CHAPTER – I

INTRODUCTION

Today, the subject of obesity is of much concern to millions of people all over the

world. Not only has it sparked a lot of talk, but it has also begun to be ranked as a serious

risk comparable to certain diseases. In fact, some doctors even call obesity itself a

disease. The number of people who are obese is rising rapidly worldwide, making obesity

one of the fastest developing public health problems. The World Health Organisation

(WHO) has described the problem of obesity as a "worldwide epidemic"

( Pooja Malhaotra 2007).

1.1 OBESITY

Obesity, in absolute terms, is an increase of body adipose tissue(fat tissue) mass.

In a practical setting it is difficult to determine this directly. Therefore, obesity is typically

assessed by BMI (body mass index) and in terms of its distribution via the waist

circumference. In addition, the presence of obesity needs to be evaluated in the context of

other risk factors such as medical conditions that could influence the risk of

complications. Central Obesity the association of obesity with Type II Diabetes is well

known. Even with an acceptable body weight range, weight gain could increase the risk

of diabetes. An excess of body fat specially concentrated within the abdomen has an

increased risk of diabetes. The cut-off limits for waist circumference for Indians have

been recommended to be 90 cm for males and 80 cm for female. Abdominal obesity is

defined by waist circumference above these limits. High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)
1
condition occurs when the force of the blood pushing against the walls of the arteries is

too high. The chances for having high blood pressure are greater if one become

overweight or obese.

Obesity occurs when there is an excess amount of fat in one's body. According to

most references, a person is classified as obese if they have a BMI of 30 or higher. Many

classify obesity as a disease that affects the rest of one's body in negative ways, leading to

increased stress on the heart and other organs. People with a BMI of 25-29 are typically

classified as overweight, however they also take the risk of becoming obese if they do not

change their lifestyle or seek medical treatment.

1.2 BODY MASS INDEX

BMI, or ",body mass index" is the formula the use to find out the ratio between

the weight and the height. In order to find out what the BMI is, first find the weight, in

pounds, and the height, in inches. The most common measurement of obesity is through

the use of Body Mass Index (BMI) scale. It is based on the ratio of weight over height

squared (kg/MxM).

BMI = weight kg divided by (height in meters) 2

Or Weight in lbs x 703 divided by (height in inches) 2

Based on BMI, we can classify patients into one of the five categories

BMI of 18.5 - 24.9 means Normal

2
BMI of 25.0 - 29.9 means Overweight

BMI of 30.0 - 34.9 means Obesity class 1

BMI of 35.0 - 39.9 means Obesity class 2

BMI of >= 40.0 means Obesity class 3

Most medical sources define a BMI of 27 or higher to be obese.

Drawback of BMI scale is that it does not considers musculature or fat distribution.

(Pooja malhotra 2007)

1.3 CAUSES OF OBESITY

First off all obesity is not a disease caused by one factor alone. This is why it can

be often difficult to treat there is no "one" way. Actually, it's often a combination of

several different physical and psychological elements that lead to obesity. Some of these

elements include the diet, physical activity or inactivity, age, culture, genetics, emotional

and psychological well-being, gender, and medical factors.

Factors which may influence the occurrence of obesity include, but are not limited

to, the following:

a. Lifestyle choices - Overeating, along with a sedentary lifestyle, contributes to

obesity. These are lifestyle choices that can be affected by behavior change.

b. Genetics - Studies have shown that a predisposition toward obesity can be

3
 inherited. One study reported in 2004 found that 48 percent of children with

overweight parents became overweight. Where a person carries weight - the hips

or around the middle - is also strongly influenced by heredity.

c. Metabolic factors - How a particular person expends energy is different from how

someone else’s body uses energy. Both metabolic and hormonal factors are not the

same for everyone, but these factors play a role in determining weight gain.

Recent studies show that levels of ghrelin, a peptide hormone known to regulate

appetite, and other peptides in the stomach, play a role in triggering hunger and

producing a feeling of fullness (satiety).

d. Socioeconomic factors - There is a strong relationship between economic status

and obesity, especially among women. Women who are poor and of lower social

status are six times more likely to be obese than women of higher socioeconomic

status. The occurrence of obesity is also highest among minority groups,

especially among women. Eating a diet in which a high percentage of calories

come from sugar, a high-fat, refined food promotes weight gain. Lack of regular

exercise contributes to obesity in adults and makes it difficult to maintain weight

loss. In children, inactivity, such as watching television or sitting at a computer,

contributes to obesity. (Leslie Kaminoff 2007).

4
DIET

Diet is probably one of the most important factors to be considered when trying to

understand the causes for obesity. Obesity is, directly related to the amount of fat in the

body in proportion to the height. This is why it is so important to make sure that one

should eat healthy and the body fat to a minimum. Not that body fat is bad. On the

contrary, body fat is needed for the body to be the best it can be. However, excess body

fat can slow down and put pressure on internal organs, which leads to many of the

symptoms that obese people often contract. So, by watching what one eat, they often

dramatically lower the risk for becoming obese. (Pooja malhotra 2007).

PHYSICAL FITNESS AND EXERCISE

Though it's often hard for working adults to get in the amount of exercise their

body needs, it is vitally important in remaining free from the risks of obesity. Obesity is

directly linked the most often, besides diet, with lack of physical activity. By increasing

the amount of exercise and motion each day, another step is taken to prevent obesity.

AGE

As one become older, they often lack good enough metabolism to burn up the

amount of calories they could when they were younger. This is why it's easier to

accumulate excess fat in their body, thereby increasing the risks for obesity. To prevent

5
obesity from actually occurring, it's important to get enough exercise, eat healthy, and get

a good amount of sleep each night.

YOGA

Yoga definitely has an important role in obesity treatment. There are various Yoga

postures that specifically help in reducing body weight and restoring healthy conditions

of the mind and body. These postures stimulate certain important glands, in particular the

thyroid gland, and help in hormonal balance.

1.4 ORIGIN OF YOGA

Yoga refers to traditional physical and mental disciplines originating in India. The

word is associated with meditative practices in Indian religions like Buddhism, Hinduism

and Jainism.

Yoga originated in ancient India and is one of the longest surviving philosophical

systems in the world. Some scholars have estimated that yoga is as old as 5,000 years;

artefacts detailing yoga postures have been found in India from over 3000 B.C. Yoga

masters yogis claim that it is a highly developed science of healthy living that has been

tested and perfected for all these years. Yoga was first brought to America in the late

1800s when Swami Vivekananda, an Indian teacher and yogi, presented a lecture on

meditation in Chicago. Yoga slowly began gaining followers, and flourished during the

1960s when there was a surge of interest in Eastern philosophy. There has since been a

6
vast exchange of yoga knowledge in America, with many students coming to India to

study and many Indian experts going there to teach, resulting in the establishment of a

wide variety schools. Today, yoga is thriving, and it has become easy to find teachers and

practitioners.

Classical yoga is separated into eight limbs, each a part of the complete system

for mental, physical and spiritual well-being. Four of the limbs deal with mental and

physical exercises designed to bring the mind in tune with the body. The other four deal

with different stages of meditation. There are six major types of yoga, all with the same

goals of health and harmony but with varying techniques: Hatha, Raja, Karma, Bhakti,

Jnana, and Tantra yoga.

Hatha yoga is the most commonly practiced branch of yoga, and it is a highly

developed system of nearly 200 physical postures, movements and breathing techniques

designed to tune the body to its optimal health. The yoga philosophy believes the breath

to be the most important facet of health, as the breath is the largest source of prana, or life

force, and hatha yoga utilizes pranayama, which literally means the science or control of

breathing. Hatha yoga was originally developed as a system to make the body strong and

healthy enough to enable mental awareness and spiritual enlightenment. (Swami

Muktibodhanada 2008).

The thyroid gland, due to its impact on metabolism, is directly related to increase

in body weight. Certain postures such as the fish posture and shoulder stand, specifically

7
influences the thyroid gland, helping in converting fat to energy, resulting in increased

muscle tone and better vitality. Also postures such as bending forward, backward,

twisting, etc., help in toning up the abdomen, hip and waist. When such postures are

practiced several times regularly, it naturally leads to weight reduction. Pranayama, the

most important of all the yoga postures, provides prana or the life force and thereby

increases vitality. The deep breathing posture increases the intake of oxygen, and

continuous deep breathing, causes increase in oxidation i.e., burns up more calories and

improves lung functioning.

It has also been observed that anxiety increases the intake of food. Since yoga

reduces anxiety and brings calmness of mind, such problems that lead to obesity are

reduced.

Certain specific movements practiced in yoga, like the Agnisar, helps in getting rid of the

abdominal fat and streamline the digestive system.

Controlling one’s diet by intake of more raw fruits, and vegetables and avoiding

processed food along with regular practice of yoga, has helped many individuals in

dealing with obesity the right way.

1.5 TREATING OBESITY THROUGH YOGA

According to yoga, the present lifestyle is one of the most important factors

behind all kinds of mental and physical illness. In obesity, lifestyle is the determining

8
factor. Even though yoga acknowledges other etiological factors, it is believed that the

way one live their lives is what really determines the susceptibility to the different causes

of disease, whether physical, chemical or infectious agents, immunological reactions,

genetic, environmental or nutritional imbalances.

In the case of obesity, it is clear that the main causes are related to lifestyle. The

first cause is overeating. The second is decreased physical activity, which means that

there is an imbalance in the amount of energy intake in and the amount of expenditure

become obese, therefore, one to consume more calories than what actually need for daily

requirements and daily activities. A calorie is a unit of heat. It represents the amount of

heat needed to raise the temperature of seven kg of water by one degree Centigrade. This

unit of heat is used to study the metabolism of the body. An average of 2000 calories per

day is need for the essential functions.(Meghna Virk Bains 2007).

1.6 ASANAS

In the yoga sutras of Patanjali there is a concise definition of Yogasanas:

“Sthiram Sukham Aasanam”, meaning ‘that position which is comfortable and steady’. In

this context, asanas are practiced to develop the ability to sit comfortably in one position

for an extended period of time, ability necessary for meditation. Raja yoga equates

yogasana to the stable sitting position.

The Hatha yogis, however, found that certain specific body positions, asanas,

open the energy channels and psychic centres. They found that developing control of the

body through these practices enabled them to control the mind and energy. Yogasanas

became tools for the higher awareness, providing the stable foundation necessary for the

9
exploration of the body, breath, mind and higher states. For this reason, asana practice

comes first in Hatha texts such as Hatha Yoga Pradipika. (Swami Satyananda Saraswati

1998)

1.7 PRANAYAMA

Pranayama is generally defined as breath control. Although this interpretation

may seem correct in view of the practices involved, it does not convey the full meaning

of the term. The word pranayama is comprised of two roots: Prana plus Ayama. Prana

means ‘vital energy’ or life force’. It is the force which exists in all things, whether

animate or inanimate. Although closely related to the air we breathe, it is more subtle

than air or oxygen. Therefore, pranayama should not be considered as mere breathing

exercises aimed at introducing extra oxygen into the lungs. Pranayama utilises breathing

to influence the flow of prana in the nadis or energy channels of the pranamaya kosha or

energy body.

