Tutorial Solutions
Tutorial Solutions
(1) For a given > 0, we have to find n0 ∈ N such that |an | < for all n ≥ n0 . Select
probably not mention this to your students for whom this fact is surely self evident.
If someone brings it up in class, you can acknowledge the comment and leave it at
(v) Since
√
cos(π n)
0<
≤ 1,
n 2 n2
n2 1 1
(3) (i) { = (n − 1) + }n≥1 is not convergent since → 0 as n → ∞.
n+1 n+1 n+1
1
(−1)n (−1)n (−1)n
n 1 1
(ii) {(−1) − = − }n≥1 is not convergent since → 0 as
2 n 2 n n
n → ∞.
1 1
(4) (i) Decreasing as an = 1/ n + and {n + }n≥1 is increasing.
n n
an+1 6
(ii) Increasing as = > 1.
an 5
n(n − 1) − 1
(iii) Increasing as an+1 − an = 2 > 0 for n ≥ 2.
n (1 + n)2
√
(5) (i) By the AM-GM inequality, we see that an ≥ 2 for all n ≥ 2. Consequently,
2−a2n
an+1 − an = 2an
≤ 0 for n ≥ 2. Thus {an }n≥2 is monotonically decreasing
√ √
and bounded below by 2. So limn→∞ an = a (say) exists, and a ≥ 2. Also
√
a = 12 a + a2 , i.e., a2 = 2. It follows that a = 2.
√
(ii) By induction, 2 ≤ an < 2 ∀n. Hence an+1 − an = (2−a √ n
)(1+an )
2+an +an
> 0 ∀n. Thus
(6) It is clear that limn→∞ an+1 = L. The inequality ||an | − |L|| ≤ |an − L| implies that
(7) Take = |L|/2. Then > 0 and since an → L, there exists n0 ∈ N such that |an −L| <
∀n ≥ n0 . Now ||an | − |L|| ≤ |an − L| and hence |an | > |L| − = |L|/2 ∀n ≥ n0 .
√
(8) Given > 0, there exists n0 ∈ N such that |an | < 2 ∀n ≥ n0 . Hence an <
(9) Both the statements are false. Consider, for example, an = 1 and bn = (−1)n .
(10) The implication “⇒” is obvious. For the converse, suppose both {a2n }n≥1 and {a2n+1 }n≥1
converge to `. Let > 0 be given. Choose n1 , n2 ∈ N such that |a2n − `| < for all
2
n ≥ n1 and |a2n+1 − `| < for all n ≥ n2 . Let n0 = max{n1 , n2 }. Then
(11) (i) The statement is false. For example, consider a = −1, b = 1, c = 0 and define
f, g : (−1, 1) → R by
1
if x = 0
f (x) = x and g(x) =
1/x2 if x 6= 0.
(ii) The statement is true since |g(x)| ≤ M for all x ∈ (a, b) implies that 0 ≤
(iii) The statement is true since lim f (x)g(x) = lim f (x) lim g(x).
x→c x→c x→c
|f (α + h) − f (α − h)| ≤ |f (α + h) − L| + |f (α − h) − L|
it follows that
lim |f (α + h) − f (α − h)| = 0.
h→0
1 1
xn := and yn := .
nπ 2nπ + π2
3
(ii) Continuous everywhere. For ascertaining the continuity of f at x = 0, note that
Optional: First verify the equality for all k ∈ Q and then use the continuity of f to
Also,
h2 sin( h1 ) − 0
f 0 (0) = lim = 0.
h→0 h
Clearly, f 0 is continuous at any x 6= 0. However, lim f 0 (x) does not exist. Indeed, for
x→0
any δ > 0, we can choose n ∈ N such that x := 1/nπ, y := 1/(n + 1)π are in (−δ, δ),
4
(17) For the first part, observe that
f (c + h) − f (c − h) 1 f (c + h) − f (c) f (c − h) − f (c)
lim = lim +
h→0+ 2h h→0+ 2 h −h
1 0
= [f (c) + f 0 (c)] = f 0 (c).
2
(18) Since f (x + y) = f (x)f (y), we obtain, in particular, f (0) = f (0)2 and therefore f (0) =
0 or 1. If f (0) = 0, then
(19) (i) Let f (x) = cos(x). Then f 0 (x) = − sin(x) 6= 0 for x ∈ (0, π).
and
1
g 0 (y) = , where x is such that f (x) = y.
f 0 (x)
Therefore,
−1 −1 −1
g 0 (y) = =p =p .
sin(x) 1 − cos2 (x) 1 − y2
(ii) Note that
1
cosec−1 (x) = sin−1 for |x| > 1.
x
Since
d 1
sin−1 (x) = √ for |x| < 1,
dx 1 − x2
5
one has, by the Chain rule,
d 1 −1
cosec−1 (x) = q , |x| > 1.
dx (1 − 1
) x2
x2
Optional exercises
(1) Note that f (n) = nf (1) for all n ∈ N. Show that f (r) = rf (1), for every rational
number r. By continuity f (λ) = λf (1) for all real λ. If we set f (1) = k, we are done.
(2) This can be easily done inductively, since every derivative of f satisfies the same
property as f .
(4) For c ∈ R, select a sequence {an }n≥1 of rational numbers and a sequence {bn }n≥1
(5) Suppose c 6= 1/2. If {an }n≥1 is a sequence of rational numbers and {bn }n≥1 a sequence
{an }n≥1 is any sequence converging to c = 1/2, then g(an ) → 1/2 = g(1/2). Hence, g
is continuous at c = 1/2.
(6) Let L = limx→c f (x). Take = L − α. Then > 0 and so there exists a δ > 0 such
that
6
Consequently, f (c + h) > L − = α for 0 < |h| < δ.
(7) (i) ⇒ (ii): Choose δ > 0 such that (c − δ, c + δ) ⊆ (a, b). Take α = f 0 (c) and
f (c + h) − f (c) − αh , if h 6= 0
1 (h) = h
0,
if h = 0.
|f (c + h) − f (c) − αh|
(ii) ⇒ (iii): lim = lim |1 (h)| = 0
h→0 |h| h→0
f (c + h) − f (c) f (c + h) − f (c)
(iii) ⇒ (i): lim
− α = 0 ⇒ lim exists
h→0 h h→0 h
and is equal to α.
0
(8) f (0) = 0, f (0) = 1 and f 0 (x) = 1 + x2
7
Solutions to Tutorial Sheet 2
√
(1) f (x) = x3 − 6x + 3 has stationary points at x = ± 2.
