-IVB APS evasive maneuver ignition. 005:03:01.1 10:36:01 07 Dec 1972
S-IVB APS evasive maneuver cutoff (estimated). 005:04:21.0 10:37:21 07 Dec 1972
S-IVB lunar impact maneuver-CVS opened. 005:19:39.8 10:52:39 07 Dec 1972
S-IVB lunar impact maneuver-LOX dump started. 005:24:20.2 10:57:20 07 Dec 1972
S-IVB lunar impact maneuver-CVS closed. 005:24:40.0 10:57:40 07 Dec 1972
S-IVB lunar impact maneuver-LOX dump ended. 005:25:07.9 10:58:07 07 Dec 1972
Maneuver to attitude for 1st S-IVB APS lunar impact burn. 006:02:15 11:35:15 07 Dec 1972
S-IVB lunar impact maneuver-1st APS ignition command. 006:09:59.8 11:42:59 07 Dec 1972
S-IVB lunar impact maneuver-1st APS cutoff command. 006:11:38.0 11:44:38 07 Dec 1972
Maneuver to S-IVB solar heating attitude. 006:17:44 11:50:44 07 Dec 1972
Maneuver to attitude for 2nd S-IVB APS lunar impact burn. 011:02:40 16:35:40 07 Dec 1972
S-IVB lunar impact maneuver-2nd APS ignition command. 011:14:59.8 16:47:59 07 Dec 1972
S-IVB lunar impact maneuver-2nd APS cutoff command. 011:16:42.0 16:49:42 07 Dec 1972
S-IVB 3-axis tumble mode initiated. 011:31:42 17:04:42 07 Dec 1972
S-IVB passive thermal control maneuver. 011:31:50 17:04:50 07 Dec 1972
Command to inhibit instrument unit flight control computer to leave the S-IVB in 3-axis
tumble mode. 011:32:12.5 17:05:12 07 Dec 1972
Midcourse correction ignition (SPS). 035:29:59.91 17:02:59 08 Dec 1972
Midcourse correction cutoff. 035:30:01.64 17:03:01 08 Dec 1972
Maneuver to LM checkout attitude. 039:05 20:38 08 Dec 1972
Preparations for intravehicular transfer. 039:20 20:53 08 Dec 1972
LM pressurization started. 039:30 21:03 08 Dec 1972
CDR and LMP entered LM for housekeeping and communications check. 040:10 21:43 08 Dec 1972
LM closeout. 042:11 23:44 08 Dec 1972
Heat flow and convection demonstration started. 042:55 00:28 09 Dec 1972
Heat flow and convection demonstration ended. 043:45 01:18 09 Dec 1972
Heat flow and convection demonstration started. 045:20 02:53 09 Dec 1972
Heat flow and convection demonstration ended. 046:00 03:33 09 Dec 1972
LM pressurization started. 059:30 17:03 09 Dec 1972
CDR and LMP entered LM for telemetry checkout. 059:59 17:32 09 Dec 1972
CDR and LMP entered CM. 060:35 18:08 09 Dec 1972
Mission clock updated (002:40:00 added). 065:00 22:33 09 Dec 1972
Apollo light flash phenomenon experiment started. 065:39 23:12 09 Dec 1972
Apollo light flash phenomenon experiment ended. 066:39 00:12 10 Dec 1972
Equigravisphere. 070:37:45 04:10:45 10 Dec 1972
Scientific instrument module door jettisoned. 081:32:40 15:05:40 10 Dec 1972
Inflight science phase of mission initiated with turn-on of Far Ultraviolet Spectrometer. 083:26 16:59 10 Dec 1972
Ultraviolet photography of dark Moon. 084:50 18:23 10 Dec 1972
Lunar orbit insertion ignition (SPS). 086:14:22.60 19:47:22 10 Dec 1972
Lunar orbit insertion cutoff. 086:20:55.76 19:53:55 10 Dec 1972
Apollo 17 ~
Apollo I 7 Timeline
GET GMT GMT
Event (hhh:mm:ss) Time Date
Apollo 17 ~
Apollo I 7 Timeline
GET GMT GMT
Event (hhh:mm:ss) Time Date
2nd EVA ended (LM cabin repressurized). 145:32:02 07:05:02 13 Dec 1972
CSM orbital science photography. 154:40 16:13 13 Dec 1972
CSM terminator photography. 156:50 18:23 13 Dec 1972
3rd EVA started (LM cabin depressurized). 160:52:48 22:25:48 13 Dec 1972
Zodiacal light photography. 160:55 22:28 13 Dec 1972
Traverse gravimeter experiment reading obtained. 161:02:40 22:35:40 13 Dec 1972
TV transmission started for 3rd EVA. 161:15 22:48 13 Dec 1972
LRV loaded for traverse, and panoramic and 500 mm photography performed. 161:16:15 22:49:15 13 Dec 1972
Traverse gravimeter experiment reading obtained. 161:19:45 22:52:45 13 Dec 1972
Cosmic ray experiment retrieved. 161:20:17 22:53:1 7 13 Dec 1972
Departed for surface electrical properties experiment site. 161:36:31 23:09:31 13 Dec 1972
Arrived at surface electrical properties experiment site. Activated the experiment, gathered
samples, and performed documentary photography. 161:39:07 23:12:07 13 Dec 1972
Departed for station 6 with two short stops to gather en route samples. 161:42:36 23:15:36 13 Dec 1972
CSM orbital science photography. 161:50 23:23 13 Dec 1972
Arrived at station 6. Traverse gravimeter experiment reading obtained, gathered
samples including a single core-tube sample, a rake sample, and performed documentary,
panoramic, and 500 mm photography. 162:11:24 23:44:24 13 Dec 1972
Departed for station 7. 163:22:10 00:55:10 14 Dec 1972
Arrived at station 7. Gathered samples and performed documentary and panoramic
photography. 163:29:05 01:02:05 14 Dec 1972
CSM orbital science visual observations. 163:30 01:03 14 Dec 1972
Departed for station 8 with one short stop to gather en route samples. 163:51:09 01:24:09 14 Dec 1972
Arrived at station 8. Two traverse gravimeter experiment readings obtained, gathered
samples including rake and trench samples, and performed documentary and panoramic
photography. 164:07:40 01:40:40 14 Dec 1972
Departed for station 9. 164:55:33 02:28:33 14 Dec 1972
Arrived at station 9. Seismic profiling experiment explosive charge 5 deployed,
two traverse gravimeter readings obtained, gathered samples including a trench
sample and a double core-tube sample, and performed documentary, panoramic
and 500 mm photography. Removed data storage electronics assembly from
surface electrical properties receiver. 165:13:10 02:46:10 14 Dec 1972
Departed for the LM with two short stops - one to gather en route samples and the other to
deploy seismic profiling experiment explosive charge 2 and perform documentary and
panoramic photography. 166:09:25 03:42:25 14 Dec 1972
Arrived at LM and started EVA closeout.
166:37:51 04:10:51 14 Dec 1972
Traverse gravimeter experiment reading obtained.
166:55:09 04:28:09 14 Dec 1972
final traverse gravimeter experiment reading obtained.
167:11:11 04:44:11 14 Dec 1972
ALSEP photography completed.
167:33:58 05:06:58 14 Dec 1972
Lunar neutron probe experiment retrieved..
167:36:43 05:09:43 14 Dec 1972
LRV positioned to monitor LM ascent.
167:39:57 05:12:57 14 Dec 1972
Seismic profiling experiment explosive charge 3 deployed. 167:44:41 05:17:41 14 Dec 1972
TV transmission ended for 3rd EVA.
Equipment jettisoned. 167:45 05:18 14 Dec 1972
3rd EVA ended (LM cabin repressurized). 168:07:56 05:40:56 14 Dec 1972
Orbital trim maneuver ignition (RCS). 178:54:05.45 16:27:05 14 Dec 1972
Orbital trim maneuver cutoff. 178:54:42.95 16:27:42 14 Dec 1972
CSM plane change ignition (RCS). 179:53:53.83 17:26:53 14 Dec 1972
CSM plane change cutoff. 179:54:1 3.88 17:27:13 14 Dec 1972
1st equipment jettison from LM. 180:15 17:48 14 Dec 1972
CSM zodiacal light photography. 182:20 19:53 14 Dec 1972
Apollo 17 ~
Apollo I 7 Timeline
GET
GMT
GMT
Mission Information
Mission Type c C prime D G H-1 H-2 H-3 j-1 j-2 j-3
Purpose CSM manned flight CSM manned flight Lunar module manned Lunar module manned Manned lunar landing Precision manned Precision manned Precision manned Extensive scientific Extensive scientific Extensive scientific
demonstration. demonstration. flight demonstration. flight demonstration. demonstration. lunar landing lunar landing lunar landing investigation of moon investigation of moon investigation of moon
demonstration and demonstration and demonstration and on lunar surface and on lunar surface and on lunar surface and
systematic lunar systematic lunar systematic lunar from lunar orbit. from lunar orbit. from lunar orbit.
exploration. exploration. exploration.
Trajectory Type Earth Orbital Lunar Orbital Earth Orbital Lunar Orbital Lunar Landing Lunar Landing Lunar Landing Lunar Landing Lunar Landing Lunar L1nding Lunar Landing
Payload Description Block II CSM, adapter, Block II CSM, lunar Block II CSM, lunar Block I\ CSM, lunar Block II CSM, lunar Block I\ CSM, lunar Block I\ CSM, lunar Block I\ CSM, lunar Block I\ CSM, lunar Block II CSM, lunar Block 11 CSM,Iunar
and LES. module, adapter, and module, adapter, and module, adapter, and module, adapter, and module, adapter, and module, adapter, and module, adapter, and module, adapter, and module, adapter, and module, adapter, and
LES. LES. LES. LES. LES. LES. LES. LES. LES. LES.
Launch Information
Launch Site Cape Kennedy KSC KSC KSC KSC KSC KSC KSC KSC KSC KSC
Launch Complex Complex 34 Complex 39A Complex 39A Complex 39B Complex 39A Complex 39A Complex 39A Complex 39A Complex 39A Complex 39A Complex 39A
Geodetic Latitude (dcg N) 28.52 1%3 28.608422 28.608422 28.627306 28.608422 28.608422 28.608422 28.608422 28.608422 28.608422 28.608422
Geocentric Latitude (deg N) 28.3608 28.4470 28.4470 28.4658 28.4470 28.4470 28.4470 28.4470 28.4470 28.4470 28.4470
Longitude (deg E) -80.561141 -80.604133 -80.604133 -80.620869 -80.604133 -80.604133 -80.604133 -80.604133 -80.604133 -80.604133 -80.604133
Range Zero2
KSC Date II Oct 1%8 21 Dec 1%8 03 Mar 1%9 18 May 1%9 16 jull%9 14 Nov 1969 II Apr 1970 31 jan 1971 26 jul 1971 16 Apr 1972 07 Dec 1972
KSC Time 11 :02:45 a.m. 07:51:00 a.m. !!:OO:OOa.m. 12:49:00 p.m. 09:32:00 a.m. II :22:00 a.m. 02:13:00 p.m. 04:03:02 p.m. 09:34:00 a.m. 12:54:00 p.m. 12:33:00 a.m.
KSC Time Zone EDT EST EST EDT EDT EST EST EST EDT EST EST
GMT Date I I Oct 1%8 21 Dec 1%8 03 Mar 1%9 18 May 1%9 16 jul l%9 14 Nov 1%9 I I Apr 1970 31 jan 1971 26 jul 1971 16 Apr 1972 07 Dec 1972
GMT Time 15:02:45 12:5 1:00 16:00:00 16:49:00 13:32:00 16:22:00 19:13:00 21:03:02 13:34:00 17:54:00 05:33:00
Actual GMT Liftoff lime 15:02:45.36 12:5 1:00.67 16:00:00.67 16:49:00.58 13:32:00.63 16:22:00.68 19:13:00.61 21:03:02.57 13:34:00.58 17:54:00.59 05:33:00.63
Selected Durations
Ascent to Orbit (sec) 626.76 694.98 674.66 71 3.76 709.33 703.91 759.83 710.56 704.67 716.21 71 2.65
Earth Orbit 259:42:59 002:44:30.53 240:32:55.5 002:27:26.82 002:38:23.70 002:41:30.03 002:28:07.32 002:22:42.68 002:44:18.94 002:27:32.21 003:06:44.99
Revolutions 163.0 1.5 151.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.0
Translunar Coast 066:16:2 1.8 073:22:29.5 073:05:34.87 080:38:01.67 079:28:18.30 075:42:21.45 071:55:14.35 083:02:18.1 2
Ti me on Lunar Surface 021:36:21 031:31:12 033:30:31 066:54:54 071:02:13 074:59:39
Lunar Orbit 020:10:13.0 061:43:23.6 059:30:25.79 088:58:11.52 066:35:39.99 145: 12:4 1.68 125:49:32.59 147:43:37.11
Revolutions 10 31 30 45 34 74 64 75
CSMJLM Undocked 006:22:50 008:10:05 027:5 1:00.0 037:42:17.9 039:45:08.9 072:57:09.3 081:27:47 079:49:19
Transearth Coast 057:23:32.5 054:09:40.8 059:36:52.0 071 :52:51.% 067:09:13.8 071:07:48 065:13:16 067:34:05
CM Earth Entry (sec from 400,000 ft 937.0 869.2 1,004 869 929 846 835 853 778 814 801
to Splashdown)
Mission Duration 260:09:03 147:00:42.0 241:00:54 192:03:23 195: 18:35 244:36:25 142:54:41 216:01:58.1 295:11 :53.0 265:51:05 301:51:59
1 Compiled from mission reports, launch vehicle reports, and other sources
2 Range Zero was the integral second before liftoff.
Commander Walter Marty Schirra, jr. Frank Frederick Borman, II james Alton McDivitt Thomas Patten Stafford
Date of Birth 12 Mar 1923 14 Mar 1928 10 jun 1929 17 Sep 1930
Place of Birth Hackensack, NJ Gary, IN Chicago, IL Weatherford, OK
Age On Launch Date 45 40 39 38
Status Captain Colonel Colonel Colonel
USN USAF USAF USAF
Year Selected Astronaut 1959 1962 1962 1962
Prior Space Flights MA-8, GT-6A GT-7 GT-4 GT-6A, GT-9A
Backup Thomas Patten Stafford Neil Alden Armstrong Charles Conrad, Jr. Leroy Gordon Cooper, Jr.