The word yama means ‘control’ and is used to denote various rules or codes of

conduct. However, this is not the word which is joined to prana to form pranayama; the

correct word is ayama which has far more implications than the word yama. Ayama is

defined as ‘extension or expansion’. Thus, the word pranayama means ‘extension or

expansion of the dimension of prana’. The techniques of pranayama provide the method

whereby the life force can be activated and regulated in order to go beyond one’s normal

boundaries or limitations and attain a higher state of vibratory energy. (Swami

Satyananda Saraswati 1999).

10
1.8 MEDITATION

Some people say that meditation is sitting with perfect silence without any

process of thought. Such a content is meaningless because it virtually amounts to a nice

sleep only. These people further misinterpret that such a meditation is concentration on

formless God (Nirakara). Gita says that one cannot concentrate on formless God

(Avyakthahi Gatih). The meditation of formless God becomes true if one concentrate on

the true knowledge of God. Veda says that true knowledge is the real form of the Lord

(Satyam Jnanam Anantam Brahma). Knowledge is formless. Therefore the formless God

means only the true divine knowledge about the Lord. This is the correct interpretation of

Sankaras philosophy. The great ancient Vedic sages sat in the formless meditation and

this statement means that they concentrated on the divine knowledge (Brahma Jnana),

which was expressed as Upanishaths in their mutual discussions (Satsanga).

The actual meaning of the word Dhyanam is the process of functioning of

intelligence (Dhee or Buddhi) and this pertains to the field of knowledge

(Vijnanamaykosa). Some people interpret that meditation means concentration on the

form of the Lord like the light blue colour, peacock feather on the head, flute in the hand

etc., Instead of concentrating mentally upon such objects, one can see these things in a

photo or see the objects directly kept on a table. If these things constitute the divinity

there is no need of concentrating on these things. One can attain the divinity by applying

light blue colour on his own body, by putting a peacock feather on the head and by

catching a flute by hand. Such a divinity can be attained without any meditation. So

11
meditation becomes meaningless in such a line. This is the reason why Sankara discarded

the meditation of a form (Saguna Brahman). Ofcourse attraction by such things towards

the Lord will help a person to develop the attachment on the Lord. One may be attracted

to Lord Krishna by such things and then finally get attracted towards his divine

knowledge as preached in Bhagavatgita.

Such things may be initial promoters but the final is only the divine knowledge,

which will help anyone in his effort (Sadhana) to please the Lord. The divine knowledge

resulting in the realization will impart a tension free peace and tranquility to the mind. By

such state one will attain perfect health of body and mind and thus the benefit is directly

seen here itself. (DattaSwami 2007).

ADVANTAGES OF MEDITATION

a. It lowers oxygen consumption.

b. Reduces anxiety attacks by lowering the levels of blood lactate.

c. Enhances the immune system. Research has revealed that meditation increases

activity of 'natural-killer cells', which kill the bacteria and cancer cells.

d. Helps to keep the blood pressure normal

e. Creates a state of deep relaxation and general feeling of wellbeing

f. Helps with weight loss

g. The researchers found that the mediators showed a pronounced shift in activity to

the left frontal lobe.

h. Meditation has also been shown to relieve the pain associated with certain

12
1.9 PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES

1.9.1 BLOOD PRESSURE

Blood pressure is defined as the pressure of blood on the walls of the vessels,

barring with age and physical condition.

Although there is a very little change for a normal healthy person in resting blood

pressure as a result of aerobic training blood pressure recovery process following exercise

is improved. For example the better trained individual the quicker his pressure returns to

the pre exercise level. (Leslie Kaminoff 2007).

SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE

Systolic pressure is the maximum lateral pressure of blood on the wall of the

blood vessels during the systole of the heart.

It is the wave of increased pressure, on left of the arteries when blood is pumped

out of the heart. It may be conveniently felt at any point where an artery crossed a bone

ends is superficially as the radial artery at the front of wrist.

The pumping rates of the heart varies under condition of long working, food intake,

age and emotion. The pulse rate corresponds with the cardiac cycle. If the pulse rate is 72,

the cardiac cycle will occur 72 times in a minute. (Leslie Kaminoff 2007).

DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE

Diastolic blood pressure is the lowest arterial blood pressure of the cardiac cycle

occurring

1.9.3 PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW RATE

A peak expiratory flow rate is the maximal volume of air which a person can

13
exhale from the lungs by a forcible expiration after the deeper possible inspiration.

A peak expiratory flow rate meter is related to age, body weight, height and lung

capacity for the normal healthy female is approximately ten percent lower than the male

counterpart of similar age and size. They may be due in part to the female’s lower

metabolic rate which demands less oxygen. Studies shows that diaphragm breathing can

be increased in the female as a result of training. (Strukie 1981).

1.10 HEMATOLOGICAL VARIABLE

1.10.1 HEMOGLOBIN

Hemoglobin is an iron-rich protein that gives blood its red color. Hemoglobin

helps red blood cells to carry oxygen from the lungs throughout the body.

Human hemoglobin is composed of four globin polypeptides. Each globin chain

carries a heme group bound at a specific site of the peptide. A globin peptide contains

over 140 amino acids specified by the relevant gene. Children and adults carry

hemoglobin composed of two chains and two- chains. Various forms of the hemoglobin

molecule enter into play that they carry oxygen in the blood to tissues at various phases

of fetal life and the postnatal. (Malina. M. Robere 2004).

1.10.2 BLOOD SUGAR

Blood sugar refers to the glucose present in blood; it is the only sugar present at

all time in blood, biological fluids, and tissues in physiologically significant amount

though other monosaccharides are also absorbed in the same manner as glucose. The

concentration of glucose in blood is remarkable constant in a normal healthy individual,

14
ranging from, 80 to 120 mg (noromglycemia). This value may be slightly low during the

post absorptive state, ranging from 75 to 90 mg%, but it does not reach values less than

70 mg even during starvation. The blood glucose level during post absorptive period is

referred as fasting blood sugar.

Similarly, during the period of maximum absorption after carbohydrate meal, the

blood glucose may increase slightly, from 130 to 180 mg but not beyond 180 mg. This

shows that in a normal healthy individual, the blood glucose level is maintained at fairly

constant levels, in spite of factors operating to alter it. As there is a constant intake and

removal of glucose from the body, the blood glucose level at a given time is the resultant

of two factors namely, the amount of glucose entering the bloodstream, the amount of

glucose removed from the bloodstream.

(Pooja Malhaotra 2007).

1.11 REASON FOR THE SELECTION OF TOPIC

Now a day the subject of obesity is of much concern to millions of people all over the

world. Not only has it sparked a lot of talk, but it has also begun to be ranked as a serious

risk comparable to certain diseases. The number of people who are obese is rising rapidly

worldwide, making obesity one of the fastest developing public health problems. Mainly

they having the low blood pressure, high blood sugar, low level of the hemoglobin etc,.

Anasas, Pranayama and Meditation its helps to control the obesity as well as lot of

physical and mental problem.

15
1.12 REASON FOR THE SELECTION OF VARIABLES

Obesity among women is increasing day by day because of current life style and

food habits and lack of exercises. Obese women have high cholesterol deposit, more

sweating, lack of flexibility, level of slow processing, increased blood pressure, etc., as

well as hematological problem like increased blood sugar level, decreased hemoglobin

level etc., Thus the investigator has chosen these variables for the present study.

1.13 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The investigator himself being a obese women many time faced a problem over the

selected Physiological and Hematological variables in there life has adopted this study to

find out the best way out to deal with the selected Physiological and Hematological

variables among Obese women. So the that can further add this knowledge in a practical

situation for himself and other obese people suffering through a same problem.

1.14 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The purpose of the study was to find out the Effect of varied packages of Yogic

Practices on the selected Physiological and Hematological variables among Obese

women.

1.15 HYPOTHESES

1. It is hypothesized that there would be significant improvement on the selected

physiological and hematological variables among obese women due to the practice to

Asanas and Pranayama..

2. It is hypothesized that there would be significant improvement on the selected

physiological and hematological variables among obese women due to the practice

Asana and Meditation.

16
1.16 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

The study would have the following significances

a. This study would give an exact idea about Physiological variables like reduce level of

blood pressure, increase peak expiratory flow rate etc.,

b. This study would give an exact idea about Hematological variables like increase

Hemoglobin and reduce blood sugar.

c. This study would help to control the over body weight

d. The result of the study would help to maintain the healthy body.

1.16.1 DEPENDENT VARIABLES

PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLE

1. Blood pressure

2. Peak expiratory flow rate

HEMATOLOGICAL VARIABLE

1. Hemoglobin

2. Blood sugar

1.16.2 INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

1. Control group

2. Asanas and Pranayama group

3. Asanas and Meditation group

1.16 DELIMITATIONS

1. This study was limited only to obese women only.

2. The obese women were from Chennai only.

3. Only selected Yogic practices were used during the research.

17
 4. Duration of training program was six weeks only.

1.18 LIMITATIONS

a. The subject’s medical treatment was not controlled.

b. The diet of the subjects was not considered.

c. The environmental conditions and socio-economic status were ignored.

d. More acute cases were not considered.

1.18 MEANING AND DEFINITION OF THE TERMS

ASANAS

According to Hath Yoga Pradipika, Asanas were the postures or positions in Yoga

practice. The postures or exercises of yoga, designed to help the yogi master control of

the body. In Yoga, the word asana means comfortable, stable pose. (Swami

Muktibodhanada 2008)

PRANAYAMA

According to Hath Yoga Pradipika, Pranayama is a process of regulation and

control over the breath during the inhalation and exhalation. (Swami Muktibodhanada

2008)

MEDITATION

Meditation is a mental discipline by which one attempts to get beyond the

conditioned, "thinking" mind into a deeper state of relaxation or awareness.

(DattaSwami 2007).

BLOOD PRESSURE

Blood pressure is defined as the pressure of blood on the walls of the blood

vessels, barring with age and physical condition. It has two phases:

18
 1. Systolic blood pressure

2. diastolic blood pressure

– (Sharma and Luciano 1998).

PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW RATE

A peak expiratory flow rate is the maximal volume of air which a person can

exhale from the lungs by a forcible expiration after the deeper possible inspiration.

(Strukie 1981).

HEMOGLOBIN

Hemoglobin is an iron-rich protein that gives blood its red color. Hemoglobin helps

red blood cells to carry oxygen from the lungs throughout the body. (Malina M. Robere

2004).

BLOOD SUGAR

Blood sugar is the glucose in the blood. Glucose, transported via the bloodstream

from the intestines to body cells, is the primary source of energy. (Pooja Malhaotra

2007).

19
 CHAPTER – II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The review of literature is instrumental in the formation of hypothesis and to

get a full picture of what done with regard to the problem under study. Such a review

brings about a deep and clear perspective of the overall field. The literature is and field

forms the foundation up on which all future wore will be built. Now a day the educational

program of any type is characterized by reforms and innovative ideas. It seems to be a

necessary one to formulate such a reviews of various scholars work. We can bring out a

deep insight and clear perspective of he overall field in such reviews. Such collected

reviews have been presented in logical order, in order to importance and in sequence of

merit. This chapter is a step to get full picture of what has been done and said with regard

to the problems under study. The review of literature is given as follows.