√ √ √ √
Note that f (− 2) = 4 2 + 3 > 0, f (+ 2) = −4 2 + 3 < 0. Therefore f has a
√ √
root in (− 2, 2). Also, f → −∞ as x → −∞ implying that f has a root in
√
(−∞, − 2). Similarly, f → +∞ as x → +∞ implying that f has a root in
√
( 2, ∞). Since f has at most three roots, all its root are real.
(2) For f (x) = x3 + px + q, p > 0, f 0 (x) = 3x2 + p > 0. Therefore f is strictly in-
(3) By the IVP, there exists at least one x0 ∈ (a, b) such that f (x0 ) = 0. If there
were another y0 ∈ (a, b) such that f (y0 ) = 0, then by Rolle’s theorem there
would exist some c between x0 and y0 (and hence between a and b) with
(4) Since f has 3 distinct roots, say, r1 < r2 < r3 , by Rolle’s theorem f 0 (x) has at
least two real roots, say, x1 and x2 such that r1 < x1 < r2 and r2 < x2 < r3 .
p
Since f 0 (x) = 3x2 + p, this implies that p < 0, and x1 = − −p/3, x2 =
p
−p/3. Now, f 00 (x1 ) = 6x1 < 0 =⇒ f has a local maximum at x = x1 .
8
negative between its roots x1 and x2 (so that f is decreasing over [x1 , x2 ]) and
f has a root r2 in (x1 , x2 ), we must have f (x1 ) > 0 and f (x2 ) < 0. Further,
r r
−4p3 −4p3
f (x1 ) = q + , f (x2 ) = q −
27 27
so that
4p3 + 27q 2
= f (x1 )f (x2 ) < 0.
27
(5) For some c between a and b, one has
sin(a) − sin(b)
= | cos(c)| ≤ 1.
a−b
(a+b)
(6) By Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem (MVT) there exists c1 ∈ a, 2
such that
f a+b
− f (a)
2
b−a
= f 0 (c1 )
2
a+b
and there exists c2 ∈ 2
,b such that
a+b
f (b) − f
b−a
2 = f 0 (c2 ).
2
Clearly one has c1 < c2 , and adding the above equations one obtains
f (b) − f (a)
f 0 (c1 ) + f 0 (c2 ) = b−a
= 2 (as f (b) = b, f (a) = a).
2
(7) By Lagrange’s MVT, there exists c1 ∈ (−a, 0) and there exists c2 ∈ (0, a) such
that
9
(8) (i) No such function exists in view of Rolle’s theorem.
x2
(ii) f (x) = 2
+x
f (x) − f (0) ≥ x for x > 0. Hence f with the required properties cannot
exist.
(iv)
1
if x ≤ 0
1−x
f (x) =
1 + x + x2 if x > 0.
(9) The points to check are the end points x = −2 and x = 5, the point of non-
(10) To be done in the tutorial. Asymptotes have not been discussed in class, but this
in those intervals, and f 0 (x) < 0 in (−1, 1/3) so that f (x) is strictly decreasing in that in
Thus, f (x) has a local maximum at x = −1, and a local minimum atx =
1
. As f 00 (x) = 12x + 4 we have that f (x) is convex in − 31 , ∞ and concave in −∞, − 13
3
1
with a point of inflection at x = − .
3
(ii) f (x) = 1 + 12|x| − 3x2 ; f is not differentiable at x = 0; f (0) = 1. Further,
f 0 (x) = 0 at x = ±2, f 0 (x) < 0 in (−2, 0) ∪ (2, 5], f 0 (x) > 0 in (0, 2),
10
and
f 00 (x) = −6 in (−2, 0) ∪ (0, 5). Thus f is concave in(−2, 0)∪(0, 5), decreasing in
(−2, 0) ∪ (2, 5), and increasing in (0, 2); further, f has an absolute
maximum at x = ±2.
Therefore,
1 1 1 1
y is convex in − √ , √ and concave in R \ − √ , √
3 3 3 3
1
with the points x = ± √ being the points of inflection.
3
11
Solutions to Tutorial Sheet 3
(1) The remainder terms are easy in these cases. The series are given by
(i)
∞
x 2 x4 X (−1)k
cos x = 1 − + + ... = · x2k .
2! 4! k=0
2k!
(ii)
∞
x3 X (−1)n
arctan x = x − + ... = x2n+1 for |x| < 1.
3! n=0
2n + 1
Indeed, for any polynomial, the Taylor series about the point 0 just gives you the
polynomial back.
(4) Let us denote the partial sums of of the given series by sm (x). We would like to show
that |sm (x) − sn (x)| can be made arbitrarily small whenever m and n are sufficiently
If N is made sufficiently large and n > N , the last expression can be made as small
as we please.
12
(8)
∞
x3 2x5 X B2n (−4)n (1 − 4n ) π
tan x = x + + + ··· = x2n−1 for |x| < .
3 15 n=1
(2n)! 2
that is, the Bernoulli numbers Bm are the numbers that appear in the Taylor series
t
expansion for et −1
.
Recall that this is a smooth function for which h(n) (0) = 0 for all n. Let us construct
a smooth function that is 0 outside of [c, d] and 1 on [a, b] ⊂ [c, d], for any such pairs
f1
f (x) =
f1 + f2
has the property that f is identically 0 to the left of c and identically 1 to the right
of a. Similarly, let g1 (x) = h(d − x) and g2 (x) = h(x − b). Then g = g1 /g1 + g2 is
desired function.
13
Solutions to Tutorial Sheet 4
(1) The given fumction is integrable as it is monotone. Let Pn be the partition of [0, 2]
1 (2n − 1)
L(Pn , f ) = 1 + 1 × + 2 × →3
2n 2n
R2
as n → ∞. Thus, 0
f (x)dx = 3.
Rb
(2) (a) f (x) ≥ 0 ⇒ U (P, f ) ≥ 0, L(P, f ) ≥ 0 ⇒ a f (x)dx ≥ 0.
Rb
Suppose, moreover, f is continuous and a f (x)dx = 0. Assume f (c) > 0 for some
f (c)
c in [a, b]. Then f (x) > 2
in a δ-nbhd of c for some δ > 0. This implies that
f (c)
U (P, f ) > δ ×
2
Rb
for any partition P, and hence, a
f (x)dx ≥ δf (c)/2 > 0, a contradiction.
1 2 √
Z 1 Z 2 Z 3
3/2 19
(v) Sn −→ xdx + x dx + x2 dx = + (4 2 − 1) +
0 1 2 2 5 3
Rx
(4) Let F (x) = a f (t)dt. Then F 0 (x) = f (x). Note that
Z v(x) Z v(x) Z u(x)
f (t)dt = f (t)dt − f (t)dt = F (v(x)) − F (u(x)).
u(x) a a
14
By the Chain Rule one has
Z v(x)
d
f (t)dt = F 0 (v(x))v 0 (x) − F 0 (u(x))u0 (x)
dx u(x)
d2 y
dy
p
(a) dx
= 1
dx/dy
= 1 + y2, dx2
= √y dy
= y.
