Pamantasan NG Cabuyao: College of Engineering

Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
Katapatan Subd., Banay-banay

Cabuyao, Laguna
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Table of Contents
Title Page………………………………………………………………….... i
CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM AND THE BACKGROUND
Introduction…………………………………………………….... 1
Background of the study……………………………………….... 2
Statement of the problem………………………………………... 3
Objectives of the study…………….…………………………….. 4
Conceptual framework…………………………………………... 5
Scope and Limitation………………………………………….... 7
Significance of the Study……………………………………..... 6
Definition of terms……………………..………………….......... 7
CHAPTER II:
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Related Studies………………………………………………… 14
Related Literature……………………………………………… 9
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CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Project Research/Design………………………………………………. 19
Project Development………………………………………………. 20
Operation and Testing Procedure……………...…………………… 21
CHAPTER IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Project Technical Description……………………………………… 27
Circuit/Schematic Diagram…………... …………………… ........... 32
Components Used………………………………………………….. 36
Role of Each Components…………………………………………... 36
Limitation and Capabilities of Design………………………………
Project Evaluation…………………………………………………..
CHAPTER V: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of Findings………………………………………….. 40
Conclusions……………………………………………………. 41
Recommendations……………………………………………. 43
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CHAPTER I
Introduction
In our generation today, bicycling is one of the essential form of transportation.

Bicycle is an eco-friendly vehicle that doesn’t emits anything that may harm the
environment. The activity of bicycling help to develop our physical body, enhances our
sense of sight and hearing. It saves cyclists in heavy traffic by passing through narrow
spaces. As the traffic and number of large vehicles are getting tough, any people was
about to choose cycling rather than to drive any vehicle.
Among all advantages get form cycling, there is a problem encounter by many of
the cyclists. Many of drivers are not aware for some of the cyclists who can’t give a
hand signal if they are about to turn. One of the reasons why there are cyclists who get
through accident.
Statement of the Problem
This project is focused on designing and developing a system that can be applied
on ordinary bicycle. It gives low-cost simple signal blinkers that can provide a very
useful accessory to your bicycle.
This project aims to answer the questions:
1) How can a device be developed in a way that identifies when bicycle turns?
2) What enhancement can be further made to an ordinary bicycle to provide

convenience in its usage?
3) How can this device helps the bicycles user eliminates the need of giving hand
signals?
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Objectives of the Study
Aims to develop a device that will notify other motorists.
The main objectives of the study are as follows:
1. To develop a device that can notify motorists that the bicycle will turn.
2. To reduce bicycle accident in the road.
3. To help bicycle users, giving an alternative low-cost simple solid state signal
blinker.
4. To make an easier way of giving signals by developing a “one click” turning

indicator instead of hand signal of the cyclist.
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Conceptual Framework
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
Pressing the SPDT As switch was pressed The LED lights with
switch onto the side in right, the electron respect to what side
with respect to what from the battery flows you’ve pressed the
side you’ll track. to the conducting switch will produce a
circuit through the blinking light and the
positive connections of buzzer connected to it
both LED lights on the will simultaneously
right side with the produce a beeping
beeper connected to it sound with respect
which causes from the blinking rate
continuity of current of light.
flow through that path.
* likewise for the left

part of the switch
Figure 1
As shown in figure 1, the input of this device is the steering of bicycle handle bar
sideways. After this, the device will receives the signal from the turning of the handle
bar that will cause for the light bulbs to produce blinking light.
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Scope and Limitations
The scope of this device are the following:
1) This device is capable of giving signal light and adjust its brightness by means of
potentiometer.
2) This device has a manual operation by means of switches.
3) The device will works daytime and night time.
4) The device can give a signal light in a distance before it turns.
5) The battery of this device can be changed easily after its lifespan.
The limitation of this device are as follows:
1) The device is only operated with 6V to 12V battery.
2) In daytime, the brightness of LED light is less visible than in night time.
3) The device will not function unless there’s a man who will execute an action to
operate it.
Significance of the Study
The design project: Bicycle Automatic Turning Indicator is designated to help a

