11 GVF PDF

OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
Types of flows - Type of channels – Velocity distribution – Energy and momentum correction
factors – Chezy’s, Manning’s; and Bazin formulae for uniform flow – Most Economical
sections. Critical flow: Specific energy-critical depth – computation of critical depth – critical
sub-critical and super critical flows.
Non uniform flows: Dynamic equation for G.V.F.,

Mild, Critical, Steep, horizontal and adverse slopes-
surface profiles-direct step method-
Rapidly varied flow, hydraulic jump, energy dissipation.
07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 1

Engg. & OSD to VC JNTUH
Non–uniform flow in channels
• Non uniform flow is the one in which the depth of
flow changes from one section to another along the
length of the channel. Non-uniform flow is also
called varied Flow.
• Gradually varied flow GVF
• Rapidly varied flow RVF
• The Gradually varied flow is a steady non–uniform
flow in which the depth of flow varies gradually.
• Eg: Flow upstream of a weir.
• Flow downstream of a sluice gate.
Flow upstream of a weir.

Flow downstream of a sluice gate.

Non–uniform flow in channels
• In R.V.F. the depth of flow changes abruptly over a
comparatively short distance.
• Eg: Hydraulic jump.

• Hydraulic drop.

Hydraulic jump.

Hydraulic jump.

Dynamic equation of Gradually varied flow:
• The dynamic equation for gradually varied flow can

be derived from the basic energy equation with
few assumptions.
a) Dynamic Equation of G.V.F:
– - Derived from basic energy equation.

• concept of Backwater curve – drawdown curve.

Backwater curve
OBSTRUCTION
Depth of flow y
Length of channel x
Uniform flow GVF

dy
is +ve i.e. y increases as x increases.
dx
dy
increases in its direction.
dx
- Drawdown curve
dy is –ve y decreases as x increses

dx

Deferential Equation for GVF
V2

2g
y = d cosө d

• y is the vertical distance measured.
V2
H  z  d cos   
2g
• Total energy
2
dH dz d (d ) d V
  cos   ( )
dx dx dx dx 2 g
• cosθ may be assumed to be constant in a

small
07 Feb 2017 particular reach considered.
Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil
12
dz
•  tan   S 0 bottom of slope of channel
dx
• As x increases ‘z’ decreases
• dz is negative.

dx
dz
 S0
dx
• ‘H’ is the total Energy line.
• As ‘x’ increases ‘H’ decreases.
• Considering energy loss.
dH
is also  ve   S f
dx

2
• Substituting dd d V
 S f   S 0  cos   ( )
dx dx 2 g
2
dd d V
S 0  S f  cos   ( )
dx dx 2 g
2
dd d V dd
S 0  S f  cos   ( ).
dx dd 2 g dx
dd  dd d V  2
 cos   ( )
dx  dx dd 2 g 
dd S0  S f
 2
dx d V
cos    ( )
dd 2 g
• For small particular reach
cos   1
y  d cos   d (1)  d  y
•
• and  is approximated to unity
• dd d dy
 ( y) 
dx dx dx
dy S0  S f
  2
dx d V
1 ( )
dy 2 g
S 0can be found from Manning’s formula
S f may also be found using Manning’s formula, for small

reaches of channel.

2 2
d V d Q
( ) ( 2
)
dy 2 g dy 2 gA
2
Q d 1
 . ( 2)
2 g dy A
assuming steady flow
Q  2 dA
2
 ( 3. )
2 g A dy

Q T 2
 3
gA
dy S 0  S f
  2
dx QT
1 3
gA
dy S0  S f
 
dx Q 2T
1
gA3
dy S 0  S f

dx Q 2T
1 3
gA
 Sf 
 1 
 S0  So 
 Q 2T 
1  3 
 gA 

• For wide rectangular channel
By By
R  y
B  2y B
1 2 / 3 1/ 2
V R S
n

1
Q  AR S
2 / 3 1/ 2
n
1
 By n yn S 0
2 / 3 1/ 2
Uniform flow
n
1
 By y S f
2/3 1/ 2 For given flow
n condition

1 2/3
Sf
1/ 2 Byn yn 5/3
n yn
1/ 2
  5/3
S 1 y
0 By y 2 / 3
n
10 / 3
Sf yn yn 10 / 3
 10 / 3  ( )
S0 y y
and
2 2 2 2
QT Q B Q q yc 3
3
 3 3
 2 3
 3 ( )
gA g.B y gB y gy y
 yn 10 / 3 
 1 ( ) 
dy y
  S0  
dx  1  ( yc ) 3 
 y 
If Chezy’s Formula is used
 yn 3 
 1 ( ) 
dy y
 S0  
dx  1  ( yc ) 3 
 y 
Relation b/w water surface slope channel bottom slope
dy
• The term represents the slope of water surface
dx
with respect to channel bottom. But often the water
surface slope with respect to horizontal may be
required to be determined.
• As such a relation b/w the water surface slope s ,

dy w
channel bottom slope S 0 and the slope may be
dx
developed.