2.1 STUDIES ON PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES

William Briggs et.al. (2003) Conducted a study on Obesity and exercise habits

of asthmatic patients National guidelines recommend 20 to 30 minutes of exercise 3 to 5

days a week. However, achieving these goals may be challenging for asthmatic patients

whose symptoms are exacerbated by exercise. To describe relationships among exercise

habits, weight, and asthma severity and control in adults with asthma. Results The mean

patient age were 42 years; 75% were women, 62% were college graduates, and 40% were

obese. Only 44% of patients did any exercise. In vicariate analysis, patients with well-

20
controlled asthma were more likely to exercise; however, in multivariate analysis, asthma

control and severity were not associated but male sex (P = .01), having more education

(P = .04), and not being obese (P ≤ .001) were associated. Asthma control and severity

also were not associated with type, duration, or frequency of exercise, but not being

obese was associated in multivariate analyses. Only 22% of all patients (49% of those

who exercised) met national guidelines for weekly exercise. Not being obese was the

only variable associated with meeting guidelines in multivariate analysis (P = .

02).Conclusions Compared with the general population, a lower proportion of asthmatic

patients did any routine exercise and met national exercise guidelines. Physicians need to

manage asthma and obesity to help asthmatic patients meet exercise goals.

James Raub et.al. (2001) The object of the study is Psychophysiologic Effects

of Hatha Yoga on Musculoskeletal and Cardiopulmonary Function, Yoga has become

increasingly popular in Western cultures as a means of exercise and fitness training;

however, it is still depicted as trendy as evidenced by an April 2001 Time magazine

cover story on "The Power of Yoga." There is a need to have yoga better recognized by

the health care community as a complement to conventional medical care. Over the last

10 years, a growing number of research studies have shown that the practice of Hatha

Yoga can improve strength and flexibility, and may help control such physiological

variables as blood pressure, respiration and heart rate, and metabolic rate to improve

overall exercise capacity. This review presents a summary of medically substantiated

information about the health benefits of yoga for healthy people and for people

compromised by musculoskeletal and cardiopulmonary disease.

21
 Maxwell, Rain forth et.al. (2001) Stress Reduction Programs in Patients with

Elevated Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis the object of study is

Substantial evidence indicates that psychosocial stress contributes to hypertension and

cardiovascular disease (CVD). Previous meta-analyses of stress reduction and high blood

pressure (BP) were outdated and/or methodologically limited. Therefore, we conducted

an updated systematic review of the published literature and identified 107 studies on

stress reduction and BP. Seventeen trials with 23 treatment comparisons and 960

participants with elevated BP met criteria for well-designed randomized controlled trials

and were replicated within intervention categories. Meta-analysis was used to calculate

BP changes for biofeedback, −0.8/−2.0 mm Hg (P = NS); relaxation-assisted

biofeedback, +4.3/+2.4 mm Hg (P = NS); progressive muscle relaxation, −1.9/−1.4 mm

Hg (P = NS); stress management training, −2.3/−1.3 mm (P = NS); and the

Transcendental Meditation program, −5.0/−2.8 mm Hg (P = 0.002/0.02). Available

evidence indicates that among stress reduction approaches, the Transcendental Meditation

program is associated with significant reductions in BP. Related data suggest

improvements in other CVD risk factors and clinical outcomes.

Luc Van Gaal, (2002) The object of the study is Overweight, Obesity, and Blood

Pressure: The Effects of Modest Weight Reduction Several large epidemiological studies

have shown an association between body mass index and blood pressure in normal

weight and overweight patients. Weight gain in adult life especially seems to be an

important risk factor for the development of hypertension. Weight loss has been

22
recommended for the obese hypertensive patient and has been shown to be the most

effective no pharmacological treatment approach. However, long-term results of weight

loss programs are disappointing with people often regaining most of the weight initially

lost. In recent years, a modest weight loss, defined as a weight loss of 5% to 10% of

baseline weight, has received increasing attention as a new treatment strategy for

overweight and obese patients. A more gradual and moderate weight loss is more likely to

be maintained over a longer period of time. Several studies have confirmed the blood

pressure-lowering effect of a modest weight loss in both hypertensive and no

hypertensive patients. A modest weight loss can normalize blood pressure levels even

without reaching ideal weight. In patients taking antihypertensive medication, a modest

weight loss has been shown to lower or even discontinue the need for antihypertensive

medication. In patients with high normal blood pressure, a modest weight loss can

prevent the onset of frank hypertension. The blood pressure-lowering effect of weight

loss is most likely a result of an improvement in insulin sensitivity and a decrease in

sympathetic nervous system activity and occurs independent of salt restriction. In

conclusion, a modest weight loss that can be maintained over a longer period of time is a

valuable treatment goal in hypertensive patients.

McCaffrey, (2001) The object of the study is the effects of yoga on hypertensive

persons in Thailand. To determine the effectiveness of a yoga program on blood pressure

and stress, a group of hypertensive patients in Thailand were studied, with the

experimental group showing significantly decreased mean stress scores and blood

pressure, heart rate, and body mass index levels compared with the control group. Further

studies are suggested to determine the effects of yoga on hypertension in Thailand.

23
Guarracino, (2006) Yoga Participation Is Beneficial to Obesity Prevention, Hypertension

Control, and Positive Quality of Life The objective of this study was to evaluate the

effects of hatha and relaxation yoga on obesity, blood pressure, and quality of life.

Seventy healthy women and men aged 18 years or older completed a survey. A

statistically significant body mass index for obesity (30.0) was observed (P < .001). A

significantly lower systolic blood pressure was detected in the 1- to 4-year yoga

participant group as compared to the less than 1 year yoga group (P <.023). The mean

Total Mood Disturbance score was -5.04, indicating the survey participants scored a

positive mood state. Hatha and relaxation yoga had a statistically significant role in

controlling weight, hypertension, and mood.

MadhaviSunitha et.al. (2000) conducted a study to evaluate the efficacy of

Pranayama and yoga asana on body weight and fat fold thickness in Obese women. In the

study 30 obese women were taken and they were classified into 2 groups based on Body

Mass index (BMI)-between 25-30 KG/M2 and more than 30 KG/m2 and then this level

of their weight and skin fold thickness measurements were recorded at triceps, biceps,

sub scapular and suprailiac regions initially, after 30 days & after 90 days respectively.

There was a significant reduction in the body weight at the end of 30 days and 90 days. In

the results, it was concluded that yogic practices helps to control obesity.

Suresh Kumar, (1998) conducted a study on Diet and Exercise in Weight

Control for Obese persons. The case study was conducted on three females in the age

groups of 22-45. They were chosen for the study based on their BMI. The diet and

24
exercise training programme were given for 6 weeks. Post test was conducted and the

result shows there is a significant, reduction in the weight of the obese women, through

Diet and Exercises programme.

Marieke Van Puymbroeck, (2006) The object of the study is A Phase I

Feasibility Study of Yoga on the Physical Health and Coping of Informal

CaregiversFamily and friends who provide unpaid care to an individual with a disease or

disability (known as informal caregivers) experience numerous threats to their physical

health as a result of providing care. In spite of evidence that participation in physical and

leisure activities can be health promoting, informal caregivers have reported diminished

or completely absent leisure participation. Hatha yoga has documented therapeutic

benefits, including reduced anxiety, as well as improved muscle strength and endurance

and flexibility. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of conducting an

8-week yoga program with informal caregivers, and to gather pilot data on the effects of

yoga on the physical fitness and coping of informal caregivers. Caregivers were

randomized into a yoga intervention (n = 8) or control group (n = 9). The yoga sessions

were 2.5 hours/week for 8 weeks and consisted of a variety of pranayama (breathing) and

asana (postures) activities and were led by a certified yoga instructor. Four caregivers

(two in each group) dropped out of the study. After the conclusion of the 8-week yoga

program, lower body strength increased significantly for those in the yoga group and

other notable trends occurred in terms of coping, upper body strength and aerobic

endurance. Caregivers in the control group experienced an unexpected increase in lower

body flexibility. These findings indicate that caregivers in a yoga program may receive

25
some benefits. Future studies are encouraged to test the efficacy of yoga as an

intervention for caregivers.

Marian Garfinkel et.al. (2004) The object of the study is Yoga as a

Complementary Therapy by broadening yoga's application beyond stress-related ailments

to include preventative and curative therapies, physicians today have an advantage in

treating patients' illnesses and disorders. Specifically, yoga therapy complements patients'

traditional medical treatment of osteoarthritis and other bone and joint disorders.

Following anatomical guidelines, yoga teachers can adapt postures (asana) to ensure

patients' organs, joints, and bones are aligned to achieve physiologic changes. Recent

studies performed by this author assessing the effect of yoga therapy on rheumatic

diseases, such as osteoarthritis, and repetitive strain injuries, such as carpal tunnel

syndrome, showed that yoga therapy caused physiologic changes, relieved pain, and

improved motion.

Krista, (2005) The object of the study is Yoga practice is associated with

attenuated weight gain in healthy, middle-aged men and women. To examine whether

yoga practice is associated with lower mean 10-year weight gain after age 45.

Participants included 15,550 adults, aged 53 to 57 years, recruited to the Vitamin and

Lifestyle (VITAL) cohort study between 2000 and 2002. Physical activity (including

yoga) during the past 10 years, diet, height, and weight at recruitment and at ages 30 and

45. All measures were based on self-reporting, and past weight was retrospectively

ascertained. Multiple regression analyses were used to examined covariate-adjusted

26
associations between yoga practice and weight change from age 45 to recruitment, and

polychotomous logistic regression was used to examine associations of yoga practice

with the relative odds of weight maintenance (within 5%) and weight loss (> 5%)

compared to weight gain. Yoga practice for four or more years was associated with a 3.1-

lb lower weight gain among normal weight (BMI < 25) participants [9.5 lbs versus 12.6

Ibs] and an 18.5-lb lower weight gain among overweight participants [-5.0 lbs versus

13.5 Ibs] (both P for trend <.001). Among overweight individuals, 4+ years of yoga

practice was associated with a relative odds of 1.85 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.63-

5.42) for weight maintenance (within 5%) and 3.88 (95% Cl 1.30-9.88) for weight loss (>

5%) compared to weight gain (P for trend .026 and .003, respectively). Regular yoga

practice was associated with attenuated weight gain, most strongly among individuals

who were overweight. Although causal inference from this observational study is not

possible, results are consistent with the hypothesis that regular yoga practice can benefit

individuals who wish to maintain or lose weight.