variety of beneficiaries which are as follows:
1) Cyclists:
The project is designed particularly for installation on bicycle to eliminate the hand
gesture of giving signals acted upon by cyclist.
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2) Motorists:
Even though they are not the one who will be installed by the Bicycle Automatic Turning
Indicators, this project is designed to give more awareness that the cyclist will turn
left/right.
3) Impact in Engineering and Road Conditions:
The project introduces a lot of innovation in the field of Engineering and in the road
conditions. This project shall give way to improvements in our land transportation.
4) Future researchers:
This study would provide substantial information for related studies and also for the
further modification and enhancement of the same device.
Definition of Terms
1) Handle Bar- piece of metal that use to turn bicycle.
2) FET- Field Effect Transistor
3) LED- Light Emitting Diode
4) Potentiometer- electronic component for measuring electromotive forces.
5) SPDT- Single Pole Double Throw
6) BJT- Bipolar Junction Transistor

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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter covers the review of related local and foreign literatures and studies
that the proponents gathered from the internet, articles, studies and other unpublished
theses conducted by particular research groups or individuals. This chapter expands the
concepts and ideas of what the readers has in mind.
Conceptual Literature
Foreign Literatures
Evaluation of RFID
Radio frequency identification technology can be traced back to World

War II. The Germans, Japanese, Americans and British were all using radar—which
had been discovered in 1935 by Scottish physicist Sir Robert Alexander Watson-Watt—
to warn of approaching planes while they were still miles away.
The problem was there was no way to identify which planes belonged to the
enemy and which were a country’s own pilots returning from a mission.
The Germans discovered that if pilots rolled their planes as they returned
to base, it would change the radio signal reflected back. This crude method alerted the
radar crew on the ground that these were German planes and not Allied aircraft (this is,
essentially, the first passive RFID system).
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Under Watson-Watt, who headed a secret project, the British developed the
first active identify friend or foe (IFF) system. They put a transmitter on each British
plane. When it received signals from radar stations on the ground, it began
broadcasting a signal back that identified the aircraft as friendly. RFID works on this
same basic concept. A signal is sent to a transponder, which wakes up and either
reflects back a signal (passive system) or broadcasts a signal (active system).
Mario W. Cardullo claims to have received the first U.S. patent for
an active RFID tag with rewritable memory on January 23, 1973. That same year,
Charles Walton, a California entrepreneur, received a patent for
a passive transponder used to unlock a door without a key. A card with an
embedded transponder communicated a signal to a reader near the door. When
the reader detected a valid identity number stored within the RFID tag,
thereader unlocked the door. Walton licensed the technology to Schlage, a lock maker,
and other companies
According to Bichlien Hoang and Ashley Caudill defines the (RFID) Radio
frequency identification has been used in a number of practical applications, such as
improving supply chain management, tracking household pets, accessing office
buildings, and speeding up toll collection on roadways. RFID is used to automatically
identify people, objects, and animals using short range radio technology to
communicate digital information between a stationary location (reader) and a movable
object (tag).
RFID technology can be used to track products in a manner similar to using bar
codes for product identification, but RFID also carries additional benefits. RFID does not
require line of sight to read the tag, has a longer read range than bar code reader, and
tags can store more data than bar codes. Readers can simultaneously communicate
with multiple tags. This feature could allow customers to breeze through grocery store
checkout counters while a reader identifies all items in a shopping cart at the same time,
instead of scanning each bar code individually.
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RFID tags fall into two categories, active tags, which contain an internal power
source, and passive tags, which obtain power from the signal of an external reader.
Because of their lower price and smaller size, passive tags are more commonly used
then active tags for retail purposes. A passive tag consists of a microchip surrounded by
a printed antenna and some form of encapsulation, plastic laminates with adhesive that
can be attached to a product or a small glass vial for implantation. The tag reader
powers and communicates with passive tags. The tag’s antenna conducts the process
of energy capture and ID transfer. A tag’s chip typically holds data to identify an
individual product, the product model and manufacturer.
Although applications of RFID have become more widespread in recent years,