1+y 2 dx
(5) Define
Z x+p
F (x) = f (t)dt, x ∈ R.
x
(6) Write sin λ(x − t) as sin(λx) cos(λt) − cos(λx) sin(λt) in the integrand, take trems in x
outside the integral, evaluate g 0 (x), g 00 (x), and simplify to show LHS=RHS; from the
expressions for g(x) and g 0 (x) it should be clear that g(0) = g 0 (0) = 0.
∂h
Theorem A. Let h(t, x) and ∂x
(t, x) be continuous functions of t and x on the rect-
angle [a, b] × [c, d]. Let u(x) and v(x) be differentiable functions of x on [c, d] such
that, for each x in [c, d], the points (u(x), x) and (v(x), x) belong to [a, b] × [c, d]. Then
Z v(x) Z v(x)
d ∂h
h(t, x)dt = (t, x)dt − u0 (x)h(u(x), x) + v 0 (x)h(v(x), x).
dx u(x) u(x) ∂x
Consider now
Z x
1
g(x) = f (t) sin λ(x − t)dt.
λ 0
15
Let h(t, x) = λ1 f (t) sin λ(x − t), u(x) = 0, and v(x) = x. Then it follows from Theorem
A that
Z x
0
g (x) = f (t) cos λ(x − t).
0
Thus
That g(0) = g 0 (0) = 0 is obvious from the expressions for g(x) and g 0 (x).
R1 R1 √ 1
(7) (i) 0
y dx = 0
(1 + x − 2 x) dx = 6
R2 R2 128
(ii) 2 0
(2x2 − (x4 − 2x2 )) dx = 2 0
(4x2 − x4 ) dx = 15
R3 R3 4
(iii) 1
(3y − y 2 − (3 − y)) dy = 1
(4y − y 2 − 3) dy = 3
−2.
R π/3 R π/3
(9) Required area = 2 × 0 21 (r22 − r12 )dθ = 4a2 0 (8 cos2 θ − 2 cos θ − 1)dθ = 4πa2 .
Z 2π q Z 2π
2
Rπ
(10) (i) Length = 2
(1 − cos(t)) + sin (t)dt = 2| sin(t/2)|dt = 4 0 | sin(u)|du = 8.
0 0
π/4 π/4 √ R π/4
Z p Z p
(ii) Length = 1 + y 02 dx = 1 + cos(2x)dx = 2 0 | cos(x)|dx = 1.
0 0
dy 2 1
(11) =x + − 2 .
dx 4x
s 2 r
ds dy 1 1 1
= 1+ = 1 + x4 + 4
− = x2 + 2 .
dx dx 16x 2 4x
Therefore,
3 3
x3
Z
1
2 1 53
Length = x + 2 dx = − = .
1 4x 3 4x 1 6
16
The surface area is
3 3
x3
Z Z
ds 1 2 1
S= 2π(y + 1) dx = 2π + +1 x + 2 dx
1 dx 1 3 4x 4x
3
x6 x3 x2
1 1
= 2π + + − 2
− .
18 3 6 32x 4x 1
(8 − x2 ) − x2 , −2 ≤ x ≤ 2.
(13) In the first octant, the sections perpendicular to the y-axis are squares with
p p
0≤x≤ a2 − y 2 , 0 ≤ z ≤ a2 − y 2 , 0 ≤ y ≤ a.
p
Since the squares have sides of length a2 − y 2 , the area of the cross-section at y is
(14) Let the line be along z-axis, 0 ≤ z ≤ h. For any fixed z, the section is a square of area
Rh
r2 . Hence the required volume is 0 r2 dz = r2 h.
17
Shell method
√
Area of shell = 2π(y − (−1))2x = 4π(1 + y) 3 − y so that
Z 3 p
Volume = 4π(1 + y) 3 − ydy = 512π/15.
−1
Required volume = Volume of the sphere -Volume generated by revolving the shaded
R1 √ R1
region around the y-axis = 32π/3−[ −1 πx2 dy −π( 3)2 2] = 32π/3−2π[ 0 (4−y 2 )dy −
Shell Method
Required volume = Volume of the sphere -Volume generated by revolving the shaded
R2 R2 √
region around the y-axis = 32π/3 − √3 2πx(2y)dx = 32π/3 − 4π √3 x 4 − x2 dx =
18
Solutions to Tutorial Sheet 5
(2) (i) A level curve corresponding to any of the given values of c is the straight line
(ii) Level curves do not exist for c = −3, −2, −1. The level curve corre-
(iii) For c = −3, −2, −1, level curves are rectangular hyperbolas xy = c
in the xy-plane with branches in the second and fourth quadrant. For
plane with branches in the first and third quadrant. For c = 0, the
corresponding level curve (resp. the contour line) is the union of the x-
axis and the y-axis in the xy-plane (resp. in the xyz-space). A contour
z = c.
(3) (i) Discontinuous at (0, 0). (Check lim f (x, y) using y = mx3 ).
(x,y)→(0,0)
19
x2 − y 2 2 2
xy ≤ |xy| x + y = |xy|.
x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
(iii) Continuous at (0, 0) :
p
|f (x, y)| ≤ 2(|x| + |y|) ≤ 4 x2 + y 2 .
(4) (i) Use the sequential definition of limit: (xn , yn ) → (a, b) =⇒ xn → a and yn →
(5) Note that limits are different along different paths: f (x, x) = 1 for every x and
f (x, 0) = 0.
(ii)
sin2 (h)/|h| sin2 (h)
fx (0, 0) = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h|h|
does not exist (Left Limit 6= Right Limit). Similarly, fy (0, 0) does not
exist.
20
Now,
1 1 1
fx = 2x sin − 2 cos .
x2 + y 2 x + y2 x2 + y 2
1
The function 2x sin x2 +y2 is bounded in any disc centered at (0, 0),
2x 1
while 2 cos is unbounded in any such disc.
x + y2 x2 + y 2
(To see this, consider (x, y) = √1nπ , 0 for n a large positive integer.)
Therefore (D~v f ) (0, 0) exists and equals 0 for every unity vector ~v ∈ R2 .
since
√ √
|hk(h2 − k 2 )| |hk| h2 + k 2 h2 + k 2 h2 + k 2 √ 2
0≤ ≤√ ≤ √ = h + k2.
