Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology

Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology
Cheeryal (V), Keesara (M), Ranga Reddy District – 501 301 (T.S)
DESIGN AND ANALYISIS OF ALGORITHMS

COURSE FILE
DEPARTMENT OF
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
(2015-2016)
Faculty In charge HOD-CSE

Dr. S.NagenderKumar
Mr.D.Venkateswarulu
Mr.M.Srinivas
S.No Topic Page. No.
1 Cover Page
2 Syllabus copy
3 Vision of the Department
4 Mission of the Department
5 PEOs and Pos
6 Course objectives and outcomes
7 Brief notes on the importance of the course and how it fits into the curriculum
8 Prerequisites if any
9 Instructional Learning Outcomes
10 Course mapping with POs
11 Class Time Table

12 Individual Time Table
13 Lecture schedule with methodology being used/adopted
14 Detailed notes
15 Additional topics
16 University Question papers of previous years
17 Question Bank
18 Assignment Questions
19 Unit wise Quiz Questions and long answer questions

20 Tutorial problems
21 Known gaps ,if any and inclusion of the same in lecture schedule
22 Discussion topics , if any
23 References, Journals, websites and E-links if any
24 Quality Measurement Sheets

A Course End Survey
B Teaching Evaluation
25 Student List
26 Group-Wise students list for discussion topic

Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
(Name of the Subject/Lab Course): Design and Analysis of Algorithms

(JNTU CODE: A40508 ) Programme: UG
Branch: CSE Version No:
Year: II Document Number: GCET/CSE
Semester: 2 No. of Pages:
Classification status (Unrestricted/Restricted )
Distribution List:
Prepared by :
1) Name : D.Venkateswarlu & M.Srinivas
2) Sign :
3) Design : Associate Prof./ Associate Prof
4) Date : 20.12.2014
Verified by : *For Q.C only
1) Name : 1)Name :
2) Sign : 2) Sign :
3) Design : 3) Design :
4) Date : 4) Date :
Approved by (HOD) :
1) Name:
2) Sign :
3) Date :
Course file contents
II Year B.Tech. CSE II-Sem
DAA SYLLABUS
UNIT-I
INTRODUCTION: Algorithm, Pseudo code for expressing algorithms, Performance analysis, Time
complexity and space complexity, Asymptotic Notations: O notation, Omega notation, theta notation, and little
o notation .probabilistic analysis and amortized complexity
DIVIDE AND CONQUER: General method, applications – binary search, merge sort, quick sort, Stassen’s
matrix multiplication.
UNIT-II
SEARCHING AND TRAVERSAL TECHNIQUES : Efficient non-recursive binary tree traversal
algorithms, disjoint set operations, union and find algorithms, spanning trees, graph traversals- BFS and DFS ,
AND/OR graphs, game tree, Connected components, bi-Connected components.
UNIT-III
GREEDY-METHOD : General method, Applications-Job sequencing with deadlines , 0/1 knapsack problem,
minimum cost spanning tree, single source shortest path problem.
DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING: General method , applications-multistage grapes, optimal binary search
trees, 0 /1 knapsack problem, all pairs shortest paths problem, traveling sales person problem , reliability
design problem.
UNIT-IV
BACK TRACKING: General method, applications: n-queens problem, sum of sub set problem, graph
coloring problem, Hamiltonian cycles.
BRANCH and BOUND: General method, applications: traveling sales person problem, 0 /1 knapsack
problem, LC branch and bound, FIFO branch and bound solution
UNIT-V
NP-Hard and NP-Complete problems: Basic concepts, non deterministic algorithms, NP-hard and NP-
complete classes, NP- Hard problems,Cook’s theorem.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. HOROWITZ and S.SAHNI: "Fundamentals of Algorithms" Galgotia
2. Introduction to algorithms, 2nd edition ,t.H.Cormen, C.E. Leiserson, C.Stein.
Reference Books :
1. Algorithm Design, Micheal P. Goordicoh, Roborto Tamassia
2. The Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithms – Aho/Hop Croft/Ullman – Low Price edition
3. Vision of the Department
To produce globally competent and socially responsible computer science engineers contributing to
the advancement of engineering and technology which involves creativity and innovation by
providing excellent learning environment with world class facilities.
4. Mission of the CSE Department
1. To be a center of excellence in instruction, innovation in research and scholarship, and service to

the stake holders, the profession, and the public.
2. To prepare graduates to enter a rapidly changing field as a competent computer science engineer.
3. To prepare graduate capable in all phases of software development, possess a firm understanding
of hardware technologies, have the strong mathematical background necessary for scientific
computing, and be sufficiently well versed in general theory to allow growth within the
discipline as it advances.
4. To prepare graduates to assume leadership roles by possessing good communication skills, the
ability to work effectively as team members, and an appreciation for their social and ethical
responsibility in a global setting.
5. PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES OF CSE:
PEO-1. To provide graduates with a good foundation in mathematics, sciences and

engineering fundamentals required to solve engineering problems that will facilitate them to find
employment in industry and / or to pursue postgraduate studies with an appreciation for lifelong
learning.
PEO-2. To provide graduates with analytical and problem solving skills to design algorithms,
other hardware / software systems, and inculcate professional ethics, inter-personal skills to work
in a multi-cultural team.
PEO-3. To facilitate graduates get familiarized with state of the art software / hardware tools,
imbibing creativity and Innovation that would enable them to develop cutting-edge technologies
of multi-disciplinary nature for societal development.
PROGRAMME OUTCOMES OF CSE:

1. An ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science and engineering to develop and
analyze computing systems.
2. An ability to analyze a problem and identify and define the computing requirements
appropriate for its solution under given constraints.
3. An ability to perform experiments to analyze and interpret data for different applications.
4. An ability to design, implement and evaluate computer-based systems, processes,
components or programs to meet desired needs within realistic constraints of time and
space.
5. An ability to use current techniques, skills and modern engineering tools necessary to
practice as a CSE professional.
6. An ability to recognize the importance of professional, ethical, legal, security and social
issues and addressing these issues as a professional.
7. An ability to analyze the local and global impact of systems /processes /applications
/technologies on individuals, organizations, society and environment.
8. An ability to function in multidisciplinary teams.
9. An ability to communicate effectively with a range of audiences.
10. Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering, management and economic
principles and apply them to manage projects as a member and leader in a team.
11. A recognition of the need for and an ability to engage in life-long learning and continuing
professional development
12. Knowledge of contemporary issues.
13. An ability to apply design and development principles in producing software systems of
varying complexity using various project management tools.
14. An ability to identify, formulate and solve innovative engineering problems.
6. Course Outcomes
At the end of the course students will be able to
A40508.1. Explain, model, and analyze a given software problem as an algorithm.

A40508.2. Analyze algorithms and estimate their best-case, worst-case and average-case behavior.
A40508.3. Formulate the space needs for the implementation of an algorithm.
A40508.4. Investigate whether the algorithm found is the most efficient.
A40508.5. Prove the correctness of an algorithm.
A40508.6. Explain good principles of algorithm design and apply the same to real word problems;
A40508.7. Explain basic techniques for designing algorithms, including the techniques of recursion,
Divide-and-Conquer, and Greedy and apply the same to various problems.
A40508.8. Explain advanced techniques for designing algorithms, including dynamic programming
and Backtracking and apply the same to various problems.
A40508.9. Differentiate deterministic and non deterministic algorithms.
A40508.10. Categorize algorithms as NP-Hard, NP-complete
7. Brief notes on the importance of the course and how it fits into the curriculum
The course provides a solid foundation in algorithm design and analysis. Specifically, the students
acquire the basic knowledge of graph and matching algorithms, and design algorithms using greedy
strategy, divide and conquer approach, dynamic programming, and max flow - min cut theory. This
course enables the student to analyze asymptotic runtime complexity of algorithms including
formulating recurrence relations. It provides basic knowledge of computational complexity,
approximation and randomized algorithms.
The student will have an ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science and engineering to
develop and analyze computing systems, to analyze a problem and identify and define the computing
requirements appropriate for its solution under given constraints, to perform experiments to analyze
and interpret data for different applications, to design, implement and evaluate computer-based
systems, processes, components or programs to meet desired needs within realistic constraints of time
and space and to identify, formulate and solve innovative engineering problems.
8. Prerequisites if any
1. C Programming
2. Data Structures
9. Instructional Learning outcomes
Unit-1:
1. Use proper conventions for writing an algorithm.
2. Differentiate different types of Asymptotic notations used for representing complexity of an
algorithm
3. Use asymptotic notation to formulate the time and space requirements of algorithms.
4. Perform probabilistic analysis on a given algorithm
5. Perform Amortized analysis on a given algorithm
Unit-2:
1. Apply disjoint set operations
2. Use union and find algorithms
3. Draw spanning trees
4. Determine connected and bi-
5. connected components
Unit-3:
1. Apply the technique of divide and conquer.
2. Write algorithms using divide and conquer technique.
3. Use divide and conquer technique for sorting (quick sort,merge sort)
4. Use divide and conquer technique for matrix multiplication
5. Apply the technique of greedy technique.
6. Write algorithm for sequencing jobs with deadlines using greedy technique.
7. Apply greedy technique to solve 0/1 knapsack problem
8. Find minimum spanning trees using prims and krushkals technique based on greedy approach
9. apply greedy approach for Single source shortest problem
10 Apply the principal of optimality.
11 Write algorithm for matrix chain multiplication
12 Use principal of optimality for optimal binary search trees
13 Solve 0/1 knapsack problem, All pair shortest path algorithm, travelling salesman problem using
dynamic programming
14 Do reliability design of resources using principal of optimality.
Unit-4:
1. Use backtracking technique.
2. Analyze which problems can be solved using backtracking technique.
3. Write algorithm to solve 8 queens problem using backtracking.
4. Apply backtracking for sum of subsets problem.
5. Determine the proper coloring of the graph and Hamiltonian cycles using backtracking
6. Apply the technique of LC branch and bound and FIFO branch and bound.
7. Write branch and bound solution for travelling salesman problem
8 . Solving 0/1 Knapsack problem using LC branch and bound and FIFO branch and Bound.
Unit-5:
1. Categorize algorithms as NP-Hard and NP-Complete
2. Distinguish deterministic and non deterministic algorithms.
3. Analyze cooks theorem.
10. Course mapping with POs
DAA PEO1,PEO2 PO1,PO2,PO3,PO4,PO7,PO8,PO10,PO13,PO14