Madanmohan, (2008) The present study was designed to test whether yoga

training of six weeks duration modulates sweating response to dynamic exercise and

improves respiratory pressures, handgrip strength and handgrip endurance. Out of 46

healthy subjects (30 males and 16 females, aged 17-20 yr), 23 motivated subjects (15

male and 8 female) were given yoga training and the remaining 23 subjects served as

controls. Weight loss following Harvard step test (an index of sweat loss), maximum

inspiratory pressure, maximum expiratory pressure, 40 mm endurance, handgrip strength

and handgrip endurance were determined before and after the six week study period. In

27
the yoga group, weight loss in response to Harvard step test was 64 +/- 30 g after yoga

training as compared to 161 +/- 133 g before the training and the difference was

significant (n = 15 male subjects, P < 0.0001). In contrast, weight loss following step test

was not significantly different in the control group at the end of the study period. Yoga

training produced a marked increase in respiratory pressures and endurance in 40 mm Hg

test in both male and female subjects (P < 0.05 for all comparisons). In conclusion, the

present study demonstrates attenuation of the sweating response to step test by yoga

training. Further, yoga training for a short period of six weeks can produce significant

improvements in respiratory muscle strength and endurance.

Uppal, (1990) conducted a study to determine the effects of interval training and

two continuous load methods on cardio respiratory and selected physiological

parameters. One group was given show continuous running for a period of ten weeks,

five days in a week. The load was increased progressively after every 10 days he found

that (1) all the three group had equal training effects on maximal oxygen uptake, vital

capacity, leg length, positive breath holding and negative breath holding time (2) slow the

continuous and fartlek method result significantly higher improvements in cardio

respiratory endurance when compared to interval training (3) slow continous running and

interval training were superior to fartlek in reducing the resting pulse rate.

28
2.2 STUDIES ON HEMETOLOGICAL VARIABLES

Tenzin Kyizom et.al. (2006). The object of the study is Influence of Pranayamas

and Yoga-asanas on serum insulin, blood glucose and lipid profile in type 2 diabetes

A distinguishable feature of type 2 diabetes besides hyperglycemia and deranged lipid

profile is an impaired insulin secretion, peripheral insulin resistance and obesity which

have become a major health concern worldwide. India with an estimated 31million

diabetics in 2000 and 79mllions by the yr 2030 has the highest number of type 2 diabetics

in the world. In this study, we aimed to see if yoga-asanas and pranayamas have any

influence in modifying certain biochemical parameters. Sixty patients of uncomplicated

type 2 diabetes (age 35–60 yrs of 1–10 yrs duration) were divided into two groups: Group

1 (n=30): performed yoga along with the conventional hypoglycemic medicines and

group 2 (n=30): patients who only received conventional medicines. Duration of the

study was 45 days. Basal recordings of blood glucose (fasting and post-pyramidal), lipid

profile and serum insulin were taken at the time of recruitment and the second reading

after forty five days. Results showed a significant improvement in all the biochemical

parameters in group 1 while group 2 showed significant improvement in only few

parameters, thus suggesting a beneficial effect of yoga regimen on these parameters in

diabetic patients.

Bijlani, (2000) The objective of the study was to study the short-term impact

of a brief lifestyle intervention based on yoga on some of the biochemical indicators of

risk for cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. The variables of interest were

measured at the beginning (day 1) and end (day 10) of the intervention using a pre-post

29
design. The study is the result of operational research carried out in our Integral Health

Clinic (IHC). The IHC is an outpatient facility which conducts 8-day lifestyle

modification programs based on yoga for prevention and management of chronic disease.

A new course begins every alternate week of the year. The study is based on data

collected on 98 subjects (67 male, 31 female), ages 20-74 years. The subjects were a

heterogeneous group of patients with hypertension, coronary artery disease, diabetes

mellitus, and a variety of other illnesses. The intervention consisted of asana (postures),

pranayama (breathing exercises), relaxation techniques, group support, individualized

advice, lectures and films on the philosophy of yoga and the place of yoga in daily life,

meditation, stress management, nutrition, and knowledge about the illness. The outcome

measures were fasting plasma glucose and serum lipoprotein profile. These variables

were determined in fasting blood samples, taken on the first and last day of the course.

Fasting plasma glucose, serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

cholesterol, very- LDL cholesterol, the ratio of total cholesterol to high density

lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and total triglycerides were significantly lower, and HDL

cholesterol significantly higher, on the last day of the course compared to the first day of

the course. The changes were more marked in subjects with hyperglycemia or

hypercholesterolemia. The observations suggest that a short lifestyle modification and

stress management education program leads to favorable metabolic effects within a

period of 9 days.

Sharpe, (2005) the objective of the study is Use of complementary and

alternative medicine for weight control in the United States. The purpose was to assess

the prevalence and correlates of complementary and alternative medicine use for weight

30
control. A list-assisted random-digit-dialed telephone survey of adults was conducted in

the fall of 2002 (n = 11,211). The focus of the study was complementary and alternative

medicine (CAM) use, other than dietary supplements, in the previous 12 months. The

sample of respondents was drawn from the total no institutionalized U.S. adult population

residing in telephone-equipped locations. The sampling procedures were designed to

obtain adequate representation of Hispanic and non-Hispanic black respondents. Data

from the total sample of 11,211 were weighted to achieve an estimate of the U.S.

population. Analyses focused on 372 people who had used CAM within the previous 12

months. Result Of the total, 3.3% (n = 372) had used a CAM therapy in the previous 12

months. Higher adjusted odds ratios for CAM use were found among respondents who

were exercising for weight control; using a lower carbohydrate, higher protein diet; using

a nonprescription weight-loss product(s); overweight; physically active; and not satisfied

with one's body (adjusted for age, race, gender, education, and city size). The most often

used therapies were yoga (57.4%), meditation (8.2%), acupuncture (7.7%), and massage

(7.5%), and Eastern martial arts (5.9%). CAM users used CAM therapies on their own

(62.6%), in a group setting (26.8%) or with a CAM practitioner (10.6%). The use of

CAM therapies other than dietary supplements for weight loss was relatively low. The

most popular therapy was yoga, and the majority of CAM users used CAM therapies on

their own. Persons who had used other weight loss methods had greater odds for using

CAM in the previous 12 months, suggesting that CAM use is often added to other

weight-loss strategies.

31
 Kristal, (2002) Yoga practice is associated with attenuated weight gain in healthy,

middle-aged men and women. Yoga is promoted or weight maintenance, but there is little

evidence of its efficacy. To examine whether yoga practice is associated with lower mean

10-year weight gain after age 45. Participants included 15,550 adults, aged 53 to 57

years, recruited to the Vitamin and Lifestyle (VITAL) cohort study between 2000 and

2002. Physical activity (including yoga) during the past 10 years, diet, height, and weight

at recruitment and at ages 30 and 45. All measures were based on self-reporting, and past

weight was retrospectively ascertained.Multiple regression analyses were used to

examined covariate-adjusted associations between yoga practice and weight change from

age 45 to recruitment, and polychotomous logistic regression was used to examine

associations of yoga practice with the relative odds of weight maintenance (within 5%)

and weight loss (> 5%) compared to weight gain. Result Yoga practice for four or more

years was associated with a 3.1-lb lower weight gain among normal weight (BMI < 25)

participants [9.5 lbs versus 12.6 Ibs] and an 18.5-lb lower weight gain among overweight

participants [-5.0 lbs versus 13.5 Ibs] (both P for trend <.001). Among overweight

individuals, 4+ years of yoga practice was associated with a relative odds of 1.85 (95%

confidence interval [CI] 0.63-5.42) for weight maintenance (within 5%) and 3.88 (95%

Cl 1.30-9.88) for weight loss (> 5%) compared to weight gain (P for trend .026 and .003,

respectively). Regular yoga practice was associated with attenuated weight gain, most

strongly among individuals who were overweight. Although causal inference from this

observational study is not possible, results are consistent with the hypothesis that regular

yoga practice can benefit individuals who wish to maintain or lose weight.

32
 Udupa, (2004) This study reports the effects of yoga training on cardiovascular

response to exercise and the time course of recovery after the exercise. Cardiovascular

response to exercise was determined by Harvard step test using a platform of 45 cm

height. The subjects were asked to step up and down the platform at a rate of 30/min for a

total duration of 5 min or until fatigue, whichever was earlier. Heart rate (HR) and blood

pressure response to exercise were measured in supine position before exercise and at 1,

2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 10 minutes after the exercise. Rate-pressure product [RPP = (HR x

SP)/100] and double product (Do P = HR x MP), which are indices of work done by the

heart were also calculated. Exercise produced a significant increase in HR, systolic

pressure, RPP & DoP and a significant decrease in diastolic pressure. After two months of

yoga training, exercise-induced changes in these parameters were significantly reduced. It

is concluded that after yoga training a given level of exercise leads to a milder

cardiovascular response, suggesting better exercise tolerance.

Vyas, Rashmi et.al. (2002) in this study, respiratory functions, cardiovascular

parameters and lipid profile of those practicing Raja Yoga meditation (short and long

term meditators) were 63 compared with those of nonmeditators. Vital capacity, tidal

volume and breath holding were significantly higher in short and long term mediators

than nonmeditators. Long term meditators has significantly higher vital capacity and

expiratory pressure than short and long term meditators than nonmeditators. Long term

meditators had significantly higher vital capacity and expiratory pressure than short term

meditators. Diastolic blood pressure was significantly lower in both short and long term

meditators as compared to nonmeditators. Heart rate was significantly lower in long term

meditators than in short term meditators and nonmeditators. Lipid profile showed a

33
significant lowering of serum cholesterol in short and long term meditators as compared

to nonmeditators. Lipid profile of short and long term meditators was better than the

profile of nonmeditators inspite ofsimilar physical activity. This shows the Raja Yoga

meditation provides significant improvements in respiratory functions, cardiovascular

parameters and lipid profile.

Halámek et.al. (2003) Postulated that the variability of the phase shift between

blood pressure and heart rate fluctuation near the frequency of 0.10 Hz might be useful in

assessing autonomic circulatory control. Methods and Results: We tested this hypothesis

in 4 groups of subjects: 28 young, healthy individuals; 13 elderly healthy individuals; 25

patients with coronary heart disease; and 19 patients with a planned or implanted

cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD recipients). Data from 5 minutes of free breathing and at 2

different, controlled breathing frequencies (0.10 and 0.33 Hz) were used.

Cleardifferences (P<0.001) in variability of phase were evident between the ICD

recipients and all other groups. Furthermore, at a breathing frequency of 0.10 Hz,

differences in baroreflex sensitivity (P<0.01) also became evident, even though these

differences were not apparent at the 0.33-Hz breathing frequency. Conclusions: The

frequency of 0.10 Hz represents a useful and potentially important one for controlled

breathing, at which differences in blood pressure-RR interactions become evident. These

interactions,whether computed as a variability of phase to define stability of the blood

pressure-heart rate interaction or defined as the baroreflex sensitivity to define the gain in

heart rate response to blood pressure changes, are significantly different in patients at risk

for sudden arrhythmic death. In young versus older healthy individuals, only baroreflex

34
gain is different, with the variability of phase being similar in both groups. These

measurements of short-term circulatory control might help in risk stratification for

sudden cardiac death.