Status Colonel Civilian Commander Colonel
USAF NASA USN USAF
Command Module Pilot Donn Fulton Eisele James Arthur Lovell, jr. David Randolph Scott John Watts Young
Date of Birth 23 jun 1930 25 Mar 1928 06 jun 1932 24 Sep 1930
Place of Birth Columbus, OH Cleveland, OH San Antonio, TX San Francisco, CA
Date of Death 01 -Dec-87
Place of Death Tokyo, Japan
Age On Launch Date 38 40 36 38
Status Major Captain Colonel Commander
USAF USN USAF USN
Year Selected Astronaut 1963 1962 1963 1962
Prior Space Flights None GT-7, GT-12 GT-8 GT-3, GT- 10
Backup john Watts Young Edwin Eugene Aldrin, Jr. Richard Francis Gordon, jr. Donn Fulton Eisele
Status Commander Colonel Commander Lt. Colonel
USN USAF USN USAF
Lunar Module Pilot Ronnie Walter Cunningham William Alison Anders Russell Louis Schweickart Eugene Andrew Cernan
Date of Birth 16 Mar 1932 17 Oct 1933 25 Oct 1935 14 Mar 1934
Place of Birth Creston, !A Hong Kong Neptune, NJ Chicago, IL
Age On Launch Date 36 35 33 35
Status Civilian Major Civilian Commander
USAF - USN
Year Selected Astronaut 1963 1963 1963 1963
Prior Space Flights None None None GT-9A
Backup Eugene Andrew Cernan Fred Wallace Haise, Jr. Alan LaVern Bean Edgar Dean Mitchell
Status Commander Civilian Commander Commander
USN NASA USN USN
3 Compiled from press kits and mission reports, and Whos Who in Space (Cassutt) .
Statistical Tables ~
Crew Information-Lunar Landing Missions4
Apollo 11 Apollo 12 Apollo 13 Apollo 14 Apollo 15 Apollo 16 Apollo 17
Commander Neil Alden Armstrong Charles Conrad, Jr. james Arthur Lovell, Jr. Alan Bartlett Shepard, Jr. David Randolph Scott john Watts Young Eugene Andrew Cernan
Date of Birth 05 Aug 1930 02 )un 1930 25 Mar 1928 18 Nov 1923 06 )un 1932 24 Sep 1930 14Mar 1934
Place of Birth Wapakoneta, OH Philadelphia, PA Cleveland, OH East Derry, NH San Antonio, TX San Francisco, CA Chicago, IL
Date of Death - - 21-07-98 - - 07 Apr 90
Place of Death - - - Monterey, CA - Scottsdale, AZ
Age On Launch Date 38 39 42 47 39 41
Status Civilian Commander 38
Captain Captain Colonel Captain Captain
USN USN USN USAF
Year Selected Astronaut 1962 USN USN
1962 1962 1959 1963
Prior Space Flights GT-8 1962 1963
GT-5, GT-ll GT-7, GT-12, Apollo 8 MR-3 GT-8, Apollo 9 GT-3, GT-1 0, Apollo 10 GT-9A, Apollo 10
Backup james Arthur Lovell, Jr. David Randolph Scott john Watts Young Eugene Andrew Cernan Richard Francis Gordon, Jr. Fred Wallace Haise, Jr. john Watts Young
Status Captain Colonel Commander Captain Captain Civilian Captain
USN USAF USN USN USN NASA USN
Command Module Pilot Michael Collins Richard Francis Gordon, Jr. john Leonard Swigert, Jr. Stuart Allen Roosa Alfred Merrill Worden Thomas Kenneth Mattingly, II Ronald Ellwin Evans
Date of Birth 31 Oct 1930 05 Oct 1929 30Aug 1931 16 Aug 1933 07 Feb 1932 17 Mar 1936
Place of Birth Rome, Italy Seattle, WA 10 Nov 1933
Denver, CO Durango, CO jackson, MI Chicago, IL
Date of Death - - St Francis, KS
27 Dec 82 12 Dec 94 -
Place of Death - - 07 Apr 1990
Washington, DC Washington, DC - -
Age On Launch Date 38 40
Scottsdale, AZ
38 37 39 36
Status Lt. Colonel Commander 39
Civilian Major Major Lt. Commander
USAF USN Commander
- USAF USAF USN USN
Year Selected Astronaut 1963 1963 1966
Prior Space Flights 1966 1966 1966 1966
GT-10 GT-ll None None None None None
Backup William Alison Anders Alfred Merrill Worden Thomas Kenneth Mattingly, II Ronald Ellwin Evans Vance DeVoe Brand Stuart Allen Roosa Stuart Allen Roosa
Status Lt. Colonel Major Lt. Commander Commander Civilian Lt. Colonel
USAF USAF Lt. Colonel
USN USN NASA USAF USAF
Lunar Module Pilot Edwin Eugene Aldrin, Jr. Alan LaVern Bean Fred Wallace Haise, Jr. Edgar Dean Mitchell james Benson Irwin Charles Moss Duke, )r. Harrison Hagan Schmitt
Date of Birth 20 jan 1930 15 Mar 1932 14 Nov 1933 17 Sep 1930 17 Mar 1930 03 Oct 1935
Place of Birth Montclair, NJ Wheeler, TX 03 Jul 1935
Biloxi, MS Hereford, TX Pittsburgh, PA Charlotte, NC
Date of Death - - Santa Rita, NM
- - 08 Aug 91
Place of Death - - - - Glenwood Springs, CO
Age On Launch Date 39 37 36 40 41 36
Status Colonel, Sc. D. Commander 37
Civilian Commander, Sc. D. Lt. Colonel Lt. Colonel
USAF USN Civilian, Ph. D.
- USN USAF USAF
Year Selected Astronaut 1963 1963 1966
Prior Space Flights 1966 1966 1966 1965
GT-121 None None None None None Non
Backup Fred Wallace Haise, Jr. james Benson Irwin Charles Moss Duke, Jr. Joe Henry Engle Harrison Hagan Schmitt Edgar Dean Mitchell
Status Civilian Lt. Colonel Charles Moss Duke, )r.
Major Lt. Colonel Civilian Captain
NASA USAF Colonel
USAF USAF NASA USN USAF
4 Compiled from press kits and mission reports, and "Whos Who in Space" (Cassutt).
5 Apollo Program Summary Report (JSC-09423), pps. 6-20 to 6-23. Includes participation of Mission Control Center personnel. Numbers in parentheses indicate simulations accomplished by follow-on or support crew members.
6 Ibid.
Statistical Tables ~
Capsule Communicators (CAPCOMS)B
Apollo 7 Apollo 11 Apollo 13 Apollo 16
Col. Thomas Patten Stafford, USAF Maj. Charles Moss Duke, Jr., USAF Cdr. Joseph Peter Kerwin, USN/MD/MC Maj. Donald Herod Peterson, USAF
Lt. Cdr. Ronald Ellwin Evans, USN Lt. Cdr. Ronald Ellwin Evans, USN Vance DeVoe Brand Maj. Charles Gordon Fullerton, USAF
Maj. William Reid Pogue, USAF Lt. Cdr. Bruce McCandless, II, USN Maj. Jack Robert Lousma, USMC Col. James Benson Irwin, USAF
John Leonard Swigert, Jr. Capt. James Arthur Lovell, Jr., USN Cdr. John Watts Young, USN Fred Wallace Haise, Jr.
Cdr. John Watts Young, USN Lt. Col. William Alison Anders, USAF Lt. Cdr. Thomas Kenneth Mattingly, II, USN Lt. Col. Stuart Allen Roosa, USAF
Cdr. Eugene Andrew Cernan, USN Lt. Cdr. Thomas Kenneth Mattingly, II, USN Cdr. Edgar Dean Mitchell, USN
Fred Wallace Haise, Jr. Apollo 14 Maj. Henry Warren Hartsfield, Jr., USAF
Apollo 8 Don Leslie Lind, Ph.D. Anthony Wayne England, Ph.D.
Maj. Charles Gordon Fullerton, USAF
Owen Kay Garriott, Jr., Ph.D. Lt. Col. Robert Franklyn Overmyer, USMC
Lt. Col. Michael Collins, USAF Lt. Cdr. Bruce McCandless, II, USN
Harrison Hagan Schmitt, Ph.D.
Lt. Cdr. Thomas Kenneth Mattingly, II, USN Fred Wallace Haise, Jr.
Maj. Gerald Paul Carr, USMC Apollo 17
Lt. Cdr. Ronald Ellwin Evans, USN
Apollo 12
Neil Alden Armstrong Maj. Charles Gordon Fullerton, USAF
Col. Edwin Eugene Aldrin, USAF/Sc.D. Lt. Col. Gerald Paul Carr, USMC Apollo 15 Lt. Col. Robert Franklyn Overmyer
Vance DeVoe Brand Edward George Gibson, Ph.D. Robert Alan Ridley Parker, Ph.D.
Joseph Percival Allen, IV, Ph.D.
Fred Wallace Haise, Jr. Cdr. Paul Joseph Weitz, USN Joseph Percival Allen, IV, Ph.D.
Maj. Charles Gordon Fullerton, USAF
Don Leslie Lind, Ph.D. Capt. Alan Bartlett Shepard, Jr., USN
Karl Gordon Henize, Ph.D.
Apollo 9 Col. David Randolph Scott, USAF Cdr. Thomas Kenneth Mattingly, II, USN
Cdr. Edgar Dean Mitchell, USN/Sc. D.
Maj. Alfred Merrill Worden, USAF Col. Charles Moss Duke, Jr., USAF
Maj. Stuart Allen Roosa, USAF Robert Alan Ridley Parker, Ph.D.
Lt. Col. James Benson Irwin, USAF Lt. Col. Stuart Allen Roosa, USAF
Lt. Cdr. Ronald Ellwin Evans, USN Harrison Hagan Schmitt, Ph.D.
Maj. Alfred Merrill Worden, USAF Civilian Backup CAPCOMS Capt. John Watts Young, USN
Capt. Alan Bartlett Shepard, Jr., USN
Cdr. Charles Conrad, Jr., USN Dickie K. Warren Capt. Richard Francis Gordon, Jr., USN
Cdr. Richard Francis Gordon, Jr., USN James 0. Rippey Vance DeVoe Brand
8 Derived from various documents and memoranda in Rice University archives. Military ranks for astronauts who are not also backups are implied from available information and B. Hello (Rockwell) memo, 10 December 1969.
Maj. William Reid Pogue, USAF Lt. Cdr. Ronald Ellwin Evans, USN Joseph Percival Allen, IV, Ph.D.
John Leonard Swigert, Jr. Maj. William Reid Pogue, USAF Robert Alan Ridley Parker, Ph.D.
John Leonard Swigert, Jr.
Apollo 8 Apollo 16
Apollo 12
Vance DeVoe Brand Maj. Donald Herod Peterson, USAF
Lt. Cdr. Thomas Kenneth Mattingly, II, USN Maj. Gerald Paul Carr, USMC Anthony Wayne England, Ph.D.
Maj. Gerald Paul Carr, USMC Cdr. Paul Joseph Weitz, USN Maj. Henry Warren Hartsfield, Jr., USAF
Apollo 9
Apollo 13 Apollo 17
Maj. Jack Robert Lousma, USMC
Lt. Cdr. Edgar Dean Mitchell, USN/Sc.D. Maj. Jack Robert Lousma, USMC Lt. Col. Robert Franklyn Overmyer, USMC
Maj. Alfred Merrill Worden, USAF Vance DeVoe Brand Robert Alan Ridley Parker, Ph.D.
Maj. William Reid Pogue, USAF Maj. Charles Gordon Fullerton, USAF
Apollo 10
Apollo 14
Maj. Charles Moss Duke, Jr., USAF
Maj. Joe Henry Engle, USAF Lt. Cdr. Bruce McCandless, II, USN
Lt. Col. James Benson Irwin, USAF Lt. Col. William Reid Pogue, USAF
Maj. Charles Gordon Fullerton, USAF
Phillip Kenyon Chapman, Sc.D.
9 Compiled from various documents and memoranda in the Rice University archives. For Apollo 7, Bill Pogue replaced Maj. Edward Galen Givens, jr., USAF, who was killed in an automobile accident in Pearland, TX on 6 june 1967. Military ranks are
implied from available information and B. Hello (Rockwell) memo, 10 December 1969.