Course POS
Code and Title
A40508 Design and Analysis of 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Algorithms
A40508.1 Explain, model, and 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2
analyze a given software problem as
an algorithm.
A40508.2 Analyze algorithms and 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1

estimate their best-case ,worst-case
and average-case behavior.
A40508.3 Formulate the space needs 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1

for the implementation of an
algorithm.
A40508.4Investigate whether the 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1

algorithm found is the most efficient.
A40508.5Prove the correctness of an 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1

algorithm.
A40508.6 Explain good principles of 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2

algorithm design and apply the same
to real word problems;
A40508.7 Explain basic techniques 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2

for designing algorithms, including
the techniques of recursion, divide-
and-conquer, and greedy and apply
the same to various problems.
A40508.8 Explain advanced 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2

techniques for designing algorithms,
including dynamic programming and
Backtracking
11. Class Time Table
13. Lecture schedule with methodology being used/adopted

II-CSE-A
No. of Regular/ Teaching Aids Used Expected
S.No. Topics to be covered Date(s)
Periods Additional LCD/OHP/BB
UNIT-I
Introduction to subject course objectives and 07.12.2015
1 1 outcomes
Regular BB
08.12.2015
2 1 Algorithm, Pseudo code for expressing algorithms Regular BB
3 1 Writing algorithm for sample problems Regular BB

08.12.2015
4 1 Performance analysis: Space complexity. Regular BB
09.12.2015
5 1 Time complexity: using variable count Regular BB
6 1 Time complexity: using frequency count table Regular BB

10.12.2015
Asymptotic Notation: Big oh, Omega, Theta & Little
7 1 oh notation
Regular BB,OHP/LCD,Q&A
11.12.2015
8 1 Examples on Asymptotic Notations and Theorems Tutorial-1 BB,Q&A Learning by Doing,
BB,OHP/LCD,Q&A,E- 14.12.2015
9 1 Divide and Conquer: General Method Regular
Tutorials
15.12.2015
10 1 Recurrence Relations : Substitution method Regular BB,OHP/LCD, Internet, Q&A
BB,OHP/LCD, Learning By 16.12.2015
11 1 Applications: Binary Search Regular Doing, E-Tutorials, Internet,
Q&A
12 1 Merge sort: Example and Algorithm Regular BB,OHP/LCD 17.12.2015
13 1 Sorting techniques Tutorial-2 BB, Q&A,Learning by Doing 18.12.2015
14 1 Quick sort: Example Algorithm explanation Regular BB 21.12.2015
Analysis of Quick Sort: Best, Worst and Average BB,OHP/LCD, Learning By 22.12.2015
15 1 cases
Regular
Doing
16 1 Divide &Conquer Approach to Matrix Multiplication Regular
Doing
17 1 Strassen’s Matrix multiplication Regular
Doing
18 1 Solving Recurrence Relations Tutorial-3 BB, Q&A,Learning by Doing
19 1 Probabilistic Analysis Regular
Doing
20 1 Amortized Complexity Regular
Doing
UNIT-II
Binary Tree Traversals –inorder, preorder and Post 04.01.2016
21 1 order Recursive algorithms
Regular BB
22 1 Non Recursive Tree Traversal algorithms Regular BB
23 1 Disjoint Sets: operations and representation Regular BB,OHP/LCD 05.01.2016
24 1 Simple Union and Find algorithms Regular BB,OHP/LCD 06.01.2016
25 1 Weighted Union and Collapsing Find algorithms Regular BB,OHP/LCD 07.01.2016
26 1 Binary Tree traversals, operations on Disjoint sets Tutorial-4 BB, Q&A,Learning by Doing
27 1 Graphs – BFS and DFS Regular BB,OHP/LCD 08.01.2016
28 1 Bi connected components - Articulation Point Regular
Doing
12.01.2016
29 1 Determining articulation points thru dfn() Tutorial-5 BB, Q&A,Learning by Doing
Algorithm for Articulation point, Biconnected BB,OHP/LCD, Learning By

30 1 components
Regular
Doing
31 1 AND/OR Graphs Regular BB,OHP/LCD
32 1 Game Trees Regular BB,OHP/LCD
UNIT-III
33 1 Greedy Method: General method Regular BB 18.01.2016
19.01.2016
34 1 Applications: Knapsack Problem Regular BB
35 1 minimum cost spanning trees Regular BB 20.01.2016

36 1 Prim’s Algorithm Regular BB 21.01.2016
37 1 Kruskal’s Algorithm Regular BB 22.01.2016
Knapsack problem and Minimum cost spanning
38 1 trees
Tutorial-6 BB, Q&A,Learning by Doing
BB,OHP/LCD ,Learning By 25.01.2016
39 1 single source shortest path problem Regular
Doing
40 1 Job Sequencing with deadlines Regular BB 27.01.2016
Dynamic Programming: General Method Principle of 28.01.2016
41 1 Optimality
Regular BB
42 1 Applications- Multistage Graph Regular
Doing
Optimal Binary Search Trees(OBST) - Dynamic BB,OHP/LCD, Learning By 30.01.2016
43 1 Programming approach
Regular
Doing
BB,OHP/LCD, Learning By
44 1 OBST- Example, Algorithm Regular
Doing
45 1 Multistage graph – Backward approach, OBST Tutorial-7 BB, Q&A,Learning by Doing
46 1 0/1 knapsack problem Regular BB 22.02.2016

47 1 All pairs shortest path problem Regular
Doing
48 1 traveling sales person problem Regular BB 24.02.2016
49 1 Reliability design Regular BB 25.02.2016
0/1 knapsack problem, Reliability Design
50 1 All pairs shortest path problem
UNIT -IV
51 1 Backtracking : General method Regular BB 26.02.2016
State space tree – Terminology,
52 1 fixed vs variable tuple size formulation
Regular BB
53 1 Recursive & Iterative Backtracking algorithm Regular BB

State space tree
54 1 Backtracking approach to problems
55 1 Applications- n-queens problem Regular BB 29.02.2016

56 1 Graph coloring Regular BB 01.03.2016
57 1 Hamiltonian cycles
58 1 sum of subsets problem Regular BB 03.03.2016
Determining Bounding function Tutorial- 04.03.2016
59 1 Generating state space tree 10
BB
60 1 Branch & Bound: General Method Regular BB 07.03.2016

61 1 LC Search: 15- Puzzle Problem Regular BB 08.03.2016
62 1 Job Sequencing with Deadlines: Branch & Bound Regular BB 10.03.2016
Job Sequencing with Deadlines: FIFOBB, LIFOBB, Tutorial-
63 BB
LCBB 11
11.03.2016
64 1 Applications - 0/1 knapsack problem FIFOBB Regular BB,OHP/LCD
65 1 0/1 Knapsack Problem- LCBB Regular BB 14.03.2016

66 1 Traveling Sales Person(TSP)- Reduced Cost Matrix Regular BB 15.03.2016
67 1 TSP- Optimal Solution thru LCBB Regular BB 16.03.2016
Tutorial- 21.03.2016
68 1 TSP Another example
12
BB
UNIT-V: NP-Hard and NP-Complete problems

69 1 Tractable vs Intractable problems Regular BB,OHP/LCD 23.03.2016
70 1 Non Deterministic algorithms Regular BB,OHP/LCD 25.03.2016
71 1 More examples on Non Deterministic algorithms Regular BB,OHP/LCD 28.03.2016
P and NP Problems- NP Hard & NP-Complete 04.04.2016
72 1 classes
Regular BB,OHP/LCD
73 1 NP-Hard problems- Reducibility Regular BB,OHP/LCD 06.04.2016

74 1 Cook’s Theorem Regular BB,OHP/LCD 09.04.2016
II-CSE-B
UNIT-I
1 1 outcomes
Regular BB
08.12.2015

08.12.2015
09.12.2015

10.12.2015
7 1 oh notation
11.12.2015
BB,OHP/LCD,Q&A,E- 14.12.2015
Tutorials
15.12.2015
Q&A
15 1 cases
Regular
Doing
Doing
Doing
Doing
Doing
UNIT-II
Regular BB

Doing
12.01.2016

30 1 components
Regular
Doing
UNIT-III
19.01.2016

38 1 trees
Doing
41 1 Optimality
Regular BB
Doing
Regular
Doing
Doing

Doing
UNIT -IV
Regular BB

State space tree

BB

63 BB
LCBB 11
11.03.2016

12
BB

72 1 classes
Regular BB,OHP/LCD
II-CSE-C
UNIT-I
1 1 outcomes
Regular BB
08.12.2015

08.12.2015
09.12.2015

10.12.2015
7 1 oh notation
11.12.2015
BB,OHP/LCD,Q&A,E- 14.12.2015
Tutorials
15.12.2015
Q&A
15 1 cases
Regular
Doing
Doing
Doing
Doing
Doing
UNIT-II
Regular BB

Doing
12.01.2016

30 1 components
Regular
Doing
UNIT-III
19.01.2016

38 1 trees
Doing
41 1 Optimality
Regular BB
Doing
Regular
Doing
Doing

Doing
UNIT -IV
Regular BB

State space tree

BB

63 BB
LCBB 11
11.03.2016

12
BB

72 1 classes
Regular BB,OHP/LCD

II-CSE-D
UNIT-I
1 1 outcomes
Regular BB
08.12.2015

08.12.2015
09.12.2015

10.12.2015
7 1 oh notation
11.12.2015
BB,OHP/LCD,Q&A,E- 14.12.2015
Tutorials
15.12.2015
Q&A
15 1 cases
Regular
Doing
Doing
Doing
Doing
Doing
UNIT-II
Regular BB

