P I P M: Ressure Njury Revention and Anagement

Policy No: 2015-9078 v2
Policy: Pressure Injury Prevention and Management
PRESSURE INJURY PREVENTION AND

MANAGEMENT
POLICY AND PROCEDURE ©
DOCUMENT SUMMARY/KEY POINTS
NSW Ministry of Health Policy Directive
Pressure Injury Prevention and Management

https://www1.health.nsw.gov.au/pds/Pages/doc.aspx?dn=PD2014_007
• The above linked document is a NSW Ministry of Health Policy Directive and requires
mandatory compliance. This document needs to be read in conjunction with the above
Ministry of Health Policy Directive
• Comprehensive care standard (NSQHS) requires health service organisations to
implement evidence-based systems to prevent pressure injuries (PI’s) and to manage
them when they do occur.
• Pressure care is everyone’s responsibility
• Prevention requires comprehensive risk assessment and implementation of prevention
management plan for patients identified “at risk”.
• Three main components of a comprehensive risk assessment involves;
• Use of a reliable and validated risk assessment tool
• Skin assessment
• Clinical judgement
• Risk assessment and documentation should begin within eight hours of presentation
• Patients identified at risk must be re-assessed on at least a daily basis.
• Risk assessment tools used at SCHN include Glamorgan, Braden Q and the Neonatal
Skin Risk Assessment Scale (NSRAS)
• Inclusion of and education to families is an integral part of PI prevention.
This document reflects what is currently regarded as safe practice. However, as in any clinical situation, there may be
factors which cannot be covered by a single set of guidelines. This document does not replace the need for the
application of clinical judgement to each individual presentation.
Approved by: SCHN Policy, Procedure and Guideline Committee

Date Effective: 1st April 2019 Review Period: 3 years
Team Leader: CNC Surgical and Wound Care Area/Dept: Surgical
Date of Publishing: 13 March 2019 1:33 PM Date of Printing: 13 March 2019 Page 1 of 30
K:\CHW P&P\ePolicy\Mar 19\Pressure Injury Prevention and Management.docx
This Policy/Procedure may be varied, withdrawn or replaced at any time. Compliance with this Policy/Procedure is mandatory.
Policy No: 2015-9078 v2
CHANGE SUMMARY
• Inclusion of the National Safety and Quality Health Service Standards (2nd ed)
• PRAT tool implemented at SCHN
• Implementation of the Pressure Injury Prevention and Management Plan
• Neonatal Skin Risk Assessment Scale (NSRAS)
READ ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
• All clinical staff should read and acknowledge they understand the contents of this
document
This document reflects what is currently regarded as safe practice. However, as in any clinical situation, there may be
factors which cannot be covered by a single set of guidelines. This document does not replace the need for the
application of clinical judgement to each individual presentation.
Approved by: SCHN Policy, Procedure and Guideline Committee

Date Effective: 1st April 2019 Review Period: 3 years
Team Leader: CNC Surgical and Wound Care Area/Dept: Surgical
Policy No: 2015-9078 v2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
NSW Ministry of Health Policy Directive ............................................................................ 1
Pressure Injury Prevention and Management ........................................................................ 1
1 Purpose ..................................................................................................................... 5
2 Pressure Injury Definition ........................................................................................ 5
3 Collaboration with patient and families................................................................... 5
4 Contributing factors to pressure injury development ............................................ 6
4.1 Risk Factors4 .............................................................................................................. 6
4.2 Special considerations for children at higher risk in a paediatric setting5 ..................... 6
4.2.1 Paediatric considerations ..................................................................................... 6
4.2.2 Neonatal care ...................................................................................................... 7
4.2.3 Intensive Care Unit .............................................................................................. 8
4.2.4 Operating Theatre................................................................................................ 8
4.2.5 Orthopaedics ....................................................................................................... 9
5 Assessment and Screening tools ............................................................................ 9
5.1 Screening tools ..........................................................................................................10
5.1.1 Glamorgan Scale Risk Assessment (used in the ward environment) ..................10
5.1.2 The Braden Q Risk Assessment Tool .................................................................10
5.1.3 Neonatal Risk assessment screening tool ..........................................................10
5.2 Skin Assessment .......................................................................................................10
What is a “comprehensive skin inspection?” ....................................................................10
6 Prevention ................................................................................................................11
6.1 Positioning and repositioning .....................................................................................11
6.2 Pressure Redistributing Equipment ............................................................................12
6.3 Strategies for device related injuries ..........................................................................12
6.4 Skin Care ...................................................................................................................13
6.5 Nutrition .....................................................................................................................13
7 Management of a pressure injury ...........................................................................13
7.1 Pressure injury classification and Management .........................................................13
7.2 Documentation of Pressure Injury ..............................................................................15
7.3 Monitoring and Escalation for Consultation & Review ................................................15
8 Referral / Transfer of care .......................................................................................15
9 Education & Training of staff ..................................................................................16
References ..........................................................................................................................16
Appendix 1: Pressure Injury Risk Assessment Scale......................................................18
Appendix 2: Glamorgan Scale ...........................................................................................19
Glamorgan Tool ...............................................................................................................19
Glamorgan Scale Care Actions ........................................................................................20
Appendix 3: Braden Q Scale..............................................................................................21
Braden Q Scale Care Actions ..........................................................................................22
Appendix 4: Neonatal Risk Skin Assessment Scale (NSRAS) ........................................23
Appendix 5: Pressure Injury Prevention and Management Plan.....................................25
Appendix 6: Hire of a Pressure Redistributing Mattress at SCH.....................................26
Policy No: 2015-9078 v2
Appendix 7: Staging of Pressure Injuries .........................................................................27

