Orthotropic Lamina

An orthotropic lamina is a sheet with unique and predictable properties

and consists of an assemblage of fibers lying in the plane of the sheet
and held in place by a matrix.

Y L,1
Y
T,2
T,2

X
X

Continuous Discontinuous L,1

L and T are the principal material directions sometimes referred to as 1

and 2. The angle formed by the counter clockwise rotation from an
arbitrary direction x to L is +?. The clockwise rotation produces -?.
Deformation in Orthotropic Lamina

Orthotropic lamina loaded in principal directions or isotropic

lamina loaded in any direction

P P

a) Load in principal direction, L b) Shear load in LT direction

 Deformation in Orthotropic Lamina
Orthotropic lamina loaded in an arbitrary direction

T
L

P P

a) Extensional load in arbitray direction b) Shear load in arbitrary direction

Hookes's Law For Anisotropic
Material
full tensor notation

σ ij = Eijkl ε kl
Subscripts i,j,k,l = 1,2,3 ,hence there are a total of 34 or 81

Strain symmetry produces the result Eijkl = Eijlk

Stress symmetry produces the result Eijkl = Ejikl

Thermodynamic arguments produce the result Eijkl =

Eklij

Leaving only 21 unique elastic constants

Expanded Elastic Constants in
Full Tensor

 E1111 E1122 E1133 E1123 E1131 E1112 

E E2222 E2233 E2223 E2231 E2212 
 1122
 E1133 E2233 E3333 E3323 E3331 E3312 
 
 E1123 E2223 E3323 E2323 E2331 E2312 
 E1131 E2231 E3331 E2331 E3131 E3112 
 
 E1112 E2212 E3312 E2312 E3112 E1212 
 Contracted Notation
Replace paired subscripts with a single subscript according to the
following: 1 for 11, 2 for 22, 3 for 33, 4 for 23, 5 for 31, and 6 for 12.

σ i = Cij ε j
subscripts can have the values 1,2,3,4,5, and 6

 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 

C C22 C23 C24 C25 C26 
 12
 C13 C23 C33 C34 C35 C36 
 
C14 C24 C34 C44 C45 C46 
C15 C25 C35 C45 C55 C56 
 
C16 C26 C36 C46 C56 C66 
 Transformation Of Elastic
Constants
To transform an elastic constant from the X axis to the X' axis use the
following:
Emnrs = aim a jna kr als Eijkl
'

where aim , ajn, akr, als are direction cosines.

x3

x2

x1
Direction Cosines for Transformation
Through Plane of Symmetry

X'1 X'2 X'3

X1 a11 = 1 a12 = 0 a13 = 0

X2 a21 = 0 a22 = 1 a23 = 0

X3 a31 = 0 a32 = 0 a33 = -1

 Elimination of Stiffness Coefficient
with One Plane of Symmetry
'
E1111 = E1111
'
E1122 = E1122
'
E1131 = − E1131

The result E1131 = − E1131 can only be true if E1131 = 0 . Examination of the
'

stiffness matrix indicates that odd multiples of a33 will give negative and hence
zero values for Eijkl. Applying this observation to all the coefficients then the
following Eijkl are zero:
E1113, E1213, E2223, E1223, E 1123, E1333, E2213, E2333
Effect of Second Plane of Symmetry
Apply to a second plane, X2X3

X'1 X'2 X'3

X1 a11 = - 1 a12 = 0 a13 = 0

X2 a21 = 0 a22 = 1 a23 = 0

X3 a31 = 0 a32 = 0 a33 = 1

Elimination of Stiffness Coefficient
with Second Plane of Symmetry
Odd multiples of a11 give negative (hence zero) Eijkl

T T T T

E1112 E2231 E2212 E3331 E3312 E2331 E2312

The T'ed coefficients are eliminated by the second plane of symmetry,

unchecked coefficients fit the criteria but were already eliminated by the
first plane of symmetry. Applying the third plane of symmetry does not
eliminate any other coefficients.
Hooke's Law for the Orthotropic
Material

 σ 1   C11 C12 C13 0 0 0   ε1 

σ   C C22 C23 0 0 0   ε 2 
 2   12
σ 3   C13 C23 C33 0 0 0   ε 3 
 =  
τ 23   0 0 0 C44 0 0  γ 23 
τ 31   0 0 0 0 C55 0  γ 31 
    
τ12   0 0 0 0 0 C66  γ 12 
 Reduced Stiffness Matrix
For a two dimensional lamina (sheet) the stresses through the
thickness are so small that they can be neglected (plane stress),
hence