Doing
12.01.2016

30 1 components
Regular
Doing
UNIT-III
19.01.2016

38 1 trees
Doing
41 1 Optimality
Regular BB
Doing
Regular
Doing
Doing

Doing
UNIT -IV
Regular BB

State space tree

BB

63 BB
LCBB 11
11.03.2016

12
BB

72 1 classes
Regular BB,OHP/LCD

14. Detailed notes

UNIT-I
DEFINITIONS:
TIME COMPLEXITY: The time complexit y of an algorithm is the amo unt of computer time
it needs to run to completion.
SPACE COMPLEXITY: The space complexit y of an al gorithm is t he amount of memor y it
needs to run to completion.
ASYMPTOTIC NOTATION:
BIG Oh Notation: The function f(n) =O ( g (n) ) if and onl y if there exis ts positive constants
c and n0 such that f(n) <= c*g (n) for all n, n>= n0
Omega Notation: The function f(n) = (g (n)) if and only if there exists positive constants c
and n0 such that f(n)>= c*g (n) for all n, n>= n0
Theta Notation: The function f (n) = (g (n)) if and only if there exists positive constants
c1.c2 and n0 such that c1g (n) <= f (n) <= c2g (n) for all n, n > = n0
Control Abstraction: By control Abstraction we mean a procedure whose flow of control is

clear but whose pri mar y operations a re specified by other pr ocedures whose preci se
meanings are left undefined.
Divide and conquer: The di vide and conquer paradigm breaks the problem into several sub
problems that are si milar to the original pr oblem but are smaller in size, sol ve the sub
problems recursi vel y, and then combine these solutions to create a solution to the original
problem.
Merge Sort:
Its worst -case ti me complexit y is O (n log n)
Gi ven a sequence of n elements the general idea is to split them int o two sets this division
continues recursivel y until each sub part has only single element. Each set is individual ly
sorted and the resulting sequences are mer ged to produce a single sorted sequence of n
elements. Procedure MERGESORT describes this process using recursion and a proce dure
MERGE that mer ges t ogether t wo sorted lists .
Quick Sort:
Best Case is O (n log n)
Average Case is O (n log n).
Worst Case is O (n2).
In quick sort the division into two sub arrays is made so that the sorted sub arrays do not need to be merged
later. This is accomplished by rearranging the elements in a [1:n] such that a [I]<=a [j] for all I between 1
and m and all j between m+1 and n for some m, 1<=m<=n. Thus, the elements a [1:m] and a [m+1:n] can be
independently sorted.
This rearrangement is called partitioning.
Strassen’s matrix multiplication: Let A and B be two n*n matrices the product C=A*B is also
an n*n matrix .To compute C [ I, J] we require n multiplications. As the matrix C has n 2
elements the ti me for r esulting matrix multiplication algorithm is gi ven by
(n 3 ) . Since matrix multiplications are more expensive then matrix additions, we can
attempt to refor mulate the equations so as to have fewer multiplications and poss ibl y mor e
additions.
Divide and conquer:
The divide and conquer paradi gm breaks the problem into several sub problems that are
similar to the original problem but are smaller in size, solve the sub problems recursivel y,
and then combine these solutions to create a solution to the ori ginal problem.
Merge Sort:
its worst -case ti me complexit y is O (n log n)
Gi ven a sequence of n elements the general idea is to split them int o two sets this division
continues recursivel y until each sub part has only singl e element. Each set is individual ly
sorted and the resulting sequences are mer ged to produce a single sorted sequence of n
elements. Procedure MERGESORT describes this process using recursion and a procedure
MERGE that mer ges t ogether t wo sorted lists .
Quick Sort:
Best Case is O (n log n)
Average Case is O (n log n).
Worst Case is O (n 2 ).
In quick sort the division into two sub arrays is made so that the sorted sub arrays do not
need to be mer ged later. This is accomplished by rearranging the elements in a [1:n] such
that a [ I]<=a [j ] for all I between 1 and m and all j between m+1 and n for some m,
1<=m<=n. Thus, the el ements a [1: m] and a [ m+1:n] can be independently sorted.
This rearrangement is called partitioning.
Strassen’s matrix multiplication:
Let A and B be two n*n matrices the product C=A*B is also an n*n matrix .To compute C
[ I, J] we require n multiplications. As the matrix C has n 2 elements the time for resulting
matrix multiplication algorithm is gi ven by
(n 3 ) . Since matrix multiplications are more expensive then matrix additions, we can
attempt to refor mulate the equations so as to have fewer multiplications and possibl y mor e
additions.
For 2*2 matrix generall y we require 8 multiplications and 4 additions. But by using
Strassen’s multiplication we require onl y 7 multiplications and 18 additions.
Knapsack problem: We are gi ven n obj ects and a knapsack. Obj ect j has a weight w j and
the knapsack has the capac ity m .If a fraction n j 0<=n j <=1 of obj ect j is placed into
knapsack then a profi t of p j x j is earned .The obj ective is to obtain a filling of t he
knapsack that maxi mi zes the total wei ght of all chosen obj ects to be at most m.
Minimum spanning tree: Let G = (V, E) b e an undirected connected graph. A sub graph T =
(V, E) of G is a spanni ng tree of G if and only if t is a tree.
Minimum cost spanni ng tree can be obtai ned using pri m’s al gorithm and kruskhal’ s
algorithm.
For 2*2 matrix generally we requ ire 8 multiplications and 4 additions. But by using
Strassen’s multiplication we require onl y 7 multiplications and 18 additions.
Knapsack problem: We are gi ven n obj ects and a knapsack. Obj ect j has a weight w j and
the knapsack has the capacity m .If a fraction n j 0<=n j <=1 of obj ect j is placed into
knapsack then a profi t of p j x j is earned .The obj ective is to obtain a filling of t he
knapsack that maxi mi zes the total wei ght of all chosen obj ects to be at most m.
Minimum spanning tree: Let G = (V, E) b e an undirected connected graph. A sub graph T =
(V, E) of G is a spanni ng tree of G if and only if t is a tree.
Minimum cost spanni ng tree can be obtai ned using pri m’s al gorithm and kruskhal’ s
algorithm.
UNIT-II
SEARCHING AND TRAVERSAL TECHNIQUES
Tree Traversals: There are three types of tree traversals. They are
INORDER TRAVERSAL
PREORDER TRAVERSAL
POSTORDER TRAVERSAL
T is a binary tree. Each node of t has three fields:

lchild, data, rchild.
Algorithm Inorder (t)

{
if ( t  0) then
{
Inorder (t lchild)
Visit (t)
Inorder (trchild)
}
}
Algorithm Preorder (t)
{
if ( t  0) then
{
Visit (t)
Preorder (t lchild)
Preorder (trchild)
}
}
Algorithm Postorder (t)
{
if ( t  0) then
{
Postorder (t lchild)
Visit (t)
Postorder (trchild)
}
GRAPH TRAVERSALS:
There are two types of graph traversals
i) Breadth First Search.
ii) Depth First Search.
A breadth first search of G is carried out beginning at vertex v. For any node i, visited [i] =1 if i has already
been visited. The graph G and array visited [] are global; visited [] is initialized to zero.
Algorithm BFS (v)

{
u:= v;
Visited [v]: =1;
repeat
{
for all vertices w adjacent from u do
{
if (visited [w] =0) then
{
Add w to q;
Visited[w]:=1;
}
}
if q is empty then return;
Delete u from q;
} until (false)
}
Algorithm DFS(v)
{
Visited [v]: =1;
for each vertex w adjacent from v do
{
if ( visited[w]=0) then DFS (w)
AND/OR GRAPHS:
The breakdown of a complex problem into several sub problems can be represented by a decimal
graph like structure in which nodes represent problems and descendents of nodes represent the sub problem
associated with them.
All nodes can be made to be such that their solution requires either all descendents to be solved or any
one descendent to be solved. Nodes of first type are called AND nodes and those of the latter type are called
OR nodes.
Nodes with no descendents are called terminal. Terminal nodes represent primitive problems and are
marked either solvable or not solvable. Solvable terminal nodes are represented by rectangles. An AND/OR
graph need not always be a tree.
EXAMPLE: AND/OR GRAPH
A1 A2
D E
B C
Nodes A1 and A2 of above figure are OR nodes.

Nodes B and C are AND nodes.
If we have to complete sub problem A1 we should complete its two sub
problems B and C. There fore A1 is AND node.
GAME TREE:
A game tree is defined as a pictorial representation of all valid, finite length sequences of board configuration
(C1, C2…Cm) of a game. Each valid sequence with Cm being a terminal configuration is called an Instance of
board configuration. A board configuration is set be valid if
i) Ci is starting configuration of the game.
ii) Ci, 0 <I<m are non-terminal configurations.
iii) Ci + 1 is obtained from Ci by legal move made by player 1 If I is odd and by player 2 If I is even.
It is assume that there are finite numbers of legal moves. A legal move consists of removing an agreed
number of toothpicks from the file in the “NIM” game. For instance. The degree any node in a game tree
is at most equal to the number of distinct legal move. The depth of game tree is a length of longest instance
of the game. Game trees are useful in determining the next move a player should make.
ARTICULATION POINT:
A vertex V in a connected graph is an articulation point if and only if the deletion of vertex V
together with all edges incident to V disconnects the graph into two or more components.
Unit-3
DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING
DEFINITIONS:
MULTISTAGE GRAPHS
A multistage graph G=(V, E) is a directed graph in which the vertices are partitioned into k>2 disjoint
sets Vi ,1<=i<=k. In addition if (U, V) is an edge in E then U Vi and V Vi+1 for some i, 1<=i<=k. The sets
V1 and Vk are such that | V1|=| Vk|=1. Let s and t respectively be the vertices in V1 and Vk. The vertex S is the
source and T is the sink. Let C (i, j) be the cost of edge (i, j). The cost of the path from s to t is the sum of the
cost of the edges on the path.
The multistage graph problem is to find a minimum cost path from S to T. Each set V i defines a stage
in the graph. Because of the constraints on E, every path from S to T starts in stage1 goes to stage2 then to
stage3 and so on and eventually terminates at stage k.
Multistage graph problem can be solved using either forward approach or backward approach.
ALL PAIRS SHORTEST PATH:
The all pair shortest path problem is to deter mi ne a matrix A such t hat A (i, j ) is the
length of a shortest path from i to j . If this problem is solved by n single source shortest
path problems, the matrix A may be obtained in O (n 3 ) ti me.
An alternate solution t o the problem using dynamic programmi ng of the O (n 3 ) is as gi ven.
The shortest path originates at vertex ‘i’ and goes through some inter mediate
vertices and ter minates at vertex ‘j’. This path contains no cycle for if there is a cycle
then this may be delet ed without increasing the path length. If ‘ k’ and from ‘ k’ to ‘j ’ must
be shortest paths from ‘i’ to ‘k’ and f rom ‘ k’ to ‘j ’. Otherwise, the ‘i’ to ‘j ’ going through
no vertex of index greater than ‘k’ . We get
A (i, j ) = min {min { A k - 1 (i, k) + A k - 1 ( k, j )}, C (i, j )}
OPTIMAL BINARY SEARCH TREE:
In obtaining a cost function for binary sear ch tree, it is useful to add a fictious node in
place of ever y empt y sub tree in the search tree. Such nodes are called External
nodes and are drawn square. All other nodes are internal nodes. If a binary search
tree represents n identifiers then there will be exactly n intern al nodes and n+1
external nodes. Ever y internal node represents a point where a successful search
may ter minate. Ever y external node represents a point where an unsuccessful search
may ter minate. If a successful search terminates at an internal node at lev el L.
Hence the expected cost contribution from the internal node for ai is p (i) * level
(a i ) . If the failure node for E i is at level l t hen onl y l -1 iterations are made hence
cost contribution of this node is Q(i)*(level( E i ) -1).
The preceding discussio n leads to the following for mula for expect ed cost of binar y
search tree.
 p(i)*level(a i ) +  q(i)*(level(E i ) -1)