Statistical Tables §]
Flight DirectorsiO
Apollo 7 Director Apollo 12 Director Apollo 15 Director
Shift #1 Glynn S. Lunney Shift #1 Gerald D. Griffin Shift #1 Gerald D. Griffin
Shift #2 Eugene E Kranz Shift #2 M.P. "Pete" Frank III Shift #2 Milton L. Windler
Shift #3 Gerald D. Griffm Shift #3 Clifford E. Charlesworth Shift #3 Glynn S. Lunney
Shift #4 Milton L. Windler Eugene E Kranz
Apollo 8 Director
Apollo 13 Director Apollo 16 Director
Shift #1 Clifford E. Charlesworth
Shift #2 Glynn S. Lunney Shift #1 Milton L. Windler Shift #1 M.P. "Pete" Frank III
Shift #3 Milton L. Windler Shift #2 Gerald D. Griffin Philip C. Shaffer
Shift #3 Eugene E Kranz Shift #2 Eugene E Kranz
Apollo 9 Director Shift #4 Glynn S. Lunney Donald R. Puddy
Shift #3 Gerald D. Griffin
Shift #1 Eugene E Kranz
Apollo 14 Director Neil B. Hutchinson
Shift #2 Gerald D. Griffin
Charles R. Lewis
Shift #3 M.P. "Pete" Frank III Shift #1 M.P. "Pete" Frank III
Glynn S. Lunney
Apollo 17 Director
Apollo 10 Director Shift #2 Milton L. Windler
Shift #3 Gerald D. Griffin Shift #1 Gerald D. Griffin
Shift #1 Glynn S. Lunney
Shift #4 Glynn S. Lunney Shift #2 Eugene F. Kranz
Gerald D. Griffin
Neil B. Hutchinson
Shift #2 Milton L. Windler
Shift #3 M.P. "Pete" Frank III
Shift #3 M.P. "Pete" Frank III
Charles R. Lewis
Apollo 11 Director
Shift #1 Clifford E. Charlesworth
Gerald D. Griffin
Shift #2 Eugene F. Kranz
Shift #3 Glynn S. Lunney
IO Compiled from various documents and memoranda in the Rice University archives.
Statistical Tables ~
Designations''
Apollo 7 Apollo 8 Apollo 9 Apollo 10 Apollo 11 Apollo 12 Apollo 13 Apollo 14 Apollo 15 Apollo 16 Apollo 17
Call-Signs
Command Module Apollo 7 Apollo 8 Gumdrop Charlie Brown Columbia Yankee Clipper Odyssey Kilt y Hawk Endeavour Casper America
lunar Module Spider Snoopy Eagle Intrepid Aquarius Antares Falcon Orion Challenger
NASNContractor Designations
Space Vehicle AS-205 AS-503 AS-504 AS-505 AS-506 AS-507 AS-508 AS-509 AS-510 AS-511 AS-5 12
Launch Vehicle SA-205 SA-503 SA-504 SA-505 SA-506 SA-507 SA-508 SA-509 SA-510 SA-511 SA-512
Launch Vehicle Type Saturn IB Saturn V Saturn V Saturn V Saturn V Salurn V Saturn V Saturn V Saturn V Satu rn V Saturn V
Launch Vehicle lst Stage S-IB-5 S-IC-3 S-IC-4 S-IC-5 S-IC-6 S-IC-7 S-IC-8 S-IC-9 S-IC-10 S-IC-11 S-IC-12
Launch Vehicle 2nd Stage S-IVB-205 S-11 -3 S-II -4 S-11-5 S-11 -6 S-11-7 S-11-8 S-11 -9 S-11 -10 S-11 -11 S-11- 12
Launch Vehicle 3rd Stage S-JV8-503 S-IVB-504 S-IVB-505 S-IV8-506 S-IVB-507 S-IV8-508 S-IVB-509 S-IVB-510 S-IV8-511 S-IVB-512
Instrument Unit S-IU-205 S-IU-503 S-IU-504 S-I U-505 S-IU-506 S-IU-507 S-IU-508 S-IU-509 S-IU-510 S-IU-511 S-IU-512
SpacecraftiLM Adapter SLA-5 SLA-n A SLA-12A SLA-13A SLA-14 SLA-15 SLA-16 SLA-1 7 SLA-19 SLA-20 SIA-21
Command Module CM'-101 CM 103 CM-104 CM 106 CM- 107 CM -108 CM-1 09 CM -110 CM-112 (~1-113 CM-114
Service Module SM-101 SM-103 SM-104 SM -106 SM -la7 SM-108 SM-109 SM'-110 SM- m SM-113 SM-114
Lunar-Module Lunar Module LM-3 LM-4 LM-5 LM-6 LM-7 LM-8 LM- 10 LM-11 LM-12
TC'S tAr-tide
(LTA-B)
Lunar Roving Vehicle LRV-1 LRV-2 LRV-3
VA8 High Bay J 3
Firing Room I I I
Mobile Launcher Platform MLP-1 MLP-2 MLP-3 MLP-1 MLP-2 MLP-3 MLP-2 MLP-3 MLP-3 MLP-3
Computer Programs !Not fou nd! Colossus Colossus, Colossus 2, Colossus 2A, Colossus 2C, Colossus 20, Colossus 2E, Colossus 3, Colossus 3, Colossus 3,
Sundance Luminary I Luminary lA Luminary IB Luminary IC Luminary ID Luminary IE Luminary IF Luminary IG
Eastern Test Range Number 66 170 9025 920 5307 2793 3381 7194 7744 1601 1701
International Designations
CSM 1968-089A 1968-118A 1969-018A 1969-043A 1969-059A 1969-099A 1970-029A 1971-00BA !971-063A 1972-031A 1972-096A
S-IVB Stage 1968-0898 1968-11 88 1969-0188 1969-0438 1969-0596 1969-0998 1970-0298 1971-0088 1971 -0638 1972-03 16 1972-0968
LM Ascent Stage 12 1969-018( 1969-0430 1%9-059( 1969-099C 1970-029( 1971-008( 1971-063( 1972-031( 1972-096(
LM Descent Stage 1969-01 80 1969-043( 1969-0590 1969-0990 1970-029( 1971-0080 1971-063E 1972-031E 1972-0960
Lunar Subsatellite 1971-0630 1972-0310
NORAD Designations
CSM 03486 03626 03769 03941 04039 04225 04371 04900 05351 06000 06300
S-JVB Stage 03487 03627 03770 03943 04040 04226 04372 04904 05352 06001 06301
LM Ascent Stage 03771 03949 04041 04246 04905 05366 06005 06307
LM Descent Stage 03780 03948
Lunar Subsatellite 05377 06009
11 Compiled from RAE Table of Earth Satellites 1957-1986; press kits; mission implementation plans; Saturn V flight evaluation reports; Apollo Program Summary Report; Stages to Saturn: A Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehicles;
and other sources.
12 Ascent and descent stages for Apollo 13 remained as one piece until Earth entry.
13 Compiled from Saturn launch vehicle flight evaluation reports. Thrust for S-IC stage is at sea level and for the S-11 and S-JVB stages is at altitude. Thrust listed at "35 to 38 sec", "Engine Start Command (ESC) + 61 seconds", and at Outboard
Engine Cutoff (OECO) is actual thrust as flown.
Statistical Tables ~
Launch Vehicle/Spacecraft Key Facts
Apollo 7 Apollo 8 Apollo 9 Apollo 10 Apollo 11 Apollo 12 Apollo 13 Apollo 14 Apollo 15 Apollo 16 Apollo 17
Spacecraft/1M Adapter
Contractor Grumman Grumman Grumman Grumman Grumman Grumman Grumman Grumman Grumman Grumman Grum man
Minimum diameter, ft 12.833 12.833 12.833 12.833 12.833 12.833 12.833 12.833 12.833 12.833 12.833
Maximum diameter, ft 21.667 21.667 21.667 21.667 21.667 21.667 21.667 21.667 21.667 21.667 21.667
Height, ft 28.000 27.999 27.999 27.999 27.999 27.999 27.999 27.999 27.999 27.999 27.999
Upper jettisonable panels, ft 21.129 21.208 21.208 21.208 21.208 21.208 21.208 21.208 21.208 21.208 21.208
Lower ftxed panels, ft 6.871 6.791 6.791 6.791 6.791 6.791 6.791 6.791 6.791 6.791 6.791
LM Descent Stage
Diametc r,ft 14.083 14.083 14.083 14.083 14.083 14.083 14.083 14.083 14.083
Height, ft 10.583 \0.583 \0.583 10.583 \0.583 10.583 10.583 \0.583 10.583
Weight, dry, lb 14 4,265 4, 703 4,483 4,875 4,650 4,7\6 6,\79 6,083 6,\ 55
Max im um rated thrust, lb 9,870 9,870 9,870 9,870 9,870 9,870 9,870 9,870 9,870
LM Ascent Stage
Diameter,ft 14.083 14.083 14.083 14.083 14.083 14.083 14.083 t4.083 14.083
Height, ft 12.333 12.333 12.333 12.333 12.333 12.333 12.333 12.333 12.333
Cabin volume, cu ft 235 235 235 235 235 235 235 235 235
Habitable volume, cu ft \60 160 160 160 160 t60 160 t60 160
Crew compartment height , ft 7.667 7.667 7.667 7.667 7.667 7.667 7.833 7.833 7.833
Crew compa rtment depth, ft 3.500 3.500 3.500 3.500 3.500 3.500 3.500 3.500 3.500
Weight, dry, lb 5,071 4,781 4,804 4,760 4,668 4,691 4,690 4,704 4, 729
Maximum rated thrust, lb 2,524 \,650 3,2\8 3,224 N/A 3,218.2 3,225.6 3,224.7 3,234.8
14 LM ascent and descent stages, LRV and CM dry weights are as published in mission press kits. All other weights are actual "as flown:'
Statistical Tables ~
Launch Windows 1s
Apollo 7 Apollo 8 Apollo 9 Apollo 10 Apollo 11 Apollo 12 Apollo 13 Apollo 14 Apollo 15 Apollo 16 Apollo 17
Wmdow Duration
H:MM:SS 4:00:00 4:41:18 3:15:00 4:20:00 4:22:00 3:06:00 3:23:00 3:49:00 3:37:00 3:49:00 3:38:00
Minutes 240 281 195 260 262 186 203 229 217 229 218
15 Compiled from press kits, mission implementation plans, and mission reports.
Apollo 7 Apollo 8 Apollo 9 Apollo 10 Apollo 11 Apollo 12 Apollo 13 Apollo 14 Apollo 15 Apollo 16 Apollo 17
Surface Observations
Pressure (lb/in_) 14.765 14.804 14.642 14.779 14.798 14.621 14.676 14.652 14.788 14.769 14.795
Temperatu re (°F) 82.9 59.0 67.3 80.1 84.9 68.0 75.9 71.1 85.6 88.2 70.0
Relative Humidity 65% 88% 61% 75% 73% 92% 57% 86% 68% 44% 93%
Dew Point (°F) 70 56 53 72 75 65 60 67 74 62.6 68.0
Visibi lity (s mi) 11.5 9.9 9.9 11.2 9.9 3.7 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 6.8
Cloud Coverage
I st Level Cover 30% 40% 70% 40% 10% 100%/rain 40% 70% 70% 20% 20%
Ist Level Type Cumulo nimbus Cirrus Stratocumulus Cumulus Cumulus Stratocumulus Altocumulus Cum ulu s Cirrus Cumulus Stratocumulus
1st Level Altitude (ft) 2,100 N/R 3,500 2,200 2,400 2,100 19,000 4,000 25,000 3,000 26,000
2nd Level Cover - - 100% 20% 20% 100% 20% - 50%
2nd Level Type - Altostratus Altocumulus Altocumulu s - Cirrostratus Altocumulus Cir rus
2nd Level Altitude (ft) - 9,000 11 ,000 15,000 26,000 8,000 - 26,000
3rd Level Cove r - - 100% 90%
3rd Level Type Cirrus Cirrostratus
3rd Level Altitude (ft) - - Unknown Unknown
l6 Compiled from Saturn launch vehicle reports, trajectory reconstruction reports, and Summary of Atmospheric Data Observations For 155 Flights of MSFC/ABMA Related Aerospace Vehicles.
17 This measurement not used or not recorded at launch time.
Statistical Tables ~
Launch Weatherls
Apollo 7 Apollo 8 Apollo 9 Apollo 10 Apollo 11 Apollo 12 Apollo 13 Apollo 14 Apollo 15 Apollo 16 Apollo 17
Maximum Wmd Conditions in the High
Dynamic Pressure Region
Altitude (ft) 44,500 49,900 38,480 46,520 37,400 46,670 44,540 43,270 45,110 38,880
Wind Speed (ftlsec) 39,945
51.1 114.1 250.0 139.4 31.6 156. 1 182.5 173.2 61.1 85.6 147.9
Wind Direction (deg) 309 284 264 270 297 245 252 255 063 257 311
Maximum Wmd Components
Pitch Plane - Pitch (ft/sec) 51.8 102.4 244.4 133.9 24.9 154.9 182.4 173.2 -58.4
Pitch Plane - Altilude (ft) 85.3 114.2
36,800 49,500 38,390 45,280 36,680 46,670 44,540 43,720 45,030 38,880 39,945
Yaw Plane - Yaw (ft/scc) 51.5 74.1 71.2 61.4 23.3 -64.0 49.2 81.7 24.0 41.0
Yaw Plane - Altitude (ft) 47,500 95.8
51 ,800 37,500 48,720 39,530 44,780 42,750 33,460 44,040 50,850 37,237
Maximum Shear Values (D h= IOOO m)
Pitch Plane Shear (sec·') O.Otl3 0.0103 0.0248 0.0203 0.0077 0.0183 0.0166 0.0201 0.0110 0.0095
Pitch Plane Altitude (ft) 48,100 0.0177
52,500 49,700 50,200 48,490 46,750 50,610 43,720 36,830 44,780 26,164
Yaw Plane Shear (sec ·1) 0.0085 O.O t57 0.0254 O.Ot 25 0.0056 0.0178 0.0178 0.0251 0.0071 0.0114
Yaw Plane Altitude (ft) 46,500 0.0148
57,800 48,160 50,950 33,790 47,820 45,850 38,880 47,330 50,850 34,940
Maximum % Density Deviations
Negative Deviation From PRA6319 -0.1 -0.7 -6.t -1.0 -0.2 -7.6 -2.8 -5.0 None -{).8 -0.0
Altitude (n mi) 4.32 4.32 7.56 4.32 4.45 8.50 7.69 7.69 None 4.86 0.00
Positive Deviation from PRA63 + 1.3 +3.3 None +3.3 +4.4 +1.2 +0.5 None +4.2 +4.0 +1.7
Altitude (n mi) 5.80 8.50 None 7.56 7.69 5.67 8.64 None 7.56 8.64 7.02
18 Compiled from Saturn launch vehicle reports, trajectory reconstruction reports, and Summary ofAtmospheric Data Observations For 155 Flights of MSFC/ABMA Related Aerospace Vehicles.
