Lab Report of Friction Loses in Pipe
Lab Report of Friction Loses in Pipe
Lab Report of Friction Loses in Pipe
BDA 37201
LAB REPORT:
FRICTION LOSS IN PIPE
NAME MATRIC NO
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this experiment is to measure the loss of energy due to fluid friction along a
straight pipe with smooth walls.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
The student will understand stress-strain relationship in fluids, classify their behavior and
also establish force balance in static systems. Further they would develop dimensionless
groups that help in scale-up and scale-down of fluid flow systems. (Unit I)
Students will be able to apply Bernouli principle and compute pressure drop in flow systems
of different configurations (Unit II)
Students will compute power requirement in fixed bed system and determine minimum
fluidization velocity in fluidized bed (Unit III)
Students will be able to describe function of flow metering devices and apply Bernoulli
equation to determine the performance of flow-metering devices
Students will be able to determine and analyze the performance aspects of fluid machinery
specifically for centrifugal pump and reciprocating pump
\
THEORY
Figure 1 illustrates flow along a length of straight uniform pipe of diameter D. All fittings such as
valves or bends are sufficiently remote as to ensure that any disturbances due to them have died away,
so that the distribution of velocity across the pipe cross section does not change along the length of pipe
under consideration. Such a flow is said to be "fully developed." The shear stress at the wall, which is
uniform around the perimeter and along the length, produces resistance to the flow. The piezometric
head h therefore falls at a uniform rate along the length, as shown by the piezometers in Figure 1.
Since the velocity head is constant along the length of the pipe, the total head H also falls at the same rate.
The slope of the piezometric head line is frequently called the "hydraulic gradient", and is denoted by the
symbol i :
There is a simple relationship between wall shear stress τ and hydraulic gradient i. The pressures p1 and p2
acting on the two ends of the length L of pipe produce a net force. This force, in the direction of flow, is
( p1 - p2) A
in which A is the cross-sectional area of the pipe. This is opposed by an equal and opposite force, generated
by the shear stress τ acting uniformly over the surface of the pipe wall. The area of pipe wall is PL, where P is
the perimeter of the cross section, so the force due to shear stress is :
τ.PL
( p1 - p2) A = τ.PL
τ = [ A / p ] ρgi ………(4)
Now, expressing A and P in terms of pipe diameter D, namely A = πD 2/4 and P = πD so that (A/P) = D/4, we obtain the
result:
τ = [ D / p ] ρgi ………(5)
In the case of laminar flow, the velocity profile is parabolic. The ratio U/V of centre line velocity to mean velocity is
U / V = 2 ……….(6)
( du / dr )R = ( - 4 U / D ) = ( -8V / D )…….( 7 )
τ = [ 8 μ V / D ] ………….(8)
Substituting for τ in Equation (5) from this equation leads to the result of Poiseuille’s equation
i = 32 vV / gD2 ………..(9)
In the case of turbulent flow the nature of flow has made it impossible to find a simple expression for the wall shear
stress, so the value has to be found experimentally. So a dimensionless friction factor f could be defined by
The hydraulic gradient i may now be expressed hi term of/by use of equation (5), and the following result is readily
obtained:
i = ( 4fV2 /D ) x ( V2/ 2g)…….(11)
Therefore, the head loss ( h, - h 2 ) between sections 1 and 2 of a pipe of diameter D, along which me mean velocity is
V, is seen from the Equation (2) to be given by
Where L is the length of pipe run between the sections. This is frequently referred to as Darcy's equation.
There is no corresponding theoretical for turbulent flow. However, correlation of many experimental results on
smooth walled pipes, due to Blasius, is:
This gives explicit values which are in agreement within 2% over the limited range of Re from 10 4 to 105 Above 105,
it diverges substantially from experiment.
MATERIAL AND APPARATUS
Material
-water
Apparatus
-Flowmeter Measurement Apparatus
1 3
5
6
Hydraulic bench
- To allow water flow by time volume collection to be measured
Stop watch
- determine the flowrate of the water
PROCEDURE
TABLE 1
Mass
H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 flowrate(kg/s)
Trial 1 0.29m 0.26m 0.18m 0.14m 0.085m 0.856
Trial 2 0.26m 0.23m 0.17m 0.11m 0.03m 0.865
Trial 3 0.27m 0.245m 0.16m 0.13m 0.04m 0.839
TABLE 2
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
Trial 1 2844.9Pa 2550.6Pa 1765.8Pa 1373.4Pa 833.85Pa
Trial 2 2550.9Pa 2256.3Pa 1667.7Pa 1079.1Pa 294.3Pa
Trial 3 2648.7Pa 2403.45Pa 1569.6Pa 1275.3Pa 392.4Pa
DISCUSSION
The result we obtained, is get while conducting the experiment in the lab. As shown in the
result we obtained different value for the mass flowrate for each trial. This is maybe because of the
water pump having technical difficulties.
Besides that, there are some error occur while conducting the experiment such as parallax error
which is occur while taking the reading of height,h. To overcome this problem, the observer should be
parallel to the scale while taking the reading to get better result.
While taking reading for mass flow rate we encounter some error which is the device for
taking the reading is not working properly, to overcome this problem we use different container with
the scaling so that we can measure the mass flow rate.
The height on each point for each trial also different, it is because the unsteady flow of water
and viscid flow. To overcome this problem we have to fully-open the tap, so that it will reduce the
error.
Lastly, we faced some difficulties while taking the reading of the height,h because presences
of bubbles in the tubes, so we have to wait a bit longer to take the reading and we also have flick the
tube using finger so that the bubbles will disappeared and we will get better result.
CONCLUSION
From the experiment,we can coclude that the objective of this experiment is achieved
which is to measure the loss of energy due to fluid friction along straight pipe with smooth walls
In this experiment,we obtained that if height of h1 was increase and h2 was increase,the
water that flowing into beaker were become slower.This was because pipe diameter W influence
the roughness of pipe wall.The other error while running this experiment eye’s position was not
parallel to the beare scale and tube
Manual valve that controlling the amount of water level stabilization is not
accurate.sometimes bubble inside the tube after stabilasation the pressure will effect the height
of h1 and h2.To overcome this problem in the future,we suggest to use digital manometer to
measure the pressure in pipe and change the size of pipe to the bigger one.This will give more
comfortable when do the reading
REFERENCES
Books –
1) Kundu, Pijush K.; Cohen, Ira M. (2008), Fluid Mechanics (4th revised ed.), Academic Press.
2) Applied Fluid Mechanics 7th Edition, Robert L. Street, Gary Z. Watters, John K. Vennard, John
Wiley & Sons Inc.
3) Applied Fluid Mechanics 5 th Edition, Robert L. Mott, Prentice Hall.
4) Fluid Mechanics 4th Edition, Reynold C. Binder
5) Fluid Mechanics with applications, Anthony Esposito, Prentice-Hall International Inc.
Website –
1) http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/pber.html
2) http://www.omega.com/prodinfo/flowmeters.html
3) http://www2.emersonprocess.com/en-us/brands/rosemount/flow/dp-flow-products/compact-
orifice-flowmeters/pages/index.aspx
4) http://www.lmnoeng.com/venturi.php
5) http://www.lmnoeng.com/orifice.php
6) https://www.scribd.com/doc/96259752/SOLTEQ-Flowmeter-Measurement-Apparatus