,
σ 3 = τ 23 = τ 31 = 0

Hooke’s Law for plane stress

,
σ1   Q11 Q12 0   ε1 
    
σ 2  = Q12 Q22 0   ε2 

τ   0 Q66  γ 12 
 12   0
.
2
C132 C C C23
Q11 = C11 − Q12 = C12 − 13 23 Q22 = C22 − Q66 = C66
C33 C33 C33

For lamina that are transversely isotropic, C13 = C12 and C33 = C22
 Compliance Matrix

Hooke’s law in terms of compliance is

 ε1   S11 S12 0   σ1 
    σ 
 ε 2  =  S12 S 22 0  2
γ   0 S 66  τ 12 
 12   0

Sij's and Qij's are mutually inverse

[ I ] = [ S ][Q]
 Inverting

Inverting [S] Inverting [Q]

S22 Q22
Q11 = S11 =
S11 S22 − S122 Q11Q22 − Q122
S11 Q11
Q22 = S 22 =
S11 S22 − S122 Q11Q22 − Q122
S12 Q12
Q12 = − S12 = −
S11 S22 − S122 Q11Q22 − Q122
1 1
Q66 = S 66 =
S66 Q66
 Experimental Determination of
Compliance

 ε1   S11 S12 0  σ 1 
     
 ε 2  =  S12 S 22 0  σ 2 
γ   0 S66  τ 12 
 12   0

expanded
ε1 = S11σ 1 + S12σ 2
ε 2 = S12σ 1 + S22σ 2
γ 12 = S66τ 12
 Uniaxial Tensile Tests

σ2 = 0 τ 12 = 0 σ1 = 0 τ 12 = 0

ε 2 = S12σ 1 ε 1 = S12σ 2
ε1 = S11σ 1 ε 2 = S 22σ 2

ε1 1 ε2 ν 12
ε2 1 ε1 ν
= S11 = = S12 = − = S22 = = S12 = − 21
σ1 E1 σ1 E1 σ2 E2 σ2 E2

ν 12 E1
=
ν 21 E2
Shear Test

σ1 = 0 σ2 = 0

γ 12 = S66τ 12

γ 12 1
= S66 =
τ 12 G12
 Compliance And Stiffness In
Terms Of Engineering Constants
1
S11 = E1
E1 Q11 =
1 −ν 12ν 21
1
S 22 = E2
E2 Q22 =
1 −ν 12ν 21
ν 12 ν
S12 = − = − 21 ν 21E1 ν 12 E2
E1 E2 Q12 = =
1 − ν12ν 21 1 −ν 12ν 21
1
S11 = Q66 = G12
G12

ν12 E1
=
ν 21 E2
Stress-strain Relation For Lamina
in Any Direction
L
σL

θ X
σX

   
σ x   ε1   εx 
σ 1     
     ε 2  = [T ]  ε y 
 2  [ ] σ y 
σ = T 1  1 
τ  τ   γ 12   γ xy 
 12   xy  2  2 
Second Order Transformation
Matrix
 cos2 θ sin 2 θ 2cosθ sin θ 
 
[ ]  sin 2 θ
T = cos 2 θ −2cosθ sin θ 
 
 − cosθ sin θ cos θ sin θ ( cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ )
Inverted transformation matrix
 cos 2 θ sin 2 θ −2cosθ sin θ 
 
[ ]  sin 2 θ
T
−1
= cos 2 θ 2cosθ sinθ 
 
cos θ sin θ − cos θ sin θ ( cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ )

The inverted matrix can by found using 2 = -2 in th [T ] matrix

Transforming From Principal to
Arbitrary Direction
Transforming stress from principal to arbitrary direction

σ x  σ 1 
  −1  
 y [ ]  2
σ = T σ
τ  τ 
 xy   12 

Transforming strain from principal to arbitrary direction

   
 εx   ε1 
  −1  
ε
 y  = [ T ] ε
 2 
1  1 
 γ xy   γ 12 
2  2 
Hookes Law For Stresses And Strains
Applied In Arbitrary Direction
(1) Convert engineering strain in the arbitrary direction to tensorial strain in
the arbitrary direction.
(2) Transform tensorial strain in the arbitrary direction to tensorial strain in the
principal material direction.
(3) Convert tensorial strain in the principal material direction back to the
engineering strain in the principal material direction.
(4) Find engineering strain in the principal material direction to stress in the
principal material direction using Hooke’s Law for orthotropic material.
(5) Transform stress in the principal material direction to stress in the original
arbitrary direction.
 Convert Engineering Strain in the
Arbitrary Direction to Tensorial
Strain
Step 1

 
 εx   εx  1 0 0
  −1    
 ε y  = [ R]  ε y  [ R ] = 0 1
−1
0
1  γ   
 γ xy   xy  0 0 1 
2  2
 Transform Tensorial Strain in the
Arbitrary Direction to Tensorial Strain
in the Principal Material Direction.