radio frequency identification is not a new technology. RFID has been in use for several
decades and an early version of the technology was used by British Allied forces in
World War II to identify “friend or foe” aircraft. In the 1960s Los Alamos National
Laboratory research led to the use of RFID in employee badges for automatic
identification, to limit access to secure areas, and to make the badges difficult to forge.
RFID systems
An RFID system is supposed to identify and track objects by using radio waves.
Similar to other identification systems such as barcodes, fingerprints or eyes’ iris, the
reader (RFID reader) reads from some source of identification data (RFID tag). Then,
the identification data are usually processed by a data processing subsystem or server.
However, RFID systems outstand from other identification systems because they may
be nearly as cheap as barcode systems, use a wireless channel like GPS or GSM, and
have some computational capabilities like magnetic cards.
That is why more and more attention has been paid to this technology in recent years.
In technical terms, an RFID system consists of three key elements:
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• The RFID tag, or transponder, that contains information and identification data.
• The RFID reader, or transceiver, that queries transponders for information stored on
them. This information can range from static identification numbers to user or sensory
data.
• The data processing subsystem or server, which processes the data obtained from
readers. Intuitively, all objects to be identified shall be physically tagged with RFID tags.
Then, RFID readers should be strategically distributed to interrogate tags where their
data are required (e.g. a bicycle race timing system needs to place, at least, a reader at
the start line and another one at the finish line). Other properties, namely readers’
interrogation field size, computation capabilities, and memory size of tags, vary from
application to application.
RFID tags
Typical transponders (transmitters/responders) or RFID tags consist of integrated

circuits connected to an antenna. The memory element serves as writable and non-
writable data storage, which can range between few bytes up to several kilobytes. Tags
can be designed to be read-only, write-once, read-many, or fully rewritable. Therefore,
tag programming can take place at the manufacturing level or at the application level. A
tag can obtain power from the signal received from the reader, or it can have its own
internal source of power.
The way tags get their power generally defines their category:
• Passive tags use power provided by the reader by means of electromagnetic waves.
The lack of an onboard power supply means that the device can be quite small and
cheap.
• Semi-passive tags use a battery to run the microchip’s circuitry but communicate by
harvesting power from the reader signal.
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• Active tags have their own internal power source, usually a battery, which is used to
power the outgoing signal.
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Local Literatures
RFID TECHNOLOGY TO COMPLEMENT DOST’S

SMARTER PHILIPPINES PROGRAM
By Allan Mauro V. Marfal, S & T Media Service, DOST-STII
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology could make the

implementation of Department of Science and Technology (DOST)’s umbrella program
Smarter Philippines more efficient and reliable, so said DOST’s Information and
Communications Technology Office (ICTO) Executive Director Louis Napoleon
Casambre, in his opening remarks at the 2013 RFID Technology Awareness Workshop
held at the ICTO-National Computer Center Building, Diliman, Quezon City.
To those a little late in technology information, RFID refers to any electronic

device that uses radio waves to speed up the transmission of communication data for
the purpose of identifying and sometimes locating and or sensing the conditions of
objects, whether animate and inanimate.
The RFID is most commonly used nowadays in coffee and tea shops to tag
customers as they wait for their orders to be prepared and handed to them. It is a small
device, like a mini-saucer with small lights dotting its surface. Through the use of
electronic codes, sensors, and other accessories, the RFID blinks when the customer’s
orders are ready for pick up at the counter.The RFID is also used by motorists to
indicate their location in an area.
“We believe that the RFID technology can complement the DOST’s Smarter
Philippines program, the essence of which is the effective generation, gathering, and
analysis of data to enable timely and effective decision making and planning,”
Casambre said. “This leads to overall socio-economic development.”
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RFIDs are important gadgets in the Program NOAH or Nationwide Operation on