For raising water surface,
From the triangle abd
bd cd  cb
S w  sin   
ba ba
cd
But  sin   S 0
ba
cb dy

ba dx
dy
S w  S0 
dx
For falling water surface

From  abd
bd bc  cd
S w  sin   
ab ab
But
bc dy

ab dx
cd
 sin   S 0
ba
dy
Sw  S0 
dx
Classification of Channel bottom slopes:
i) Critical slope: The channel bottom slope is
designated as critical when the bottom slope =
critical slope S c
ii) Mild slope: S 0  S c y n  yc
iii) Steep slope: S 0  SSc 0

yn  yc
iv) Horizontal slope: S0  0 yn  
v) Adverse slope: S0  0 yn imaginary or non  existent

Classification of surface profiles
With respect to bottom slopes
In Mild Sloped Cannels “M” curves

Steep Sloped Cannels “S” curves
Critical Sloped Cannels “C” curves
Horizontal Sloped Cannels “H” curves
Adverse Sloped Cannels “A” curves

Bottom Slopes Of Channel:
(characteristics of flow profile)
1
Q  AR 2 / 3 S 1/ 2
n
Uniform flow with critical condition existing in

channel.
Q  K n S 0  Kc Sc
S0  Sc
Critical slope
and yn  yc
For S0  Sc
Then Mild Slope
yn  yc Sub critical and uniform
for S0  Sc Steep Slope

then Super Critical and Uniform
yn  yc

for horizontal bottom channel
S0  0
Q  K n So
 Kn  
 y n   uniform flow does not exist.
For Adverse Slope

S 0 is –ve.
K n is imaginary
i.e. y n is imaginary
Uniform flow does not exits.
Sustaining and Non-Sustaining Slope:
Sustaining
Mild Steep Critical
Uniform flow Possible
Non-Sustaining
Adverse Horizontal
07 Feb 2017
Uniform flow is not possible
Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 36
Surface Profiles:
i. Backwater Curve:
  y 10 / 3 
S 0 1   n  
dy S 0  S f   y 
   
2 3
dx QT
1 3  yc 
1   
gA  y 
10 / 3
dy  yn 
 ve 1    0 y  yn
dx  y

3
 yc 
1     0 y  yc
 y
y  y n  yc y  yc  y n
y  yn  yc - Mild Slope Channel Sub

Critical Flow  y  y c 
y  yc  y n - Sub Critical Flow in Steep

Sloped Channel.

dy
is  ve
dx
10 / 3
 yn 
1    0 y  yn
 y
3
 yc 
1     0 y  yc
 y
y  y n  yc - Super critical flow in steep

sloped channel  y  yc 
y  yc  yn- Super critical flow in mild
slope channel.

ii. Draw Down Curve:
 dy 
 is  ve 
 dx 
dy
 ve
dx
10 / 3
 yn 
1    0 y  yn
 y
3
 yc 
1     0 y  yc
 y
y n  y  y c - Sub critical flow in mild sloped
channel  y n  yc 
10 / 3
 yn 
1    0 y  yn
 y
3
 yc 
1     0 y  yc
 y
y n  y  yc - Super critical flow in a steep

sloped channel.

iii. For uniform flow:
dy
0
dx
  y 10 / 3 
S 0 1   n  
  y 
  0
3
 yc 
1   
 y
2
 yn 
1     0  y  yn
 y
Uniform Critical Flow y  yn  yc
If y  y c
3
 yc 
1     0
 y
dy

dx
So critical flow does not exit in nature
y  y n  y c in Mild slope channel uniform flow.

y  y n  yc uniform flow in a steep sloped
channel.
iv. Flow in Horizontal bottom channel S 0  0 
- Uniform flow is not possible.
GVF is possible.
dy S 0  S f
 2
dx Q T
1 3
gA
For Horizontal bottom channel
dy S0  S f
 3
dx  yc 
1   
 y
Q  K n S0
when S 0  0, Q

S0
 kn  
yn  
for
dy to be +ve
dx
3
 yc 
1    is  ve
 y
3
 yc 
1     0  y  yc
 y
yn  
y  yc  y n - super critical flow in horizontal
bottom channel.
dy
For to be –ve
dx
3
 yc 
1     0 y  yc
 y
y n  y  y c - Sub critical in horizontal bottom
channel (drawdown curve)
when y  yc
3
 yc 
1     0
 y
dy S0  S f
 3

dx  yc 
1   
 y
M1
M2 NDL y n  yc mild slope
CDL
M3
Critical depth line

NDL
M2
CDL Drawdown curve
S0

NDL
CDL
S0

 dy 
M3  Backwater curve  increases 
 dx 

Normal Critical Slope channel
I
C1
CDL, NDL
C3
III

Horizontal bottom channel
H1  Draw down only

H3  Back water curve
Adverse slope channel
A2  Draw down
A3  Back water curve.