1<=i<=n 0<=i<=n
We define opti mal bi nary search tree for t he identifier set (a1, a2…. an) to be a
binary search tree for which above equation is mini mum.
0/1 KNAPSACK:
A set to the knapsack problem may be obtai ned by making a sequence of decisions
on the variables X 1 , X 2 , X 3 …..X n . A decision on variable X i involves deciding which of
the values 0 or 1 is to be assi gned to it. Let us assume that decision on the X i are made i n
the order X n , X n - 1 … . . X 1 .
Following a decision on X n we may be i n one of the two possible states. The
capacity remaining in knapsack is M and no profit has accrued or t he capacit y re maining is
M - W n and a pr ofit of P n has accrued. It is clear that remaining decisions xn -1,… x1 must
be opti mal with respect the problem state resulting from the decision on xn. Hence the
principle of opti malit y holds.
RELIABILITY DESIGN:
In this section we look at an example of how to use Dynamic programming to solve a problem with a
multiplicative optimization function. The problem is to design a system, which is composed of several devices
connected in series. Let ri be the reliability device Di.
Then the reliability of the entire system is  ri. Even if the individual devices are very reliable, the
reliability of system may not be very good.
For e.g. If n=10 and ri=. 99,1<=I<=10 then  ri=. 904. Hence it is desirable to duplicate devices.
Multiple copies of the same device type are connected in parallel through the use of switching circuits. The
switching circuits determine which devices in any group are functioning properly. They then make use of one
such device at each stage.
If stage i contains mi copies of device Di then the probability that all mi have a malfunction is (1-ri) mi
. Thus if ri=. 99 and mi=2 the stage reliability becomes .9999
TRAVELLING SALESMAN PROBLEM:
Let G=(V, E) be a directed graph with edge cost Cij . Cij is defined such that Cij>0 for a1l i and j and Cij= if
<I, j> E. Let (V)= n and assume n>1. A tour of G is a directed cycle that includes every vertex in V. the cost
of the tour is the sum of the cost of the edges on that tour. The traveling sales man problem is to find a tour of
minimum cost. Let g (i, s) be the length of shortest path starts at vertex 1 going through all vertices in s and
terminating at vertex 1.
G (1,v- {1}) is the length of an optimal salesman tour. From the principle of optimality it follows that
g(I,s)=min{Cij + g(j,s-{j})}
BRANCH AND BOUND:
The term branch and bound refers to all state space search methods in which all children of the E-node
are generated before any other live node can become the E-node. We have already seen two graph search
strategies, BFS and D-search, in which the exploration of a new node cannot begin until the node currently
being explored is fully explored. Both of these generalize to branch and bound strategies. In branch and bound
terminology, a BFS like state space search will be called FIFO search, as the list of live nodes is a FIFO list. A
D-search like state space search will be called LIFO search as the list of live nodes is a LIFO. Bounding
functions are used to help avoid the generation of sub trees that do not contain an answer node.
LC search:
The search for an answer node can often be speeded by using an intelligent ranking function c^ (.) for
live nodes. The next E-node is selected on the basis of this ranking function. The ideal way to assign ranks
would be on the basis of the additional computational effort needed to reach an answer node from the live
node.
BOUNDING: A branch-and- bound method searches a states space tree using any search mechanism in
which all the children of the E-node are generated before another node becomes the E-node. We assume that
each answer node x has cost c (x) associated with it and that a minimum cost answer node is to be found. Three
common strategies are FIFO, LIFO and LC. A cost function c^ (.) such that c^ (x)<=c (x) is used to provide
lower bounds on solutions obtainable from any node x. If upper is an upper bound on the cost of a minimum-
cost solution, Then all live nodes x with c^ (x)> upper may be killed as all answer nodes reachable from x have
cost c (x)>= c^ (x)> upper. The starting value for upper can be obtained from some heuristic or can be set to
infinity. Clearly, so long as the initial value for upper space is no less than the cost of minimum-cost answer
node the above rules to kill live nodes will not result in the killing of a live node that can be reach a minimum
cost answer node. Each time an answer is found, the value of upper can be updated.
FIFO BRANCH AND BOUND:
In implementing FIFO branch - and -bound algorithm, it is not economical to kill live nodes with c^
(x) > upper each time upper is updated. This is so because live nodes are in the queue in the order in which
they were generated. Hence, nodes with c^(x) > upper are distributed in some random way in the queue.
Instead, live nodes with c^(x) > upper can be killed when they are about to become E-nodes.
ALGEBRIC PROBLEMS:
In this topic we shift our attention away from the problems we have dealt with previously to
concentrate on methods for dealing with numbers and polynomials. Though computer have the ability already
built –in to manipulate integer and reals, they are not directly equipped to manipulated symbolic mathematical
expressions such as polynomials. One must determined a way to represent then and then write procedures that
perform the desire operations. A system that allows for the manipulations of mathematical expressions is
called a mathematical symbol manipulation system. The systems have been fruitfully used to solve variety
scientific problems for many years. The technique study here often let to efficient ways to implement the
operations offered by these systems.
Assume we have an input I that is a member of set S1 and a function f (I) that describes what must be
computed. Usually the output f (I) is also a member of S1.Though a method may exist for computing f (I)
using operations on elements in S1, this method may be inefficient .The algebraic transformation technique
suggest that we alter the input into to another form to produce a member of set S2.The set S2 contains exactly
the same elements as S1 except it assumes a different representation for them. Once the answer in S2 is
computed, an inverse transformation perform is to yield the result in set S1.
Backtracking:
Backtracking algorithms determine problem solutions by systematic searching the solution space for
the given problem instance. Using a tree organization from the solution space facilitates this search. For a
given solution space many tree organization may be possible.
The basic idea is to build up the solution vector one component at a time and to use modified criterion
functions Pi (x1…xi) sometimes called bounding functions) to test whether the vector being formed has
any chance of success. The major advantage of this method is this: If it is realized that the partial vectors
can be ignored entirely.
Many of the problems we solve using backtracking require that all the solutions satisfy a complex set of
constraints. For any problem these constraints can be divided into two categories: explicit and implicit.
Explicit Constraints:
Explicit constraints are rules that restrict each Xi to take on values from given set.
Common examples of explicit constraints are
xi 0 Si ={all non negative real numbers}
xi =0 or 1 or Si ={0,1}
ii  xi  ui or Si = {a: ii a  ui }
The explicit constraints depend on the particular instance I of the problem being solved. All tuples that
satisfy the explicit constraints define a possible solution space for i.
Implicit Constraints: The implicit constraints are rules that determine which of the tuples in the solution
space of I satisfy the criterion function. Thus implicit Constraints describe the way in which the x i must
relate to each other.
8-Queen problem:
Consider a chessboard and try to find final all ways to place 8 attacking queens.
We can let (X1…Xn) represent a solution in which Xi is the column of the i th row where the
i queen is placed. The Xi will all be distinct since no two queens’ can be placed in the same column.
th
Suppose two queens are placed at position (i, j) & (k, l) then they are on the same diagonal any if
|J – l| = |i-k|
All solutions to the 8- queens problem can therefore be represented as 8-tuples
(X1,………., X8) . The explicit constraints using this formulation s are Si={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}, 1 i n .
Therefore the solution space consists of 8 8 8- tuples.
The implicit constraints for this problem are that no two Xi can be the same. The realization reduces the
size of the solution space from 8 8 tuples to 8! Tuples.
Expressed as an 8 –tuple, the solution in figure is (4,6,8,2,7,1,3,5).
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
SUM OF SUBSETS:
Suppose we are given n distinct positive numbers usually called weights and we desire to find all
combinations of these numbers whose sums are m.
This is called sum of subsets problem.
GRAPH COLORING:
Let G be a graph and m be a +ve integer. We want to find Whether the nodes of G can be colored in
such a way that no two adjacent nodes have the same color yet only m colors are used. If d is the degree of the
graph than it can be colored with d+1 colors. The m-colorability optimization problem asks for the smallest
integer m for which the graph G can be colored. This integer is referred to as the chromatic number of the
graph
UNIT-V
NP-Hard and NP-Complete problems: In this section the examine the operations on polynomials. As
we search for efficient algorithms, we see examples of another design strategy called algebraic simplification.
It refers to the process of re expressing computational formulas so that the required the number of operations to
compute these formulas is minimized. One issue we ignore where is the numerical stability of the resulting
algorithms.
A uni-variate polynomial is generally written ass

A (x)=anxn + an-1xn-1 +……+ a1x + a0
Where x is indeterminate and ai may be integers, floating point numbers are more generally elements
of commutative ring or a field. If an0 then is called the degree of A.
When considering the representation of a polynomial by its coefficients there are at least two
alternatives. The first calls for storing the degree followed by degree +1 coefficients.
(n, an , an-1 ,……. a1 , a0 )
This is termed the dense representation because it explicitly stores all coefficients whether or they are
zero.
The second representation calls for storing only each non-zero coefficient and its corresponding
exponent; for example, if all the ai are nonzero, then the polynomial is stored as
(n, an ,n-1, an-1 ,……. 1,a1 ,0, a0 )
This is termed as sparse representation because the storage depends directly on the number of nonzero
terms and not on degree.
For a polynomial of degree n , all of whose coefficients are nonzero, this second representation
requires roughly twice the storage of the first. However, that is the worst case. For high-degree polynomials
with few nonzero terms, the second representation is many times better than the first.
HORNER’s rule: Polynomial can be expressed as
A (x) = (…((an x + an-1) x + an-2) x + ….. a1 )x + a0 )
It requires n multiplications, n additions, and n+1 assignments.