19 Patrick Air Force Base Reference Atmosphere, 1963.
Apollo Program $100 $1,000 $160,000 $617,164 $2,272,952 $2,614,619 $2,967,385 $2,916,200 $2,556,000 $2,025,000 $1,686,145 $913,669 $601,200 $76,700 $19,408,134
NASA Total $523,375 $964,000 $16,717,500 $3,674,115 $3,974,979 $4,270,695 $4,511,644 $4,175,100 $3,970,000 $3,193,559 $3,113,765 $2,555,000 $2,507,700 $2,509,900 $56,661,332
Apollo Share of Total Budget >1% >1% 1% 17% 57% 61% 66% 70% 64% 63% 54% 36% 24% 3% 34%
Statistical Tables ~
Call Signs21
Mission Command Module Lunar Module
Peanuts(c) drawn by Charles L. Schulz. As in the comic, The name referred to the fact that the LM would be "snooping"
the CM "Charlie Brown" would be the guardian of the around the lunar surface in low orbit. Also, at the Manned Spacecraft Center,
Apollo 11 "Columbia;' after Jules Verne's mythical moonship, "Eagle;' after the eagle selected for the mission insignia.
employees of the command module prime contractor. of the lunar module prime contractor.
Apollo 13 "Odyssey,' reminiscent of the long voyage of Odysseus '1\quarius;' after the Egyptian god Acquarius, the water
of Greek mythology. carrier. Aquarius brought fertility and therefore life and
Apollo 14 "Kitty Hawk;' the site of the Wright brothers' first flight. '1\ntares;' for the star on which the LM oriented itself for
lunar landing.
Apollo 15 "Endeavour;' for the ship which carried Captain James "Falcon;' named for the USAF Academy mascot by
Cook on his 18th-century scientific voyages. Apollo IS's all-Air Force crew.
Apollo 16 "Casper;' named for a cartoon character, "Casper "Orion;' for a constellation, because the crew would
the Friendly Ghost;' because the white Teflon suits worn depend on star sightings to navigate in cislunar space.
American people who made the Apollo program possible. beyond the Apollo program.
21 Excerpted and reworked from Astronaut Mission Patches and Spacecraft Callsigns, by Dick Lattimer, unpublished draft in JSC History Office; Space Patches From Mercury to the Space Shuttle; and various NASA documents.
22 Excerpted and reworked from Astronaut Mission Patches and Spacecraft Callsigns, by Dick Lattimer, unpublished draft in )SC History Office; Space Patches From Mercury to the Space Shuttle; and various NASA documents.
Statistical Tables ~
Ground Ignition Weightsn
Weights In Pounds Mass Apollo 7 Apollo 8 Apollo 9 Apollo 10 Apollo 11 Apollo 12 Apollo 13 Apollo 14 Apollo 15 Apollo 16 Apollo 17
S-IC stage, dry 305,232 294,468 293,974 287,531 287,898 287,899 287,3 10 286,208 287,855 287,356
S-IC stage, fuel 1,357,634 1,43 1,678 1,423,254 1,424,889 1,424,287 1,431 ,384 1,428,561 1,410,798 1,439,894 1,431,921
S-IC stage, oxidizer 3,128,034 3,301 ,203 3,302,827 3,305,786 3,310,199 3,304,734 3,3 12,769 3,312,030 3,311 ,226 3,314,388
S-IC stage, other 6,226 5,508 5,491 5,442 5,442 5,401 5,194 4,283 5,396 5,395
S-IC stage, total 4,797,126 5,032,857 5,025,546 5,023,648 5,027,826 5,029,418 5,033,834 5,013,319 5,Q44,371 5,039,060
S-IC/S-11 interstage, dry 12,436 11,591 11,585 11,477 11 ,509 11 ,454 11 ,400 9,083 10,091 9,975
S-11 stage, dry 88,500 84,31 2 84,273 79,714 80,236 77,947 78,120 78,908 80,362 80,423
S-11 stage, fuel 793,795 821,504 823,325 819,050 825,406 836,741 837,484 837,991 846,157 844,094
S-11 stage, oxidizer 154,907 158,663 158,541 158,116 157,986 159,931 159,232 158,966 160,551 160,451
S-11 stage, other 1,426 1,188 1,250 1,260 1,250 1,114 1,051 1,082 991 934
S-Il stage, total 1,038,628 1,065,667 1,067,389 1,058,140 1,064,878 1,075,733 1,075,887 1,076,947 1,088,061 1,085,902
S-IUS-JVB interstage, dry 8,731 7,998 8,045 8,076 8,021 8,081 8,060 8,029 8,055 8,019
S-IVBstage, dry 21,852 25,926 25,089 25,680 24,852 25,064 25,097 25,030 25,198 25,099 25,040
S-IVB stage, fuel 39,909 43,395 43,709 43,388 43,608 43,663 43,657 43,546 43,674 43,727 43,752
S-IVB stage, oxidizer 193,330 192,840 189,686 192,089 192,497 190,587 191,890 190,473 195,788 195,372 195,636
S-IVB stage, other 1,432 1,626 1,667 1,684 1,656 1,873 1,673 1,687 1,655 1,643 1,658
S-IVB stage, total 256,523 263,787 260,151 262,841 262,61 3 26 1,187 262,317 260,736 266,315 265,841 266,086
Total Instrument Unit 4,263 4,842 4,281 4,267 4,275 4,277 4,502 4,505 4,487 4,502 4,470
Spacecraft/Lunar Module Adapter 3,943 3,951 4,01 2 3,969 3,951 3,960 3,947 3,962 3,964 3,961 3,961
LM (LTA Apollo 8) 19,900 32,034 30,735 33,278 33,562 33,493 33,685 36,238 36,237 36,262
Command and Service Module 32,495 63,531 59,116 63,560 63,507 63,559 63,795 64,448 66,925 66,949 66,942
Total Launch Escape S)"'tem 8,874 8,890 8,869 8,936 8,910 8,963 8,991 9,027 9,108 9,167 9,104
Total Spacecraft (CSM) 45,312 96,272 104,031 107,200 109,646 11(),044 110,226 111,122 116,235 116,314 116,269
Total Vehicle 1,306,614 6,221,823 6,486,577 6,486,873 6,477,875 6,487,742 6,501,733 6,505,548 6,494,415 6,537,238 6,529,784
23 Actual weights at S-IC stage ignition, compiled from Saturn launch vehicle flight evaluation reports. Weights to do not add to vehicle totals due to truncated data in reports.
Pre-Staging
Pad Azimuth (deg East of North) 100 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0
Flight Azimuth (deg East of North) 72 72.124 72.0 72.028 72.058 72.029 72.043 75.558 80.088 72.034 91.503
Mach I - GET (sec) 62. 15 61.48 68.2 66.8 66.3 66.1 68.4 68.0 65.0 67.5 67.5
Mach I Altitude (ft) 25,034 24,128 25,78 1 25,788 25,736 25,610 26,697 26,355 25,663 26,019 26,22 1
Maximum Bending Moment - GET (sec) 73.1 74.7 79.4 84.6 91.5 77.5 76 76 80.1 86.5 79
Maximum Bending Moment (lbf-in) 7,546,000 60,000,000 86,000,000 88,000,000 33,200,000 37,000,000 69,000,000 116,000,000 80,000,000 71,000,000 %,000,000
Maximum q - GET (sec) 75.5 78.90 85.5 82.6 83.0 81.1 81.3 81.0 82.0 86.0 82.5
Maximum q Altitude (ft) 39,903 44,062 45,138 43,366 44,512 42,133 40,876 40,398 44,971 47,122 42,847
Maximum q (ib/ft2) 665.60 776.938 630.73 694.232 735.17 682.95 651.63 655.8 768.58 726.81 701.75
S-IC Stage Burn (S-IB Apollo 7)
Duration (sec) 147.31 160.41 169.06 168.03 168.03 168.2 170.3 170.6 166.1 168.5 168.1
Maximum Total Inertial Acceleration - GET (sec) 140.10 153.92 162.84 161.71 161.71 161.82 163.70 164.18 159.56 161.78 161.20
Maximum Total Inertial Acceleration - (ft/secl) 137.76 127.46 123.75 126.21 126.67 125.79 123.36 122.90 127.85 122.90 124.51
Maximum Total Inertial Acceleration - (g) 4.28 3.% 3.85 3.92 3.94 3.91 3.83 3.82 3.97 3.82 3.87
Maximum Earth-Fixed Velocity - GET (sec) 144.6 154.47 163.45 161.% 162.30 162.18 164.10 164.59 160.00 162.5 162.0
Maximum Earth-Fixed Velocity (ftlsec) 6,490.1 7,727.36 7,837.89 7,835.76 7,882.9 7,852.0 7,820.9 7,774.9 7,387.6 7,779.5 7,790.0
Apex - GET (sec) 259.4 266.54 265.03 266.87 269.1 275.6 271.7 271.8 277.562 270.973 273.689
Apex -Altitude (n mi) 64.4 64.69 59.23 60.61 62.1 66.4 63.1 62.9 68.8 63.1 64.9
Apex - Range (n mi) 132.6 175.70 172.37 172.90 176.8 181.4 176.0 174.5 182.9 174.8 177.2
S-11 Stage Burn
Duration (sec) 367.85 371.06 388.59 384.22 389.14 426.64 392.55 386.06 394.34 395.06
Maximum Total Inertial Acceleration- GET (sec} 524.14 536.31 460.69 460.70 460.83 537.00 463.17 459.56 461.77 461.21
Maximum Total Inertial Acceleration - (ft/secl) 59_;1 64.34 58.46 58.53 58.79 53.31 58.10 57.58 56.00 56.00
Maximum Total Inertial Acceleration - (g) 1.86 2.00 1.82 1.82 1.83 1.66 1.81 1.79 1.74 1.74
Maximum Earth-Fixed Velocity GET (sec) 524.90 536.45 553.50 549.00 553.20 593.50 560.07 550.00 560.0 560.6
Maximum Earth-Fixed Velocity (ftlsec) 21,068.14 21,441.11 21,317.81 21,377.0 21.517.8 21,301.6 21,574.5 21,601.4 21,550.9 21,567.6
Apex - GET (sec) 560.34 593.58 597.21 587.0 581.7 632.2 600.2 553.225 584.122 574.527
Apex - Altitude (n mi) 104.21 102.50 102.31 101.9 103.2 103.0 102.4 95.2 93.7 93.3
Apex - Range (n mi} 934.06 1,026.36 1,035.06 1,005.9 985.3 1,098.8 1,032.2 888.9 978.7 946.2
S-IVB First Burn
Duration (sec) 469.79 156.69 123.84 146.95 147.13 137.31 152.93 137.16 141.47 142.61 138.85
Maximum Total Inertial Acceleration - GET (sec) 616.9 685.08 664.74 703.84 699.41 693.99 750.00 700.66 694.67 706.21 702.65
Maximum TotallnertiaJ Acceleration (ftlsec2) 82.22 23.10 25.72 22.60 22.08 22.21 21.85 21.62 21.00 21.59 21.46
Maximum Total Inertial Acceleration (g) 2.56 0.72 0.80 0.70 0.69 0.69 0.68 0.67 0.65 0.67 0.67
Maximum Earth-Fixed Velocity- GET (sec) 619.3 685.50 674.66 703.84 709.33 703.91 750.50 710.56 704.67 716.21 712.70
Maximum Earth-Fixed Velocity (ftlsec) 24,208.4 24,244.26 24,246.39 24,240.09 24,243.8 24,242.3 24,243.1 24,221.8 24,242.4 24,286.1 24,231.0
S-IVB Serond Burn
Duration (sec) 317.72 62.06 343.06 346.83 341.14 350.85 350.84 350.71 341.92 351.04
Maximum Total Inertial Acceleration - GET25 002:55:55.61 004:46:57.68 002:39: I0.66 002:50:03.11 002:53:04.02 002:41:37.23 002:34:23.34 002:55:53.61 002:39:18:42 003:18:27.64
Maximum Total Inertial Acceleration (ft/secl) 49.77 39.90 47.90 46.65 47.74 46.23 46.56 45.01 45.64 45.44
Maximum Total Inertial Acceleration (g) 1.55 1.24 1.49 1.45 1.48 1.44 1.45 1.40 1.42 1.41
Maximum Earth-Fixed Velocity - GET 002:55:56.00 004:46:58.20 002:39:11.30 002:50:03.50 002:53:04.32 002:41:37.80 002:34:23.67 002:55:54.00 002:39:20.0 003: 18:28.5
Maximum Earth-Fixed Velocity (ft/sec) 34,178.74 26,432.58 34,251.67 34,230.3 34,063.0 34,231.0 34,194.9 34,236.9 34,269.0 34,202.4
S-IVB Third Burn
Duration (sec) 242.06
Maximum Total Inertial Acceleration - GET 006:08:53.00
Maximum Total Inertial Acceleration (ft/seC) 54.40
Maximum Total Inertial Acceleration (g) 1.69
Maximum Earth-Fixed Velocity - GET 006: II :23.50
Maximum Earth-Fixed Velocity (ftlsec) 29,923.49
24 Compiled from Saturn V launch vehicle flight evaluation reports, Apollo/Saturn V postflight trajectory reports, and mission reports. Segments do not add to totals due to rounding in the Saturn reports.