Usmanov et.al. (2008) The Purpose of the study was to identify the Iron

deficiency anemia is a frequent finding in many patients was congestive heart failure

(CHF). To assess the effect of intravensous (i.v.) iron on the anemia of CHF patients and

on cardiac remodeling. New York HEART Association (NYHA) classification and renal

function. Methods : thirty two patients with well- treated CHF which was NYHA class

111- iv and with hemoglobin (Hb) persistently < 11 g/dl, were treated with i.v. iron over

26 weeks. Echocardiographic, hematological and renal parameters were measured at the

beginning and end of the study. Intravenous iron causes a marked increase in hemoglobin

in anemic CHF patients, and an improvement in cardiac remodeling and NYHA

classification.

Llambes et.al. (2008) Conducted a study on the effect of nonsurgical periodontal

treatment, with or without systemic administration of doxycycline, on the metabolic

control of patients with type 1 diabetes, sixty type 1 diabetes subjects with moderate to

severe periodontitis were measured and blood samples were obtained to evaluate

glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAlc). Group 1 (30 patients) was treated with scaling, root

planning, and chlorhexidine rinses for 3 months in conjunction with systemic

administration of doxycycline (100 mg once a day for 15 days). Group 2 (30 patients)

received the same periodontal treatment but without the use of doxycycline. The paired

35
student t- test was used to detect differences between glycosylated hemoglobin means

before and 3 month after periodontal treatment in group 1 and group 2 separately.

Changes in mean HbAlc after treatment were 0.07 % in group 1. Periodontal treatment in

type 1 diabetic patients after 3 months follow- up did not improve metabolic control of

diabetes as measured by glycosylated hemoglobin.

2.3 SUMMARY OF REVIEW LITERATURE

The investigator intended to find out the relationship between the Physiological

and Hematological variables among obese women. It also intended to find out the level

of Physiological and Hematological variables among obese women.

The investigator reviewed a number of related literature as above. From the related

literature presented in this chapter, it was found that there was no attempt made to find

out the effect of Physiological and Hematological variables among obese women.

Hence, the researcher undertook this study.

Most of the studies reported were conducted in the western sector and very few

have been conducted in India. Hence, the researcher made this attempt to study the use of

Physiological and Hematological variables among obese women.

The lacunae identified by the investigator formed the basis to evolve the statement

of the problem, objective of the study and formulation of hypotheses in the succeeding

chapter.

36
 CHAPTER - III

METHODOLOGY

In this chapter the selection of subjects, selection of variables, experimental

design, reliability of the data, instruments reliability, subject reliability, training program,

test administration, collection of data and statistical procedures for the analysis of data

have been described.

3. 1 SELECTION OF THE SUBJECTS

For the purpose of the study 45 obese women, were selected from Chennai city

at random. They were divided into 3 groups based on their BMI, namely

1. Control group

2. Experimental group I (Asanas and Pranayama)

3. Experimental group II (Asanas and Meditation)

3.2 SELECTION OF THE VARIABLES

The investigator reviewed the available scientific literature pertaining to the

study from books, journals, periodicals, magazines and research paper.

Taking into consideration of the feasibility of criteria available, the following

variables were selected.

3.2.1 PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES

1. Blood pressure

2. Peak expiratory flow rate

37
3.2.2 HEMATOLOGICAL VARIABLES

1. Hemoglobin

2. Blood sugar

3.3 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

The subject chosen for this study were divided into three groups. The pre and post

test random group design was used for analysis of the data.

3.4 PILOT STUDY

The pilot study was conducted with fifteen obese women and there difficulties were

noted and rectified. The calculated intra – class correlation of the pilot study shows that

there was significant decrease in Physiological and Hematological variables.

3.5 CRITERION MEASURES

The criterion measures chosen for testing the hypothesis of the study was

Physiological variables the Blood pressure for measuring citizen make digital portable

B.P monitor. Peak expiratory flow rate for measuring Pulmo Peak expiratory flow meter.

Hematological variables was Hemoglobin for measuring standardized lab test. Blood

sugar for measuring standardized lab test.

3.6 RELIABILITY OF THE DATA

The reliability of the data will be ensured by establishing the instrument reliability

and subject reliabilities.

3.7 INSTRUMENT RELIABILITY

1. Blood pressure - citizen make digital portable B.P monitor.

2. Peak expiratory flow rate - Pulmo Peak expiratory flow meter.

3. Hemoglobin - lab test

38
 4. Blood sugar - lab test

3.8 SUBJECT RELIABILITY

The sample subjects were measured in Blood pressure, Peak expiratory flow rate,

Hemoglobin and Blood sugar with same tests by the same investigator. So it would be

considered as reliable.

3.8.1 DEPENDENT VARIABLES

a. Blood pressure

b. Peak expiratory flow rate

b. Hemoglobin

c. Blood sugar

3.8.2 INDEPENDENT VARIABLES

a. Asanas and Pranayama practices

b. Asanas and Meditation practices

39
3.9 TRAINING PROGRAME

3.9.1 WARM UP

a. Surya Namaskar

3.9.2 ASANAS

a. Bhujangasana

b. Hasta Utthanasana

c. Shalabhasana

d. Dhanurasana

e. paschimottansana

f. Ardha Mastsyendrasana

g. Vipareeta Karaniasana

h. Ushtrasana

i. Halasana

1. BHUJANGASANA (Serpent posture)

a. Lie on the floor face downwards. Extend the legs, keeping the feet together. And

the toes pointing out.

b. Rest the palms by the side of the pelvic region.

c. Inhale; press the palms firmly on the floor and pull the trunk up.

d. Take two breaths. Inhale, lift the body up from the trunk until the pubis is in

contact with the floor and stay in this position with the weight on the legs and

palms.

e. Contract the anus and the buttocks, tighten the thighs.

f. Maintain the pose for about 20 seconds, breathing normally.

40
 g. Exhale, bend the elbows and rest the trunk on the floor. Repeat the pose two or

three times and then relax.

2. HASTA UTTHANASANA(Raised arms pose)

a. Stand upright with the feet together. Relax the whole body.

b. Inhale, raise and stretch both arms above the head.

c. Keep the arms separated, shoulder width apart.

d. Bend the head, arms and upper trunk backward.

e. Maintain the pose for about 20 seconds, breathing normally.

f. Exhale, down the arms. Repeat the pose two or three times and then relax.

3. PADAHASTASANA (Hands to foot pose)

a. Stand upright with the feet together. Relax the whole body.

b. Inhale, raise and stretch both arms above the head.

c. Exhale; bend forward until the fingers’ or palms of the hands touch on either side

of the feet.

d. Try to touch the knees with the forehead.

e. Maintain the pose for about 20 seconds, breathing normally.

f. Inhale slowly raise the arms and return to the starting position. Repeat the pose

two or three times and then relax.

4. SHALABHASANA (Locust pose)

a. Lie flat on the stomach with the legs and feet together .

b. The arms may be placed either under the body or by the sides, with the palms

41
 downward of the hands clenched.

c. Stretch the chin slightly forward and rest it on the floor throughout the practice.

d. Inhale slowly raises the legs as high as possible, keeping them straight and

together.

e. Maintain the pose for about 20 seconds, breathing normally.

f. Exhale, slowly lower the legs to the floor. Return to the starting position and relax

the body.

g. Repeat the pose two or three times and then relax.

5. DHANURASANA(Bow pose)

a. Lie flat on the stomach with the legs and feet together and the arms and hands

beside the bod.

b. Bend the knees and bring the heels close to the buttocks.

c. Clasp the hand around the ankles.

d. Inhale, tense the leg muscles and push the feet away from the body. Arch the

back, lifting the thighs, chest and head together.

e. Maintain the pose for about 15 seconds, breathing normally.

f. Exhale; slowly lower the legs muscles chest and head to the floor. Return to the

starting position and repeat the pose two or three times and then relax.

6. PASCHIMOTTANASANA (Back stretching pose)

a. Sit on the floor with the legs outstretched, feet together and hands on the knees.

b. Exhale; slowly bend forward from the hips, sliding the hands down the legs.

Try to grasp the big toes with the finger and thumbs.

42
 c. Maintain the pose for about 15 seconds, breathing normally.

d. Inhale; slowly raise the hands and body and exhale down.

e. Return to the starting position and relax the body.

f. Repeat the pose two or three times and then relax

7. ARDHA MATSYENDRASANA (Half spinal twist)

a. Sit on the floor with the legs stretched out in front of the body.

b. Bend the right leg and place the right foot flat on the floor on the outside of the

left knee.

c. Bend the left leg and bring the foot around to the right buttock. The outside edge

of the foot should be in contact with the floor.

d. Pass the left arm through the space between the chest and the right knee, and place

it against the outside of the right leg.

e. Exhale, slowly twist to the right and bend the right elbow and place the arm

around the back of the waist.

f. The back of the right hand should wrap around the left side of though waist.

g. Maintain the pose for about 25 seconds, breathing normally.

h. Inhale; slowly return to the starting position and repeat the pose two three times

and then relax.

8. VIPAREETA KARANI ASANA (Inverted pose)

a. Lie flat on the back with the legs and feet together in a straight line.

b. Inhale; raise both legs, keeping them straight and together.

c. Move the legs over the body towards the head. Push down on the arms and

hands, raising the buttocks.

43
 d. The palms up, bend the elbows and let the top of the hips rest on the base of

the palms. The hands cup the hips and support the weight of the body.

e. Maintain the pose for about 25 seconds, breathing normally.

f. Exhale; slowly return to the starting position and repeat the pose two or three

times and then relax.

9. USHTRASANA (Camel pose)

a. Sit in vajrasana. Stand on the knees with the arms at the sides.

b. The knees and feet should be together but may ne separated if this is more

comfortable.

c. Exhale; lean backward, slowly reaching for the right heel with the right hand

and then the left heel with the left hand.

d. Push the abdomen forward, trying to keep the thighs vertical, and bend the

head and spine backward as far as possible.

e. The weight of the body should be evenly supported by the legs and arms.

f. Maintain the pose for about 20seconds, breathing normally.

g. Inhale; slowly return to the starting position and repeat the pose two or three

times and then relax.

10. HALASANA(Plough pose)

a. Lie flat on the stomach with the legs and feet together and the arms and hands

beside the body with the palms facing down.

b. Inhale; raise both legs to the vertical position, keeping them straight and

together, using only the abdominal muscles.

c. Press down on the arms and lift the buttocks, rolling the back away from the

44
 floor. Lower the legs over the head. Try to touch the toes to the floor behind

the head.

d. Maintain the pose for about 20seconds, breathing normally.

e. Exhale; slowly return to the starting position and repeat the pose two or three

times and then relax.

3.9.3 PRANAYAMA

3.9.3.1 UJJAYI PRANAYAMA (The psychic breath)

a. Sit in any comfortable meditative asana; keep the head and spine straight.

Close the eyes and relax the whole body.

b. The hands resting of the knees in either chin or jnana mudra.Take the

awareness to the breath in the nostrils and allow the breathing to become

calm and rhythmic.

c. Try to feel that the breath is being drawn in and out though the throat.

d. As the breathing becomes slower and deeper, gently contract the glottis so

that a soft snoring sound like the breathing of a sleeping baby is produced in

the throat.

e. Repeat this two to five times and then relax.

