ODE HW 2.1 SOLUTION PDF
ODE HW 2.1 SOLUTION PDF
ODE HW 2.1 SOLUTION PDF
where A is a constant.
(b) If g(t) is not everywhere zero, assume that the solution of
Eq. (i) is of the form
h Z i
y = A(t) exp − p(t)dt , (iii)
(c) Find A(t) from Eq. (iv). Then substitute for A(t) in Eq.
(iii) and determine y. Verify that the solution obtained
in this manner agrees with that of Eq. (33) in the text.
This technique is known as the method of variation of
parameters.
[§2.1 #38]
Proof.
0
(a) If g(t) = 0 for all t, then the equation becomes
R t y + p(t)y
=
0. The integrating factor is µ(t) = exp p(s)ds . And
the equation can be written as
hZ t i hZ t hZ t i 0
0
exp p(s)ds y +p(t) exp p(s)ds y = exp p(s)ds y = 0
Hence
hZ t i
0
A (t) = g(t) exp p(s)ds
Rt
(c) Since A0 (t) = g(t) exp
p(s)ds , we have that
Z t hZ s i Z t Rs
A(t) = g(s) exp p(τ )dτ ds = g(s)e p(τ )dτ ds
Hence
h Z t i Z t Rs Rt
y(t) = A(t) exp − p(s)ds = g(s)e p(τ )dτ ds · e− p(s)ds
Z t Rs
= g(s)e t p(τ )dτ ds
Rt
By letting µ(t) = exp p(s)ds , then the expression of
y(t) is exactly the same with Eq. (33) in the text book.
1−v
Z Z
dx
2
dv = ⇒ ln |2 − v| + 3 ln |2 + v| = −4 ln |x| + C0
v −4 x
1
⇒ ln |(2 − v)(2 + v)3 | = ln 4 + C0
x
⇒ x4 |v − 2||v + 2|3 = C
where C = eC0 for some constant C0 . Thus the general
solution v(x) for Eq. (iii) is defined implicitly by the equa-
tion
x4 |v − 2||v + 2|3 = C
(e) Note that y = vx, so the general solution y(x) of Eq. (i) is
defined implicitly by
(y − 2x)(y + 2x)3 = C ⇒ y 4 + 4xy 3 − 16x3 y − 16x4 = C
(f) The plot of the direction field and integral curves of Eq.
(i) is as follows
13. Given differential equation
(x2 + 3xy + y 2 )dx − x2 dy = 0
(a) Show that the given equation is homogeneous.
(b) Solve the differential equation.
(c) Draw a direction field and some integral curves. Are they
symmetric with respect to the origin?
[§2.2 #36]
Sol.
(a) Rewrite the equation as the form
dy x2 + 3xy + y 2 y y 2
= = 1 + 3 +
dx x2 x x
which implies that the equation is homogeneous.
(b) Let v = xy , then the above equation becomes
dv dv
v+x = 1 + 3v + v 2 ⇒ x = (v + 1)2
dx dx
dv dx
Thus, (v+1)2 = x , and hence
−1
Z Z
dv dx
2
= ⇒ = ln |x| + C
(v + 1) x v+1
1
⇒v= −1
C − ln |x|
Replacing v = xy , we got the general solution y(x) for the
x
original equation that y = C−ln |x|
− x.
(c) The plot of the direction field and integral curves for the
equation is as follows Clearly, the integral curves are sym-
metric with respect to the origin.
occurs at dy
dt
= 0, it is easy to see that y = 0, 1, 2 are critical
points. That is, y = 0, 1, 2 are equilibrium solutions for the
equation. Note that f (y) is positive on (0, 1) ∪ (2, ∞), while it
is negative on (−∞, 0) ∪ (1, 2). We see that the solution y(t) is
increasing for 0 < y < 1 and y > 0, while decreasing for y < 0
and 1 < y < 2. Hence the critical points y = 0 and y = 2 are
unstable, while the critical point y = 1 is asymptotically stable.
The graph of solutions and the phase line is as follows
15. Consider the equation of the form dy dt
= f (y), −∞ < y0 < ∞,
2 2
where f (y) = y (y − 1). Sketch the graph of f (y) versus y.
Determine the critical (equilibrium) points, and classify it as
asymptotically stable or unstable. Draw the phase line, and
sketch several graphs of solutions in the ty-plane.
[§2.5 #9]
Sol. The graph of f (y) is as follows
16. Suppose that a certain population obeys the logistic equation
dy
dt
= ry 1 − Ky .
(a) If y0 = K4 , find the time τ at which the initial population
has doubled. Find the value of τ corresponding to r =
0.025 per year.
(b) If yK0 = α, find the time T at which y(TK
)
= β, where 0 <
α, β < 1. Observe that T → ∞ as α → 0 or as β → 1.
Find the value of T for r = 0.025 per year, α = 0.1, and
β = 0.9.
[§2.5 #15]
Sol.
(a) Observe that the logistic equation is separable. By solving
the equation, we get the general solution is
y0 K
y(t) =
y0 + (K − y0 )e−rt
where y0 = y(0) is the initial condition. We can write t as
a function of y,
−1 y0 (K − y)
t= ln
r y(K − y0 )
K−y
With y0 = K4 , we have that t = −1 r
ln
3y
. Setting y =
2y0 = K2 , we get
−1 K − K2 ln 3
τ= ln 3K =
r 2
r
If r = 0.025 per year. τ ≈ 43.9445 year.
(b) By letting α = yK0 and β = y(TK
)
= Ky , then
−1 α(1 − β)
T = ln
r β(1 − α)
d2 y d dy d dy
2
= = f (y) = f 0 (y)
dt dt dt dt dt
y
2
1 Asymptotically stable
–2 –1 1 2 3 4 a
–1 Unstable
–2
FIGURE 2.5.10 Bifurcation diagram for y = a − y2 .
[§2.5 #25]
26. Consider the equation
Sol. dy/dt = ay − y3 = y(a − y2 ). (iii)
dy
(a) Let dx = 0, we have y 2 = a. Then there are no critical
(a) Again consider the cases a < 0, a = 0, and a > 0. In each case find the critical points,
drawpoints
the phaseif line,
a <and0,determine
there iswhether
one each
critical
criticalpoint
√ isyasymptotically
point = 0 if a = 0,
stable,
and there are two critical points y = ± a if a > 0.
semistable, or unstable.
(b) For
(b) In each
a< case0,sketch
thereseveral
is nosolutions of Eq.point.
critical (iii) in the ty-plane.
For a = 0, the critical
(c) Draw the bifurcation diagram for Eq. (iii), that is, plot the location of the critical points
point y = 0 is semistable. For a > 0 the√ critical
√ Eq. (iii) the bifurcation point at a = 0 is called a pitchfork
versus a. For point
bifurcation; your
y = mayasuggest
diagram is asymptotically stable and y = − a is unstable.
why this name is appropriate.
27. Consider the equation
dy/dt = ay − y2 = y(a − y). (iv)
(a) Again consider the cases a < 0, a = 0, and a > 0. In each case find the critical points,
draw the phase line, and determine whether each critical point is asymptotically stable,
semistable, or unstable.
(b) In each case sketch several solutions of Eq. (iv) in the ty-plane.
The phase lines of each cases is as follows