25 GET is expressed as hours:minutes:seconds (hhh:mm:ss) for the S-IVB second and third burns.
Statistical Tables ~
Earth Orbit Data26
Apollo 7 Apollo 8 Apollo 9 Apollo 10 Apollo 11 Apollo 12 Apollo 13 Apollo 14 Apollo 15 Apollo 16 Apollo 17
26 Compiled from Saturn V launch vehicle flight evaluation reports, Apollo/Saturn V postflight trajectory reports and mission reports.
S-IB Impact
GET (sec) 560.2
Surface Range (n mi) 265.002
Geodetic Latitude (deg N) 29.7605
Longitude (deg E) -75.7183
S-IC Impact
GET (sec) - 540.410 536.436 539.12 543.7 554.5 546.9 546.2 560.389 547.136 551.708
Surface Range (n mi) - 353.462 346.635 348.800 357.1 365.200 355.300 351.700 368.800 351.600 356.6
Geodetic Latitude (deg N) - 30.2040 30.1830 30.188 30.212 30.273 30.177 29.835 29.4200 30.207 28.219
Longitude (deg E) - -74.1090 -74.238 -74.207 -74.038 -73.895 -74.0650 -74.0420 -73.6530 -74.147 -73.8780
S-11 Impact
GET (sec) - 1,145.106 1,205.346 1,217.89 1,213.7 1,221.6 1,258.1 1,246.3 1,143.912 1,202.390 1,146.947
Surface Range (n mi) - 2,245.913 2,413.198 2,389.290 2,371.8 2,404.4 2,452.600 2,462.100 2,261.3 2,312.000 2292.800
Geodetic Latitude (deg N) - 31.8338 31.4618 31.522 31.535 31.465 31.320 29.049 26.975 31.726 20.056
Longitude (deg E) - -37.2774 -34.0408 -34.512 -34.844 -34.214 -33.2890 -33.567 -37.924 -35.990 -39.6040
27 Theoretical impacts compiled from Saturn V launch vehicle flight evaluation reports, and Apollo/Saturn V postflight trajectory reports. Impact date is same as launch date except for S-IVB stage, as indicated.
Statistical Tables ~
Launch Vehicle Propellant Usagels
Apollo 7 Apollo 7 Apollo 7 Apollo 7 Apollo 8 Apollo 8 Apollo 8 Apollo 8 Apollo 9 Apollo 9 Apollo 9 Apollo 9 Apollo 10 Apollo 10 Apollo 10 Apollo 10
Burn Burn Burn Rate Burn Burn Burn Rate Burn Burn Burn Rate Burn Burn Burn Rate
Start End Change (lb/sec) Start End Change (lb/sec) Start End Change (lb/sec) Start End Change (lb/sec)
S-IB Burn (sec) -2.988 144.32 147.31
Oxidizer (LOX), lb 631,300 3,231 628,069 4,263.6
Fuel (RP-1), lb 276,900 4,728 272,172 1,847.6
Total, lb 908,200 7,959 900,241 6,111.3
S-IC Burn (sec) - - -6.585 153.82 160.41 - -6.3 162.76 169.06 - -6.4 161.63 168.03
Oxidizer (LOX), lb - - - - 3,128,034 46,065 3,081,969 19,213.7 3,301,203 45,230 3,255,973 19,259.3 3,302,827 40,592 3,262,235 19,414.6
Fuel (RP-1) - - - - 1,357,634 26,622 1,331,012 8,297.8 1,431,678 42,390 1,389,288 8,217.7 1,423,254 28,537 1,394,717 8,300.4
Total, lb - - - - 4,485,668 72,687 4,412,981 27,511.5 4,732,881 87,620 4,645,26 1 27,477.0 4,726,081 69,129 4,656,952 27,715.0
S-11 Burn (sec) - - - 156.19 524.04 367.85 - 165. 16 536.22 371.06 - 164.05 552.64 388.59 388.59
Oxidizer (LOX), lb - - - 793,795 5,169 788,626 2,143.9 821,504 3,230 818,274 2,205.2 823,325 3,536 819,789 2,109.7
Fuel (LH 2), lb - - - 154,907 4,514 150,393 408.8 158,663 3,381 155,282 418.5 158,541 4,622 153,919 396.1
Total, lb - - - 948,702 9,683 939,019 2,552.7 980,167 6,611 973,556 2,623.7 981,866 8,158 973,708 2,505.7
S-IVB 1st Burn (sec) 146.97 616.76 469.79 528.29 684.98 156.69 - 540.82 664.66 123.84 - 556.81 703.76 146.95
Oxidizer (LOX), lb 193,330 1,671 191,659 408.0 192,840 132,220 60,620 386.9 189,686 133,421 56,265 454.3 192,089 133,883 58,206 396.1
Fuel (LH2), lb 39,909 2,502 37,407 79.6 43,395 30,678 12,717 81.2 43,709 32,999 10,710 86.5 43,388 31,564 11,824 80.5
Total, lb 233,239 4,173 229,066 487.6 236,235 162,898 73,337 468.0 233,395 166,420 66,975 540.8 235,477 165,447 70,030 476.6
S-IVB 2nd Burn (sec) - - - 10,237.79 !0,555.51 317.72 - 17,155.54 17,2 17.60 62.06 - 9,207.52 9,550.58 343.06 343.06
Oxidizer (LOX), lb - - - - 131,975 8,064 123,911 390.0 132,988 109,298 23,690 381.7 133,471 5,274 128,197 373.7
Fuel (LH2), lb - - - - 28,358 2,759 25,599 80.6 29,369 24,476 4,893 78.8 29,1 16 2,177 26,939 78.5
Total, lb - - - - 160,333 10,823 149,5!0 470.6 162,357 133,774 28,583 460.6 162,587 7,451 155,136 452.2
S-IVB 3rd Burn (sec) - - - - - - 22,039.26 22,281.32 242.06
Oxidizer (LOX), lb - - - - - 108,927 34,051 74,876 309.3
Fuel (LH 2), lb - - - - - 23,520 8,951 14,569 60.2
Total, lb - - - - - - - 132,447 43,002 89,445 369.5
Oxidizer-Fuel Ratio
S-IB Stage 2.280 - 2.308
S-IC Stage - - - 2.304 2.316 - 2.306 - 2.344 - 2.321 - 2.339
S-II Stage - - 5.124 - 5.244 - 5.178 5.270 - 5.193 - 5.326
S-IVB Stage 1st burn 4.844 - 5.124 - 4.444 - 4.767 - 4.340 5.254 4.427 - 4.923
S-!VB Stage 2nd burn - - - 4.654 - 4.840 - 4.528 - 4.842 4.584 - 4.759
S-IVB Stage 3rd burn - - - - - - - 4.631 - 5.139
28 All times are referenced to Range Zero; all other values represent actual usage, in pounds mass. Sources are the Saturn V launch vehicle flight evaluation reports and Results of the Fifth Saturn IB Vehicle Test Flight (Apollo 7).
Burn Burn Burn Rate Burn Burn Burn Rate Burn Burn Burn Rate Burn Burn Burn Rate
Start End Change (lb/sec) Start End Change (lb/sec) Start End Change (lb/sec) Start End Change (lb/sec)
S-IC Burn (sec) -6.4 161.63 168.03 -6.5 161.74 168.24 - -6.7 163.60 170.30 - -6.5 164.10 170.60
Oxidizer (LOX), lb 3,305,786 39,772 3,266,014 19,437.1 3,310, 199 42,093 3,268,106 19,425.3 3,304,734 38,921 3,265,813 19,176.8 3,312,769 42,570 3,270,199 19,168.8
Fuel (RP-1) 1,424,889 30,763 1,394,126 8,296.9 1,424,287 36,309 1,387,978 8,250.0 1,431,384 27,573 1,403,81 1 8,243.2 1,428,561 32,312 1,396,249 8,184.3
Total,lb 4,730,675 70,535 4,660,140 27,734.0 4,734,486 78,402 4,656,084 27,675.2 4,736,118 66,494 4,669,624 27,420.0 4,741,330 74,882 4,666,448 27,353.2
S-11 Burn (sec) 164.00 548.22 384.22 163.20 552.34 389.14 166.00 592.64 426.64 - 166.50 559.05 392.55
Oxidizer (LOX), lb 819,050 3,536 815,514 2,122.5 825,406 3,536 821,870 2,112.0 836,741 3,533 833,208 1,953.0 837,484 2,949 834,535 2,125.9
Fuel (LH 2), lb 158,116 10,818 147,298 383.4 157,986 4,610 153,376 394.1 159,931 4,532 155,399 364.2 159,232 3,232 156,000 397.4
Total,lb 977,166 14,354 962,812 2,505.9 983,392 8,146 975,246 2,506.2 996,672 8,065 988,607 2,317.2 996,716 6,181 990,535 2,523.3
S-IVB 1st Burn (sec) 552.20 699.33 147.13 556.60 693.91 137.31 596.90 749.83 152.93 - 563.40 700.56 137.16
Oxidizer (LOX), lb 192,497 135,144 57,353 389.8 190,587 135,909 54,678 398.2 191,890 132,768 59,122 386.6 190,473 136,815 53,658 391.2
Fuel (LH 2), lb 43,608 31,736 11,872 80.7 43,663 32,346 11,317 82.4 43,657 31,455 12,202 79.8 43,546 32,605 10,941 79.8
Total,lb 236,105 166,880 69,225 470.5 234,250 168,255 65,995 480.6 235,547 164,223 71,324 466.4 234,019 169,420 64,599 471.0
S-IVB 2nd Burn (sec) 9,856.20 10,203.03 346.83 10,042.80 10,383.94 341.14 9,346.30 9,697.15 350.85 - 8,912.40 9,263.24 350.84
Oxidizer (LOX), lb 134,817 5,350 129,467 373.3 135,617 4,659 130,958 383.9 132,525 3,832 128,693 366.8 136,551 5,812 130,739 372.6
Fuel (LH 2), lb 29,324 2,112 27,212 78.5 29,804 2,109 27,695 81.2 29,367 1,963 27,404 78.1 30,428 2,672 27,756 79.1
Total,lb 164,141 7,462 156,679 451.7 165,421 6,768 158,653 465.1 161 ,892 5,795 156,097 444.9 166,979 8,484 158,495 451.8
Oxidizer-Fuel Ratio
S-IB Stage
S-IC Stage 2.320 - 2.343 - 2.324 - 2.355 - 2.309 2.326 - 2.319 - 2.342
S-11 Stage 5.180 5.536 5.225 - 5.359 - 5.232 - 5.362 - 5.260 5.350
S-!VB Stage Ist burn 4.414 4.831 - 4.365 - 4.831 - 4.395 4.845 4.374 - 4.904
S-IVB Stage 2nd burn 4.597 - 4.758 - 4.550 - 4.729 4.513 - 4.696 - 4.488 - 4.710
S-IVB Stage 3rd burn
29 All times are referenced to Range Zero; all other values represent actual usage, in pounds mass. Sources are the Saturn V launch vehicle flight evaluation reports.