3.9.3.2 BHASTRIKA PRANAYAMA(Bellows breathe)

a. Sit in any comfortable meditative asana; keep the head and spine straight.

45
 Close the eyes and relax the whole body.

b. Raise the right hand and perform nasagra mudra, left hand in chin mudra.

c. Open both nostrils.

d. Breathe in and out forcefully through both nostrils 10 times, mentally

counting each time.

e. Inhale slowly and deeply through both nostrils.

f. Close both nostrils and retain the breath for a few seconds.

g. Breathe out slowly through both nostrils together.

h. Repeat this two or five time and then relax.

3.9.3.3 KAPALBHATI PRANAYAMA(Frontal brain cleansing breath)

a. Sit in any comfortable meditative asana; keep the head and spine straight.

Close the eyes and relax the whole body.

b. The hands resting of the knees in either chin or jnana mudra.

c. Inhale deeply through both nostrils, expanding the abdomen, and exhale

either a forceful contraction of the abdominal muscles. Do not strain.

d. Perform 10 respirations to begin with. Count each respiration mentally.

e. After completing 10 rapid breaths in succession inhale and exhale deeply.

f. This is one round. Practice 3 to 5 rounds.

3.9.4 MEDITATION

1. SILENT MEDITATION

a. Sit in any comfortable meditative asana.

46
 b. Keep the head and spine straight.

c. Close the eyes and relax the whole body.

d. The hands resting of the knees in either chin or jnana mudra.

e. Try to relax your mind; do not allow any thoughts in your mind.

f. Think about your inner body.

g. Maintain this 5 to 15 minutes,

h. And slowly retain to the normal.

2. OM KAR MEDITATION

e. Sit in any comfortable meditative asana.

f. Keep the head and spine straight.

g. Close the eyes and relax the whole body.

h. The hands resting of the knees in either chin or jnana mudra.

i. Slowly inhale and say OM to exhale, how long you can.

j. Maintain this 5 to 15 minutes,

k. And slowly retain to the normal.

3. BREATHING MEDITATION

a. Sit in any comfortable meditative asana.

b. Keep the head and spine straight.

c. Close the eyes and relax the whole body.

d. The hands resting of the knees in either chin or jnana mudra.

e. Concentrate to the breathing; do not allow any thoughts in your mind.

f. Slowly inhale and slowly to exhale.

47
 g. Maintain this 5 to 15 minutes,

h. And slowly retain to the normal.

3.10 TEST ADMINISTRATION

3.10.1 BLOOD PRESSURE

Purpose

The purpose of this test was to measure the systolic and diastolic blood pressure at rest.

Equipment

Citizen make digital portable B.P monitor.

Procedure

A sphygmomanometer and a stethoscope were used to measure blood pressure

(systolic and diastolic). The subjects were asked to be in sitting position throughout the

test.

The left upper arm of the subjects was concircled by an inflatable rubber bag

which was connected to pressure pump and manometer. By pumping air, the pressure in

the bag was rapidly raised approximately to 200mmHg, which was sufficient to

48
completely obliterate the brachial artery so that no blood comes through and the radial

pulse disappeared. The pressure was then lowered to a point where the pulse could be felt

by using a stethoscope, pulsating of the brachial artery at the bend of the elbow could be

distinctly heard. At this particular point pressure shown on the dial was considered to be

the systolic pressure.

The pressure on the brachial artery was then gradually reduced until the arterial

pulse rate beats could be distinctly heard and particular point at which the sound

disappeared was taken as the diastolic pressure.(Ambika Shanmugam 2001).

3.10.2 PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW RATE

Purpose

The purpose of this test was to find out the maximum quantity of air that can be

expired after a full inspiration.

Equipment

A peak expiratory flow rate meter and mouth pieces.

Procedure

A peak expiratory flow rate was measured in liters. The subjects were asked to

take a deep breath for test: there after the fullest possible inhalation, the subject exhaled

slowly and steadily bending forward over the hose till the air within her control was

expelled.

Care was taken to prevent air from escaping either through nose or around the edges

of mouth piece and was also ensured that a second breath was not taken by the subject

49
during the test. In case of doubt the test was repeated. Care was taken to lower the drum

without spilling the water, each time after use. (Ambika Shanmugam 2001)

3.10.3 HAEMOGLOBIN

Purpose

To find out the percentage of hemoglobin concentration in the blood. To assess the

hemoglobin concentration was estimated by Sahil’s haemometer method.

Equipment

Sahil’s heamometer consists of a graduated tube, glass stirrer and brown glass

colour standard, Hydrochloric acid, distilled water 20 cm pipette.

Procedure

Two ml of EDTA blood from the subjects were taken in a test tube and 5 ml of

Drabkin’s solution was also added to the test tube, stopper tube by means of a rubber

bung and fix the solution through inverting several times.

1. Allowed it to stand for 10 minutes at room temperature.

2. Compared the values with the standard in a photo electric calorimeter.

50
 3. Drabkin’s solution was a mixture of 18 ml solution bicarbonate, 0.2 gm of

potassium cyanide and 0.2 gm of potassium ferricyanide and 1 liter of distilled water.

(Ambika Shanmugam 2001)

3.10.4 BLOOD SUGAR

Purpose

The purpose of this test was to find out the level of sugar in blood.

Equipment

Enzyme Reagent, incubator, Photoclorimeter.

Procedure

The test is started with collection of a sample of blood. And 1ml of working

enzyme regent to added the 0.01ml of serum to mixed well. And put into Incubate at 37

degree Celsius for 15 minutes. Then measure the absorption of test. And against blank on

a Photocolorimeter with a green filter. (Ambika Shanmugam 2001)

3.11 COLLECTION OF DATA

the data was collected form 45 obese women which were divided into there

groups each 15 obese women namely control group, Asanas and Pranayama group and

Asanas and Meditation group seleted at random, by using the standardized body mass

index test.

3.12 STATISTICAL TECHNIQUE

Analysis of covariances ANCOVA was used to find out the significant

improvement in Blood pressure, Peak expiratory flow rate, Hemoglobin and Blood sugar

among Asanas and Pranayamas, Asanas and Meditations among Obese women.

51
 CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 OVERVIEW

This chapter deals with the analysis of data collected from the samples

under study. This research was to find out the effect of varied packages of Yogic Practices

on the selected Physiological and Hematological variables among obese women. For the

purpose of the study 45 obese women, were selected from Chennai city at random. They

were divided into three groups based on their BMI, one group served as Asanas and

Pranayama group, second group served as Asanas and Meditation group, third group

served as control group. The selected subjects were measured of their physiological

variables peak expiratory flow rate, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure.

Hematological variables, hemoglobin and blood sugar.

The interventional training programmes for this study were six weeks

Asanas and Pranayama practice for experimental group I and six weeks Asanas and

Meditations for experimental group II and the control group was not given any practice.

Data were collected on the selected physiological and hematological variables before and

after the training period of six weeks. The differences between the initial and final scores

in selected physiological variables and hematological variables were subjected to

statistical treatment using Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to find out whether the

mean difference were significant or not.

52
4.2 TEST OF SIGNIFICANCE

This is the vital portion of thesis achieving the conclusion by examining the

hypotheses. The procedure of testing the hypotheses was either by accepting the

hypotheses or rejecting the same in accordance with the results obtained in relation to the

level of confidence.

The test was usually called the test of significance since we test whether the

differences between three groups or within many groups’ scores were significant or not.

In this study, if the obtained F value was greater than the table value, the null hypothesis

would be rejected; if the obtained F value was less than the table value then the null

hypothesis would be rejected.

4.3 LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

The subjects were compared on the effect of varied packages of Yogic Practices

on the selected Physiological and Hematological variables among Obese women. The

analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to find out the significant difference if any,

between the groups on selected criterion variables separately. In all the cases, .05 level of

confidence was fixed to test the significance, which was considered as appropriate.

53
 4.4 COMPUTION OF ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE AND POST HOL TEST

4.5 RESULTS ON SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE

The statistical analysis comparing the initial and final means of systolic blood

pressure due to Asanas, Pranayama and Meditations among obese women is presented in

Table I.

TABLE I

COMPUTATION OF ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE OF

SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE

(Scores in mm/Hg)

Asana and Asana and control

Test Pranayama Meditation Group SV SS df MS F

Pre test 117.8 120.40 118.4667 between 54.71 2 27.356 1.35

within 853.73 42 20.33
Post test 109.3333 115.4 118.40 between 640.04 2 320.02 24.41*
within 550.53 42 13.11
Adjusted 109.75 114.83 118.56 between 583.16 2 291.58 28.68*
within 426.964 41 10.17
Mean

gain 8.466667 5.00 0.07

Table f- ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for (2) (41) = 3.21.

* Significant.

As shown in table I, the obtained F value on the scores of pre test means 1.35 was

less than the required F value,3.21 which proved that the random assignment of the

subjects were successful and their scores in systolic blood pressure before the training

were equal and there was no significant differences.

The analysis of post test means proved that the obtained f value of 24.41 was
54
greater than the required value to 3.21 to be significant at 0.05 level.

Taking into consideration of the pre test means and post test means adjusted

post test means were determined and analysis of covariance was done and the obtained F

value 28.68 was greater than the required value of 3.21 and hence it was accepted that the

Asana, Pranayama and Meditations reduced the systolic blood pressure of the subjects.

Since significant improvements were recorded, the results were subjected to post

hoc analysis using Scheff’s Confidence interval test. The results were presented in

Table I A.

TABLE I A

Scheffe’s Confidence Interval Test Scores on Systolic Blood Pressure

(Scores in mmHg)

Asana and Asana and

Control Group Meditation Prayanama MD CI

55
 118.47 114.83 - 3.64 2.82

118.47 - 109.75 8.72 9.54*

- 114.83 109.75 5.08 5.90*

* Significant

From table I A it was proved that there was significant difference between Asasnas

and Pranayama and Control group.

It was also found that there was significant difference between Asasnas and

Pranayama, Asanas and Meditation groups and control group.

The ordered adjusted means were presented through bar diagram for better

understanding of the results of this study in figure I.

FIGURE I

BAR DIAGRAM ON ORDERED ADJUSTED MEANS OF

SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE

(Scores in mm/Hg)

56
4.5.1 Discussion on the Findings of Systolic Blood Pressure

Systolic blood pressure was measured through lab test. The results presented in

Table I showed significant differences in the adjusted means as the obtained f value was

greater than the required f value.

The post hoc analysis of obtained ordered adjusted means proved that there was

57
significant differences existed between control group and Asanas and Pranayama, control

group and Asana and Meditation group. This proved that due to six weeks Asanas and

Pranayama practice, systolic blood pressure has been reduced significantly.

4.6 RESULTS ON DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE

The statistical analysis comparing the initial and final means of diastolic blood

pressure due to Asanas, Pranayama and Meditations among Obese women is presented in

Table II.