Appendix 8: NPAUP Poster ...............................................................................................28
Appendix 9: Key Principles for Pressure Care Management When Applying Upper or
Lower Limb Orthosis..........................................................................................................29
Policy No: 2015-9078 v2
1 Purpose
The purpose of this guideline is:
• To inform healthcare professionals of the risks of pressure injury development and
strategies to prevent pressure injuries occurring in patients presenting to the SCHN
facilities. It will also give guidance on the management of any wound resulting from
pressure, shear or friction.
• To ensure staff are working in line with NHQHS Comprehensive Care standard1.
Comprehensive Care Standard intends to ensure that risk of harm of patients during
health care are prevented and managed.
• To ensure best practice principals are adhered to for the identification, prevention and
management of pressure injuries.
2 Pressure Injury Definition

A pressure injury (PI) is localised damage to the skin and underlying soft tissue usually over
a bony prominence or related to a medical or other device2. The injury can present as intact
skin or an open ulcer and may be painful. The injury occurs as the result of intense and/ or
prolonged pressure or pressure in combination with shear.
Pressure injuries have significant negative impacts related to patients, society, and health
systems (e.g. pain, increased infection rates, morbidity and mortality, increased length of
stay in hospital, and raised financial costs). Preventing pressure injury development to
reduce the burden of PIs for patients and health care systems is considered a core aim of
healthcare organizations3.
3 Collaboration with patient and families

Parent/ carers are an integral part of the child’s care and can assist the healthcare teams
prevent and manage pressure injuries. Parent/ carers should be informed of the risk of
developing pressure injures whilst in hospital and be provided with information that will assist
them to understand and participate in the development of effective and appropriate strategies
to prevent pressure injuries.
Factsheets should be distributed to the parent/ carers who child is identified at risk: Link to
Factsheet: http://www.schn.health.nsw.gov.au/files/factsheets/pressure_injuries-en.pdf
Suggested preventative strategies should be discussed with the parent/ carers, including
inspecting their child’s skin; repositioning and device management. These discussions
should be documented on the Pressure Injury Prevention and Management Plan (Refer to
Appendix 4).
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4 Contributing factors to pressure injury development

All patients are potentially at risk of developing a pressure related injury whilst in hospital.
A risk factor is any factor that either contributes to increased exposure of the skin to
excessive pressure or diminishes the skin’s tolerance to pressure4.
4.1 Risk Factors4

Extrinsic Factors include:
• Intensity and duration of pressure, as well as the tissues ability to tolerate pressure are
factors affecting the development of pressure injury development.
• High moisture levels at the skin- support surface interface e.g. incontinence,
perspiration or wound drainage may increase the amount of friction and shear
• The prolonged pressure present on localised areas of tissue results in the occlusion of
blood flow, preventing the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the tissue, resulting in
tissue ischemia and re-perfusion injury, leading to cell destruction and tissue death.
Intrinsic factors include:
• The metabolic and physical effects of an increased body/ skin temperature increases
the risk of skin damage
• Reduced sensory perception
• Cognitive impairment
• Impaired perfusion and oxygenation
• Medication use e.g. sedatives, hypnotics and analgesics
• Poor nutrition and hydration are also related to dry skin and decreased skin turgor,
which increase PI risk4
• Existing pressure injury
4.2 Special considerations for children at higher risk in a

paediatric setting5
4.2.1 Paediatric considerations

Based on pressure injury prevalence and incidence data, neonates and children are at risk of
and do develop PI’s. Skin breakdown in paediatric patients can result in pain, infection,
disfigurement, altered body image, and mortality, as well as increased costs, length of stay,
and litigation.
Research has demonstrated that children differ from adults in the anatomical sites of skin
breakdown. In infants and children the areas that are affected are the occipital region
(primary in infants), sacral region (primary in children), earlobes, and calcaneous region.
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The occipital region in children less than 36 months of age and pressure ulcer formation is
due, primarily, to the disproportionately large head, in comparison to body size, at this age
the head constitutes a greater portion of the total body weight and surface area.
When children are positioned supine, the occipital region becomes the primary pressure
point. Limited hair growth and less subcutaneous tissue contribute to increased susceptibility
to the effect of pressure and shearing forces, often leading to pressure-induced alopecia.
Vigorous side-to-side movement of the head, as a result of agitation, also increases the
shearing force and friction being applied to the head.
Among neonates and children, more than 50% of PI’s are related to equipment and devices.
Frequent skin assessments under blood pressure cuffs, transcutaneous oxygen probes,
tracheostomy tubes, nasal prong and mask CPAP, arm boards, plaster casts, and traction
boots are important preventive measures. Orthotics, wheelchairs, and wheelchair cushions
must be frequently readjusted in growing children. Beds and cots should be inspected to
ensure that tubing, leads, toys, and syringe caps are not under or on top of patient’s skin.
The skin around nasogastric and orogastric tubes, head dressings, and hats should be
assessed for pressure damage
It must be remembered that products manufactured to prevent and treat PI’s in adults may
not be suitable for children and neonates and special consideration must be given when
using any pressure relieving equipment.
4.2.2 Neonatal care

Hospitalized neonates are at risk of developing PI’s due to their immature skin, compromised
perfusion, decreased mobility, altered neurological responsiveness, fluid retention, skin
moisture and medical devices 8. Premature infants have an underdeveloped epidermal
barrier with only a few cornified layers. The dermis is deficient in structural proteins and is
easily torn. They are at risk for increased permeability to exogenous materials, additional
skin damage and infection 9. Functional integumentary maturity usually occurs by 34 weeks
gestation with the epidermis being fully keratinized and the dermal-epidermal junction
strengthened. Skin maturation accelerates after birth and even pre-term infants have a
functionally mature stratum corneum by the age of 2-8 weeks post- natally 10.
In the neonatal population it has been hypothesised that a lack of adipose tissue to deflect
pressure from medical devices and exposure to excess moisture are associated with more
frequent and severe PI’s. Pressure injuries associated with medical devices have been
reported as attributing to nearly 80% of all neonatal pressure related injuries and accounting
for over 90% of injuries in premature infants 9.
Generally, neonates with PI’s tend to be of a lower gestational age and birth weight, have
longer hospitalisations and have longer periods using CPAP 9.
Care and caution should be taken when using the following products for neonates as they
are associated with an increased risk of skin injury:
• Skin cleansing products such as alcohol based antiseptic cleansers
• Emollients
• Adhesive tapes
• Devices that emit thermal energy i.e. oxygen saturation probes
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4.2.3 Intensive Care Unit