Step 2

   
 ε1   εx 
   
 ε 2  = [T ]  ε y 
1  1 
 γ 12   γ xy 
2  2 
 Convert Tensorial Strain in the
Principal Material Direction Back to the
Engineering Strain

Step 3

 ε   ε1   ε 
 ε1   1   1 
   
 ε2  = [R]  ε2   ε 2  = [ R]  ε 2 
γ  1
γ
 γ  1 
 12   2 12   12  γ
 2 12 
 Find the Stresses in the Principal
Material Directions
Step 4

σ 1   ε1 
   
σ
 2 = [ Q ]  ε2 
τ  γ 
 12   12 
Transform Back to the Arbitrary
Direction
Step 5
σ x  σ1 
  −1  
 y  [ ] σ 2 
σ = T
τ  τ 
 
xy  12 
All Operations in One Equation

σ x  εx 
  −1  
σ
 y = [T ] −1
[ Q ][ R ][T ][ R ] ε
 y
τ  γ 
 
xy  xy 

Transformed stiffness matrix

Q  = [T ] [Q ][ R][ T][ R]

−1 −1

Reduces to

Q  = [T ] [Q ][T ]
−1 −T
The Transformed Stiffness Matrix
 Q11 Q12 Q16 
 
 Q  =  Q12 Q22 Q26 
 Q16 Q26 Q66 


Q11 = Q11 cos 4 θ + 2 ( Q12 + 2Q66 ) sin 2 θ cos2 θ + Q22 sin 4 θ

Q22 = Q11 sin 4 θ + 2 ( Q12 + 2Q66 ) sin 2 θ cos 2 θ + Q22 cos 4 θ
(
Q12 = ( Q11 + Q22 − 4Q66 ) sin 2 θ cos 2 θ + Q12 sin 4 θ + cos 4 θ )
Q16 = ( Q11 − Q12 − 2Q66 ) sin θ cos3 θ + ( Q12 − Q22 + 2Q66 ) sin 3 θ cos θ
Q26 = ( Q11 − Q12 − 2Q66 ) sin θ 3 cosθ + ( Q12 − Q22 + 2Q66 ) sin θ cos3 θ
(
Q66 = ( Q11 + Q22 − 2Q12 − 2Q66 ) sin 2 θ cos2 θ + Q66 sin 4 θ + cos 4 θ )
Transformed Compliance Matrix

 εx  σ x 
   
 y  [ ][ ] [ ] [ ][ ] σ y 
−1 −1
ε = R T R S T
γ  τ 
  xy  xy 

 S  = [ R ][T ] [R ] [ S ][T ]
−1 −1

 S  = [T ] [ S ][T ]
T
 Individual Coefficients In
Transformed Compliance Matrix
 S11 S12 S16 
 
 S  =  S12 S22 S 26 
 S16 S26 S66 

S11 = S11 cos 4 θ + S 22 sin 4 θ + ( 2 S12 + S 66 ) sin 2 θ cos 2 θ
S 22 = S11 sin 4 θ + S 22 cos 4 θ + ( 2 S12 + S 66 ) sin 2 θ cos 2 θ
(
S12 = ( S11 + S22 − S 66 ) sin 2 θ cos 2 θ + S12 cos 4 θ + sin 4 θ )
S16 = ( 2 S11 − 2 S12 − S66 ) sin θ cos 3 θ − ( 2 S 22 − 2 S12 − S 66 ) sin 3 θ cos θ
S 26 = ( 2 S11 − 2 S12 − S66 ) sin 3 θ cos θ − ( 2 S 22 − 2 S12 − S66 ) sin θ cos 3 θ
(
S66 = 2 ( 2 S11 + 2 S22 − 4 S12 − S 66 ) sin 2 θ cos 2 θ + S 66 cos 4 θ + sin 4 θ )
 Invarient Forms Of Stiffness
Coefficients
3Q11 + 3Q22 + 2Q12 + 4Q66 Q11 = U1 + U 2 cos2θ + U 3 cos4θ
U1 =
8 Q22 = U1 − U 2 cos2θ + U 3 cos4θ
Q − Q22
U 2 = 11 Q12 = U4 − U3 cos4θ
2
Q + Q22 − 2Q12 − 4Q66 1
U 3 = 11 Q16 = − U 2 sin 2θ − U 3 sin4θ
8 2
Q + Q22 + 6Q12 − 4Q66 1
U 4 = 11 Q26 = − U 2 sin2θ + U 3 sin 4θ
8 2
Q + Q22 − 2Q12 + 4Q66 Q66 = U5 − U3 cos4θ
U 5 = 11
8
Graphical Representation of Invarient
Components