15. Additional Topics
No additional topics
16. University question papers Set
Code No: RR-210504 No:
II B.Tech I-Semester Regular Examinations, November 2004
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF ALGORITHMS
(Common to Computer Science and Engineering, Information Technology and Computer
Science and Systems Engineering)
1
Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE questions
All questions carry equal marks
---
1. Define time complexity. Describe different notations used to represent these complexities.
Illustrate.
2. a) Analyze the average case time complexity of Quick sort.

b) If k is a non-negative constant, then show that the solution to the given recurrence equation,
for n a power of 2 is T(n) =3knlog3 – 2kn.
T(n) = k, n=1
3T(n/2)+kn, n>1
3. a) Write Prim’s algorithm under the assumption that the graphs are represented by adjacency lists.
b) Analyze precisely the computing time and space requirements of this new version of Prim’s
algorithm using adjacency lists.
4. a) What are Dictionaries? Explain.

b) What is a balanced tree? Differentiate between 2-3 trees and AVL trees.
5. a) What do you mean by forward and backward approach of problem solving in Dynamic
programming?
b) What are the differences between the Greedy and Dynamic programming methods of problem
solving?
6. a) Present an algorithm for depth first search traversal. Explain with an example.
b) Write a detailed note on breadth first traversal.
7. a) What is graph coloring? Present an algorithm which finds all m-colorings of a graph.
b) Draw the state space tree for m-closing graph using a suitable graph.
8. Present a program schema for a FIFO Branch & Bound search for a Least-Cost answer node.
###
Set No:
Code No: RR-210504
2
---
1. Define space complexity. Explain the same with an example.
2. a) Compare Merge sort & Quick sort for the given data sets.
10, 30, 15, 45, 25, 30, 35, 20, 30, 40, 50
b) Compare their time complexities.
3. Explain the Kruskal’s algorithm with an example and analyze its time complexity.
4. a) Write a procedure DIVIDE(b,T) to implement SPLIT(b,s) instruction which partitions a 2-3

tree T about a leaf ‘b’ so that all leaves to the left of ‘b’ and ‘b’ itself is in one 2-3 tree and
leaves to the right of ‘b’ are in a second 2-3 tree.
b) Prove that the above procedure takes time O(height(T)) and the order of the tree is preserved.
5. Discuss the dynamic programming solutions for the problems of reliability design and
traveling sales person problem.
6. a) Show that the in-order and post order sequences of a binary tree uniquely define the binary
tree.
b) Write a detailed note on depth-first traversal.
7. Explain in detail how the technique of backtracking can be applied to solve the 8 queen’s
problem. Present the required algorithms.
8. Write a program schema for a LIFO Branch & Bound for a Least-Cost answer node.
###
Set No:
Code No: RR-210504
3
---
1. Write the non-recursive algorithm for finding the Fibonacci sequence and derive its time
complexity.
2. a) Design a Divide and Conquer algorithm for computing the number of levels in a binary tree.
b) Compute the efficiency of the above algorithm.
3. Formulate an algorithm for a spanning tree problem in terms of a sequence of set operations in
which take G as the undirected graph ; S as the undirected tree; V as the number of vertices; E
as the number of edges T as a set used to collect the edges of the final minimum spanning
tree; C as the cost function for the graph G given by { e Σ ε E1 C(e) for the sub-graph G1 =
(V1,E1) of G. Use set VS for the vertex set of the forest to write the minimum cost spanning
tree algorithm.
4. a) Write a pseudo code for constructing 2-3 trees for a given list of n integers.
b) Explain the above algorithm for a list of 10 integers.
5. a) Using Divide and Conquer approach coupled with the set generation approach, show how to
obtain an O(2n/2) algorithm for 0/1 Knapsack problem.
b) Develop an algorithm that uses this approach to solve the 0/1 Knapsack problem.
c) Compare the run time and storage requirements of this approach.
6. a) Write a non-recursive algorithm for the pre-order traversal of a binary tree T, using stacks.
b) What are the time and space requirements of your algorithm?
7. Define the following terms: state space, explicit constraints, implicit constraints, problem
state, solution states, answer states, live nod, E-node, dead node, bounding functions.
8. Draw the portion of a state space tree generated by FIFOBB, LCBB and LIFOBB for the job
sequencing with deadlines instance n=5, (p1,p2,…,p5)=(6,3,4,8,5), (t1,t2,….,t5)=(2,1,2,1,1) and
(d1,d2,…,d5)=(3,1,4,2,4). What is the penalty corresponding to an optimal solution? Use a
variable tuple size formulation and ĉ (.) and u (.).
###
Set No:
Code No: RR-210504
4
---
1. A complex valued matrix X is represented by a pair of matrices (A,B) where A and B contain
real values. Write an algorithm that computes the product of two complex valued matrices
(A,B) and (C,D) where (A,B) * (C,D) = (A+iB) * (C+iD) = (AC-BD) + i (AD+BC).
Determine the number of additions and multiplications if the matrices are all n×n.
2. a) Devise a version of Merge sort algorithm which performs sorting in-place.
b) Devise a ternary search algorithm which first tests the element at position n/3 for equality with
some value x and then possibly checks the element at 2n/3 and either discovers x or reduces
the set size to one third of the original. Compare this with the binary search.
3. Explain the Job sequencing with dead line algorithm and also find the solution for the instance
n=7, (P1,P2,…. ,P7)=(3,5,20,18,1,6,30) and (D1,D2,…., D7)=(1,3,4,3,2,1,2).
4. a) Write an algorithm for checking whether an array H [1,2,….,n] is a heap or not.
b) Determine the time efficiency of the above algorithm.
5. Using the algorithm OBST, compute W(i,j), R(i,j) and C(i,j), 0<=i<j<=4 for the identifier set
(a1,a2,a3,a4)=(end, goto, print, stop) with p(1)=1/20, p(2)=1/5, p(3)=1/10, p(4)=1/20; q(0)=1/5,
q(1)=1/10, q(2)=1/5, q(3)=1/20 and q(4)=1/20. Using the R(i,j)’s construct the OBST.
6. Write a non-recursive algorithm for the inorder traversal of binary tree T. Each node has 4
fields: LCHILD, DATA, PARENT, RCHILD. Your algorithm should take no more than O(1)
additional space and O(n) time for an n-node tree. Show that this is the time taken by your
algorithm.
7. Compare and contrast
a) Brute force approach Vs Backtracking
b) Fixed Vs variable tuple size formulation.
8. Consider the LCBB traveling sales person algorithm described using the dynamic state space
tree formulation. Let A and B be nodes. Let B be the child of A. If the edge (A,B) represents
the inclusion of edge <i,j> in the tour, then in the reduced matrix for B all entries in row i and
column j are set to ∞. In addition, one more entry is set to ∞. Obtain an efficient way to
determine this entry.
###
Code No: RR-210504
---
1. Define time complexity. Describe different notations used to represent these complexities.
Illustrate.
2. a) Analyze the average case time complexity of Quick sort.

b) If k is a non-negative constant, then show that the solution to the given recurrence equation,
for n a power of 2 is T(n) =3knlog3 – 2kn.
T(n) = k, n=1
3T(n/2)+kn, n>1
3. a) Write Prim’s algorithm under the assumption that the graphs are represented by adjacency lists.
b) Analyze precisely the computing time and space requirements of this new version of Prim’s
algorithm using adjacency lists.
4. a) What are Dictionaries? Explain.

b) What is a balanced tree? Differentiate between 2-3 trees and AVL trees.
5. a) What do you mean by forward and backward approach of problem solving in Dynamic
programming?
b) What are the differences between the Greedy and Dynamic programming methods of problem
solving?
6. a) Present an algorithm for depth first search traversal. Explain with an example.
b) Write a detailed note on breadth first traversal.
7. a) What is graph coloring? Present an algorithm which finds all m-colorings of a graph.
b) Draw the state space tree for m-closing graph using a suitable graph.
8. Present a program schema for a FIFO Branch & Bound search for a Least-Cost answer node.
###
Set
2
---
1. Define space complexity. Explain the same with an example.
2. a) Compare Merge sort & Quick sort for the given data sets.
10, 30, 15, 45, 25, 30, 35, 20, 30, 40, 50
c) Compare their time complexities.
3. Explain the Kruskal’s algorithm with an example and analyze its time complexity.
4. a) Write a procedure DIVIDE(b,T) to implement SPLIT(b,s) instruction which partitions a 2-3