Further classification depending upon the position of
water surface relativey to
and yn c
Normal depth line NDL

Critical depth line CDL

Standard step method
- is also applicable to non prismatic channels.
Hydraulic elements in non prismatic channels are no

longer independent of the distance along the
channel.

Water surface elevation are with respect to
datum
X 1  y1  z1 ( S 0 dx  z 2  y 2 )
and X 2  z 2  y 2
The friction loss is
S f1  S f 2
h f  S f dx  dx
2

Total head at section (1) and (2)
2 2
V1 V2
S 0 dx  y1  1  y2   2  S f dx  he  hf
2g 2g
2 2
V1 V2
X 1  1  X2 2  h f  he
2g 2g
he - eddy loss in non prismatic

2
V1
H 1  X 1  1
2g
2
V2
H2  X2 2
2g
H 1  H 2  h f  he
- basic equation that defines the procedure of the

standard step method.

Direct Step Method:
Integration of the GVF Equation.
In practice it is required to determine the distance

upto which the surface profile of gradually varied
flow extends.
1. Step method.
2. Graphical Integration method.
3. Direct integration method ( Bresses method)

1. Step Method:
Sf
2
V1 2
V2
2g 2g
y1
y2
S0
dx

Direct step method:
2 2
V1 V2
y1   S 0 dx  y z   S f dx
2g 2g
E1  S 0 dx  E2  S f dx
E1  E2  ( S f  S 0 )dx
E1  E2
dx 
S f  S0

THE END

Three cases
dy
Case 1: If  0, S 0  S f ; yn  y
dx
dy
Case 2: for 0
dx

i.e
yn  y i.e. y  yn
3
 yc 
and 1     0; y  yc
 y

y  yn and y  yc
Either y  yn  yc
yn  yc  mild slope channel

So for y  yn  yc Backwater flow
 mild slope, sub critical
(or)
y  yc  y n  Steep Slope Backwater profile

dy
0
dx
yn 10 / 3
1 ( )  0
y
10 / 3
 yn 
1    y  yn
 y 
3
 yc 
1     0
 y
2
 yc 
1    y  yc
07 Feb 2017
 y  DrEngg.
GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil
& OSD to VC JNTUH
67
y  y n  y c - Steep Sloped Back Water Profile.
y  yc  y n - Mild Sloped Channel.
So in both the above two cases we get mild slopes

and back water profile but y is more in first case, y is
less in second come.
Horizontal Slope:
Q  kn S0  Kc Sc


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OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

Non uniform flows: Dynamic equation for G.V.F.,

Rapidly varied flow, hydraulic jump, energy dissipation.

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 1

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 3

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 4

• Eg: Hydraulic jump.

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 5

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 6

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 7

• The dynamic equation for gradually varied flow can

a) Dynamic Equation of G.V.F:

– - Derived from basic energy equation.

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 8

Uniform flow GVF

dy is –ve y decreases as x increses

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 10

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 11

• cosθ may be assumed to be constant in a

• As ‘x’ increases ‘H’ decreases.

• Considering energy loss.

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 14

S 0can be found from Manning’s formula

S f may also be found using Manning’s formula, for small

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 18

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 19

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 21

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 22

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 23

• As such a relation b/w the water surface slope s ,

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 26

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 29

ii) Mild slope: S 0  S c y n  yc

iii) Steep slope: S 0  SSc 0

iv) Horizontal slope: S0  0 yn  

v) Adverse slope: S0  0 yn imaginary or non  existent

In Mild Sloped Cannels “M” curves

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 32

Uniform flow with critical condition existing in

for S0  Sc Steep Slope

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 34

For Adverse Slope

Mild Steep Critical

Uniform flow Possible

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 37

y  yn  yc - Mild Slope Channel Sub

y  yc  y n - Sub Critical Flow in Steep

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 38

y  y n  yc - Super critical flow in steep

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 39

y n  y  yc - Super critical flow in a steep

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 41

y  y n  y c in Mild slope channel uniform flow.

M2 NDL y n  yc mild slope

Critical depth line

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 48

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 49

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 50

07 Feb 2017 Dr GK Viswanadh Prof. of Civil 51