U1 U cos 2 θ U cos 4 θ
Q 11 2 3

= + +

θ
θ θ θ
 Transformation Of Engineering
Constants
E2 G
ν 12 12

ν 21
E 1

ε x = ε 1 cos 2 θ + ε2 sin 2 θ − γ 12 cosθ sin θ

ε y = ε 1 sin 2 θ + ε 2 cos 2 θ + γ 12 cos θ sin θ
(
γ xy = 2ε 1 cosθ sin θ − 2ε 2 cos θ sin θ + γ 12 cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ )
Stresses And Strains In The
Principal Material Directions
σ 1 ν 12σ 2
ε1 = −
E1 E1
σ 2 ν 21σ 1
ε2 = −
E2 E2
τ12
γ 12 =
G12

σ 1 = σ x cos2 θ
σ 2 = σ x sin 2 θ
τ 12 = −σ x cos θ sin θ
 Strains In Arbitrary Direction

 cos 4 θ sin 4 θ 1  1 2ν  
εx = σ x  + +  − 12  sin 2 2θ 
 E1 E2 4  G12 E1  
ν 12 1  1 2ν 12 1 1  2 
ε y = −σ x  −  + + −  sin 2θ 
 E1 4  E1 E1 E2 G12  
ν 12 1 1  1 2ν 12 1 1 
γ xy = −σ x sin 2θ  + − − cos θ  +
2
+ − 
E
 1 E 2 2G 12  1
E E 1 E2 G12  
Young’s Modulus In Arbitrary
Direction
σx 1
Ex = =
ε x  cos4 θ sin 4 θ 1  1 2ν 12  2 
 + +  −  sin 2θ 
 1E E 2 4  12
G E1  

evaluated at θ + 90

σy 1
Ey = =
εy  cos4 θ sin 4 θ 1  1 2ν 12  2 
 + +  −  sin 2θ 
 2 E E 1 4  12
G E1  
 Shear Modulus and Poisson’s
Ratio in Arbitrary Direction

Considering only shear stress produces

1
Gxy =
 2 2 4ν 12 1  2
2 + + −  sin 2θ +
1
(
sin 4 θ + cos 4 θ )
 E1 E2 E1 G12  G12

Combining the equations for strain in both directions

εy ν 12  1 1  2 
ν xy = − = Ex 
εx
(
sin θ − cos θ −  +
4 4
)
1
−  sin 2θ 
 E1  E1 E2 G12  
 Cross Coefficients
τ
The stress σ x can also produce shear strain , γ xy and shear stress xy can
ε
produce extensional strain , x these can be related though a the cross coefficient mx
m xσ x
γ xy = −
E1
mxτ xy
εx = −
E1
also

m yσ y
γ xy = −
E1

m yτ xy
εy = −
E1
The cross coefficient mx and my

 E1 E1  E1 E1  
mx = sin 2θ ν 12 + − − cos θ  1 + 2ν 12
2
− 
 E2 2G12  E2 G12  

 E1 E1  E1 E1  
my = sin 2θ ν 12 + − − sin θ  1 + 2ν12
2
− 
 E2 2G12  E2 G12  
Transformed Engineering
Compliance Matrix

 1 ν xy mx 
 − − 
 E Ex E1 
 εx   x  σ x 
   ν xy 1 m  
εy  = − − y  σ y 
γ   E x Ey E1   
 xy    τ xy 
 − mx −
my 1 
 E Gxy 
 1 E1
 Off-axis Young’s Modulus and
Shear Modulus for Carbon/epoxy
Lamina
16

14
Engineering Elastic Constants, Mpsi

12

10
Ex

8 Ey

GLT
6

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

θ
Off-axis Poisson’s Ratio and
Cross Coefficients for
Carbon/epoxy Lamina
2 Poisson's Ratio
mx
1.5 my

0.5

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

-0.5
θ
 Restrictions On Elastic Constants
Thermodynamic considerations require that Young’s modulus and shear
modulus are positive values. The work of deformation, σε
and τγ are
positive then
τ2
>0
and G

σ2
>0
E
For isotropic materials the relation between the Young’s modulus and shear
modulus is
E
G=
2(1 +ν )

For G and E to be positive .

ν > −1
 Volume Strain Effects
The volumetric strain, φ resulting from hydrostatic
pressure P is
P
φ = εx + εy +εz =
K
where K the bulk modulus is
E
K=
3(1 − 2ν )
For K and E to be positive
1
ν<
2
For all the elastic moduli to be positive then

1
−1 < ν <
2
 Relation Between The Elastic
Constants For Orthotropic Materials
Applying thermodynamic restraints to

C11 , C22 , C33 , C44 , C55 , C66 , > 0

For the plane stress condition Q 11, Q 22, Q 66 >0 , then for example

E1
Q11 =
1 −ν12ν 21
and therefore. 1 −ν 12ν 21 > 0 This is true if ν12ν 21 < 1. From this it follows that

E1
> ν 12
E2
and

E2
> ν 21
E1