(h2 + k 2 )3/2 h2 + k 2 h2 + k 2 h2 + k 2
h3 a3 a3 a3
D~v f (0, 0) = lim = lim = .
h→0 h(h2 (a2 + b2 )) h→0 (a2 + b2 ) (a2 + b2 )
21
|hk 2 |
= lim
(h,k)→(0,0) (h2 + k 2 )3/2
does not exist (consider, for example, k = mh). Hence f is not differen-
vector ~v ∈ R2 . Further,
fx (0, 0) = 0, fy (0, 0) = 1,
and
√
k 2 + k2 − k
|f (h, k) − 0 − h × 0 − k × 1| |k|
h
lim √ = lim √
(h,k)→(0,0) h2 + k 2 (h,k)→(0,0) h2 + k 2
k k
= lim −√
(h,k)→(0,0) |k| h2 + k 2
does not exist (consider, for example, k = mh) so that f is not differentiable
at (0, 0).
22
Solutions to Tutorial Sheet 6
by
0 × (x − 1) + 4 × (y + 1) + 6 × (z − 3) = 0, i.e., 2y + 3z = 7.
The normal line to the surface F (x, y, z) = 7 at the point (1, −1, 3) is given by
x = 1, 3y − 2z + 9 = 0.
(2, 2, 1) 2 2 1 2 1
(4) u = √ = , , = (i + j) + k
22 + 22 + 12 3 3 3 3 3
and
Therefore,
6 10 2 2
(Du F ) (2, 2, 1) = (∇F )(2, 2, 1) · u = − + =− .
3 3 3 3
(5) Given that sin (x + y) + sin (y + z) = 1 (with cos(y + z) 6= 0).
(The student may assume that z is a sufficiently smooth function of x and y).
23
Thus, using (*) and (**), we have
∂ 2z
∂x∂y
1 ∂z ∂z
= sin (x + y) + sin (y + z). 1 +
cos (y + z) ∂y ∂x
1 cos (x + y) cos (x + y)
= sin (x + y) + sin (y + z) − −
cos (y + z) cos (y + z) cos (y + z)
sin (x + y) cos2 (x + y)
= + tan (y + z) 2 .
cos (y + z) cos (y + z)
(6) We have
fx (0, k) − fx (0, 0)
fxy (0, 0) = lim ,
k→0 k
where (noting that k 6= 0)
Therefore,
−k − 0
fxy (0, 0) = lim = −1 ; similarly fyx (0, 0) = 1.
k→0 k
Thus
By directly computing fxy , fyx for (x, y) 6= (0, 0), one observes that these are
24
(In the following Hf (a, b) denotes the Hessian matrix of a sufficiently smooth
(ii) We have
6 −2
fx (0, 0) = 0 = fy (0, 0); Hf (0, 0) =
.
−2 10
D = 60 − 4 > 0, fxx (0, 0) = 6 > 0 ⇒ (0, 0) is a point of local minimum of f .
(x2 +y 2 ) (x2 +y 2 )
(8) (i) fx = e− 2(2x − x3 + xy 2 ) , fy = e− 2 (−2y + y 3 − x2 y) .
√ √
Critical points are (0, 0), (± 2, 0), (0, ± 2).
2 0
Hf (0, 0) = ⇒ (0, 0) is a saddle point of f .
0 −2
4
√ −e 0 √
Hf (± 2, 0) = ⇒ (± 2, 0) is a point of local maximum of f .
0 − 4e
4
√ e 0 √
Hf (0, ± 2) = ⇒ (0, ± 2) is a point of local minimum of f .
0 4e
(ii) fx = 3x2 −3y 2 and fy = −6xy imply that (0, 0) is the only critical point of f.
Now,
0 0
Hf (0, 0) = .
0 0
25
Thus, the standard derivative test fails.
Thus the only critical point of f is P = (2, 0); note that f (P ) = −4.
(x2 −4x)
Next, g± (x) ≡ f (x, ± π4 ) = √
2
(1 ≤ x ≤ 3) has x = 2 as the only critical point
−4
so that we consider P± = (2, ± π4 ); note that f (P± ) = √
2
.
Next, consider h(y) ≡ f (1, y) = −3 cos y (−π/4 ≤ y ≤ π/4). The only critical
f (Q± )).
Finally, consider k(y) ≡ f (3, y) = −3 cos y (−π/4 ≤ y ≤ π/4). The only critical
f (S± )).
Points P+ P− Q+ Q− S+ S− T P M
26
(10) Consider 5(T + λg) = 0, g = 0, where
Thus we need to check T at 8 + 6 = 14 points. The first set of eight points gives
400 400
T = √
3 3
or − √ ,
3 3
and the second set of six points gives T = 0. Hence the
400
highest temperature on the unit sphere is √ .
3 3
(11) Consider
5f + λ 5 g1 + µ 5 g2 = 0, g1 = 0 = g2 , where
yz + λ + µ = 0, zx + λ + µ = 0, xy + λ − µ = 0. (∗)
Now, g1 = 0 = g2 gives z = 20 and the first two equalities in (∗) then give x = y;
Then f (10, 10, 20) = 2000 is the maximum value of f subject to the given
constraints. (That 2000 is the maximum value (and not the minimum value)
some other point satisfying the constraints such as (x, y, z) = (5, 15, 20)).
27
(12) Consider
5f + λ 5 g1 + µ 5 g2 = 0, g1 = 0 = g2 , where
2x + λ + µ = 0 (A)
2y + 2λ + 3µ = 0 (B)
2z + 3λ + 4µ = 0 (C)
x + 2y + 3z − 6 = 0 (D)
x + 3y + 4z − 9 = 0 (E)
Considering (E)−(D), one obtains y+z = 3; using this and considering (B)+(C)
5λ + 7µ = −6 (F )
4λ + 5µ = 0 (G)
λ = 10 and µ = −8.
x = −1, y = 2 and z = 1.
(That 6 is the minimum value (and not the maximum value) of f under the
28
Solutions to Tutorial Sheet 7
Z e Z 1
(1) (i) dx dy
1 ln y
Z 1 Z 1
(ii) f (x, y)dy dx.
−1 x2
Z π Z y Z π
sin(y)
(2) (i) dx dy = sin(y)dy = 2.
0 0 y 0
Z 1 Z x Z 1
2 xy 2
(ii) x e dy dx = x(ex − 1)dx
0 0 0
1 1 1
= (e − 1) − = (e − 2).