Paediatric patients in the intensive care unit (PICU) have a significant risk of developing PI’s.
Large multicentre trials have identified nearly 50% of PICU patients are at risk of developing
a PI 11 and more than 10% develop a hospital acquired PI 12.
Identified risk factors in PICU patients include 13:
• Prolonged immobility
• Impaired sensory perception
• Mechanical ventilation > 3 days
• High frequency oscillatory ventilation
• Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
• Non-invasive ventilation
• Low cardiac output and use of vasoactive drugs
• Use of muscle relaxants and sedatives
• Multiple medical devices insitu including CPAP masks, ET tubes, tracheostomies,
intravenous devices, neck collars and monitoring devices
4.2.4 Operating Theatre

Surgical patients are at risk of pressure injuries (PI) due to their immobilised state. Evidence
suggests that patients undergoing lengthy procedures, anything longer than two hours, are at
higher risk of developing a PI 6. A comprehensive multidisciplinary team approach should be
adopted to adequately protect the patient against developing a PI whilst on the operating
table.
There is evidence which suggests that some PI’s obtained in operating theatres do not
appear until up to four days post operative. This highlights the importance of preventative
measures and continuous assessment during all phases of the patient’s surgical journey.
There are some procedures which require the patient to be positioned face down in the
prone position. This puts patients at risk of PI’s occurring in uncommon areas such as the
toes, the tip of the nose, the chin and the iliac crests. Specialty positioning equipment is
required with the team ensuring that toes are elevated and a foam face support is used and
checked throughout the procedure7.
Interventions should be implemented pre operatively, intraoperatively and postoperatively to
protect the patient from PIs. Interventions include:
• Ensuring that no wires or tubes are in contact with skin
• Using gel and foam supports as needed
• Elevating heals off the bed when supine
• Use blueys or towels when prepping surgical sites to prevent pooling of prep solutions
• Consider an IDC for cases longer than two hours
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• Avoid restrictive devices. If required then use and document appropriate protective
materials.
• Consider the use of transparent film dressing on reddened bony prominences
• Complete nursing documentation which includes patient position, positioning devices,
skin integrity and post operative skin assessment.
Postoperative Management
In the postoperative phase a complete assessment of altered tissue/skin integrity is required.
Any discrepancy should be documented in the patient’s notes, entered into IIMS Incident
Management System and communicated to the team.
Skin integrity is to be incorporated into the recovery room nursing report.
4.2.5 Orthopaedics
Patients in traction, skin, spinal or skeletal traction are considered to be high risk due to their
immobility and presence of fixed medical devices.
Patients in plaster casts, Hip Spica’s and braces should have areas that are at risk of friction/
sheering injuries regularly monitored and assessed.
5 Assessment and Screening tools

All inpatients should be assessed on presentation which includes use of a risk assessment
tool and a full visual inspection of the patient’s skin. The risk assessments must be
completed as soon as possible after admission but within a minimum of eight hours. This
should also occur whenever there is a change in the patient’s clinical condition or upon
transfer of care to another ward or department 14.
To assist clinicians in identifying a patient at risk a pressure injury risk assessment scale or
tool must be used 3. A risk assessment scale is a checklist to determine a score according to
a series of parameters considered to be risk factors 4.
Validated risk assessment tools for children are useful for identifying those at risk and
increasing awareness of potential pressure related skin injuries, however they, cannot
encompass every possible situation. Clinicians should use their clinical knowledge,
judgement and experience to protect skin and prevent tissue damage in conjunction with the
screening tool 5.
The early recognition of which individuals are at risk of developing nosocomial pressure
related injuries is considered to be an essential component in their care pathway1 and it is
acknowledged that effective prevention lies in early risk identification 2.
Children who are at risk of developing pressure injuries need to be identified so that
preventative measures can be taken.
The risk assessment form (Appendix 1) should be completed with the following tools.
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5.1 Screening tools
5.1.1 Glamorgan Scale Risk Assessment (used in the ward environment)

The Glamorgan Scale is accessed through PowerChart in AdHoc Charting – Paediatric folder
– Paediatric Risk Assessment Tool (PRAT). The Glamorgan Scale is used in all inpatient
areas except ICU on admission and every day thereafter. The tool is based on three known
risk factors that can potentially increase the likelihood of developing a pressure area:
• Mobility
• Other risk factors
• Objects pressing on the skin
Each question (Refer to Appendix 2) has a risk score associated with these answer and
these correlates to the risk score category and the suggested care actions.
5.1.2 The Braden Q Risk Assessment Tool

This is used routinely for all ICU patients.
All seven subscales are rated from 1 to 4 – The lower numbers representing HIGH RISK.
The range of possible total scores is 7 to 28 (Refer to Appendix 2).
5.1.3 Neonatal Risk assessment screening tool

Based on the Braden Q risk assessment tool but with modification to the subscales and
scoring to meet the specific requirements of neonates (Refer to Appendix 4).
5.2 Skin Assessment

A comprehensive skin inspection is recommended for all patients on admission and
documented in EMR. The patient’s skin status is the most significant early indicator of the
skin’s response to pressure exposure and the ongoing risk of pressure injury.
Inspect the skin of all patients on admission, and at each repositioning, to identify indications
of pressure injury including; blanching response, localised heat, oedema and induration and
skin breakdown.
Particular attention should be paid to areas of bony prominence which are at an increased
risk for pressure injury due to pressure, friction and shearing forces.
What is a “comprehensive skin inspection?”