Assessment of Hazards that uses DOST developed monitoring sensors such as
Automated Rain Gauges and Automated Weather Stations. These facilities transmit
real-time data on the amount of rainfall, temperature, pressure, humidity and wind
speed, direction, and velocity. RFIDs are also important in NOAH’s DREAM project that
uses Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), an equipment designed to survey the entire
topography of the Philippines at very high resolution.
Casambre explained that smart sensors similar to those being developed by DOST to
monitor weather and geological conditions, vehicular traffic flow, soil and water quality,
and others will all be RFID devices. “RFID is one of the most ubiquitous technologies in
the world today, aside from being an essential component of the global supply chain,”
Casambre said.
”Mobile phones and tablet devices have at least two RFIDs in them in the form of
International Mobile Station Equipment Identity or IMEI numbers, Bluetooth, and Wifi
addresses. Each one of these devices is unique, and the RFIDs identify said devices to
other devices and networks,” he added.
RFIDs have been available for commercial use in the past decades, with significant
contributions in industries such as logistics, and in manufacturing and retail, particularly
in helping keep up with the demands of the information age. Using radio frequency to
tag devices, people, and other objects saves time and keeps manpower costs down,
and generally contributes to improving the customer experience.
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SUPREME COURT ORDERS REFUND OF RFID FEES TO MOTORISTS
By Tetch Torres-Tupas
The Supreme Court on Wednesday has ordered a refund of the Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID) fees paid by every motor vehicle owner as it nullified the P2.45-
billion RFID Memorandum of Agreement entered into by the government with Stradcom
Corporation (Stradcom) in 2009.
“The RFID fees collected during the implementation of the RFID Project prior to
the issuance of this Court’s Status Quo Ante Order are likewise ordered refunded to the
payors thereof,” the high court said. The RFID Project, as presented by Stradcom to the
government, was an enhancement to the current motor vehicle registration system. It is
an automatic identification technology whereby digital data encoded in an RFID tag or
“smart label” are captured by a reader using radio waves. Put simply, it is similar to bar
code technology, but uses radio waves to capture data from tags, rather than optically
scanning the bar codes on a label.
RFID required all vehicles to install stickers containing a microchip that stores
vehicle information. For a one-time fee of P350.00, the LTO plans to install the RFID
tags on some 4,760,593 vehicles thereby raising P1.6 billion in revenues. The RFID tag
is supposed to last 10 years.
However, Bayan Muna, Gabriela, Anakpawis, and Pagkakaisa ng mga Samahan

ng Tsuper at Operator Nationwide (PISTON) said the RFID violated the 1987
Constitution for intruding into “people’s protected zone of privacy” as well as Republic
Act 9184 or the Government Procurement Reform Act..
“The use of RFID tags is a threat to the right to privacy of citizens as the
technology, given the proper configuration, may be used by government operatives or
malicious elements for information gathering, tracking and surveillance especially since
as per the LTO’s implementing rules, the tags will store “other data deemed necessary,”
which is ambiguous,” petitioners said.
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Foreign Studies
SECURITY
By Malik, Sahawi and et al
According to Malik, Sahawi (2004) RFID systems are subject to plenty of attacks,
from attacks operating on the physical layer to attacks exploiting weaknesses on those
protocols executed at the application layer. Physical attacks may be as simple as
wrapping an RFID tag in aluminum foil, which potentially causes denial of services
because readers will be not able to communicate with such tag. Other physical attacks
are more sophisticated (e.g. jamming attacks that permanently damage radio devices or
side-channel attacks that obtain information from the physical implementation of
cryptosystems). However, in the present dissertation, we focus on adversaries aimed at
breaking the identification/authentication schemes by using theoretical weaknesses of
such algorithms. To do so, we assume that the adversary can observe, block, modify,
and inject messages in the communication between a tag and a reader. Furthermore,
as tags are not tamper resistant, we assume an adversary able to clone and tamper
with any RFID tag.
The most relevant attack to RFID systems is the so-called spoofing or

impersonation attack. In this attack, an adversary is able to clone a tag without
physically replicating it. By doing so, the adversary gains the privileges of such tag,
which is considered an important security threat for almost every RFID applications. The
worst situation occurs when the adversary is able to break the cryptosystem used
during the authentication process (total break), i.e. the adversary gains knowledge of
the authentication protocols and the secrets. In other cases, the adversary does not
even need to spend too much time breaking the cryptographic protocol. Instead, the
adversary could impersonate a tag by replaying and/or manipulating some tag’s
responses recorded from past transactions (forgery). Although these attacks have been
successfully thwarted by lightweight and symmetric key cryptography suitable for low-
cost RFID tags, there still exist open issues when privacy and scalability must be also
considered.
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AUTOMATIC VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION

By Hewageb, Dilrukshi and et al
In the study of Hewageb, Dilrukshi the various components which identify the vehicles
and owners for charging the toll. Automatic Vehicle Identification (AVI) technology can be
broken into two main categories namely laser and radio frequency (RF). Laser systems use a
barcode sticker attached to the vehicle and read by a laser scanner as the vehicle passes
through the toll gate. In the radio frequency system, it uses a transponder or an electronic
tag which located in or on the vehicle that is used in conjunction with the toll RF antenna-reader
to identify the information about the vehicle and customer. Each toll lane is equipped with an
RF „antenna‟. Each antenna is connected to a „RF reader,‟ which communicate between
the vehicle tag and the antenna in the lane. In this way the vehicle will be identified by the
ETC system and this mechanism can be used to transmit the additional information such as
account balance, point of entry, etc.) (United States Department of Transportation)
Athanassiou et a (2005) stated that apart from the „tag‟ this could include smart cards,
roadside cameras and satellite or mobile phone network based identification. They further
stated that users of the tags or smart cards need to register with the toll facility operator to set
up an account for them which is usually credited with a certain monetary amount prior to the
journey or the scheme set up may involve post payment. There are several identified prepaid
and postpaid tolling methods exist in the world which will be addressed using the case studies in
the successive sub headings. Automatic Number Plate Recognition is also another technology
which deployed to read and capture vehicle number plate information. Though there is
plethora of technologies in existence, Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) cameras are the
popular option to identify the vehicles‟ license plates. The images captured will be matched
against a database of people registered and the toll each charged to their account.
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Local Studies
INTEGRATED ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTION SYSTEM USING RFID

AND GSM TECHNOLOGY
By Engr. Ann E. Dulay, Aldred John Y. de Leon and et al.
In study of DLSU Research Congress on 2014 electronic toll collection system in

the Philippines at uses microwave technology. It is dubbed as e-pass, it allows motorists
to pass through the toll gates by simply slowing down until the system detects the
signal. However, microwave detectors are expensive. Hence, the full deployment is not
practicable. As the number of vehicles that use the tollgates increases, the need to fully
implement the e-pass system is desirable.
RFID offers a cheaper alternative. The Integrated Electronic Toll Collection

System using RFID and GSM Technology (ETC RFID) developed in this study has four
main functions: (1) to detect the RFID tag of a vehicle that enters the tollgate, (2) to
detect the RFID tag of a vehicle that exits the tollgate, (3) to send the data read by the
reader to the database server and (4) to notify the balance of the customer’s RFID tag
through SMS. The graphical user interface that shows the computation of the toll fee is
displayed using Visual Basic6.0.
The ETC RFID system is implemented in a pseudo toll gate. The system
comprises the reader, the tag, the GSM module, a local PC containing the GUI for the
logs and a central server that contains the database. The reader is placed in the pseudo
toll gate, while the tag is installed inside the vehicle. Several tests were done to
determine the optimum angle of the reader with respect to the tag. The angles are 300 ,
450 , 600 , and 900 . It is observed that as long as the speed of the vehicle is 50 kph or
less, the position of the reader does not affect its detecting capability. A 100% success
rate is achieved. However, when the speed is increased, only the 450 angle position
enabled the reader to detect the tag installed in the vehicle that is running at a
maximum speed of 80 kph. The GSM capability test shows in all trials hundred percent
success rate in sending the notification whenever the customer’s account is below the
set limit.
ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTION SYSTEM