2 2 2
Z 2 Z 2 Z πx
−1 −1 dy
(iii) (tan (πx) − tan (x))dx = 2
dx
0Z Z Z 2 Z y 0 1 + Zy 2π Z 2
x
d(x, y) dx dx
= 2
= 2
dy + 2
dy
R1 +R2 1 + y 0 y/π 1 + y 2 y/π 1 + y
Z 2 Z 2π
1 ydy y dy
= (1 − ) + (2 − )
0 π 1 + y2 2 π 1 + y2
π−1 1
= ln(1 + y 2 )|20 + 2 tan−1 y|2π 2 − ln(1 + y 2 )|2π
2
2π 2π
2
π−1 −1 −1 1 (4π + 1)
= ln 5 + 2(tan 2π − tan 2) − ln .
2π 2π 5
Z Z Z 1 Z 2x Z 1
x2 x2 2
(3) e d(x, y) = e dy dx = 2xex dx = e − 1.
D 0 0 0
(4) Put
u−v u+v
x= ,y = .
2 2
Then the rectangle R = {π ≤ u ≤ 3π, −π ≤ v ≤ π}
Further,
1/2 −1/2 1
J = =
2
1/2 1/2
and then
Z Z Z Z
2 2 1
(x − y) sin (x + y)dxdy = v 2 sin2 (u) dudv
D R 2
29
π 3π
π3 π4
Z Z
1 2 2 1
= v dv sin (u)du = 2× (π) = .
2 −π π 2 3 3
(5) Put
u
x= , y = uv.
v
Then the rectangle R = {1 ≤ u ≤ 3, 1 ≤ v ≤ 2} in the uv-plane gets mapped to D
in the xy-plane.
Further,
1/v −u/v 2 2u
J = =
v
v u
and then
Z Z Z Z Z 3 Z 2
2u dv
d(x, y) = Area(D) = dudv = 2udu = 8 ln 2.
D R v 1 1 v
Then
Z Z Z Z
−(x2 +y 2 ) 2 +y 2 )
e d(x, y) ≤ e−(x d(x, y)
D(r) I(r)
Z Z
2 2
≤ √
e−(x +y )d(x,y) .
D(r 2)
30
π
(iv) The required integral, being one-fourth of the integral in (iii), is .
4
(7) By symmetry, the given volume is 8 times the volume in the positive octant.
Therefore, √ √ ! !
a a2 −x2 a2 −x2
16a3
Z Z Z
V =8 1dz dy dx = .
0 0 0 3
(8)
√ √ p
D = {(x, y, z)| − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1, − 1 − x2 ≤ y ≤ 1 − x2 , x2 + y 2 ≤ z ≤ 1}.
(9) √ √ !
Z 2 Z 2−x2 Z 2
I= xdz dy dx.
0 0 x2 +y 2
√ p
D = {(x, y, z)|0 ≤ z ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ z, 0 ≤ x ≤ z − y 2 }.
Thus
Z 2 Z √
z Z √z−y2 ! √
!
8 2
I= xdx dy dz = .
0 0 0 15
31
Solutions to Tutorial Sheet 8
i ∂(f g)
i ∂f ∂g
P P P
(1) (i) ∇(f g) = ∂x
= ∂x
g+ if ∂x = g∇f + f ∇g.
∂f n
(ii) Since ∂x
= nf n−1 ∂f
∂x
, hence ∇f n = nf n−1 ∇f .
(iii) Since,
∂ f −2 ∂f ∂g
=g g −f ,
∂x g ∂x ∂x
X X X ∂g
f ∂ f −2 ∂f
∇ = i =g g i −f i ,
g ∂x g ∂x ∂x
which is the desired result.
−r−3 (a · r).
P ∂
P ∂f P ∂v1
(3) (i) ∇ · (f v) = ∂x
(f v1 ) = v
∂x 1
+f ∂x
= ∇f · v + f ∇ · v.
P
∂
i × ( ∂f i × (f ∂v ∂f ∂
P P P P
(ii) ∇ × (f v) = i× ∂x
(f v) = ∂x
v) + ∂x
)= ∂x
i ×v+f i× ∂x
v
= ∇f × v + f (∇ × v).
32
P PP
∂ ∂ ∂2v
P
(iii) ∇ × (∇ × v) = i × j× = ∂x
i × (j ×
∂y
v ∂x∂y
)
∂2v
P 2
− ∂∂xv2 = j j ∂y
P P P ∂ P ∂
= i j j i· ∂x∂y i i· ∂x v −∆v = ∇(∇·v)−∆v.
(iv) Since
P P
P ∂ ∂g ∂ ∂g
∇ · (f ∇g) = i· ∂x
f ∂y j = ∂x
f ∂x
= ∇f · ∇g + f ∆g,
we have
33
0
X 00 x2 X f (r) X x2 0 00 2 0
= f (r) 2 + − 3
f (r) = f (r) + f (r).
r r r r
∂ 2
(ii) div(rn r) = (rn x) = (rn + nrn−1 xr ) = 3rn + nrn = (3 + n)rn .
P P
∂x
n+2
(iii) Note that ∇ rn+2 = rn r, by exercise 1(i). So,
rn+2
curl(rn r) = curl(grad ) = 0,
n+2
∇(ln r) = r−2 r
and hence,
curl(r−2 r) = curl(∇ ln r) = 0.
d2 1 2 d −1
div(∇r−1 ) = + (r ) = 0.
dr2 r r dr
X ∂ X ∂u X ∂v
(5) (i) ∇ · (u × v) = i· (u × v) = i·( × v) + i · (u × )
∂x ∂x ∂x
X ∂u X ∂v
= (i × )·v− (i × ) · u = v · curl u − u · curl v.
∂x ∂x
(Def: A vector-field u is said to be irrotational if ∇ × u = 0. A vector-
34
(6) (i) Let w = f u, where f is a scalar field and u is a constant vector. Then,
w · (∇ × w) = f u · (∇ × f u) = f u · (f ∇ × u + ∇f × u) (using 3(ii) ) =
Hence
v · (∇ × v) = −f 3 ∇p · (∇ρ × ∇p) = 0.
and
Thus,
f (a cos θ, b sin θ)·r0 (θ) = [(a2 cos2 θ+b2 sin2 θ)i+(a cos θ−b sin θ)j]·[−a sin θi+b cos θj]
and
Z Z 2π
(−a3 cos2 θ sin θ − ab2 sin3 θ) + (ab cos2 θ − b2 sin θ cos θ) dθ
f (x, y) · dr =
C 0
= πab.
35
(9) A parametrization of the curve is given by
2π 2π
a2 (cos θ + sin θ)(− sin θ) + a2 (sin θ − cos θ) cos θ −a2
Z Z
dθ = dθ = −2π.