It is a general visual check of the skin which includes examination of the entire skin surface
to check skin integrity and identify any characteristics indicative of pressure damage/injury.
Check and monitor the skin beneath devices, prosthesis and dressings when clinically
appropriate.
At risk patients
All at risk patients require a comprehensive skin assessment daily to prevent pressure injury
development
Observation of skin recommended on each position change
Refer to local policy guidelines for frequency of skin inspection in relation to specific devices.
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6 Prevention
Prevention requires an on-going risk assessment and implementation of prevention
strategies including the selection of and appropriate use of pressure relieving devices.
If a child is at identified at risk of developing a pressure injury they should have preventative
strategies documented on the SCHN pressure management plan (Refer to Appendix 5).
6.1 Positioning and repositioning

Patients at risk of pressure injury should be suitably positioned to redistribute pressure,
minimise friction and shear forces, and reposition regularly.
Recommendations:
• Where possible the preferred method of repositioning is for the patient to do so
independently if able. Reminders to reposition may be necessary.
• It is recommended for patients who are unable to reposition themselves that the
repositioning timeframe (including turning) is every 2 hours, unless there is a clear
clinical reason detrimental to the patient for not doing so.
• Repositioning is required whilst the patient is in bed as well as in a chair, wheelchair,
commode chair or shower chair.
• Repositioning should be performed regardless of the support surface on which the
patient is managed.
• Equipment can be used to promote independent mobility as per physiotherapy or
occupational therapy recommendations e.g. using bed rails, bed ladder.
• Positions may include; side lying, left side lying, right side lying, prone, seated in a bed
or seated in a chair.
• Head of bed should be raised in conjunction with a knee block or for smaller children a
pillow under knees to prevent shear forces on sacrum
• When examining, repositioning and transferring patients, employ appropriate manual
handling techniques in line with Occupational health and safety guidelines. This
prevents staff injury, and reduces friction and shearing forces to the patient. Please
consider using: hover mats/ pat slides/ slide sheets/ hoist and/ or slings. For further
information on transferring and moving patients, refer to the Manual Handling and
Ergonomics Procedure or contact Physiotherapy for assistance/advice on transferring
patients and repositioning.
• Monitor the patient's level of pain and ensure appropriate pain relief is provided to
encourage and support mobility.
• When repositioning the patient in any position always check the positioning of heels and
other bony prominences.
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6.2 Pressure Redistributing Equipment

Pressure redistribution surfaces are support surfaces on which patients are placed to
manage pressure load to tissue, microclimate, moisture shear and/or friction. Pressure
redistribution surfaces are designed to reduce interface pressure through increasing the body
surface area or alternating the area of the body in contact with the support surface (i.e.
pressure reduction and pressure relief).
At SCHN, all patients all beds and cots will at a minimum be nursed on a static foam
pressure relieving mattress.
Patients deemed at high risk, should be nursed on a high grade pressure redistributing
mattress or cushion that is appropriate for the patients weight, age and condition. These
mattresses can be hired through State contractor vendors (Refer to Appendix 6).
Some pressure relieving devices have minimal immersion and redistribution of pressure for
weights under 25kg. It is important to ensure weight is considered when selecting an
appropriate mattress.
For pressure relieving devices to be effective there must be minimal layering in-between the
person and the device.
For patients with an unstable spinal or pelvic injury or fracture, the active support surface is
contra-indicated. Those patients should stay on the appropriate non-powered mattress and
receive regular pressure relief for their condition.
Higher specification foam support surfaces and non-powered pressure redistributing devices
must be used on emergency trolleys, transport stretchers and operating tables for patients at
risk of pressure injury.
Refer to Occupational Therapist for advice, suitability assessment or provision of specialised
mattress or seating pressure redistributing devices
The following should NOT be used as pressure relieving devices:
• Water-filled gloves under heels – These are not effective due to the small surface area
of the heel and the water-filled glove is unable to redistribute any pressure
• Sheepskins Doughnut-type device; these may impair lymphatic drainage and circulation
and may contribute to pressure injuries
6.3 Strategies for device related injuries

There are a multitude of different medical devices / equipment that are required as a
component of a patient’s treatment. It is important to recognise that any foreign object that
comes into direct contact with the patient’s skin has the potential to cause a pressure injury
and vigilance in inspection and monitoring of the patient’s skin that is in contact with such
devices is paramount in preventing a pressure injuries.
Strategies to help prevent device related pressure injures include:
• Repositioning devices as appropriate e.g. monitoring electrodes, probes, oxygen
delivery
• Regular inspection & repositioning of the patient to ensure that they are not
inadvertently lying on devices (e.g. tubing, monitoring cables)
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• Protective barriers between the device & patients skin e.g. Hydrocolloid dressings under
nasogastric tubing, oxygen tubing, CPAP masks, drainage tubing,
• Use of padding to soften hard surfaces; under cast padding under splints; foam padding
on IV arm boards – link to guideline re correct strapping etc
• If objects require the use of tape to secure to the patient ensure that the tapes are not
applied too tightly and that the appropriate tapes are utilised. Where possible use an
adhesive tape that has some stretch or elasticity.
• Use the minimal amount of tape/strapping to safely secure the device but allow for
maximal visualisation of the patient’s skin.
• Utilise the correct size equipment appropriate to the patients anatomical size (nasal
cannula, nasogastric tubing)
• Education to families is recommended regarding how they can monitor devices and
prevent device related injuries.
• Adhering to key principals for upper limb and lower limb orthosis (see Appendix 9)
6.4 Skin Care