tree T about a leaf ‘b’ so that all leaves to the left of ‘b’ and ‘b’ itself is in one 2-3 tree and
leaves to the right of ‘b’ are in a second 2-3 tree.
b) Prove that the above procedure takes time O(height(T)) and the order of the tree is preserved.
5. Discuss the dynamic programming solutions for the problems of reliability design and
traveling sales person problem.
6. a) Show that the inorder and post order sequences of a binary tree uniquely define the binary
tree.
c) Write a detailed note on depth-first traversal.
7. Explain in detail how the technique of backtracking can be applied to solve the 8 queen’s
problem. Present the required algorithms.
8. Write a program schema for a LIFO Branch & Bound for a Least-Cost answer node.
###
Set
3
---
1. Write the non-recursive algorithm for finding the Fibonacci sequence and derive its time
complexity.
2. a) Design a Divide and Conquer algorithm for computing the number of levels in a binary tree.
b) Compute the efficiency of the above algorithm.
3. Formulate an algorithm for a spanning tree problem in terms of a sequence of set operations in
which take G as the undirected graph ; S as the undirected tree; V as the number of vertices; E
as the number of edges T as a set used to collect the edges of the final minimum spanning
tree; C as the cost function for the graph G given by { e Σ ε E1 C(e) for the sub-graph G1 =
(V1,E1) of G. Use set VS for the vertex set of the forest to write the minimum cost spanning
tree algorithm.
4. a) Write a pseudo code for constructing 2-3 trees for a given list of n integers.
b) Explain the above algorithm for a list of 10 integers.
5. a) Using Divide and Conquer approach coupled with the set generation approach, show how to
obtain an O(2n/2) algorithm for 0/1 Knapsack problem.
b) Develop an algorithm that uses this approach to solve the 0/1 Knapsack problem.
c) Compare the run time and storage requirements of this approach.
6. a) Write a non-recursive algorithm for the pre-order traversal of a binary tree T, using stacks.
b) What are the time and space requirements of your algorithm?
7. Define the following terms: state space, explicit constraints, implicit constraints, problem
state, solution states, answer states, live nod, E-node, dead node, bounding functions.
8. Draw the portion of a state space tree generated by FIFOBB, LCBB and LIFOBB for the job
sequencing with deadlines instance n=5, (p1,p2,…,p5)=(6,3,4,8,5), (t1,t2,….,t5)=(2,1,2,1,1) and
(d1,d2,…,d5)=(3,1,4,2,4). What is the penalty corresponding to an optimal solution? Use a
variable tuple size formulation and ĉ (.) and u (.).
###
Set
4
---
1. A complex valued matrix X is represented by a pair of matrices (A,B) where A and B contain
real values. Write an algorithm that computes the product of two complex valued matrices
(A,B) and (C,D) where (A,B) * (C,D) = (A+iB) * (C+iD) = (AC-BD) + i (AD+BC).
Determine the number of additions and multiplications if the matrices are all n×n.
2. a) Devise a version of Merge sort algorithm which performs sorting in-place.
b) Devise a ternary search algorithm which first tests the element at position n/3 for equality with
some value x and then possibly checks the element at 2n/3 and either discovers x or reduces
the set size to one third of the original. Compare this with the binary search.
3. Explain the Job sequencing with dead line algorithm and also find the solution for the instance
n=7, (P1,P2,…. ,P7)=(3,5,20,18,1,6,30) and (D1,D2,…., D7)=(1,3,4,3,2,1,2).
4. a) Write an algorithm for checking whether an array H [1,2,….,n] is a heap or not.
b) Determine the time efficiency of the above algorithm.
5. Using the algorithm OBST, compute W(i,j), R(i,j) and C(i,j), 0<=i<j<=4 for the identifier set
(a1,a2,a3,a4)=(end, goto, print, stop) with p(1)=1/20, p(2)=1/5, p(3)=1/10, p(4)=1/20; q(0)=1/5,
q(1)=1/10, q(2)=1/5, q(3)=1/20 and q(4)=1/20. Using the R(i,j)’s construct the OBST.
6. Write a non-recursive algorithm for the inorder traversal of binary tree T. Each node has 4
fields: LCHILD, DATA, PARENT, RCHILD. Your algorithm should take no more than O(1)
additional space and O(n) time for an n-node tree. Show that this is the time taken by your
algorithm.
7. Compare and contrast
c) Brute force approach Vs Backtracking
d) Fixed Vs variable tuple size formulation.
8. Consider the LCBB traveling sales person algorithm described using the dynamic state space
tree formulation. Let A and B be nodes. Let B be the child of A. If the edge (A,B) represents
the inclusion of edge <i,j> in the tour, then in the reduced matrix for B all entries in row i and
column j are set to ∞. In addition, one more entry is set to ∞. Obtain an efficient way to
determine this entry.
17. Question Bank
Unit-1
1. a) Define an algorithm. Describe the Characteristics of the algorithm.
b) What do you mean by the input size of a problem? Explain its significance.
2. Describe the Performance analysis in detail.
3. a) Define time Complexity. Describe different notations used to represent these complexities.
b) Write the non-recursive algorithm for finding the Fibonacci sequence and derive its time complexity.
4. a) Write an algorithm to find a largest of given ‘n’ numbers. Derive its time complexity using big ‘oh’
notation.
b) Explain about amortization.
5. a) Show that f(n)+g(n) = o(n2) where f(n)=3n2-n+4 and g(n)= n log n+5
b) Show that f (n) =4n2 – 64n + 288 =Ω (n2).
6. a) Write and explain the control abstraction for divide and conquer.
b) Explain Binary Search and give its algorithm.
7. a) Sort the following elements using Merge Sort: 10, 30, 15, 45, 25, 30, 35, 20, 30, 40, 50
b) Write the Algorithm for Merge sort and derive its time complexity.
8. a) Write the algorithm for quick sort.
b) Derive its time complexity for Best, Worst and Average cases.
9. a) Trace the quick sort algorithm to sort the list C, O, L, L, E, G, E in alphabetical order.
b) Give an instance, where the quick sort algorithm has worst case time complexity.
10. a) If K is a non negative constant, then prove that the recurrence
T(n)= K n=1
3T (n/2) + kn n>1
has the following solution (for n a power of 2); T (n) = 3kn log3 – 2kh.
b) Solve the following recurrence relation using substitution method.

T(n) = 1 n≤4
2T ( n ) + log n n>4
Unit-II
1. a) List various tree traversal techniques. Explain with an example.
b) Write non-recursive algorithm for in-order binary tree traversal.
2. Develop algorithms for UNION and FIND using weighting rule and collapsing rule respectively.
3.a) Write and explain BFS and DFS Algorithms for Graphs.
b) Write BFS and DFS order for the following Graph.
4. a) What are biconnected components? Explain.
b) Write an algorithm to determine the articulation points and the biconnected components of a
graph G.
5. a) Explain in detail AND/OR Graphs.
b) (Game Trees)
Unit-III
1. a) Explain the terms feasible solution, optimal solution and objective function.
b) Find an optimal solution to the knapsack instance n=7 m=15.
(P1, P2…..P7)= (10,5,15,7,6,18,3), and (W1, W2,…..W7) = (2,3,5,7,1,4,1).
2. a) Explain the prims algorithm with the appropriate example.
b) Write the prims algorithm to find the minimum cost spanning tree.
3. a) What is a spanning tree? What are the applications of it.
b) Find the shortest path for the given graph by using single source shortest path.
A B
5
4
3 7 7
E
3
6 5
C D
1
4. a) Explain in the control abstraction for greedy method.
b) Write kruskal’s algorithm to find the maximum spanning tree.
5. a) Explain the algorithm for Job sequencing with deadlines. Applying the same find the solution for the
instance n=4, (P1, P2…..P4) = (100.10, 15.27), and (d1, d2….d4) = (2, 1, 2, 1).
6. a) What is Principle of optimality? Explain its significance.
b) Multistage Graphs
7. a) Define an Optimal Binary Search Tree (OBST)
b) Construct an OBST when n=4, such that a1< a2< a3< a4. With (q0, q1, q2, q4) = (1/4, 3/16, 1/16, 1/16, 1/16)
and (p1, p2, p3, p4) = (1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/16).
8. a) Define merge and purge rules.
b) Consider the Knapsack instance n=6, m=165, (p1, p2…..p6) = (w1, w2…w6) = (100, 50, 20, 10, 7, 3).
Generate the Si sets containing the pair (pi, wi) and thus find the optimal solution.
9. a) Explain the OBST algorithm.
b) Write an Algorithm for 0/1 Knapsack problem using Dynamic programming.
10. a) Write an algorithm of all pairs shortest path problem.

b) Find the shortest path between all pairs of nodes in the following Graph.
6
4
1 2
11 2
3
3
11. a) What is Travelling Sales Person problem and what are its applications?
b) Find the shortest tour of a TSP for following instance using Dynamic programming.
A B C D
A 0 10 15 20
B 5 0 9 10
6 13 0 12
D 8 8 9 0
12. a) Explain in detail the Reliability Design problem.

b) Design three stage system with device types D1, D2, D3. The costs are Rs. 30, Rs. 15 and
Rs. 20 respectivly. The Costs of the system into be not more than Rs. 105. The reliability of
each device type is 0.9, 0.8 and 0.5 respectivly.
UNIT-IV
1. a) Compare and contrast Brute Force approach and Back tracking.
b) Write the control abstraction of Backtracking.
2. a) Define the following terms. Explicit constraints, Implicit constraints, state space tree,
problem state, Answer state, live node, E-node, dead node. Back tracking and Branch and
Bound.
3. a) Compare and contrast fixed vs variable tuple size formulation.

b) Draw the tree organization of the 4-queens solution space.Number the nodes using
i) BFS ii) DFS iii) D-Search
4. a) Explain in detail how Backtracking can be applied to solve the 8-queens problem.
b) Write an algorithm for n-queens problem.
5. a) Explain in detail the Sum of Subsets problem with an example.

b) Write recursive Backtracking algorithm for Sum of Subsets problem.
6. Consider the following instance of Sum of Subsets problem:

W={15, 7, 20, 5, 18, 10, 12} and m=35. Find all possible Sub Sets of w that sum to m. Draw
the portion of the state space tree that is generated.
7. a) Draw the state space tree for the following graph when m=3(m-Coluring graph problem).
1 2
4 3
b) Devise a Backtracking algorithm for m-Coloring graph problem.
8. a) Define Hamiltonian cycle. Give an example.

b) Write a Backtracking algorithm fro finding all Hamiltonian cycles in a given graph.
9. a) Define the term Branch and Bound and Explain it with an example.
b) Write an algorithm for LC-Search.
10. Draw the portion of the State Space Tree generated by FIFO BB, LCBB and LIFOBB for the
job sequensing with deadlines instance, n=4, (p1, d1, t1) = (5, 1, 1), (p2, d2, t2) = (10, 3, 2), (p3,
d3, t3) = (6, 2, 1) and (p4, d4, t4) = (3, 1, 1). What is the penalty corresponding to an optional
solution.
11. Draw the portion the State Space Tree generated by LCBB and FIFOBB for the following
Knapsack instance.
N=4, (p1, p2, p3, p4) = (10, 10, 12, 18), (w1, w2, w3, w4) = (2, 4, 6, 9) and m=15.
12. Consider the Travelling Salesperson instance defined by the cost matrix.
œ 20 30 10 11
15 œ 16 4 2
3 5 œ 2 4
19 6 18 œ 3
16 4 7 16 œ
a) Obtain the reduced cost matrix.