0 a2 0 a2
Thus,
Z Z
ydx + zdy + xdz = ydx + (xy)dy + x(xdy + ydx)
Z 2π
= [sin θ(− sin θ) + sin θ cos θ cos θ + cos2 θ cos θ + sin θ cos θ(− sin θ)]dθ
0
Z 2π
= [− sin2 θ + sin θ cos2 θ + cos3 θ − sin2 θ cos θ]dθ
0
Z 2π Z 2π
2
=− sin θdθ + sin θ cos2 θdθ
0 0
Z 2π Z 2π
+ cos3 θdθ − sin2 θ cos θdθ
0 0
= −π.
36
Solutions to Tutorial Sheet 9
(1) Let
Hence
Z t√ √
s= a2 + c2 du = ( a2 + c2 )t.
0
(2)
+1 Z +π/4
x2 dx
Z Z
1
=− 2 2
=− sin2 θ = −π/4 + ,
C1 −1 (1 + x ) −π/4 2
Z Z +1 Z +π/4
dy
=− 2 )2
=− cos2 θdθ = −π/4 − 1/2,
C2 −1 (1 + y −π/4
Z +1 2
−x2 dx
Z
1
= 2
= −π/4 + ,
C3 −1 (1 + x ) 2
Z +1
−dy
Z
= 2 2
= −π/4 − 1/2.
C4 −1 (1 + y )
Hence
Z Z Z Z Z
= + + + = −π.
C C1 C2 C3 C4
(3) A parametrization of C is
37
Note that the outward unit normal to the circle at r(t) is the radial vector
n = r(t). Also,
∇(x2 − y 2 ) = 2x i − 2y j.
Thus
I Z 2π
2 2
∇(x − y ) · dn = (2 cos t i − 2 sin tj) · (− sin ti + cos tj)dt
C 0
Z 2π
= (−2 sin 2t)dt = 0.
0
(4) Parameterize C as
r(t) = t i + t3 j, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2.
38
Hence
Z
dx + dy
= 2 − 2 = 0.
C |x| + |y|
(6)
Z Z
Work W = (xyi + x6 y 2 j) · (idx + jdy)
F · dr =
ZC1 C
Z 1
b+1
= ax dx + (a2 x2b+6 )(abxb−1 )dx
0 0
a a3 b
= +
b + 2 3b + 6
a2 b 3 + a2 b
a
= 1+ =a .
b+2 3 3(b + 2)
dW (b+2)a2 −(3+a2 b)
This will be independent of b iff db
= 0 iff 0 = (b+2)2
iff a =
q
3
2
(as a > 0).
From the equations of the sphere and the cylinder we have that, on the inter-
section C,
z 2 = a2 − ax.
a a a θ
x= + cos θ, y= sin θ, z = a sin ; 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π.
2 2 2 2
39
Then
2π
a2
Z Z
a θ a
F · dr = [ sin θ (− sin θ) + (a2 sin2 )( cos θ)
2
C 0 4 2 2 2
2 2 2
a a 2 a a θ
+ + cos θ + cos θ ( cos )]dθ
4 4 2 2 2
Z 2π 3 3 3 3
a a θ a θ a θ
= [− sin3 θ + sin2 cos θ + cos + cos2 θ cos
0 8 2 2 8 2 8 2
3
a θ
+ cos θ cos ]dθ
4 2
πa3
= − .
4
∂f1 ∂f2
(8) = 3x, = 3x2 y where (f1 , f2 ) = f. Now
∂y ∂x
∂f1 ∂f2
= iff 3x = 3x2 y
∂y ∂x
iff either x = 0 or xy = 1.
Since the sets {(x, y)|x = 0}, {(x, y)|xy = 1} are not open, F(x, y) is not the
(9)
∂f1 y 2 − x2 ∂f2
= 2 2 2
= on R2 \ {(0, 0)}.
∂y (x + y ) ∂x
= 2π 6= 0
Then
∂φ
= 2xy + z 3 ⇒ φ(x, y, z) = x2 y + z 3 x + f (y, z)
∂x
40
for some f (y, z). Assuming f has partial derivatives, we get
∂φ ∂f
= x2 + = x2
∂y ∂y
∂f
so that = 0
∂y
x2 y + z 3 x satisfies ∇φ = v.
Hence
I
v · dr = 0
C
Since
r = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )1/2 ,
∂r x ∂r y ∂r z
= , = , = .
∂x r ∂y r ∂z r
x ∂r
φx = xf (r) = rf (r) = rf (r),
r ∂x
y ∂r
φy = yf (r) = rf (r) = rf (r),
r ∂y
z ∂r
φz = zf (r) = rf (r) = rf (r).
r ∂z
Z r
Now it can be seen that φ(x, y, z) = tf (t)dt, with some t0 fixed, satisfies
t0
all the desired equations.
41
Solutions to Tutorial Sheet 10
(i) !
ZZ Z 1 Z 1−x2
1
LHS = 4xy dxdy = 4xy dy dx = .
R 0 0 3
Observe that the boundary of R consists of three smooth curves: a seg-
y-axis. The integral on the RHS vanishes on both the axes. We choose
the parametrization t 7→ (t, 1−t2 ), (t ∈ [0, 1]) for the part of the parabola
and
I
RHS = [2xy dx + (ex + x2 ) dy]
∂R
Z 1 Z 0
= (e + 1)dy + (3t2 + et ) dt = e + 1 − e = 1.
0 1
(Observe that f and dy are zero on the horizontal segment of the curve,
f (x, y) = y 2 ; g(x, y) = x.
42
Therefore, the given path integral is equal to
ZZ Z 2Z 2 Z 2
(1 − 2y) dxdy = (1 − 2y)dy dx = 4 − 4 dx = 4 − 8 = −4.
R 0 0 0
(ii) Here
ZZ ZZ Z 1 Z 1
(1 − 2y) dxdy = dxdy + (−2y)dy dx = 4 + 0 = 4.
R R −1 −1
(iii) Here
"Z √ #
ZZ ZZ Z 2 2−x2
(1 − 2y) dxdy = dxdy + √
(−2y)dy dx = 4π + 0.
R R −2 − 2−x2
3πa2
(3) (i) A = 2
. (ii) A = a2 /2.
and C2 which is a portion of the y-axis. In any case, the required area is
equal to
I
1
r(θ)2 dθ.
2 C
1 π/2 2 a2
Z
r dθ = (3π − 8).
2 0 8
Here the boundary curve consists of the interval [0, 2π] and the cycloid
above traced in the opposite direction. But the integrand is zero on the
x-axis, since both y and dy vanish there. Hence the required area is
a2 2π
Z
− (t − sin t)d(1 − cos t) − (1 − cos t)d(t − sin t) = 2πa2 .
2 0
43
(iii) Here we use the polar coordinate form as in the previous exercise:
I
1
A= r2 dθ.