TABLE II

58
 COMPUTATION OF ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE ON

DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE

(Scores in mm/Hg)

Asana and Asana and Control

Test Pranayama Meditation Group SV SS df MS F

Pre test 93.06667 93.27 92.2 Between 9.64 2 4.822 0.16

Within 1256.27 42 29.91
Post test 81.46667 90.53333 91.27 Between 893.91 2 446.96 17.91*
Within 1048.40 42 24.96
Adjusted 81.29 90.19 91.79 Between 959.43 2 479.72 93.28*
Within 216.004 41 5.14
Mean

gain 11.6 2.73 0.93

Table f- ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for (2) (41) = 3.21.

* Significant.

As shown in table II, the obtained F value on the scores of pre test means 0.16

was less than the required F value, which proved that the random assignment of the

subjects were successful and their scores in diastolic blood pressure before the training

were equal and there was no significant differences.

The analysis of post test means proved that the obtained f value of 17.91 was

greater than the required value to 3.21 to be significant at 0.05 level.

Taking into consideration of the pre test means and post test means adjusted

post test means were determined and analysis of covariance was done and the obtained F

value 93.28 was greater than the required value of 3.21 and hence it was accepted that the

Asanas, Pranayama and Meditation reduced the diastolic blood pressure of the subjects.
59
 Since significant improvements were recorded, the results were subjected to post

hoc analysis using Scheff’s Confidence interval test. The results were presented in

Table II A.

TABLE II A

Scheffe’s Confidence Interval Test Scores on Diastolic Blood Pressure

(Scores in mm/Hg)

Asana and Asana And

Control Group Meditation Meditation MD CI

91.79 90.19 - 1.60 1.01

91.79 - 81.29 10.50 11.09*

- 90.19 81.29 8.90 9.49*

* Significant

From table I A it was proved that there was significant difference between Asanas and
60
Pranayama and Control group.

It was also found that there was significant difference between Asasnas and

Pranayama and Asanas Meditation groups and Asanas Meditation groups and control

group.

The ordered adjusted means were presented through bar diagram for better

understanding of the results of this study in figure II.

FIGURE II

BAR DIAGRAM ON ORDERED ADJUSTED MEANS OF

DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE

(Scores in mm/Hg)

61
4.6.1 Discussion on the Findings of Diastolic Blood Pressure

Diastolic blood pressure was measured through lab test. The results presented in

Table II showed significant differences in the adjusted means as the obtained f value was

greater than the required f value.

The post hoc analysis of obtained ordered adjusted means proved that there was

significant differences existed between control group and Asanas and Pranayama, control

62
group and Asana and Meditation group. This proved that due to six weeks Asanas and

Pranayama practice, Diastolic blood pressure has been reduced significantly.

4.7 RESULTS ON HEMOGLOBIN

The statistical analysis comparing the initial and final means of Hemoglobin due

to Asanas, Pranayama and Meditations among Obese women is presented in Table III.

TABLE III

COMPUTATION OF ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE OF

HEMOGLOBIN

63
 (Scores in grm)

Asana and Asana And Control

Test Pranayama Meditation Group SV SS df MS F

Pre test 11.66667 11.77 11.05333 Between 4.53 2 2.265 2.92

Within 32.58 42 0.78
Post test 13.68 12.18 10.82 Between 61.40 2 30.70 38.66*
Within 33.35 42 0.79
Adjusted 13.53 11.94 11.20 Between 40.36 2 20.18 94.70*
Within 8.950 41 0.21
Mean

gain -2.01333 -0.41 0.23

Table f- ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for (2) (41) = 3.21.

* Significant.

As shown in table III, the obtained F value on the scores of pre test means 2.92

was less than the required F value, which proved that the random assignment of the

subjects were successful and their scores in hemoglobin before the training were equal

and there was no significant differences.

The analysis of post test means proved that the obtained f value of 38.66 was

greater than the required value to 3.21 to be significant at 0.05 level.

Taking into consideration of the pre test means and post test means adjusted

post test means were determined and analysis of covariance was done and the obtained F

value 94.70 was greater than the required value of 3.21 and hence it was accepted that the

Asanas, Pranayama and Meditation increased the hemoglobin of the subjects.

Since significant improvements were recorded, the results were subjected to post
64
hoc analysis using Scheff’s Confidence interval test. The results were presented in

Table III A.

TABLE III A

Scheffe’s Confidence Interval Test Scores on hemoglobin

(Scores in grm)

Asana and Asana and Control

Pranayama Meditaton Group MD CI

13.53 11.94 - 1.59 1.47

13.53 - 11.20 2.33 2.45*

- 11.94 11.20 0.74 0.86

* Significant

From table III A it was proved that there was significant difference between Asanas and
65
Pranayama and Control group.

It was also found that there was significant difference between Asanas and

Pranayama and Asanas Meditation groups and Asanas Meditation groups and control

group.

The ordered adjusted means were presented through bar diagram for better

understanding of the results of this study in figureIII.

FIGURE III

BAR DIAGRAM ON ORDERED ADJUSTED MEANS OF

HEMOGLOBIN

(Scores in grm)

66
4.7.1 Discussion on the Findings of Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin was measured through lab test. The results presented in Table III

showed significant differences in the adjusted means as the obtained f value was greater

than the required

f value.

The post hoc analysis of obtained ordered adjusted means proved that there was

significant differences existed between control group and Asanas and Pranayama, control

group and Asanas and Meditation group. This proved that due to six weeks Asanas and

Pranayama practice, Hemoglobin has been increased significantly.

67
 4.8 RESULTS ON PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW RATE

The statistical analysis comparing the initial and final means of Peak expiratory

flow rate due to Asanas, Pranayama and Meditation among Obese women is presented in

Table IV.

TABLE IV

COMPUTATION OF ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE OF

PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW RATE

(Scores in lit/ min)

Asana and Asana And Control

Test Pranayama Meditation Group SV SS df MS F

Pre test 232.6667 260.67 259.3333 between 7484.44 2 3742.222 1.59
within 99080.00 42 2359.05
Post test 294 307.3333 259.33 between 18417.78 2 9208.89 4.95*
within 78146.67 42 1860.63
Adjusted 308.58 299.51 252.58 between 26438.30 2 13219.15 37.66*
within 8765.4 41 351.00
Mean

gain -61.3333 -46.67 0.00

Table f- ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for (2) (41) = 3.21.

* Significant.

68
 As shown in table IV, the obtained F value on the scores of pre test means 1.59

was less than the required F value, which proved that the random assignment of the

subjects were successful and their scores in Peak expiratory flow rate before the training

were equal and there was no significant differences.

The analysis of post test means proved that the obtained f value of 4.95 was

greater than the required value to 3.21 to be significant at 0.05 level.

Taking into consideration of the pre test means and post test means adjusted post

test means were determined and analysis of covariance was done and the obtained F

value 37.66 was greater than the required value of 3.21 and hence it was accepted that the

Asanas, Pranayama and Meditation increased the Peak expiratory flow rate of the

subjects.

Since significant improvements were increased, the results were subjected to post

hoc analysis using Scheff’s Confidence interval test. The results were presented in

Table IV A.

69
 TABLE IV A

Scheffe’s Confidence Interval Test Scores on Peak expiratory flow rate

(Scores in lit/ min)

Asana and Asana and Control

Pranayama Meditation Group MD CI

308.58 299.51 - 9.07 4.23

308.58 - 252.58 56.00 60.84*

- 299.51 252.58 46.93 51.77*

*Significant

From table IV A it was proved that there was significant difference between Asanas

and Pranayama and Control group.

It was also found that there was significant difference between Asanas and

Pranayama and Asanas Medication groups and Asanas Medication groups and control

group.

The ordered adjusted means were presented through bar diagram for better

understanding of the results of this study in figure IV.

FIGURE IV

70
 BAR DIAGRAM ON ORDERED ADJUSTED MEANS OF

PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW RATE

(Scores in lit/ min)

4.8.1 Discussion on the Findings of Peak expiratory flow rate

Peak expiratory flow rate was measured through lab test. The results presented in
71
Table IV showed significant differences in the adjusted means as the obtained f value was

greater than the required f value.

The post hoc analysis of obtained ordered adjusted means proved that there was

significant differences existed between control group and Asanas and Pranayama, control

group and Asanas and Meditation group. This proved that due to six weeks Asanas and

Pranayama practice, Peak expiratory flow rate has been increased significantly.

4.9 RESULTS ON BLOOD SUGAR

The statistical analysis comparing the initial and final means of Blood sugar due

72
 to Asanas, Pranayama and Meditations among Obese women is presented in Table V.

TABLE V

COMPUTATION OF ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE OF BLOOD SUGAR

(Scores in mgs/dl)

Asana and Asana And Control

Test Pranayama Meditation Group SS SS df MS F

Pre test 98.33333 88.07 99.06667 between 1134.71 2 567.356 1.19
within 20023.20 42 476.74
Post test 92.2 88.66667 99.60 between 933.91 2 466.96 1.61*
within 12145.33 42 289.17
Adjusted 89.91 93.78 96.78 between 355.99 2 177.99 4.33*
within 1727.790 41 41.14
Mean gain 6.133333 -0.60 -0.53

Table f- ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for (2) (41) = 3.21.

* Significant.

As shown in table V, the obtained F value on the scores of pre test means 1.19 was

less than the required F value, which proved that the random assignment of the subjects

were successful and their scores in Blood sugar before the training were equal and there

was no significant differences.

The analysis of post test means proved that the obtained f value of 1.61was

greater than the required value to 3.21 to be significant at 0.05 level.

Taking into consideration of the pre test means and post test means adjusted

post test means were determined and analysis of covariance was done and the obtained F

value 4.33 was greater than the required value of 3.21 and hence it was accepted that the

Asanas, Pranayama and Meditation increased the Blood sugar of the subjects.

73
 Since significant improvements were recorded, the results were subjected to post

hoc analysis using Scheff’s Confidence interval test. The results were presented in

Table V A.

TABLE V A

Scheffe’s Confidence Interval Test Scores on Blood Sugar

(Scores in mgs/ dl)

Control Asana and Asana and

Group Meditation meditation MD CI

96.78 93.78 - 3.00 1.34

74
 96.78 - 89.91 6.87 8.53*

- 93.78 89.91 3.87 5.53*

* Significant

From table V A it was proved that there was significant difference between

Asanas and Pranayama and Control group.

It was also found that there was significant difference between Asanas and

Pranayama and Asanas Meditation groups and Asanas Meditation groups and control

group.

The ordered adjusted means were presented through bar diagram for better

understanding of the results of this study in figure V.

FIGURE V

BAR DIAGRAM ON ORDERED ADJUSTED MEANS OF

BLOOD SUGAR

(Scores in mgs/ dl)

75
4.9.1 Discussion on the Findings of Blood Sugar

Blood sugar was measured through lab test. The results presented in Table V

showed significant differences in the adjusted means as the obtained f value was greater

than the required

f value.

The post hoc analysis of obtained ordered adjusted means proved that there

was significant differences existed between control group and Asanas and Pranayama,

control group and Asanas and Meditation group. This proved that due to six weeks
76
Asanas and Pranayama practice, Blood sugar has been reduced significantly.

4.10 DISCUSSION ON HYPOTHESES

The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of Yogic practices on the

selected physiological and hematological variables among obese women.