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USING PASSIVE RFID TECHNOLOGY
By Lauren, B. Mariko
The ETC system used in the Philippines has been implemented at the South
Luzon Expressway (SLEX) since August 2000. The ETC is referred to as the E-PASS
system, which uses Transcore technology. Here, electronic transponders are placed in
front of a vehicle’s rearview mirror. Each time a vehicle enters the toll booth, the tag is
read by the receiver, automatically identifying the account and debiting the toll fee
amount from the corresponding account. Once the amount has been debited, the
control gate will lift and the vehicle is allowed to pass through.
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Chapter III
RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the particular of the research, the design, research
method, procedures, components utilized and evaluation of the design project. It will
deals with the methodologies that will be used as well as source of data materials
utilized to obtain the objective of the study. It includes project design, research design,
project development, operation, testing and procedures.
Project/Research Design
As stated the purpose of this project is to create a “one click” turn light that can helps
the bicycle enthusiast to lessen their bicycle accident.
Project development
These are the actions made by the proponents in creating the design project.
1) Planning
In this stage, the proponents planned the design of the bicycle turning
indicator. The proponents decided to use the usual size of the bicycle. The
proponents studied the JFET and MOSFET application.
The proponents used the SPDT switch as switch as an oscillator
The proponents together with the advice of their professor, the mechanism
of the bicycle turning indicator was designed to eliminate hand sign and to lessen
the bicycle accident.
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2) Prototyping
In this stage, the proponents designed the circuit that will be used as an
indicator. The design was made. The overall appearance and mechanism of this
design is also part of this stage.
3) Testing
For testing, the proponents tried to ride the bicycle and observe its
effectiveness and other circumstances which can be improved and
innovate.
4) Documentation
The documents that supported this design project are used to aid the
future proponents in understanding the deeper technical side, aspects,
and theories involved. This involves the components and circuits used,
tables, and diagram that are needed to further understand the process.
Making this project happen has been a great learning experience, especially on
time management and project planning. The proponents were able to get a prototype
and running on a breadboard but the most time consuming part of this project was the
construction of the project. In order to make this project more permanent, the
proponents decided to transfer the prototype to small PCB together with the battery and
the switch.
Operation
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The operation that happen in the circuit was stated as it how it operates.
1. As the SW1 in “on” state and SW2 in “on” state in its side, the current from
the battery starts to flow in the conducting circuit.
2. The one transistor is in saturation region, other transistor will be in the
cutoff region, so the LED in cutoff region will glow and the LED in
saturation region will not glow. On the next cycle, the cutoff transistor will
goes to saturation region and the other will be vice versa and the output
get inverse.
3. The capacitor ionize when the voltage got high enough, lighting up and
conducting until it had discharged enough the capacitor. On that stage it
could no longer stay ionized and then stop conducting for another
charging cycle.
4. The output from the capacitor will be receive by the potentiometer that will
resist the voltage which flows through it. As the resistance of the
potentiometer increases, the current will decreases which results in a slow
rate of blinking of light and beeping sound. Otherwise, the current will
increases which results in a fast rate of blinking of light and beeping
sound.
5. As the SW2 is “on” state where the LED lights and buzzer connected, the
resistors controlled the brightness which limits the LED current and
ensures that the amount of current that flows does not exceed what the
circuit can safely handle .As the current passes through LED lights and
buzzer, it emits visible blinking light and produce a beeping sound,
respectively.
Testing Procedure
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Step by step procedure:
1) Turn on the switch.