2 C
1 π/2
1 3π − 8
Z
2
(1 − 2 cos θ) dθ = .
2 0 2 2
integral is equal to
I
dy
C x2 + y2.
We compute this directly. Observe that dy = 0 along the two horizontal
parts. But then the integral along one vertical segment cancels with that on
the other since the integrands are the same and the segments are traced in
(7)
44
(The last equality follows by considering the parametrizaton (cos θ, sin θ), 0 ≤
(8) Since ∇2 (x2 − y 2 ) = 0, using one of Green’s identities (refer to (9),(i)) one has
∂(x2 − y 2 )
I I ZZ
2 2
∇(x − y ).nds = ds = ∇2 (x2 − y 2 ) dxdy = 0.
C C ∂n R
(9) (a)
I
2 ∂w
∇ w = 0 hence, dS = 0
C ∂n
and hence F = G.
Case (a): Suppose the curve does not enclose the origin. Take
y x
f (x, y) = , g(x, y) = 2
x2 +y 2 x + y2
is equal to
ZZ
(gx − fy ) dxdy.
R
Case (b): Suppose the curve encloses the origin, i.e, (0, 0) ∈ R. (Now the
above argument does not work!) We choose a small disc D around the
45
R \ D. As before, the double integral vanishes. But since the boundary
y dx − x dy y dx − x dy
I I
= .
C x2 + y 2 ∂D x2 + y 2
We can compute this now by using polar coordinates and see that this is
equal to −2π.
(ii) Here again, we take D to be a small disc of radius around the origin
and contained in the square R and apply Green’s theorem in the closure
of R \ D. Taking
x2 y x3
f (x, y) = , g(x, y) = ,
(x2 + y 2 )2 (x2 + y 2 )2
ing line integral taken over the boundary of D. This can be computed
−π/4.
(iii) We have
∂(ln r) y ∂(ln r) x
= 2 and = 2 .
∂y x + y2 ∂x x + y2
By part (i), the required line integral is −2π.
46
Solutions to Tutorial Sheet 11
(1) On S,
1
z = (4 + y − x) = h(x, y) so that
2
1
r(x, y) = xi + yj + (4 + y − x)k, (x, y) ∈ R2
2
1 1
rx × ry = i − j + k.
2 2
i+j+k
(iii) If e = √ , then e is a unit vector along the axis of the cylinder.
3
Consider the planar cross-section of the cylinder through the origin O. This is a
−→
circle C of radius 1. Fix a point P on C. Then OP is a unit vector, say u.
47
(2) (a) The area SA of the surface S with projection R on the xy-plane is given by
ZZ
SA = sec γdxdy
R
where γ is the acute angle between n and k at a generic point on the surface.
SAxy = SA cos γ.
S1 = S cos α,
S2 = S cos β,
S3 = S cos γ.
Thus S12 + S22 + S32 = S 2 (cos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ) = S 2 in view of the fact
(3) There are two pieces of the surface - one below and one above the xy-plane, both
having the same area. Let S be the upper piece. Then one has
ZZ q
Area(S) = 1 + zx2 + zy2 dxdy,
T
x y
zx = − and zy = − ,
z z
48
it follows that
ZZ ZZ
adxdy adxdy
Area(S) = = p .
T z T a2 − x 2 − y 2
Now T is described in polar coordinates by
Therefore,
Z π Z a sin θ
ardr
Area(S) = √ dθ
0 0 a2 − r 2
Z π √
=a [− a2 − r2 ]|a0 sin θ dθ
0
Z π
=a (−a| cos θ| + a)dθ = (π − 2)a2 .
0
(4) (i) A point (x, y, z) on the surface satisfies z = x2 + y 2 . (The surface is thus
Therefore, n = 6.
49
2π √
= (3 3 − 1)a2 .
3
(6) We choose the coordinate system in such a way that the center of the sphere is
located at the origin and the central axis of the circular cylinder coincides
with the z-axis. We consider the case when one plane is cutting the sphere
at height h above the xy-plane and the other plane is cutting the sphere at
compute the surface areas S1 and S2 of the ‘upper’ and ‘lower’ caps of the
sphere and subtract their sum from 4πa2 . We are expected to get the result
to be 2πa(h + k).
Note that the plane cutting the sphere at height h above the xy-plane intersects
Similarly, S2 = 2πa(−k + a); and then 4πa2 − (S1 + S2 ) = 2πa(h + k), as desired.
(7) (i) Note that ru × rv = −2(i + j + k) has negative z-component. Thus, using
and
one has
ZZ
F · ndS = 2Area(S ∗ ),
S
50
where S ∗ is the parametrizing region in the uv-plane. As the components of r
and
(8) A parametrization of S is
and
ru × rv = a sin v r(u,v)
51
(9) The hemisphere satisfies
p
z= 1 − x2 − y 2 , x2 + y 2 ≤ 1.
Using
x y
ndS = (−zx , −zy , 1)dxdy = ( , , 1)dxdy
z z
and
x y (1 − 2xy − 2y 2 )
F · ndS = (x, −2x − y, z) · ( , , 1) = dxdy
z z z
and T = {(x, y) : x2 + y 2 ≤ 1} as the parametrizing region, one has
(1 − 2xy − 2y 2 )
ZZ ZZ
F · ndS = p dxdy
S T 1 − x2 − y 2
2π 1
(1 − r2 sin 2θ − 2r2 sin2 θ)rdrdθ
Z Z
2π
= √ = .
0 0 1−r 2 3
52
Solutions to Tutorial Sheet 12
p p
(1) The cone z = x2 + y 2 is parametrized as r(x, y) = xi + yj + x2 + y 2 k. One
With the choice of the normal n to S as indicated above, the induced ori-
(0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π).
Thus,
I I
F · dr = (x − y)dx + (x + z)dy + (y + z)dz
C IC
1
= (xdy − ydx) + d(yz) + d(x2 + z 2 )
2
IC 2
a
= (xdy − ydx) = 2π = πa2 /2.
C 4
53
With the choice of the normal n to S as indicated above, the induced ori-
(0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π).
Thus,
I I
F · dr = (x − y)dx + (x + z)dy + (y + z)dz
C IC
1
= (xdy − ydx) + d(yz) + d(x2 + y 2 )
2
IC
= (xdy − ydx) = 2πa2 .
C
when viewed from high above, and C2 is the circle x2 + y 2 = 4, z = 0 with the
54
v · ds = ydx + xz 3 dy − zy 3 dz.
I Z 2π
Along C2 , z = 0 ; v · ds = ydx and ydx = − (−4 sin2 θ| dθ = 4π.
C2 0
I I Z 2π
d(xy) − 28xdy = −28 4 cos2 θdθ = −112π.