b) Using a State Space Tree formulation, obtain the portion of the State Space tree that will be
generated by LCBB. Label each node by its Ĉ value, write out the reduced matrices
corresponding to each of these nodes.
13. Solve the above problem using reduced matrix method and the Dynamic State Space Tree
approach.
UNIT – V
1. Write about the theory of NP-Completeness.
2. Write shortnotes on Deterministic and Non-Deterministic algorithm with an example.
3. Explain Non Deterministic search and sorting algorithms.
4. Write about Decision and Optimization problems with examples.
5. a) Explain the Clique problem and write the algorithm for the same.
b) Write a Non-Deterministic Knapsack algorithm.
6. Explain the Satisifiability problem and write the algorithm for the same.
7. a) With a neat diagram, explain the relevance of NP-hard and NP-complete problems.
b) What is meant by Halting problem. Explain with an example.
8. State and explain Cook’s Theorem.
18. Assignment sheets

Assignment-1
1. Express the following function in Big oh ,omega and theta notations
a) 4*2n b) 10logn+6 c) 10n2+5n
2. Write the non recursive algorithm for finding the Fibonacci sequence and derive the complexity
3. Given an array of n elements write an algorithm to remove all duplicates from the array. Give its time and
space complexity
4. Sort the following elements using quick sort
11, 8, 10, 6, 19, 12, 7, 14
Assignment-2
1. Present an algorithm height union that uses the height rule for union operation instead of the weighted rule.
The rule is defined as below
If the height of a tree i is less than that of the tree j then make j the parent of i otherwise make i the
parent of j.
2. Prove that the maximum time and space taken by algorithm BFS on any graph G with ‘n’ vertices and ‘e’
edges is T(n,e)=Θ(n+e) , S(n,e)= Θ(n), if G is represented by the adjacency list and T(n,e)= Θ(n2) and S(n,e)=
Θ(n).
3. Present the behavior of weighted union on the following sequence of union starting from the initial
configuration as p[i]=-count[i]=-1, 1<=i<=8,
Union(1,2), Union(3,4), Union(5,6) , Union(7,8), Union(1,3), Union(5,7), Union( 1,5)
Assignment-3
1. a) What is the solution generated by the function job sequencing when n=7 ,
(P1,P2,….P7)=(3,5,20,18,1,6,30) and (d1,d2,….d7)=(1,3,4,3,2,1,2)
b) What is Greedy method and discuss its applications
2. a) Solve the following 0/1 Kanpsack problem using Dynamic Programming P=(11,21,31,33) ,
W=(2,11,22,15), m=40 , n=4.
b) Consider a four stage system with r1=0.9, r2=0.8, r3=0.5 and r4=0.6 and c1=30,c2=15,c3=20 and c4=10,
where the total cost of the system is C<=135. Find the reliability design for the system.
3.Consider nn=5 and a1,a2,a3,a4,a5 identifiers , the values of p’s and q’s are given as
p(1:5)=(0.15,0.10,0.05,0.10,0.20), q(0:4)=(0.05,0.10,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.10). Construct the Optimal Binary
Search Tree(OBST).
Assignment-4
1.Find the optimal travelling salesperson tour using dynamic programming
0 5 2 3
4 0 1 5
4 2 0 3
7 6 8 0
2. Let w = {6, 15, 20, 10, 11, 18, 29} and m=35. Find all possible subsets of w that sum to m. Draw the
portion of the state space tree that is generated
3. Draw the portion of state space tree generated by LCBB for the knapsack instances: n = 4; (P1; P2;P3 ; P4)
= (10; 10; 12; 18); (w1w2;w3;w4) = (2;4; 6; 9 ) and M = 15
4. Solve the following 0/1 Knapsack problem using dynamic programming P= (10, 20, 30, 32), W= (3, 10, 21,
14), C=35, n=4.
19. Objective Questions

Unit-I
1. The time complexit y of Strassen’s Matrix multiplication algorithm is__
[ ]
7 n log n
a) O(log n ) b) O(log 7 ) c) O(7 ) d) None
2. If al gorithm takes O(n 2 ), it is faster for sufficiently lar ger n than if it had taken
___________ [ ]
a)O(log n) b) O(n) c) O(n log n) d) O(2 n )
3. The worst case ti me complexit y of Quick sort is__________

[ ]
a) O(n log n) b) O(n 2 ) c) O(log n) d) None
4. The Average Ti me Complexit y of Binar y Search is______

[ ]
5. The Average Ti me Complexit y of Mer ge Sor t is ______

[ ]
6. Which notation gi ves t he lower bound of the function f(n).________

[ ]
a) O b) o c) w d)NONE
7. In Quick sort what is t he characteristic of the pivot element_______
8. Time Complexity, T(p), of a program is the sum of _____________ and

_____________
9. The f(n)= w(g(n)), if _____________

10. Sort the following in ascending order.
O(n), O( 1) , O(2 n ), (log n) , O(n 2 ), O(n log n), O(n 3 ), O(3 n )
11. If P the actual problem is di vided into k sub problems P 1 ,P 2 ,….P k then the
computing ti me of P, T(n) is gi ven by
______________________________________________________________
where n i is the number of input present in P i .
12. Step by step procedure to sol ve a problem is known as____________
13. Define profiling.
14. The maxi mum stack space needed by Quick s ort is ________
15. The data structure used to execute the recursive procedures is _____________
16. The condition for mer ge sort is_________________________
17. The time Complexit y of conventional matrix multiplication al gorithm

is___________
18. Define Al gorithm
19. The amount of comput er memor y required to execute a program is known

as________
20. Write the recurrence relation to find the ti me complexit y of recursive fibonacci
series program__________________________.
Unit-II
1. The maximum no. of nodes in a 2-3 tree of Height k is _______________
2. Write Weighted rule for Union.
3. Write the Collapsing rule for Find.
4. What is the time complexity of Weighted Union algorithm._____________
5 In Reliability design problem Ui is called as [ ]

a. The upper bound on no. of copies
b. The lower bound on no. of copies
c. Reliability d) none
6 The objective function of Traveling sales person problem is [ ]

a. Cost of the tour must be maximum
b. Time of the tour must be minimum
c. Time of the tour must be maximum
d. Cost of the tour must be minimum
7 The node for which the children is currently being generated is known as
a) Dead node b)Enode [ ]
c) Live node d) None
8 The node for which all the children are generated is known as
a)Dead node b)Enode [ ]
c)Live node d)None
9 The node for which the children is yet to be generated is known as

a)Dead node b)Enode [ ]
c)Live node d)None
10 ------------- Constraints are rules that restrict each xi to take on values only from a given set
[ ]
a)Explicit Constraints b)Implicit Constraints
c)Implied Constraints d)None
11 _____ determines which of the tuples (sets) in the solution space actually satisfy the criterion
function [ ]
a) Explicit Constraints b)Implicit Constraints
c) Implied Constraints d)None
12 Depth First node generation with bounding functions is called___[ ]
a) Dynamic Programming b) Branch and Bound
c) Back Tracking d) None
13 _______ functions are used to kill the nodes of a state space tree [ ]
a) Explicit Functions b)Implicit Functions c) Bounding Functions d)None
14 Define Problem state.
15 Write the formula to test whether the two queens are in the same diagonal or not.
16 place(k, i) returns true if ________________________________
17 Define Chromatic Number.
18 Number of nodes generated in the State Space Tree of a Graph Coloring problem with n vertices and
with chromatic number m is _______________
19 g(i , S)= min { }
20 g( i ,  ) = ___________________ [ ]
a) Ci b) Ci c) Cii d) C
i
21 In reliability design problem S1 = _________________________.
Unit-III
In greedy method only one decision sequence is ever generated. (True/False)
1. Multi-stage graph problem is classified under …………………. category of problem.
a) permutation selection problem
b) subset selection problem
c) both a and b
d) none
2. If you construct a Binary search tree for the given identifier set {for,do,while,int,if}.
Then the average no of comparisions required to search an identifier in the worst case is
……………..
3. The time complexity of Heap Sort algorithm is [ ]
a) O(n log n)
b) O( log n)
c) O(n2)
d) O(1)
4. In AVL Tree the Balancing factor of any node can be [ ]

a) 1,2,3
b) 1,0
c) 1,0,-1
d) None
5. In a 2-3 Tree each node should have __________ no of keys. [ ]

a) 2 b)3 c)5 d)None
6. In Sets the FIND operation returns [ ]

a) Parent node
b) Root node
c) Child node
d) None
7. In a Maximum Heap the value of a node is at least as large as its ____[ ]

a) Parent
b) Root
c) Sibling
d) Children
8. In _____________ trees all the terminal nodes are at same level [ ]

a) 2-3 Trees
b) AVL Trees
c) Binary Trees
d) None
9. In Weighted Union Algorithm the set with minimum no. of nodes becomes
a) Root of the Resultant Tree [ ]
b) Child node at Level Two
c) AVL Tree
d) 2-3 Tree
10. The minimum no. of nodes in an AVL tree of Height ‘ h’ is given by n(h)=________________
11. The minimum no. of nodes in a 2-3 tree of Height k is ______________
12. Write the Objective function of Knapsack problem.
13. Define Optimal & feasible Solutions
14. Write the Control abstraction of Greedy Method.
Unit -IV
1. The time complexity of In-order Tree traversal algorithm is __________ [ ]
a)(n) b)  (log n) c)  (n2) d)  (n3)
2. The Space complexity of In-order Tree traversal algorithm is __________ [ ]

a)O(n) b)O(log n) c)O(n2) d)O(n3)
3. The Space complexity of BFS algorithm is __________ [ ]