Do not vigorously rub or massage the patients’ skin.
• Develop and implement an individualised continence management plan where
appropriate.
• Use a pH appropriate skin cleanser and dry thoroughly to protect the skin from excess
moisture
• Use water based skin emollients to maintain skin hydration.
6.5 Nutrition
Patients with sub-optimal nutrition and hydration as well as overweight and underweight
patients are at greater risk of pressure injuries.
As per the Ministry of Health Nutrition Care Policy 15, all inpatients must undergo nutrition
screening within 24 hours of admission, then weekly during the patient’s episode of care or if
the patient’s clinical condition changes. At SCHN, nutrition screening is performed via the
Paediatric Nutrition Screening Tool (PNST) in eMR (Powerchart). Patients identified as ‘at
risk’ are automatically referred to a dietitian for a full nutrition assessment and nutrition
support, as appropriate.
7 Management of a pressure injury
7.1 Pressure injury classification and Management

When identifying and managing a PI an international pressure injury classification system is
used. This is a validated system that identifies the level of injury and categorises the severity
Policy No: 2015-9078 v2
of pressure injuries from stage I to stage 4. There are also an additional two classifications
referred to as suspected deep tissue injury (SDTI) and unstageable (Refer to Appendix 7).
Correct identification of tissue loss and wound depth will assist in selecting the correct
product to manage the wound.
Identify possible causations of the pressure injury and modify the prevention management
plan. All strategies for prevention should continue to be used even when a wound is present
As much as possible the risk or pressure should be removed to enable wound healing. A
referral to Occupational Therapy or Physiotherapy is recommended if alternate position or
equipment is required to remove pressure or cause.
The choice of dressing will be determined by the individual needs of the patient and the
wound and the type of dressing used may differ as the healing process progresses.
The dressing selection will be made in consultation with the medical officer, wound care
nurse consultant/specialist when indicated and in line with Wound Assessment and
Management Guidelines.
Selecting the wound dressings is based on:
• Comprehensive ongoing clinical assessment,
• Management of pain, malodour, exudate and infection,
• Wound size and location
• Cost and availability
• Patient preference
Other characteristics that are likely to influence wound dressing selection may include:
• Condition of surrounding skin
• Ease of application and removal
• Ability to maintain moisture balance
• Ability to absorb exudate and odour
• Pain experienced on dressing changes
• Infection control and ability to maintain bacterial balance
• Cosmetic effect
• Skill and knowledge of the health professional
• Accessibility and cost effectiveness
• Suitability of dressing location to wound location
The frequency of dressing changes will dictate an individualised wound management plan
and the frequency of such dressing changes will be directed by the clinician co-ordinating the
patient’s care, but must take into consideration the dressing properties and the stage of
wound healing 10.
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7.2 Documentation of Pressure Injury

The presence of a pressure injury either newly developed or pre-exiting injury on admission
will be documented in the electronic medical record and Incident Management System by the
staff member or team who has identified the injury.
Minimum expectations for documentation in medical records includes:
• Stage, location and size of the pressure injury
• Time and date of event leading to the PI, where known
• Actual or probable cause
• Incident management (IMMS) notification number
• Completion of PI prevention and management plan
• Completion of Wound assessment chart (for stage 2 and above)
• Medical photography is recommended for pressure injuries stage 2 and above
7.3 Monitoring and Escalation for Consultation & Review

• Any pressure injury not progressing in an expected time frame should be escalated to a
medical officer or clinical nurse consultant or nursing practitioner.
• Stage 3 &4, unstageable, or suspected deep tissue pressure injuries should be
reviewed by medical officer, clinical nurse consultant, or nursing practitioner.
• For pressure injuries stage 2 and above that were developed in the hospital, referral to
Hospital in the home should be completed where geographically available.
• For outpatients with a current pressure injury or injuries, a letter to their general
practitioner is recommended to ensure the injury is managed in the community.
8 Referral / Transfer of care

To ensure seamless delivery of care between all health care agencies the following guide is
to be followed when a patient with a pressure injury or at risk of developing a pressure injury
is being transferred or discharged.
Prior to transfer or discharge, the discharging agency is to contact the relevant receiving
agency to notify the agency the patient’s pressure injury risk level and ensure they are able
to accept the patient and have relevant equipment before a formal transfer is made.
Patient transport to be notified of pending need for support surfaces.
For Nursing discharge documentation instructions please see eMM Quickstart.
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9 Education & Training of staff