C1 C1 0
Hence
ZZ
curl (v) · ndS = −108π.
S
(4) Note that, to apply Stokes’ Theorem, one would have to work inside U = R3 \
z−axis, as v would not make sense at a point on the z-axis. But there is
cannot be applied.
F = (y 2 − z 2 )i + (z 2 − x2 )j + (x2 − y 2 )k,
2
curlF · n = − √ (y + z + z + x + x + y)
3
4 4 3a
= − √ (x + y + z) = − √ .
3 3 2
55
Hence
ZZ √ ZZ √
curl F · ndS = −2 3a dS = (−2 3a)(Area of S).
S S
The surface S is a regular hexagon with vertices (a/2, 0, a), (a, 0, a/2), (a, a/2, 0), (a/2, a, 0),
√ √
3 2 3 3 a2
(0, a, a/2), (0, a/2, a). Hence its area is 3 (length of side) = .
2 2 2
9a3
I
Stokes’ theorem then yields that (y 2 −z 2 )dx+(z 2 −x2 )dy +(x2 −y 2 )dz = − .
C 2
(6) We have
F = yi + zj + xk,
(− yb , − xb , 1)dxdy and
ZZ ZZ
1
curl F · ndS = (y + x − b)dxdy
S b x2 +y 2 ≤a2
Z 2π Z a
1
= (r sin θ + r cos θ − b)rdrdθ = −πa2
b 0 0
one has
I
1
I := a(ydz − zdy) + b(zdx − xdz) + c(xdy − ydx)
2 C
I
1
= n × r · ds
2 C
ZZ
1
= ∇ × (n × r) · ndS
2 S
ZZ ZZ
1
= 2n · ndS = dS = Area(S).
2 S S
56
If C is parametrized as u cos t + v sin t (0 ≤ t ≤ 2π), then
I
1
Area(S) = n × r · ds
2 C
1 2π
Z
= n × (u cos t + v sin t) · (−u sin t + v cos t)dt
2 0
1 2π
Z
= n · (u cos t + v sin t) × (−u sin t + v cos t)dt
2 0
1 2π
Z
= n · u × v dt
2 0
u×v
so that, letting n = ||u×v||
, we get
Z 2π
1
Area(S) = ||u × v|| dt = π||u × v||.
2 0
57
Solutions to Tutorial Sheet 13
(1) We have
R = {(x, y, z) : y 2 + z 2 ≤ x2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 4} and
[
∂R = S1 S2 , where
S2 : x = 4, y 2 + z 2 ≤ 16.
Also, along S2 , the outward normal (to x = 4 ≡ f (y, z)) is (1, 0, 0) = i. Thus
ZZ ZZ ZZ
2
F · ndS = 4y dS = 4y 2 dydz
S2 S2 y 2 +z 2 ≤16
Z 2π Z 4
= 4 r3 cos2 θdrdθ = 44 π.
0 0
Now,
ZZZ ZZZ Z 4 Z x Z 2π
2 2 2 2 2
div F dV = (x + y + z )dV = (x + r )rdrdθ dx
y 2 +z 2 ≤x2
R 0≤x≤4
0 0 0
Z 4 Z x
= 2π (x2 r + r3 )dr dx
0 0
Z 4 4
3x 6π
= 2π dx = 44 .
0 4 5
58
Since 44 6π
5
= 44 π5 + 44 π, the Divergence Theorem is verified.
Now,
ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ
F · ndS = F · ndS + F · ndS + F · ndS + F · ndS
S S1 S2 S3 S4
where
x y
S1 : z = 0; + ≤ 1, x, y ≥ 0 and
a b
x z
S2 : y = 0; + ≤ 1, x, z ≥ 0 and
a c
z y
S3 : x = 0; + ≤ 1, y, z ≥ 0 and
c b
x y z
S4 : + + = 1, x, y, z ≥ 0.
a b c
Also,
along S1 , n = −k ⇒ F · n = −xz = 0 (as z = 0 on S1 );
59
Along S4 , the outward normal (to z = c(1 − x
a
− yb ) ≡ f (x, y)) is ( ac , cb , 1) so that
ZZ ZZ cxy cyz
F · ndS = + + zx d(x, y)
S4 x
a
+ yb ≤1;x,y≥0 a b
Z a b(1− x
Z )
cxy a
= dxdy + (· · · ) + (· · · )
0 0 a
ab2 c abc2 a2 bc
= + +
24 24 24
abc
= (a + b + c).
24
Hence
ZZZ ZZ ZZZ
∂v ∂u
u dV = (uvnx )dS − v dV.
R ∂x ∂R ∂x
⇒ ∇2 φ = 6.
Thus
ZZ ZZ
∂φ
dS = gradφ · ndS
S ∂n
Z ZSZ ZZZ
= div(gradφ)dV = 6 dV
V V
4π
= 6 (Volume of the sphere) = 6 × = 8π.
3
60
Similarly, letting F = yj, we get
ZZ
V = yny dS
S
(6) Consider
ZZ
I = x2 dy ∧ dz + y 2 dz ∧ dx + z 2 dx ∧ dy
Z ZS
= (F · n)dS,
S
ZZ
(7) The required integral is I = (F · n)dS, where F = yzi + zxj + xyk.
∂R
Since div(F) = 0, one has
ZZZ
I= (div F)dV = 0.
R
61
This gives
ZZ
(∇ × u) · ndS = 0.
S
( x2 , y2 , z2 ) 1
p=n·r= q a b c · (x, y, z) = q .
x2 2 2 x2 2 z2
a4
+ yb4 + zc4 a4
+ yb4 + c4
1
(b) Let F = p2
(xi + yj + zk). Then
ZZ ZZ ZZZ
1
dS = F · n dS = divF dV
S p S V
x2 y 2 z 2
ZZZ
= 5 + 4 + 4 d(x, y, z).
V a4 b c
(We used the fact that the Jacobian of (x, y, z) with respect to (r, φ, θ) is
62
x2 y2 z2
Aliter: If ψ = a2
+ b2
+ c2
, then
∇ψ
ZZ ZZ ZZ
1 n
dS = · n dS = · n dS
S p S r·n S r · ∇ψ
∇ψ
ZZ
= · n dS
S 2
∇2 ψ
ZZZ Z Z Z
1 1 1 4 1 1 1
= dV = + + dV = πabc + + .
V 2 a2 b 2 c 2 V 3 a2 b 2 c 2
(10) For a simple closed (and sufficiently smooth) plane curve C : r(s) = x(s)i + y(s)j,
∂Q ∂P
div(F) = − and F · n = Qy 0 + P x0 .
∂x ∂y
63