Statistical Tables ~
Launch Vehicle Propellant UsageJo
Program Program Program Program
Apollo IS Apollo IS Apollo IS Apollo IS Apollo I6 Apollo I6 Apollo I6 Apollo I6 Apollo I7 Apollo I7 Apollo I7 Apollo I7 Totals Totals Totals Totals
Burn Burn Burn Rate Burn Burn Burn Rate Bum Burn Burn Rate Burn Bum Burn Rate
Start End Change (lb/sec) Start End Change (lb/sec) Start End Change (lb/sec) Start End Change (lb/sec)
S-IC Burn (sec) -65 159.56 166.06 - -6.7 161.78 168.48 - -6.9 161.20 168.10 - - - 1,677.31
Oxidizer (LOX), lb 3,312,030 31,135 3,280,895 19,757.3 3,311,226 34,028 3,277,1-98 19,451.6 3,314,388 36,479 3,277,909 19,499.8 32,903,196 396,885 32,506,31 1 19,380.1
Fuel (RP-1) 1,410,798 27,142 1,383,656 8,332.3 1,439,894 31,601 1,408,293 8,358.8 1,431,921 26,305 1,405,616 8,361.8 14,204,300 309,554 13,894,746 8,284.0
Total, lb 4,722,828 58,277 4,664,551 28,089.6 4,751,120 65,629 4,685,491 27,810.4 4,746,309 62,784 4,683,525 27,861.5 47,107,496 706,439 46,401,057 27,664.1
S-11 Burn (sec) 163.00 549.06 386.06 - 165.20 55954 394.34 - 164.60 559.66 395.06 - - - 3,895.51
Oxidizer (LOX), lb 837,991 3,109 834,882 2,162.6 846,157 3,141 843,016 2,137.8 844,094 3,137 840,957 2,128.7 8,285,547 34,876 8,250,671 2,118.0
Fuel (LH2), lb 158,966 4,022 154,944 401.3 160,551 2,884 157,667 399.8 160,451 3,024 157,427 398.5 1,587,344 45,639 1,541,705 395.8
Total, lb 996,957 7,131 989,826 2,563.9 1,006,708 6,025 1,000,683 2,537.6 1,004,545 6,161 998,384 2,527.2 9,872,891 80,515 9,792,376 2,513.8
S-IVB 1st Burn (sec) 553.20 694.67 141.47 - 563.60 706.21 142.61 - 563.80 702.65 138.85 - - - 1,424.94
Oxidizer (LOX), lb 195,788 140,293 55,495 392.3 195,372 138,937 56,435 395.7 195,636 140,Q47 55,589 400.4 1,926,858 1,359,437 567,421 398.2
Fuel (LH2), lb 43,674 32,416 11,258 79.6 43,727 32,081 11,646 81.7 43,752 32,685 11,067 79.7 436,119 320,565 115,554 81.1
Total, lb 239,462 172,709 66,753 471.9 239,099 171,018 68,081 477.4 239,388 172,732 66,656 480.1 2,362,977 1,680,002 682,975 479.3
S-IVB 2nd Burn (sec) 10,202.90 10,553.61 350.71 - 9,216.50 9,558.42 341.92 - 11,556.60 11,907.64 351.04 - - - 3,156.17
Oxidizer (LOX), lb 139,665 4,273 135,392 386.1 138,532 3,869 134,663 393.8 139,879 4,219 135,660 386.5 1,356,020 154,650 1,201,370 380.6
Fuel (LH 2), lb 29,799 1,722 28,077 80.1 29,968 2,190 27,778 81.2 30,050 2,212 27,838 79.3 295,583 44,392 251,191 79.6
Total, lb 169,464 5,995 163,469 466.1 168,500 6,059 162,441 475.1 169,929 6,431 163,498 465.8 1,651,603 199,042 1,452,561 460.2
Oxidizer-Fuel Ratio
S-IB Stage - - - - - - - - - - - - 2.280 - 2.308
S-IC Stage 2.348 - 2.371 - 2.300 - 2.327 - 2.315 - 2.332 - 2.316 - 2.339
S-II Stage 5.272 - 5.388 - 5.270 - 5.347 - 5.261 5.342 - 5.220 - 5.352
S-IVB Stage 1st burn 4.483 - 4.929 - 4.468 - 4.846 4.471 5.023 - 4.418 - 4.910
S-IVB Stage 2nd burn 4.687 - 4.822 - 4.623 - 4.848 - 4.655 - 4.873 - 4.588 - 4.783
S-IVB Stage 3rd burn - - - - - - - - - - - - 4.631 - 5.139
30 All times are referenced to Range Zero; all other values represent actual usage, in pounds mass. Sources are the Saturn V launch vehicle flight evaluation reports.
GET 002:56:05.51 002:39:20.58 002:50:13.03 002:53:13.94 002:41:47.15 002:34:33.24 002:56:03.61 002:39:28.42 003:18:37.64
KSC Date 21 Dec 1968 18 May 1969 16 jul 1969 14 Nov 1969 II Apr 1970 31 jan 1971 26 jul1971 16 Apr 1972 07 Dec 1972
GMT Date 21 Dec 1968 18 May 1969 16 jul 1969 14 Nov 1969 II Apr 1970 31 jan 1971 26 jul1971 16 Apr 1972 07 Dec 1972
KSC Time 10:47:05 a.m. 03:28:20 p.m. 12:22:13 p.m. 02:15:13 p.m. 04:54:47 p.m. 06:37:35 p.m. 12:30:03 p.m. 03:33:28 p.m. 03:51:37 a.m.
Time Zone EST EDT EDT EST EST EST EDT EST EST
GMT Time 15:47:05 19:28:20 16:22:13 19:15:13 21:54:47 23:37:35 16:30:03 20:33:28 08:51:37
Altitude (ft) 1,137,577 1,093,217 1,097,229 1,209,284 1,108,555 1,090,930 1,055,296 1,040,493 1,029,299
Altitude (n mi) 187.221 179.920 180.581 199.023 182.445 179.544 173.679 171.243 169.401
Earth Fixed Velocity (ft/sec) 34,140.1 34,217.2 34,195.6 34,020.5 34,195.3 34,151.5 34,202.2 34,236.6 34,168.3
Space-Fixed Velocity (ft/sec) 35,505.41 35,562.96 35,545.6 35,389.8 35,538.4 35,511.6 35,579.1 35,566.1 35,555.3
Geocentric Latitude (deg N) 21.3460 -13.5435 9.9204 16.0791 -3.8635 -19.4388 24.8341 -11.9117 4.6824
Geodetic Latitude (deg N) 21.477 -13.627 9.983 16.176 -3.8602 -19.554 24.9700 -11.9881 4.7100
Longitude (deg E) -143.9242 159.9201 -164.8373 -154.2798 167.2074 141.7312 -142.1295 162.4820 -53.1190
Flight Path Angle (deg)32 7.897 7.379 7.367 8.584 7.635 7.480 7.430 7.461 7.379
Heading Angle (deg E of N) 67.494 61.065 60.073 63.902 59.318 65.583 73.173 59.524 118.110
Inclination (deg) 30.636 31.698 31.383 30.555 31.817 30.834 29.696 32.511 28.466
Descending Node (deg) 38.983 123.515 121.847 120.388 122.997 117.394 108.439 122.463 86.042
Eccentricity 0.97553 0.97834 0.97696 0.96966 0.9772 0.9722 0.9760 0.9741 0.97
C3 (ft/sec) -15,918,930 -14,084,265 -14,979,133 -19,745,586 -14,814,090 -18,096,135 -15,643,934 -16,881,439 -18,152,226
3! Compiled from Saturn V launch vehicle flight evaluation reports and mission reports.
32 Flight path angle and heading angle are 'space-fixed' for these measurements.
Statistical Tables ~
S-IVB Solar TrajectoryJJ
Apollo 8 Apollo 9 Apollo 10 Apollo 11 Apollo 12
Apollo 14
- - 99
131 85
Apollo 15
- - - 593 557
Apollo 16
- - - - 459
Apollo 14
- - 069 308 096
Apollo 15
- - - 231 209
Apollo 16
- - - - 278
34 Compiled from Saturn V launch vehicle flight evaluation reports, preliminary science reports, and mission reports. Apollo 16 data based on seismic data due to loss of S-IVB tracking prior to impact. Impact times are estimates for when impact
occurred on the Moon, not when signal received on Earth, a method used by other sources.
Statistical Tables ~
LM Lunar Landing3s
Apollo 1036 Apollo 11 Apollo 12 -
Landing Site
Sea of Sea of Ocean of Fra Mauro Fra Mauro Hadley- Plains of Taurus-
Tranquility Tranquility Storms Apennine Descartes Littrow
Targeted Latitude (deg N)
0.7333° 0.6833° 2.9833° -3.6167" -3.6719" 26.0816° -9.0002° 20.1639"
Targeted Longitude (deg E)
23.6500° 23.7167" -23.4000° -1 7.5500° 17.4627 3.6583° 15.5164° 30.7495°
Actual Landing Latitude (deg N)
0.67408° -3.01239° -3.64530° 26.13222° -8.97301° 20.19080°
Actual Landing Longitude (deg E)
23.47297" -23.42157° -17.47136° 3.63386° 15.50019° 30.77168°
GET
102:45:39.9 110:32:36.2 108:15:11.40 104:42:31.1 104:29:35 110:21:58
KSC Date
20 ]ul 1969 19 Nov 1969 OS Feb 1971 30 jul 1971 20 Apr 1972 11 Dec 1972
GMT Date
20 jul 1969 19 Nov 1969 OS Feb 1971 30 jul 1971 21 Apr 1972 11 Dec 1972
KSC Time
04:17:39 p.m. 01:54:36 a.m. 04:18:13 a.m. 06:16:29 p.m. 09:23:35 p.m. 02:54:58 p.m.
Time Zone
EDT EST EST EDT EST EST
GMT Time
20:17:39 06:54:36 09:18:13 22:16:29 02:23:35 19:54:58
Sun Angle (deg)
11.0 10.8 5.1 18.5 10.3 12.2 11.9 13.0
LM Surface Angle (deg)
4.5° tilt east; 3° pitch up,
yaw 13° south 3.8° roll left Io pitch down; 6.9° pitch up; oo roll, 2.5° 4 to so
6.9° roll right; 8.6° roll left pitch up, slight pitch up, 0° roll,
1.4° yaw left resulting yaw south near oo yaw
in tilt of 11°
from horiwntal
Apollo 12
98 641 641 [Not found]
Apollo 14
98 591 544 [Not found]
Apollo IS
641 591 604 [Not found]
Apollo 16
641 544 604 - [Not found ]
Apollo 12
96 40 100 [Not found]
Apollo 14
276 33 101 [Not found ]
Apollo 15
226 218 160 [Not found ]
Apollo 16
276 277 342 [Not found ]
35 Compiled from mission reports and summary science reports. Actual landing site coordinaies based on International Astronomical Union (!AU) Mean Earth Polar Axis coordinate system as described in the Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.
lOS, pages 20,227 to 20,280; 2000.
36 Although not planned as a lunar landing mission, Apollo 10 flew over the area to be targeted by the first lunar landing mission.
37 Data is for intended landing site; mission aborted.
Consumed
Fuel 4,127 295.0 6,724 6,658 3,225.5 6,812.8 7,058.3 7,105.4 7,041.3
Oxidizer 6,524 470.0 10,690 10,596 5,117.4 10,810.4 11,315.0 11,221.9 11,207.6
Total 10,651 765.0 17,414 17,254 8,342.9 17,623.2 18,373.3 18,327.3 18,248.9
Remaining at Cutoff
Fuel - - 251 421 - 260.0 479 425 480.0
Oxidizer - - 519 754 - 534.0 709 807 835.0
Total - - 770 1,175 - 794.0 1,188 1,232 1,315.0
Usable at Cutoff
Fuel - - 216 386 - 228.0 433 396 455.0
Oxidizer - - 458 693 400.0 622 732 770.0
Total - - 674 1,079 - 628.0 1,055 1,128 1,225.0
Statistical Tables ~
LM Ascent Stage Propellant StatusJ9
Weight (Ibm) Apollo 9 Apollo 10 Apollo 11 Apollo 12 Apollo 14 Apollo 15 Apollo 16 Apollo 17
Loaded
Fuel 1,626 981 2,020 2,012
Oxidizer 2,007.0 2,011 .4 2,017.8 2,026.9
2,524 1,650 3,218
Total 3,224 3,218.2 3,225.6
4,150 2,631 3,224.7 3,234.8
5,238 5,236 5,225.2 5,237.0 5,242.5 5,261.7
Transferred from RCS
Fuel
Oxidizer - -
- - - 16.0
Total
- - - -
- 44.0
- - - - - 60.0
Consumed by RCS
Fuel 22 13.9 23 31
Oxidizer 44 28.0 46 62
Total 66 41.9 69 93
Consumed by APS Prior to jettison
Fuel 31 67 1,833 1,831
Oxidizer 59 108 2,934 2,943
Total 90 175 4,767 4,774
Remaining at jettison
Fuel - 164 ISO 128.0
Oxidizer 118.0 164.0 108.9
- 238 219 204.2
Total - 173.0 257.7 175.6
- 402 369 332.2 291.0 421.7 284.5
Consumed at Fuel Depletion
Fuel - 13
Oxidizer - 106
Total - 119
Consumed at Oxidizer Depletion
Fuel 68
Oxidizer 0
Total 68
Total Consumed
Fuel 1,558 887 1,856 1,862 1,879.0
Oxidizer 2,524 1,893.4 1,869.8 1,918.0
1,408 2,980 3,005
Total 3,014.0 3,052.6 3,011.0 3,059.2
4,082 2,295 4,836 4,867 4,893.0 4,946.0 4,880.8 4,977.2
LMAscent
GET
124:22:00.79 142:03:47.78 141:45:40 171:37:23.2 175:31 :47.9 185:21:37
KSC Date
21 jul 1969 20 Nov 1969 06 Feb 1971 02 Aug 1971 23 Apr 1972 14 Dec 1972
GMT Date
21 jul1969 20 Nov 1969 06 Feb 1971 02 Aug 1971 24 Apr 1972 14 Dec 1972
KSC Time
01:54:00 p.m. 09:25:47 a.m. 0I :48:42 p.m. 01:11:23 p.m. 08:25:47 p.m. 05:54:37 p.m.
KSC Time Zone
EDT EST EST EDT EST EST
GMT Time
17:54:00 14:25:47 18:48:42 17:11:23 01:25:47 22:54:37
GET
149:55:16.4 147:42:23.4 181:29:35.8 193:17:21
KSC Date
20 Nov 1969 06 Feb 1971 02 Aug 1971 - IS Dec 1972
GMT Date
20 Nov 1969 07 Feb 1971 03 Aug 1971 - IS Dec 1972
KSC Time
05:17:16 p.m. 07:45:25 p.m. II :03:35 p.m. 01:50:21 a.m.