All clinical staff involved in direct patient care should undertake the HETI Pressure Injury
Online Training Program http://www.heti.nsw.gov.au/courses/pressure-injury-prevention--
management/
References
1. Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care. National Safety and Quality Health
Service. Standards. 2nd ed. Sydney: ACSQHC; 2017.
2. European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel and National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel.Treatment of
pressure ulcers: Quick reference guide. Washington DC. National pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel,
2009.
3. Pieper B, Langemo D, Cuddigan J. Pressure ulcer pain: a systematic literature review and National
Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel white paper. Ostomy Wound Manag. 2009;55(2):16.
4. Pan Pacific Clinical Practice Guidelines. Prevention and Management of Pressure Injury (abridged
version). AWMA, Cambridge Publishing, Osborne Park, WA; 2012. Accessed via www.awma.com.au
5. Schluer B et al. Risk and associated factors of pressure ulcers in hospitilized children over 1 year of age.
J Spec Pediatr Nurs 2014; 19 (1) , 80-89
6. Nguyen, P.. Evidence Summary. Pressure Injury Prevention: Surgical Procedures. The Joanna Briggs
Institute EBP Database, JBI@Ovid. 2018; JBI13516.
7. Galvin, P., & Curley, M. ‘The braden Q + P: A paediatric perioperative pressure ulcer risk assessment
and intervention tool’, AORN Journal; 2013. Vol 96, No. 3, Pp. 261-270
8. Schindler, C.A., Mikhailov, T.A., Fidhcer, K., Lukasiewicz, G., Kuhn, E.M. et al. Skin integrity in critically
ill and injured children. Am J Crit Care; 2007. 16, 568-574
9. Visscher, M & Taylor, T. Pressure Ulcers in the Hospitalized Neonate: Rates and Risk Factors. Scientific
Reports. 4, Article number: 7429; 2014 doi:10.1038/srep07429
10. Ness, M.J, Davis,D.M, & Carey, W.A. Neonatal skin care: a concise review. International Journal of
Dermatology. January 2013. 52(1): p 14-22
11. Razmus, I and Bergquist-Beringer, S. Pressure Jlcer Risk and Prevention Practices in Pediatric Patients:
A Secondary Analysis of Data from the National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators. Ostomy Wound
Management 2017; 63(2):26-36
12. Schindler CA, Mikhailov, T.A., Kuhn, E.M., et al Protecting fragile skin: nursing interventions to decrease
development of pressure ulcers in paediatric critical care. Am J Crit Care. 2011;20(1): 26-34
13. Curley, M.A.Q., Quigley, S.M., & Lin. Pressure ulcers in pediatric intensive care: Incidence and
associated factors. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine; 2003. 4(3), 284-290.
Doi10.1097/01.PCC0000075559.55920.36
14. Guy, H. Pressure Ulcer Risk Assessment; Nursing Times; 2012. 108 (4), 16-20
15. NSW Health and Clinical Excellence Commission, Nutrition Care Policy. NSW Health & CEC; 2017.
16. European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel and National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel. Treatment of
pressure ulcers: Quick reference guide. Washington DC. National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, 2009.
17. Sims A, McDonald R. An overview of paediatric pressure care. 2003. J Tissue Viab 13, 144-8
18. Bernabe, KQ. Pressure Ulcers in the Pediatric Patient; 2012. Curr Opinion Pediatr 24 (3), 352-356
19. The Joanna Briggs Institute for Evidence Based Nursing (2008) Pressure Ulcers- prevention of pressure
related damage. Best Practice 12 (2), 1-4
20. Willock J, Maylor M. Pressure Ulcers in Infants and Children. Nursing Standard; 2004. 24 (18), 56-62
21. Butler CT. Pediatric Skin Care: Guidelines for Assessment, Prevention and Treatment. Pediatric Nursing;
2006. 32 (5), p443-50
22. Baharestani, M, M., & Ratliff, C, R. Pressure Ulcers in Neonates and Children: An NPUAP White Paper.
Advances in Skin and Wound Care; 2007. 20(4), 208-220.
23. Solis, I., Krouskop, T., Trainer, N., & Marburger, R. Supine interface pressure in children. Arch Phys Med
Rehab; 1988. 69(7), 524-526
Policy No: 2015-9078 v2
24. Keller, B, P, J, A., Wille, J., Van Ramshorst, B., & Van Der Werken, C. Pressure ulcers in intensive care
patients: a review of risks and prevention. Intensive Care Med; 2002. 28, 1379-1388.Doi:
10.1007/s00134-002-1487-z.
25. Murdoch, V. Pressure care in the paediatric intensive care unit. Nursing Standard; 2002. 17(6), 71-76.
26. Scott, W. Medications That Increase the Risk of Pressure Ulcer Development; 2011. Retrieved 07/12/12
from: www.healthguideinfo.com/skin-disease/p113866/.
27. National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel and European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (NPUAP &
EPUAP), Prevention and Treatment of Pressure Ulcers: Clinical Practice Guideline.Washington DC:
NPUAP; 2009.
28. M.A.Q. Curley, I.S. Razmus, K.E. Roberts, D. Wypij Predicting pressure ulcer risk in pediatric patients:
The Braden Q Scale Nursing Research; 2003. 52, pp. 22–33
29. Hunter New England LHD. Pressure Injuries: Prediction, Prevention and Management; 2018. Retrieved
28/02/19 from
http://intranet.hne.health.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/115928/PD2014_007_PCP_1_Pressur
e_Injuries_Prediction_Prevention_and_Management_v5.pdf
Copyright notice and disclaimer:
The use of this document outside Sydney Children's Hospitals Network (SCHN), or its reproduction in
whole or in part, is subject to acknowledgement that it is the property of SCHN. SCHN has done
everything practicable to make this document accurate, up-to-date and in accordance with accepted
legislation and standards at the date of publication. SCHN is not responsible for consequences
arising from the use of this document outside SCHN. A current version of this document is only
available electronically from the Hospitals. If this document is printed, it is only valid to the date of
printing.
Policy No: 2015-9078 v2
Appendix 1: Pressure Injury Risk Assessment Scale
Policy No: 2015-9078 v2
Appendix 2: Glamorgan Scale
Glamorgan Tool
Mobility Score
Child cannot be moved without great difficulty or deterioration in condition /

20
deep sedation
Unable to change his/her position without assistance /cannot control body
15
movement
Some mobility, but reduced for age 10
Normal mobility for age 0
Other Risk Factors Score
Significant anaemia (Hb <9g/dl) 1
Persistent pyrexia
1
(temperature > 38.0ºC for more than 4 hours)
Poor peripheral perfusion: (cold extremities/ capillary refill > 2 seconds / cool
1
mottled skin)
Inadequate nutrition: (discuss with dietician if in doubt) 1
Low serum albumin (< 35g/l) 1
Weight less than 10th centile 1
Incontinence (inappropriate for age) 1
N/A - Not aware of the above 0
Devices Score
Devices / equipment / objects / hard surface pressing or rubbing on skin 10
Policy No: 2015-9078 v2
Glamorgan Scale Care Actions
Risk Score Category Suggested Action
Inspect skin at least twice a day.
Mobility Relieve pressure by helping child to move at least every 2

At Risk hours.
10+
Use an age and weight appropriate pressure redistribution
surface for sitting on/ sleeping on.
Devices Reposition equipment/ devices at least every 2 hours

At Risk
10+ Ensure equipment / objects are not pressing on the skin
Inspect skin with each positioning.