2) Ride on the bicycle.
3) Press the switch to the side with respect from where you’re going to track.
3.1) The device will give a signal that you’re going to the right by
pressing the switch to right.
3.2) This device will give a signal that you’re going to the left by
pressing the switch to left.
3.3) If the signal didn’t function, check all the possibilities which
might be the cause of malfunctioning.
4) After riding on the bike, turn off the switch.
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Chapter IV
Project Technical Description
Circuit Schematic Diagram
Figure 2
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Components Used
Component Image Quantity Description
Beeper/Buzzer 2 Use to produce sound as signal warning
Capacitor 1 1 Ionize the blinking effect
LED (SMD) 4 Used to produce signal light
Potentiometer 1 Basis of blinking rate
Resistor 4 Used to ensure the amount of current
that can withstand the circuit

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Switch 1 Used to turn “on“ and “off” the device
SPDT Switch 1 Used as indicator (left or right)
Transistor 2 The main heart of the circuit
 Beeper/Buzzer
An audio signaling device that simultaneously works at the time that LED light
blinks. The rate of sound it produce depends on the potentiometer.
 Capacitor
Determined the flashing duration together with potentiometer, which would ionize
when the voltage got high enough, lighting up and conducting until it had discharged
enough the capacitor. On that stage, it could no longer stay ionized and then stop
conducting for another charging cycle. It acts like a short when discharged and an open
circuit when charged.
 LED (7512 5050 SMD)
Use to indicate signal light, two-lead semiconductor light source. Behaves very
differently to a resistor in circuit. An indicator for the signal light (left or right).
Semiconductor device that emits visible light when an electric current passes through it.
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The light is not particularly bright, but in most LEDs it is monochromatic, occurring at a
single wavelength
 Resistor
Used to controlled the brightness which limits the LED current, ensure that the
amount of current that flows does not exceed what the circuit can safely handle.
 Resistor (Potentiometer)
Determined the flashing duration together with the capacitor where time width of
output pulse may vary, current-limiting resistor that control blinking rate of the LED.
Potentiometer needs to be dynamically changed to control the current across the LED
to increase or decrease the flashing rate.
 Switch
Used to function the project. A constituent electrical component that can "make"
or "break" an electrical circuit, interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor
to another.
SPDT Switch (Single-Pole Double Throw)
An indicator for the signal light (left or right), serve to connect in two various
paths that may need to function. Serve as on and off switch that can connect ready
mode and standby signal light.
 Transistor
The main heart of the project act as a stable switch, which work in its saturation
and cut off region, acts like a two switch which gives the complement outputs. The
basics is that when one transistor is in saturation region, the other transistor will be in
the cutoff region, so the LED in cutoff region will glow and the LED in saturation region
will not glow. On the next cycle, the cutoff transistor will goes to saturation region and
the other will be vice versa and the output get inverse.
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Limitation and Capabilities
Bicycle with turning light indicator can give signals at an earlier moment before
the time it turns. It has battery that can be replaced when it is drained. It also have
switch for manual operation. It can be use day time and night time. This device was
limited by having 6V-12V battery. It will only works when operated by man. The visibility
of the light become dimmer in daytime.
Project Evaluation
Gateway Status
Vehicle (Entrance/Exit)
Condition Number (Entrance/Exit)
Registered Unregistered Registered Unregistered
1 0 0 Close Close
2 1 1 Open Close
3 Wet Wet Open Close
Legend:
Vehicle (Entrance/Exit)
0 – no state to vehicle to read
1 – vehicles tag is reading
Gateway (Entrance/Exit)
Close – gateway won’t let vehicles