Time Zone
EST EST EDT - EST
GMT Time
22:17:16 00:45:25 03:03:35 06:50:21
Selenocentric Latitude (deg N)
-3.94000 -3.42000 26.35583 - 19.96611
Selenocentric Longitude (deg E)
-21.20000 -19.67000 0.25000 - 30.48972
Selenocentric Latitude
3° 56' 24" s 3° 25' 12" s 26° 21'21"N - 19° 57' 58" N
Selenocentric Longitude
21° 12' OO"W I9°40' 01"W 0° IS' 00" E 30° 29' 23" E
Velocity (ft/sec)
5,512 5,512 5,577 - 5,479
Mass (Ibm)
5,254 5,077 5,258 4,982
LM Ascent Stage Lunar Impact Energy (ergs)
3.36x1oi6 3.25x1oi6 3.43xi0 16 - 3.1SxiOI6
Angle From Horizontal (deg)
-3.7 -3.6 -3.2
Heading Angle (deg)
305.85 282 284 - 283
Crater Diameter (calculated) (ft)
29.9 29.6 30.2 - [Not found]
Crater Diameter (measured) (ft)
- [Not found]
Apollo 12
39 62 610 - 945
Apollo 14
36 566 - 863
Apollo IS
50 - 416
Apollo 16
532
Apollo 12
112 096 036 - 064
Apollo 14
276 029 - 061
Apollo IS
276 - 098
Apollo 16
027
40 Compiled from Saturn V launch vehicle flight evaluation report and mission report for each flight. Actual landing site coordinates based on International Astronomical Union (!AU) Mean Earth Polar Axis coordinate system as described in the
journal of Geophysical Research, vol. lOS, pages 20,227 to 20,280; 2000.
41 Deorbit maneuver was not possible and LM ascent stage remained in lunar orbit for about one year. No impact information is available.
Statistical Tables ~
Extravehicular Activity42
Apollo 9 Apollo 11 Apollo 12 Apollo 14 Apollo 15 Apollo 16 Apollo 17
First Surface EVA Duration - 02:31:40 03:56:03 04:47:50 06:32:42 07:11:02 07:11:53
Total Distance Traveled (n mi) - 0.5 0.5 0.5 5.6 2.3 1.8
LRV Ride Time - - 01:02 00:43 00:33
LRV Park Time - 01:14 03:39
Total LRV Time - - 02:16 04:22
Samples Collected (lbm)43 47.51 36.82 45.19 31.97 65.92 31.53
Second Surface EVA Duration 03:49:15 04:34:41 07:12:14 07:23:09 07:36:56
Total Distance Traveled (n mi) - 0.7 1.6 6.7 6.1 11.0
LRV Ride Time - 01:23 01:31 02:25
LRV Park Time - - 02:34 03:56
Total LRV Time - - 03:57 05:27
Samples Collected (lbm) 38.80 49.16 76.94 63.93 75.18
Third Surface EVA Duration - 04:49:50 05:40:03 07:15:08
Total Distance Traveled (n mi) - - 2.8 6.2 6.5
LRV Ride Time, - - 00:35 01:12 01:31
LRV Park Time - 01:22 02:26
Total LRV Time - - - 01:57 03:38
Samples Collected (lbm) - - 60.19 78.04 136.69
Total Lunar Surface EVA Total Duration - 02:31:40 07:45:18 09:22:31 18:34:46 20:14:14 22:03:57
Total Distance Traveled (n mi) 0.5 1.2 2.2 15.1 14.5 19.3
Total Samples Collected (lbm) - 47.51 75.73 93.21
170.44 211.00 243.65
Total LRV Ride Time -
3:00 03:26 04:29
Total LRV Park Time - -
05:10 10:01
Total LRV Time - - -
08:10 13:27
Maximum Distance Traveled From LM (ft) 20o44 1,35045 4,77o46 16,470 15,09247 25,029
Transearth EVA Participant - - Worden Mattingly Evans
Duration - 00:39:07 01:23:42 01 :05:44
42 Compiled from mission reports. Durations represent time from cabin depressurization to cabin pressurization.
43 Returned sample weights provided by Lunar Sample Curator, NASA johnson Space Center.
46 Skylab: A Chronology (SP-40ll), pps. 420-421 for Apollo 14, Apollo 15 and Apollo 17.
Laser-Ranging Retroreflector J. E. Faller, Wesleyan University 100 corner 100 corner 300 corner
Solar Wind Spectrometer (Exposure) Conway W. Snyder, Jet Propulsion Laboratory 1 hr 17 min" 18 hr 42 min 21 hr 0 min 41 hr 8 min 45 hr 5 min
Lunar Ejecta Meteoroid Experiment Otto Berg, Goddard Space Flight Center X
48 Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP): Five J-ears of Lunar Science and Still Going Strong, Bendix Aerospace.
49 )SC-09423, p. 3-54.
Statistical Tables ~
Lunar Surface Experimentsso
Designation Experiment Apollo 11 Apollo 12 Apollo 14 Apollo 15 Apollo 16 Apollo 17
51 Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP): Five J:ears of Lunar Science and Still Going Strong, Bendix Aerospace.
Statistical Tables ~
Lunar Orbit Experiments52
Designation Experiment Apollo 8 Apollo 11 Apollo 12 Apollo 14 Apollo 15 Apollo 16 Apollo 17
55 )SC-09423, p. 3-27.
Statistical Tables ~
Lunar Subsatellitess6
Apollo 15 Apollo 16
Designations
International 1971-063D 1972-031D
NORAD 05377 06009
Deploy Conditions
GET 222:39:29.1 196:02:02
KSC Date 04 Aug 1971 24 Apr 1972
GMT Date 04 Aug 1971 24 Apr 1972
KSC Time 04:13:29 p.m. 04:56:09 p.m.
KSC Time Zone EDT EST
GMT Time 20:13:29 21:56:09
Weight (lbs) 78.5 90
56 Compiled from Apollo 15 Preliminary Science Report (SP-289) and Apollo 16 Preliminary Science Report {SP-315) and mission reports.
Earth Entry
Velocity (ft/sec) 25,846.4 36,221.1 25,894 36,314 36,194.4 36,116.618 36,210.6 36,170.2 36,096.4 36,196.1 36,090.3
Maximum Entry Velocity (ft/sec) 25,955 36,303 25,989 36,397 36,277
Maximum g 3.33 6.84 3.35 6.78 6.56 6.57 5.56 6.76 6.23 7.19 6.49
Range (n mi) 1,594 1,292 1,835 1,295 1,497 1,250 1,250 1,234 1,184 1,190 1,190
Geodetic Latitude (deg N) -29.92 20.83 33.52 -23.60 -3.19 -13.80 -28.23 -36.36 14.23 -19.87 0.71
Longitude (deg E) 92.62 -179.89 -99.05 174.39 171.96 173.52 173.44 165.80 -175.02 -162.13 -173.34
Flight Path Angle (deg E of N) -2.0720 -6.50 -1.74 -6.54 -6.48 -6.48 -6.269 -6.370 -6.51 -6.55 -6.49
Heading Angle (deg) 87.47 121.57 99.26 71.89 50.18 98.16 77.21 70.84 52.06 21.08 156.53
Lift To Drag Ratio 0.300 - 0.305 0.300 0.309 0.291 0.280 0.290 0.286 0.290
Max. Heating Rate (BTU/fll/sec) - 296 - 296 286 285 271 310 289 346 346
Total Heating Load (BTU/ft') - 26,140 - 25,728 26,482 26,224 25,710 27,111 25,881 27,939 27,939
Duration (sec) 937.0 869.2 1,003.8 868.5 929.3 845.9 835.3 852.8 778.3 814.0 801.0
Avg. Radiation Skin Dose (Rads)" 0.16 0.16 0.20 0.48 0.18 0.58 0.24 1.14 0.30 0.51 0.55
Earth Splashdown
GET 260:09:03 147:00:42.0 241:00:54 192:03:23 195:18:35 244:36:25 142:54:41 216:01:58.1 295: ll :53.0 265:51 :05 301:51:59
KSC Date 22 Oct 1968 27 Dec 1968 13 Mar 1969 26 May 1969 24 jul 1969 24 Nov 1969 17 Apr 1970 09 Feb 1971 07 Aug 1971 27 Apr 1972 19 Dec 1972
GMT Date 22 Oct 1968 27 Dec 1968 13 Mar 1969 26 May 1969 24 Jul 1969 24 Nov 1969 17 Apr 1970 09 Feb 1971 07 Aug 1971 27 Apr 1972 19 Dec 1972
KSC Time 07:11:48 a.m. 10:51:42 a.m. 12:00:54 p.m. 12:52:23 a.m. 12:50:35 p.m. 03:58:25 p.m. 01:07:41 p.m. 04:05:00 p.m. 04:45:53 p.m. 02:45:05 p.m. 02:24:59 p.m.
Time Zone EDT EST EST EDT EDT EST EST EST EDT EST EST
GMT Time ll:11:48 15:51:42 17:00:54 16:52:23 16:50:35 20:58:25 18:07:41 21 :05:00 20:45:53 19:45:05 19:24:59
Splashdown Site (Ocean) Atlantic Pacific Atlantic Pacific Pacific Pacific Pacific Pacific Pacific Pacific Pacific
Latitude (deg N) 27.63 8.10 23.22 -15.07 13.30 -15.78 -21.63 -27.02 26.13 -0.70 -17.88
Longitude (deg E) -64.15 -165.00 -67.98 -164.65 -169.15 -165.15 -165.37 -172.67 -158.13 -156.22 -166.11
CM Weight (Ibm) ll,409 10,977 ll,094 10,901 10,873 ll,050 ll,l33 11,481.2 11,731 11,995 12,120
Distance To Target (n mi) 1.9 1.4 2.7 1.3 1.7 2.0 1.0 0.6 1.0 3.0 1.0
Distance To Recovery Ship (n mi) 7 2.6 3 2.9 13 3.91 3.5 3.8 5 2.7 3.5
Distance Traveled (n mi) 3,953,842 504,006 3,664,820 721,250 828,743 828,134 541,103 1,000,279 1,107,945 1,208,746 1,291,299
57 Compiled from mission reports, USN Historical Office data, Apollo Program Summary Report (JSC-09423) and other sources.
58 Some Apollo 17 entry phase data are preflight predictions because actual data were not obtained.
Statistical Tables ~
Entry, Splashdown, and Recovery
Apollo 7 Apollo 8 Apollo 9 Apollo 10 Apollo 11 Apollo 12 Apollo 13 Apollo 14 Apollo 15 Apollo 16 Apollo 17
Splashdown Weather
lsi Level Cloud Type Light rain showers Scattered douds 30% 10% - - Broken High &altered Scattered Scattered Scattered
1st Level Cloud Cover (ft) 600 (overcast) 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 3,000
2nd Level Cloud Type Overcast Broken 20%
2nd Level Cloud Cover (ft) - 9,000 9,000 7,000
Visibility (n mi) 2 10 10 10 - 10 10 10 10 10 10
Wind Speed (ft/sec) 27 32 IS 8 27
Wind Speed (knots) 16 19 9 5 16 IS 10 IS 10 10 10
Wind Direction (deg from True N) 260 70 200 100 - 68 - - 110 130
Air Temperature (F) 74 79
Water Temperature (F) 81 82 76 85
Wave Height (ft) 3 6 7 3 3 3, with 15 ft swells 4 4 3 4 2 to 3
Wave Direction (deg from True N) 260 110 340
Spacecraft R<alvery
Aotation Attitude Inverted Inverted Upright Upright Inverted Inverted Upright Upright Upright Inverted Upright
Minutes To Upright 12.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 7.6 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.5 0.0
Minutes To CM Pickup 111 148 132 96 188 108 88 124 94 99 123
Launch Site Pickup lime 09:03a.m. 01:20p.m. 02:13p.m. 02:28p.m. 03:58p.m. 05:45p.m. 02:36p.m. 06:09p.m. 06:20p.m. 04:24p.m. 04:28p.m.
lime Zone EST EST EST EDT EDT EST EST EST EDT EST EST
GMT Pickup Time 13:03 18:20 19:13 18:28 19:58 22:45 19:36 23:09 22:20 21:24 21:28
Crew Recovery
Minutes To Crew Pickup 56 88 49 39 63 60 45 48 39 37 52
Launch Site Pickup Time 08:08a.m. 12:20 p.m. 12:50 p.m. 01:31p.m. 01:53 p.m. 04:57p.m. 01:53p.m. 04:53p.m. 05:25p.m. 03:33p.m. 03:17p.m.
lime Zone EST EST EST EDT EDT EST EST EST EDT EST EST
GMT Pickup Time 12:08 17:20 17:50 17:31 17:53 21:57 18:53 21:53 21:25 20:22 20:17
Recovery Ship Essex (CVS-9) Yorktown (CVS-10) Guadalcanal (LPH-7) Princeton (LPH-5) Hornet (CVS-12) Hornet (CVS-12) lwo jima (LPH-2) New Orleans (LPH-11) Okinawa (LPH-3) Ticonderoga (CVS-14) Ticonderoga (CVS-14)
Commanding Officer (Captain) john A. Harkins john G. Fifield Roy M. Sudduth Carl M. Cruise Carl j. Seiberlich Carl j. Seiberlich Leland E. Kirkemo Robert W. Carius Andrew EHuff Frank T. Hamler Frank T. Hamler
Recovery Fon:es"'
Navy Ships Deployed 9 12 6 8 5 5 4 5 4 4 3
Atlantic Ocean 4 6 3 4 3 3 2 3 2 1 1
Pacific Ocean 5 6 3 4 2 2 2 2 2 3 2
Aircraft Deployed 31 43 29 30 31 26 22 19 17 17 IS
Navy 8 21 7 10 13 9 8 5 5 6 5
Air Force 23 22 22 20 18 17 14 14 12 II 10
60 )SC-09423, p. 7-18.
61 Compiled from mission reports. Apollo 7 did not have a LM. Apollo 13 includes CSM and LM until separation before Earth entry.