Reposition child at least every 2 hours.
Mobility High Relieve pressure
15+ Risk before any skin redness develops.
Use an age and weight appropriate pressure redistribution
surface for sitting on/ sleeping on.
Inspect skin at least hourly.

Very Move or turn if possible, before skin becomes red.
Mobility
High Use an age and weight appropriate pressure redistribution
20+ Risk surface for sitting on/ sleeping on
Consider using specialised pressure relieving equipment.
Policy No: 2015-9078 v2
Appendix 3: Braden Q Scale

Category 4 3 2 1
Mobility No Limitations: Slightly Limited: Frequent, Very Limited: Completely Immobile:
Makes major and frequent slight changes in body or Makes occasional slight Does not make even slight
changes in position without extremity position changes in body or changes in body or
assistance. independently. extremity position. extremity position without
Unable to completely turn assistance.
self independently.
Activity No Impairment: Walks Occasionally: Walks Needs Assistance: Confined to Bed:
Walks outside the room at short distances, with or Ability to walk severely
least twice a day and without assistance. limited or non-existent.
inside the room at least Spends majority of each Cannot weight bear and/or
once every 2 hours. shift in bed or chair. must be assisted into char
-All patients too young to or wheelchair.
ambulate.
Sensory No Impairment: Responds Slightly Limited: Responds Very Limited: Completely Limited:
Perception to verbal commands. Has to verbal commands but Responds to only painful Unresponsive (does not
no sensory deficit that cannot always stimuli. Cannot moan, flinch, or grasp) to
would limit ability to feel or communicate discomfort or communicate discomfort painful stimulus due to
communicate pain or need to be turned; some except by moaning or diminished level of
discomfort. sensory impairment that restlessness, has a consciousness, sedation
-Baby responds limits ability to feel pain or sensory impairment that or limited ability to feel
appropriately to touch. discomfort in one or two limits the ability to feel pain pain over most of the body
extremities. or discomfort over half the surface.
body.
Moisture Rarely Moist: Occasionally Moist: Very Moist: Constantly Moist:
Skin is usually dry; Routine Skin is occasionally moist; Skin is often, but not Skin is kept moist almost
nappy changes; Linen only Requiring linen change always, moist; constantly by perspiration,
requires changing every every 12 hours Linen must be changed at urine drainage etc.
24 hours. least every 8 hours. Dampness is detected
every time patient is
moved or turned.
Friction – No Apparent Problem: Potential Problem: Problem: Significant Problem:
Sheer Able to completely lift Moves feebly or requires Requires moderate to Spasticity, contracture,
patient during a position minimum assistance; maximum assistance in itching or agitation leads to
change; Moves During a move, skin moving. almost constant thrashing
independently probably slides to some Complete lifting without and friction
Sufficient muscle strength extent against sheets, sliding against sheets is
to lift up completely during chair, restraints, or other impossible.
move; Maintains good devices; Maintains relative Frequently slides down in
position in bed or good position in chair or bed or chair, requiring
chair at all times. bed most of the time but frequent repositioning with
occasionally slides down. maximum assistance.
Nutrition Excellent: Adequate: Inadequate: Very Poor:
Is on a normal diet Is on tube feedings or On a liquid diet or a tube NBM and/or maintained on
providing adequate TPN, which provide feedings/TPN, that clear liquids, or IVF for
calories for age. Usually adequate calories and provided inadequate more than 5 days OR
eats a total of 4 or more minerals for age or eats calories and minerals for albumin <2.5MG/DL
servings of meat and dairy over half of most meals. age or albumin <3mg/dl or Never eats a complete
products. Eats a total of 4 servings rarely eats a complete meal; Rarely eats more
Occasionally eats between of protein (meat, dairy meal and generally eats than half of any food
meals. products) each day. only about half of any food offered; Protein intake
Does not require Occasionally will refuse a offered. includes only 2 servings of
supplementation. meal, but will usually take Protein intakes include meat or dairy products per
a supplement if offered. only 3 servings of meat or day; Takes fluids poorly.
dairy products per day. Does not take a liquid
Occasionally will take a dietary supplement.
dietary supplement.
Tissue Excellent: Adequate: Compromised: Extremely Compromised:
Perfusion & Normotensive; O2 sat. Normotensive; O2 sat may Normotensive; O2 sat Hypotensive or patient
Oxygenation >95%, normal Hb, cap refill be <95%, Hb <10mg/dl, <95%, Hb; <10mg/dl, Cap does not physiologically
<2 seconds. cap refill >2 seconds, refill >2 seconds, serum tolerate a position change
serum pH is normal pH is <7.40.
Policy No: 2015-9078 v2
Braden Q Scale Care Actions

Risk Score Suggested Care Actions Assessment
Low Risk Position must be changed every 2-4 Initially only, unless condition
hours. Continue to reassess daily changes
(Score 22-28)
Position must be changed every 2 Weekly, unless condition changes