Cabuyao, Laguna
PAGE
Open – gate let vehicle pass
Cabuyao, Laguna
PAGE
Chapter 5
Summary of Findings
The bike turning indicator was designed to ensure that bicyclists are safe when
they are about to turn and lessen the bicycle accidents due to lack of awareness of
motorists. This device used to indicate whether the bicycle will turn left or right together
with a beeping sound to give more effective signal.
Conclusion
The design project entitled “Turning Bike Indicator” is a device that eliminates the hand
signal acted upon by the bicyclists if they are about to turn.
The device was made suitable to standard size of bicycles that works functional.
This device works in night or daytime and even it rains.
The effectiveness of this project can give you a signal accurately in a distance
before it turns. As the cyclist press SPDT switch in a distance before he will turn, the
drivers and even the people around him find out that you are about to turn. This device
became more effective using the beeper that create beeping sound, in which the sound
it creates make the motorists more aware that you are turning left or right.
Cabuyao, Laguna
PAGE
Chapter 5
Summary of Findings
The Automated Subdivision Security Gateway was designed for the security of
subdivision that ensures that all vehicles which will enter and leave the subdivision were
all residence of it. This gate is used to indicate everyone who leaves and enters the
region, if ever there are unregistered vehicle, the gateway won’t let them pass which is
good for security.
Conclusion
The design project entitled “Automated Subdivision Security Gateway” is a gate that
eliminates the manual pulling of gateway by man who is in duty in opening and blocking
gateway.
The gate was made for all vehicles who enter and leave the region, one who was
registered and one that is unregistered. If registered vehicle, the gateway let them pass
and at the same time the owner was identified. In the case of unregistered vehicle, the
gateway would just not let them pass.
The effectiveness of this project can give you a display and an automatic lifter of
gate. If the whole subdivision lost their power, or in brownout state, the gateway will not
operate. On that case, we have to create alternative solutions like creating a manual
pull of gate and supply it with solar panel.
Recommendation
This project has potential for improvement.
1) Improve the database in which the design project can stored all data such as
time, identity, plate number and etc. of vehicle that will enter or leave.
2) Create a minimized components used circuit. Instead of using two Arduinos for
two readers, use one Arduino only for two readers.
Cabuyao, Laguna
PAGE
3) Use more suitable components for this project. There are readers and tags that
can operate even in longer distance.
4) Since the gateway is in outdoor, it is better if we supply the system an energy
coming from solar panel.

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Pamantasan ng Cabuyao

Katapatan Subd., Banay-banay

CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM AND THE BACKGROUND

Background of the study……………………………………….... 2

Statement of the problem………………………………………... 3

Objectives of the study…………….…………………………….. 4

Scope and Limitation………………………………………….... 7

Significance of the Study……………………………………..... 6

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Operation and Testing Procedure……………...…………………… 21

CHAPTER IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Project Technical Description……………………………………… 27

Circuit/Schematic Diagram…………... …………………… ........... 32

Role of Each Components…………………………………………... 36

Limitation and Capabilities of Design………………………………

CHAPTER V: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

In our generation today, bicycling is one of the essential form of transportation.

Statement of the Problem

This project aims to answer the questions:

2) What enhancement can be further made to an ordinary bicycle to provide

Objectives of the Study

Aims to develop a device that will notify other motorists.

The main objectives of the study are as follows:

2. To reduce bicycle accident in the road.

4. To make an easier way of giving signals by developing a “one click” turning

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

* likewise for the left

Scope and Limitations

The scope of this device are the following:

2) This device has a manual operation by means of switches.

3) The device will works daytime and night time.

4) The device can give a signal light in a distance before it turns.

The limitation of this device are as follows:

1) The device is only operated with 6V to 12V battery.

Significance of the Study

The design project: Bicycle Automatic Turning Indicator is designated to help a

3) Impact in Engineering and Road Conditions:

1) Handle Bar- piece of metal that use to turn bicycle.

2) FET- Field Effect Transistor

3) LED- Light Emitting Diode

4) Potentiometer- electronic component for measuring electromotive forces.

5) SPDT- Single Pole Double Throw

6) BJT- Bipolar Junction Transistor

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Radio frequency identification technology can be traced back to World

Although applications of RFID have become more widespread in recent years,

Typical transponders (transmitters/responders) or RFID tags consist of integrated

RFID TECHNOLOGY TO COMPLEMENT DOST’S

By Allan Mauro V. Marfal, S & T Media Service, DOST-STII

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology could make the

To those a little late in technology information, RFID refers to any electronic

RFIDs are important gadgets in the Program NOAH or Nationwide Operation on

SUPREME COURT ORDERS REFUND OF RFID FEES TO MOTORISTS

However, Bayan Muna, Gabriela, Anakpawis, and Pagkakaisa ng mga Samahan

By Malik, Sahawi and et al

The most relevant attack to RFID systems is the so-called spoofing or

AUTOMATIC VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION

INTEGRATED ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTION SYSTEM USING RFID