Statistical Tables ~
Command Module Cabin Temperature History ef)62
Mission Apollo 7 Apollo 8 Apollo 9 Apollo 10 Apollo 11 Apollo 12 Apollo 13 Apollo 14 Apollo 15 Apollo 16 Apollo 17
Launch 70 65 65 75 70 70 70 70 70 70 70
Average 70 72 70 73 63 67 64 74 69 70 69
High 79 81 72 80 73 80 71 77 81 80 81
Low 64 61 65 64 55 58 58 60 59 57 61
Reentry 65 61 67 58 55 60 75 59 59 57 62
62 Biomedical Results of Apollo, SP-368, p. 133. All temperatures are in Fahrenheit, measured at the inlet to the heat exchanger.
Mission Duration (hh:mm:ss) 260:09:03 147:00:42 241:00:54 192:03:23 195:18:35 244:36:25 142:54:41 216:01:58 295:11:53 265:51:05 301:51:59
Mission Duration (sec) 936,543 529,242 867,654 691,403 703,115 880,585 514,481 777,718 1,062,713 957,065 1,086,719
Total Seconds From Liftoff 2,809,629 1,587,726 2,602,962 2,074,209 2,109,345 2,641,755 1,543,443 2,333,154 3,188,139 2,871,195 3,260,157 27,021,714
Total Time In Space (hh:mm:ss) 780:27:09 441:02:06 723:02:42 576:10:09 585:55:45 733:49:15 428:44:03 648:05:54 885:35:39 797:33:15 905:35:57 7,506:0 I:54 7,506:0I:54
63 Calculated.
Statistical Tables ~
Apollo Medical Kits64
Apollo 7 Apollo 8 Apollo 9 Apollo 10 Apollo 11 Apollo 12 Apollo 13 Apollo 14 Apollo 15 Apollo 16 Apollo 17
Auxiliary Medications
Pronestyl - - - - - - - 80/0 80/0
Lidocaine - - - - - - - 12/0 12/0
Atropine - - - - - - 12/0 12/0
Demerol - - - - - - - 610 610
64 SP-368, P. 33.
Electrode Paste 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Oral Thermometer 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
65 SP-368, P. 33.
66 Typical quantities and items; there was no "standard" lunar module medical kit. The adequacy of the kits was reviewed after each mission and appropriate modifications were made for the next mission.
Statistical Tables ~
Crew Weight History (kg)67
30 Days
Before 30-Day
Mission Crew member Launch Average Launch Recovery
Apollo 7 Schirra 87.1 87.8 88.0 86.1
Eisele 69.4 69.5 71.2 66.7
Cunningham 69.4 70.7 70.8 67.8
Apollo 8 Borman 76.2 76.6 76.6 72.8
Lovell 76.4 76.8 78.0 74.4
Anders 66.0 66.4 64.4 62.6
Apollo 9 McDivitt 73.5 73.0 72.1 69.6
Scott 82.8 82.0 80.7 78.2
Schweickart 74.7 74.3 71.2 69.4
Apollo 10 Stafford 80.1 79.6 77.6 76.4
Young 76.6 76.8 74.8 72.3
Cernan 79.4 79.4 78.5 73.9
Apollo 11 Armstrong 78.0 78.4 78.0 74.4
Collins 74.4 75.6 75.3 72.1
Aldrin 77.6 78.1 75.7 75.3
Apollo 12 Conrad 66.2 66.6 67.7 65.8
Gordon 71.0 70.7 70.4 67.1
Bean 69.4 69.9 69.1 63.5
Apollo 13 Lovell 79.8 78.7 80.5 74.2
Swigert 89.1 89.4 89.3 84.4
Haise 71.0 70.8 70.8 67.8
Apollo 14 Shepard 78.0 78.4 76.2 76.6
Roosa 74.2 75.3 74.8 69.4
Mitchell 83.5 83.2 79.8 80.3
Apollo 15 Scott 80.5 81.1 80.2 78.9
Worden 73.7 73.6 73.5 72.1
Irwin 74.3 74.3 73.2 70.8
Apollo 16 Young 80.8 80.1 78.9 75.5
Mattingly 63.2 62.6 61.5 58.5
Duke 73.1 73.2 73.0 70.5
Apollo 17 Cernan 81.0 80.7 80.3 76.1
Evans 78.2 77.3 75.7 74.6
Schmitt 76.0 76.0 74.8 72.9
67 Biomedical Results of Apollo, SP-368, pps. 76-77. Note that on Apollo 14, Shepard and Mitchell each gained weight.
Barotitis Barotrauma 1
Cardiac arrhythmia Undetermined, possibly linked with potassium deficit 2
Dehydration Reduced water intake during emergency 2
Dysbarism (bends )69 Undetermined 1
Excoriation, urethral meatus Prolonged wearing of urine collection device 2
Eye irritation Spacecraft atmosphere 4
Fiberglass 1
Flatulence Undetermined 3
Genitourinary infection with prostatic congestion Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1
Head cold Undetermined 3
Headache Spacecraft environment 1
Nasal stuffiness Zero gravity 2
Nausea, vomiting Labyrinthine 1
Undetermined (possibly virus-related) 1
Pharyngitis Undetermined 1
Rash, facial, recurrent inguinal Contact dermatitis 1
Prolonged wearing of urine collection device 11
Respiratory irrigation Fiberglass 1
Rhinitis Oxygen, low relative humidity 2
Seborrhea Activated by spacecraft environment 2
Shoulder strain Lunar core drilling 1
Skin irrigation Biosensor sites 11
Fiberglass 2
Undetermined 1
Stomach awareness Labyrinthine 6
Stomatitis Aphthous ulcers 1
Subungual hemorrhages Glove fit 5
Urinary tract infection Undetermined 1
Statistical Tables ~
Postflight Medical Problems in Apollo Crews7o
Diagnosis Etiology Cases
Statistical Tables ~
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Except where noted, images for Apollo 1, Apollo 7, Apollo 8, Apollo 9, Apollo 10 and Apollo 13 were downloaded from the
Johnson Space Center Web site or scanned and edited by the author. Lunar surface images not listed below are from Apollo
Lunar Surface Journal Web site. Other images not listed below (particularly launch, recovery and post-mission images) for
Apollo 11, Apollo 12, Apollo 14, Apollo 15 and Apollo 17 are also from the Johnson Space Center Web site. The remaining
images are noted below with appropriate credits and are listed in order of mission and by NASA image numbers.
NASA photos reproduced from this work should include photo credit to "NASA'' or "National Aeronautics and Space
Administration" and should include scanning credit to the appropriate individual as noted below, to whom the author extends
special thanks.
Apollo 1
J. L. Pickering: 67HC21 from The Project Apollo Archive.
Apollo 8
Ed Hengeveld: S68-53187 from Apollo Lunar Surface Journal.
Kipp Teague: S68-56050.
Apollo 9
Kipp Teague: AS09-19-2919; AS09-19-2994; and AS09-21-3236.
Apollo 10
Kipp Teague: S69-34385.
Apollo 11
Kipp Teague: AS11 -36-5390; AS11-37-5528; AS11-40-5869; AS11-40-5877; AS11-40-5886; AS11 -40-5899; AS11-40-5927;
AS11-40-5942; AS11-40-5964; AS11-44-6574; AS11-44-6642; AS11 -44-6667; S69-21365; S69-31740; S69-39526; S69-40308.
Apollo 12
Kipp Teague: AS12-46-6716; AS12-46-6728; AS12-46-6729; AS12-46-6790; AS12-47-6897; AS12-47-6988; AS12-48-7071;
AS12-48-7110; AS12-48-7133; AS12-49-7278; AS12-49-7286; AS12-51-7507; S69-38852.
Apollo 13
Kipp Teague: 70-H-724; AS13-59-8500; AS13-59-8562; AS13-62-9004; KSC-70PC-0130; S69-62224; S70- 15511; 570-34853;
S70-35145; 570-35632.
Apollo 14
Kipp Teague: AS14-64-9089; AS14-64-9135; AS14-66-9344; AS14-68-9414; S70-55387; 571-18398; 571- 18753.
Apollo 15
David Harland: AS15-82-11057; AS15-85-11471; AS15-85-11514; AS15-86-11603; AS15-87-11748; AS15-87-11847 from Apollo
Lunar Surface Journal.
Kipp Teague: AS15-88-11866; AS15-88-11894; AS15-88-11901; AS15-88-11972; AS15-88-11980; S71-37963; 571-41356.
I Apollo Lunar Surface journal Web site, Copyright© 1995-2000, edited by Eric M. jones. All rights reserved.
2 The Project Apollo Archive Web site, Copyright © 2000, Kipp Teague.
Photo Credits ~
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John Pfannerstill: Apollo 16 Pan Camera frame 4623 from Apollo Lunar Surface Journal.
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A Background, 52
Ascent Phase, 53
Air Force Institute of Technology, see U.S. Air Force Earth Orbit Phase, 54
Aldrin, Edwin "Buzz", 33, 90, 267, 268, 270, 309, 312
Conclusions, 59
Tables
Anders, William, 33, 90, 145, 267, 268, 270, 309, 312
Spacecraft History, 63
Background, 2
The Accident, 2
Apollo 10
The Investigation, 8
Launch Preparations, 73
Spacecraft History, 10
Earth Orbit Phase, 74
Fire Tirneline, 11
Translunar Phase, 74
Apollo 5, 52
Lunar Orbit Phase, 75
Transearth Phase, 77
Apollo 7
Recovery, 78
Background, 14
Conclusions, 79
Ascent Phase, 15
Tables
Recovery, 20-21
Ascent Phase, 83
Conclusions, 21
Earth Orbit Phase, 83
Objectives, 22-24
Translunar Phase, 83
Tables
Lunar Orbit Phase, 84
Spacecraft History, 25
Transearth Phase, 84
Ascent Phase, 25
Timeline, 85-88
Timeline, 27-30
Apollo 11
Background, 90
Apollo 8
Launch Preparations, 91
Background, 32
Ascent Phase, 92
Launch Preparations, 33
Earth Orbit Phase, 92
Ascent Phase, 34
Translunar Phase, 92
Translunar Phase, 35
Transearth Phase, 98
Transearth Phase, 39
Conclusions, 100
Recovery, 40
Objectives, 100-101
Conclusions, 41
Tables
Objectives, 41-43
Spacecraft History, 102
Tables
Ascent Phase, 103
Ascent Phase, 45
Translunar Phase, 103
Translunar Phase, 46
Transearth Phase, 104
Transearth Phase, 46
Timeline, 47-50
Index~
Apollo 12
Apollo15
Background, 112
Background, 184
Recovery, 120
Conclusions, 197
Conclusions, 121
Objectives, 198-200
Objectives, 122-123
Tables
Tables
Spacecraft History, 201
Timeline, 128-134
Apollo 16
Apollo 13
Background, 212
Background, 136
Launch Preparations, 213
Recovery, 143
Transearth Phase, 224
Conclusions, 145
Recovery, 224
Objectives, 147-48
Tables
Tables
Spacecraft History, 229
Timeline, 232-38
Apollo 14
Background, 160
Apollo 17
Recovery, 168
Transearth Phase, 250
Conclusions, 169
Recovery, 251
Objectives, 170-172
Conclusions, 252
Tables
Objectives, 252-54
Timeline, 175-92
Transearth Phase, 256
Timeline, 258-264
312 Charles, 72, 90, 137, 212, 240, 268, 270, 271 , 309,
Duke,
California Institute of Technology, 33, 240
Call Signs, 282 Durango, Colorado, 161
Command Module
America, 240
Casper, 213 E
Charlie Brown, 72
Columbia, 90
Endeavour, 187 East Derry, New Hampshire, 161
Gumdrop, 53 Eisele, Donn, 2, 14, 72, 267, 270, 309, 312
Kitty Hawk, 161 Eleuthera, Bahamas, 58, 70
Odyssey, 137
Yankee Clipper, 112 Ellington Air Force Base, 121, 134, 169, 225
Lunar Module England, Anthony, 212, 270-71
Antares, 161 Engle, Joe, 72, 161, 268, 270-71
Aquarius, 137
Challenger, 240 Essex, U.S.S., 20-21, 306
Eagle, 90 Evans, Ronald, 14, 52, 90, 161, 240, 268, 270-71, 309, 312
Falcon, 187 Extravehicular Activity (EVA), 298
Intrepid, 112
Orion, 213
Snoopy, 72 F
Spider, 53
Capsule Communicators {CAPCOMs), 14, 33, 52, 72 90 Flight Directors, 272
112, 137, 167, 185, 212, 240 , ,
Ford Island, 40, 50, 78, 90
Carnarvon, Australia, 19
Frank, M.P. "Pete", 53, 72, 112, 161, 213, 240, 272
Carnegie Institute of Technology, 161
Fullerton, Charles, 161, 187, 212, 240, 270, 271
Carr, Gerald, 33, 112, 271
Cernan, Eugene, 14, 72, 161, 240, 267, 268, 270, 309, 312
Chaffee, Roger, 2, 270
G
Chapel Bell, 199, 227, 253
Garriott, Owen, Jr., 90, 270
Chapman, Phillip, 161, 213, 270-71
Gary, Indiana, 33
Charlesworth, Clifford, 33, 90, 112, 272
Index ~
U.S. Naval Academy, 14, 33, 72, 136, 161, 187, 212
w
Wapakoneta, Ohio, 90
Weatherford, Oklahoma, 72
Worden, Alfred, 52, 112, 187, 196, 268, 270-71, 309, 312
Young, John, 14, 72, 137, 212, 240, 267-68, 270, 312