The findings of this study proved that there was significant improvement in

experimental group compared to control group. There was significant reduction in,

systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure due to Asana and Pranayama practices.

Hence, the hypothesis was accepted.

The results proved that physiological variables peak expiratory flow rate were

77
significantly improved due to Asanas and Pranayama practices. Hence, the Null

hypothesis was accepted.

The results proved that hematological variables hemoglobin, were significantly

improved due to Asanas and Pranayama practices. Hence, hypothesis was rejected.

The results proved that hematological variables blood sugar, were significantly

reduced due to Asanas and Pranayama practices. Hence, the hypothesis was accepted.

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 SUMMARY

This research was to find out the effect of varied packages of Yogic

Practices on the selected Physiological and Hematological variables among obese

women. For the purpose of the study 45 obese women were selected from Chennai city at

random. They were divided based on their BMI, They were assigned into three groups of

78
which one group served as Asanas and Pranayama group, second group served as Asanas

ans Meditation group, third group served as control group. The selected subjects were

measured of their physiological variables, peak expiratory flow rate, systolic blood

pressure and diastolic blood pressure, Hematological variables, hemoglobin and blood

sugar.

The interventional training programmes for this study were given for six

weeks Asanas and Pranayama for experimental group I and Asanas and Meditations for

experimental group II and the control group was not given practice of the routine. Data

were collected on the selected Physiological and Hematological variables before and after

the training period of six weeks. The differences between the initial and final scores in

selected physiological variables and hematological variables were subjected to statistical

treatment using Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to find out whether the mean

differences were significant or not.

In this study, if the F value was greater than the table value, the Null hypothesis

was rejected. If the obtained F value was less than the table value, then the Null

hypothesis was accepted. In all cases, 0.05 level of confidence was fixed to test the

significance which was considered as appropriate.

The results of this study proved that there was a significant difference due to

Asana, Pranayama and Meditation in physiological variables: peak expiratory flow rate,

systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and hematological variables:

hemoglobin, blood sugar.

79
5.2 CONCLUSIONS

Within the limitations and delimitations, the following conclusions were drawn:

1. It was concluded that there was a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure

and diastolic blood pressure among the Asana and Pranayama group compared to

control group.

2. It was concluded that there was a significant improvement in Peak expiratory flow

rate among the Asanas and Pranayama group compared to control group.

3. It was concluded that there was a significant improvement in Hemoglobin among

the Asanas and Pranayama group compared to control group.

4. It was concluded that hematological variable blood sugar was significantly

decreased among the Asanas and Pranayama group compared to control group.

5. It was concluded that Asanas and Meditation had a significant improvement on

peak expiratory flow rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure as

blood sugar and hemoglobin the results compared to control group.

6. It was concluded that hematological variable blood sugar was significantly

decreased among the Asanas and Pranayama group compared to Asanas and

Meditation group.

7. It was concluded that there was a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure

and diastolic blood pressure among the Asana and Pranayama group compared to

Asanas and Meditation group.

8. It was concluded that there was a significant improvement in Peak expiratory flow

rate among the Asanas and Pranayama group compared to Asanas and Meditation

80
 group.

9. It was concluded that there was a significant improvement in Hemoglobin among

the Asanas and Pranayama group compared to Asanas and Meditation group.

5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS

1. In this study, it was found that there was significant improvement in selected

physiological and hematological variables due to Asanas, Pranyama and

Meditation, hence it was recommended that these Asanas, Pranqyama and

Medication practices may be included in the daily routine of the obese women.

These practices will help to improve their physiological and hematological

variables.

2. These practices help to retain the normal body forever.

3. These practices will help to improve the physiological and hematological

variables among school children, college students and other public sectors.

4. Other variables may be considered for future studies.

5. other Yogic techniques may be given for future studies

6. other training method may be attempted for further future studies.

7. Yogic practices may be included in the educational institution also.

8. Yogic practices may be included in the school curriculum.

9. Yogic practices may be introduced as a scheme by he government for the health

improvement of the public.

5.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH

81
1. It was recommended that a similar study may be conducted with larger

samples which would support the findings of this study.

2. Similar study may be conducted among men, childhood obese persons also.

3. Similar study may be undertaken and its influences on psychological

parameters may also be assessed.

4. Similar study may be conducted on other physical disorders too.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS

Ambika Shanmugam (2001), Fundamental of Biochemistry For Medical

Student Chenni: Sterling publication, PP.134 - 230.

B K S Iyengar. (2008), Light on Yoga New Delhi Harper Collins Publications,

PP.120- 402.

82
 Leslie Kaminoff. (2007), Yoga Anatomy United States of America: Human

Kinetics, PP. 35- 60.

Meghna Virk Bains. (2007), Yoga for Women New Delhi: Pustak Mahal

Publications, PP. 33-120.

Pooja Malhaotra. (2007), Calories New Delhi, Sterling publication Pvt.Ltd:

PP.16- 56.

Swami Muktibodhanada. (2008), Hatha Yoga Pradipika Bihar,

Yoga Publication Trust: PP. 5-125.

Swami Satyananda Saraswati. (2006), Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha

Bihar, Yoga Publication Trust: PP. 56- 313.

JOURNALS

EL. Smith and C.Gilligan, (1989), “Calcium Supplementation and Bone Loss in Middle-

Aged women”, Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

Jothi and Mangayarkarasi, (2004), “Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Selected

Physiological Variables of Pregnant Women”, Journal of Physical Education and

Exercise Sciences.

83
Kotowicz MA(1990) “Effect of age on variables relating to calcium and phosphorus

metabolism in women.”, Journal of Sports Medicine.

Ian R.Reid and Ruth W.Ames, “Effect of Calcium Supplementation on Bone- Loss in

Postmenopausal Women”, Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

Nicola Di Daniele, Maria Grazia Carbonel,(2001) “ Effect of supplementation of calcium

and Vitamin D on bone mineral density and bone mineral content in pre- and post-

menopause women”, Journal of Human Nutrition.

CONFERENCE/ SEMINAR PAPERS

(UNPUBLISHED)

Agnes Princy, and S.Sudan Paulraj (2008), Effect of Yogasana on Temperature

Resting Heart Rate”, A Paper Presented at the International Conference and

Exhibition on Sports Technology.

Gopinath, V. (2008), “Effect of Aerobic Exercise (Sub maximal) on Biochemical

84
 Parameters”, A Paper Presented at the International Conference of Exhibition

on Sports Technology.

Selvalaksmi, (2007), “Effect of Varied aerobic Training Programme on Obese

women in IT Companies” , A Paper Presented at the National Seminar on

Multinational Futuristic Approach to Excellence in Physical Education and

Sports.

Selvam V and Sudha, (2008), “Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Selected

Physiological Variables among College girls”, A Paper Presented at National

Seminar on Professional and Scientific Approaches in Physical Education

and Sports Sciences.

WEBSITES

www.pubmed.com

www.FatAbsorbindia.com

www.liebertpub.com

www.wikipedia.org.com

85
 APPENDIX-A

RAW SCORES ON SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE

(Score in Mm/Hg)

86
 Asanas and
Asanas and
Medetation Control Group
S.No Pranayama Group
Group
Initial Final Initial Final Initial Final
1 120 108 122 110 118 118
2 116 107 119 113 115 115
3 118 108 118 115 120 120
4 116 110 120 112 115 115
5 118 104 121 112 120 120
6 120 106 120 109 119 118
7 118 112 118 116 112 120
8 117 110 116 113 118 118
9 117 110 120 118 115 115
10 125 111 116 110 116 116
11 110 111 120 119 122 122
12 125 110 125 123 119 119
13 130 115 130 127 118 118
14 121 111 129 120 120 120
15 111 107 118 114 121 122

APPENDIX-B

RAW SCORES ON DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE

(Score in Mm/Hg)

87
 Asanas and
Asanas and
Meditation Control Group
S.No Pranayama Group
Group
Initial Final Initial Final Initial Final
1 90 80 89 87 88 87
2 92 81 88 85 91 90
3 88 79 85 82 87 88
4 92 80 95 93 93 92
5 100 82 99 95 101 110
6 94 80 97 95 99 98
7 100 83 109 108 101 99
8 99 81 100 95 97 96
9 96 80 93 90 94 93
10 88 80 89 85 89 88
11 92 85 89 88 90 91
12 90 83 95 93 94 90
13 89 80 85 82 80 80
14 94 85 94 90 90 89
15 92 83 92 90 89 88

88
 APPENDIX-C

RAW SCORES ON PEAK EXPIRATORY FIOW RATE

(Score in lit/min)

Asanas and
Asanas and
Medetation Control Group
Pranayama Group
S.No Group
Initi
Initial Final Initial Final Final
al
1 200 340 280 320 240 240
2 250 310 230 280 250 240
3 440 460 250 300 280 280
4 200 230 280 350 300 290
5 180 210 260 340 240 250
6 350 390 250 300 310 300
7 240 300 280 310 260 270
8 250 300 260 300 290 290
9 180 260 290 300 230 250
10 240 280 300 330 190 190
11 170 240 240 310 210 200
12 210 280 250 290 290 280
13 170 240 240 290 250 260
14 230 290 270 310 270 280
15 180 280 230 280 280 270

89
 APPENDIX-D

RAW SCORES ON HAEMOGLOBIN

(Score in gms)

90
 Asanas and
Asanas and
Meditation Control Group
S.No Pranayama Group
Group
Initial Final Initial Final Initial Final
1 12.0 14.6 11.5 12.0 10.9 10.8
2 11.0 13.0 11.0 11.2 10.1 10.1
3 13.0 14.0 12.0 12.2 11.0 11.0
4 12.1 13.0 12.5 12.9 12.5 12.0
5 11.0 13.9 11.0 11.2 10.0 10.0
6 10.4 12.0 12.0 12.5 9.9 9.8
7 11.5 13.0 12.0 12.5 11.9 11.0
8 11.0 14.6 13.0 13.5 11.0 11.0
9 12.0 14.0 13.5 13.9 13.0 12.5
10 11.5 13.0 10.7 14.0 11.0 11.0
11 12.5 14.6 11.5 11.1 10.0 10.0
12 12.5 14.5 11.0 11.9 11.5 11.5
13 12.0 13.9 11.0 11.5 11.5 11.0
14 11.5 14.6 10.9 11.3 10.5 10.0
15 11.0 12.5 10.5 11.1 11.0 10.5

APPENDIX-E

RAW SCORES ON BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL

(Score in mg/dl)

91
 Asanas and
Asanas and
Meditation Control Group
S.No Pranayama Group
Group
Initial Final Initial Final Initial Final
1 98 80 89 90 151 141
2 98 94 99 98 166 138
3 185 164 81 81 118 112
4 85 79 110 110 86 99
5 83 81 89 88 81 80
6 98 93 91 95 93 92
7 89 87 84 85 85 82
8 90 86 80 80 82 92
9 85 83 82 81 85 85
10 98 94 80 81 88 78
11 100 89 85 85 77 89
12 82 80 87 87 78 105
13 80 80 85 85 109 99
14 102 91 90 91 96 94
15 112 102 89 93 91 108

92