Medium Risk hours. The use of pressure relieving
(Score 17-21) devices and mattresses is
recommended
High Risk Position must be changed every 2 Daily, unless condition changes.
hours. Use of specialty beds or
(Score 11-16) mattresses
Very High Risk Area assessed every shift. Position Every shift, until condition improves
must be changed every 2 hours. Use
(Score 7-10) of specialty beds or mattresses.
Policy No: 2015-9078 v2
Appendix 4: Neonatal Risk Skin Assessment Scale (NSRAS)
Policy No: 2015-9078 v2
Policy No: 2015-9078 v2
Appendix 5: Pressure Injury Prevention and Management Plan

EXAMPLE ONLY
Policy No: 2015-9078 v2
Appendix 6: Hire of a Pressure Redistributing Mattress at SCH
Policy No: 2015-9078 v2
Appendix 7: Staging of Pressure Injuries
Policy No: 2015-9078 v2
Appendix 8: NPAUP Poster
Policy No: 2015-9078 v2
Appendix 9: Key Principles for Pressure Care Management
When Applying Upper or Lower Limb Orthosis

The following are recommended guidelines to prevent device related pressure areas:
Selection of product based on:
• Type of splint/cast required (eg: fracture or serial cast, weight-bearing or NWB,
waterproof)
• Clinical assessment of patient
• Any specific departmental policies and procedures
Application of Casting / Splinting:

• A skin assessment and clear documentation in medical records should be completed
prior to any splinting or casting. All surgical wounds should be assessed, documented
and dressed as per local procedure prior to application of orthosis.
• When splinting or casting; padding should be provided over bony prominences or areas
at risk of pressure injury Padding may include:
o Circular undercast padding
o Adhesive undercast padding
o Mepiplex padding can be placed on high risk areas to increase pressure
redistribution.
• A visual skin inspections should be completed and documented in medical records after
a orthosis has been provided or adjusted, including:
o Skin colour including peripheries to indicate circulation
o Any visible signs of prolonged redness
o Tightness of cast (should be able to fit a finger between cast and skin)
• Any pain reported or indicated through non-verbal communication should be explored
and documented
• Verbal and written instructions should be provided to patients and families when
prescribing / adjusting an orthosis. This should include:
o wearing regime
o risk factors and prevention of pressure injuries
o frequency of skin monitoring
o Donning and doffing techniques.
Network fact sheets should be provided where available
Policy No: 2015-9078 v2
• Non-removable casts are given standard precautions and instructions about when to
seek review and/or removal of cast
Follow up:
• A visual Skin inspection should be a standard component of review appointments when
any splinting or casting techniques are being used
• Any concerns about skin condition are documented and appropriate reviews initiated
• For any identified pressure injury the following process is recommended:
o Identifier must complete IMMS.
o the pressure injury must be documented in medical notes including:
 Stage, location and size of the pressure injury
 Time and date of event leading to the PI, where known
 Actual or probable cause
 Incident management (IMMS) notification number
o Completion of PI prevention and management plan to promote healing and prevent
further injury.
o Completion of Wound assessment chart (for stage 2 and above)
o Medical photography is recommended for pressure injuries stage 2 and above
o Written recommendations to local GP to manage injury is encouraged for all
outpatients
Competencies/Training:
• Each individual allied health department is responsible for teaching, training and
maintaining competency for their own staff
• Training is available for non-allied health staff when required (eg: nursing staff in ED,
medical/surgical teams)

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Policy No: 2015-9078 v2

Policy: Pressure Injury Prevention and Management

PRESSURE INJURY PREVENTION AND

DOCUMENT SUMMARY/KEY POINTS

NSW Ministry of Health Policy Directive

Pressure Injury Prevention and Management

Approved by: SCHN Policy, Procedure and Guideline Committee

Approved by: SCHN Policy, Procedure and Guideline Committee

Appendix 7: Staging of Pressure Injuries .........................................................................27

2 Pressure Injury Definition

3 Collaboration with patient and families

4 Contributing factors to pressure injury development

4.1 Risk Factors4

4.2 Special considerations for children at higher risk in a

4.2.1 Paediatric considerations

4.2.2 Neonatal care

4.2.3 Intensive Care Unit

4.2.4 Operating Theatre

5 Assessment and Screening tools

5.1 Screening tools

5.1.1 Glamorgan Scale Risk Assessment (used in the ward environment)

5.1.2 The Braden Q Risk Assessment Tool

5.1.3 Neonatal Risk assessment screening tool

5.2 Skin Assessment

What is a “comprehensive skin inspection?”

6.1 Positioning and repositioning

6.2 Pressure Redistributing Equipment

6.3 Strategies for device related injuries

6.4 Skin Care

7 Management of a pressure injury

7.1 Pressure injury classification and Management

7.2 Documentation of Pressure Injury

7.3 Monitoring and Escalation for Consultation & Review

8 Referral / Transfer of care

9 Education & Training of staff

Copyright notice and disclaimer:

Appendix 1: Pressure Injury Risk Assessment Scale

Appendix 2: Glamorgan Scale

Child cannot be moved without great difficulty or deterioration in condition /

Normal mobility for age 0

Other Risk Factors Score

Significant anaemia (Hb <9g/dl) 1

Low serum albumin (< 35g/l) 1

Weight less than 10th centile 1

Incontinence (inappropriate for age) 1

N/A - Not aware of the above 0

Devices / equipment / objects / hard surface pressing or rubbing on skin 10

Glamorgan Scale Care Actions

Risk Score Category Suggested Action

Inspect skin at least twice a day.

Mobility Relieve pressure by helping child to move at least every 2

Devices Reposition equipment/ devices at least every 2 hours

Inspect skin with each positioning.

Inspect skin at least hourly.

Appendix 3: Braden Q Scale

Braden Q Scale Care Actions

Position must be changed every 2 Weekly, unless condition changes

Appendix 4: Neonatal Risk Skin Assessment Scale (NSRAS)

Appendix 5: Pressure Injury Prevention and Management Plan