a)(n) b)  (log n) c)  (n2) d)  (n3)
4. The Time complexity of BFS algorithm(if adjacency matrix is used to represent the graph) is
__________ [ ]
a) (n+E) b)  (log n) c)  (n )
2
d)  (n )
3
5. The Time complexity of DFS algorithm(if adjacency list is used to represent the graph) is
__________ [ ]
a) (n+E) b)  (log n) c)  (n2) d)  (n3)
6. The data structure used in BFS algorithm is [ ]
a) Stack b)Queue c)Linked list d)None
7. The data structure used in DFS algorithm is [ ]
a) Stack b)Queue c)Linked list d)None
8. ___________ game is one in which there are no valid sequences of infinite length
a)Infinite b)Finite c)Cricket d)None [ ]
9. Define the Instance of a Game Tree
10. The Problem reduction in computer can be represented by using [ ]
a. Multistage graph
b. Tree
c. AND/OR graph
d. OR/OR graph
11. In LC search the next E-node is selected based on _______ [ ]
a) FIRST IN FIRST OUT b)LAST IN FIRST OUT
c) RANKING FUNCTION d)All the ABOVE.
12. In LC search, the function of Least( ) is________________ [ ]
a. To find the node with least rank
b. To find least number of nodes
c. To find the least value
d. None
13. In 15-puzzle problem, g(x)= ___________________________ [ ]
a. The total number of Tiles.
b. The number of non blank Tiles with even number
c. The number of Tiles with ODD number
d. The number of non blank Tiles not in their Goal Position.
14. Intelligent ranking function c(x)=___________ [ ]

a. F(h(x)-g|(x)
b. F(h(x))
c. F(h(x))+g|(x)
d. None
UNIT-V
1. The solution to the recurrence H(n) = n +root(n )· H([ ]) is [ ]
A. O(n).
B. O( ).
C. O(n log log n).
D. O(log n).
E. O(log* n).
2. Given two graphs G1 and G2, deciding if one can delete k edges from G1 and get
the graph G2 (we consider two graphs to be the same if one can rename the vertices of one graph to get the
second graph) is
A. NP-complete.
B. Solvable in polynomial time.
C. NP-hard
D. None of the above.
3. Any problem that can be solved by an algorithm that uses only O(log n) bits of memory (in addition to the
input, which resides in a read-only memory) can be solved using polynomial time." This statement is:
A. False.
B. True.
C. False only if P = NP.
D. True only if P = NP.
4.The problem Triple 2Coloring (deciding if the vertices of a graph G can be

partitioned into three sets S, T, V , such that the induced subgraphs GS, GT and GV are each
colorable by two colors) is
A. NP-Complete.
B. Solvable in polynomial time.
C. NP-Hard.
D. None of the above.
5 . The solution to the recurrence A(n) = A(log n) + 1 is:

A. O(1)
B. O(log log log n)
C. O(n log n).
D. O(n log n).
6). Given a boolean formula F of length n defined over 100 variables, deciding if F is satisfiable can be done
in:
A. O(2n) time, and there is no faster algorithm.
B. O(log log n) time.
C. Polynomial time.
D. This is an NP-complete problem, and it cannot be solved.
20. Tutorial problems
Tutorial-1
1. Write an algorithm to evaluate a polynomial using Horner’s Rule.

2. Given n Boolean variables x1, x2….xn. We wish to print all possible combinations of truth values they can
assume. Write an algorithm to accomplish this.
3. Give both a Recursive and an Iterative algorithm to compute the binominal coefficient n
m
4. Ackermann’s function A(m,n) is defined as follows.
n+1 if m=0
A (m,n) = A (m-1, 1) if n=0
A (m-1, A (m, n-1)) otherwise
Write both Recursive and Non Recursive algorithm for computing above function.
5. Determine the frequency counts for all state ments in the following two algorithm segments.
a) b)
1. for i: = 1 to n do 1. i: = 1;
2. for j: = 1 to i do 2. while (i≤n) do
3. for k: = 1 to j do 3. {
4. x: = x+1; 4. x: = x+1;
5. i: = i+1;
6. }
6. Obtain the step count for the following algorithm using the Frequency method. Clearly show the
step count table.
Algorithm mult (a, b, c, n)
{
for i:= 1 to n do
for j: = 1 to n do
{
c [i, j] := 0;
for k := 1 to n do.
C [i, j] := c[i, j] + a[i, k] * b[k, j];
}
}
Tutorial-2
1. Show how Quicksort sorts the following sequences keys:
5, 5, 8, 3, 4, 3, 2
2. Sort a file of n records which consists of scanning the file, merging consecutive pairs of size one,
then merge pairs of size two, and so on. Write an algorithm that carries out this process. Show how
your algorithm works on the data set (100, 300, 150, 450, 250, 350, 200, 400, 500).
3. Show how Quick sort sorts the following sequence of keys: 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 and 5, 5, 8, 3, 4, 3, 2
4. On which input data does the algorithm QuickSort exhibit its worst case behavior?
Tutorial-3
1. Present an algorithm Height union that uses the height rule for union operations instead of the
weighting rule.
2. For the following graphs indentify the articulation points and draw the biconnected components.
1 1 5
4
8
2 3 4 6
2
7
8
5 6 3
7
a) b)
Tutorial-4
1. Prove that if p1/w1≥, p2/w2≥,……≥pn/wn, then GreedyKnapsack generates an optimal solution
to the given instance of the Knapsack problem.
2. Find an optimal solution to the Knapsack instance n=7, m=15, (p1, p2,….p7) = (10, 5, 15, 7, 6,
18, 3) and (w1, w2, w3…..w7) = (2,3,5,7,1,4,1).
3. Compute a minimum cost spanning tree for the following graph using
a) Prim’s Algorithm b) Kruskal’s Algorithm.
6
2 7 21
11 8 10 6
15
12 4 11
1
17 7
2 14
13 8
5
3 5
4. Find the shortest path between all pairs of nodes in the following graph
A 5 B
1 2
4 3
C D
6
Tutorial-5
1. Construct the Optimal Binary Search Tree when n=4 such that a1<a2<a3<a4 with
(q0, q1, q2, q3, q4) = (¼, 3/16, 1/16, 1/16, 1/16) and
(p1, p2, p3, p4) = (1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/16)
2. Find the optimal solution for the knapsack (p) instance when m=165, n=6, (p1,….p6) =
(w1,…..w6) = (100, 50, 20, 10, 7, 3)
3. Consider the following Sum of Subsets problem instance. n=6, m=30, and w[1:6] ={5, 10, 12,
13, 15, 18}. Find all possible subsets of w that sum to m. Draw the portion of the state space
tree that is generated.
4 Draw the portion of the state space tree generated by LCBB for the following Knapsack
instances.n=5 (p1, p2….p5) = (10, 15, 6, 8, 4)
(w1, w2,……w5) = (4, 6, 3, 4,) and m=12

a) n=5 (p1, p2,…p5) = (w1, w2,….w5) = (4, 4, 5, 8, 9) and m=15.
21. Known gaps ,if any and inclusion of the same in lecture schedule : NO
22. Discussion topics
1. Time and Space complexity

2. Different Sorting algorithms
3. Applications of Divide and Conquer
4. Greedy technique applications
5. Dynamic programming
6. Comparison of Dynamic programming and Greedy technique
7. Application of Trees
8. Application of graphs
9. Tree and graph traversals
10. Applications of backtracking technique
11. Difference between LC Branch & Bound and FIFO branch and Bound
12. Deterministic and Non Deterministic algorithms
23. References , Journals, Websites and E-links

http://www.personal.kent.edu/~rmuhamma/Algorithms/algorithm.html
http://nptel.ac.in/courses/106101060/
http://freevideolectures.com/Course/2281/Design-and-Analysis-of-Algorithms#
http://staff.ustc.edu.cn/~csli/graduate/algorithms/book6/chap18.htm
http://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/spr11/cos423/Lectures/NP-completeness.pdf
https://www.ics.uci.edu/~eppstein/161/960312.html
24. Quality Measurement Sheets
Course End Survey
COURSE END SURVEY of II CSE-A Faculty: A.Sree Lakshmi
ACADEMIC YEAR SEM : II Date :22-04-2004

: 2012-13
COURSE DAA CLASS : II CSE
FACULTY A.SREE LAKSHMI SECTION : A
Please evaluate on the following Scale:

Excellent(E) Good(G) Average(A) Poor(P) No Comment(NC)
5 4 3 2 1
SNO QUESTIONAIRE E G A P NC Avg

5 4 3 2 1 %
GENERAL OBJECTIVES:
1) Did the course achieve its stated objectives? 31 13 1 0 0 4.66(93.33%)
2) Have you acquired the stated skills? 29 14 2 0 0 4.6(92%)
3) Whether the syllabus content is adequate to achieve the 31 12 2 0 0 4.64(92.88%)
objectives?
4) Whether the instructor has helped you in acquiring the stated 31 11 3 0 0 4.62(92.44%)
skills?
5) Whether the instructor has given real life applications of the 30 12 3 0 0 4.6(92%)
course?
6) Whether tests, assignments, projects and grading were fair? 30 11 4 0 0 4.57(91.55%)
7) The instructional approach (es) used was (were) appropriate to 30 13 2 0 0 4.62(92.44%)
the course.
8) The instructor motivated me to do my best work. 29 14 2 0 0 4.6(92%)
9) I gave my best effort in this course. 27 15 3 0 0 4.53(90.66%)
10) To what extent you feel the course outcomes have been 28 14 3 0 0 4.55(91.11%)
achieved.
For Lab courses only
11) I was provided with adequate orientation and guidance for
proceeding with laboratory activities.
12) The instructor(s) was (were) helpful in assisting with problems
and difficulties in the lab.
13) Space & facilities were adequate for required activities of the
lab.
14) Instructor provided material required for the lab.
Please provide written comments
a) What was the most effective part of this course
 Presentations very interesting to study topics
 Explanation
 Algorithms
 Teaching was good enough to understand the concepts
b) What are your suggestions, if any, for changes that would improve this course?
 Would be better if topics of similar methods are reduced
c)Given all that you learned as a result of this course, what do you consider to be most important?
 Implementation
d)Do you have any additional comments or clarifications to make regarding your responses to any particular survey item?

e)Do you have any additional comments or suggestions that go beyond issues addressed on this survey?

COURSE END SURVEY of II CSE-B Faculty: D.VENKATESWARLU
A. Y : 2014-15 SEM : II Date :01-05-2015

FACULTY D.VENKATESWARLU SECTION : B

Excellent(E) Good(G) Average(A) Poor(P) No
Comment(NC)
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1 %
GENERAL OBJECTIVES:
1) Did the course achieve its stated objectives? 16 18 16 7 0 3.75(75.08)
2) Have you acquired the stated skills? 13 23 14 7 0 3.73(74.73)
3) Whether the syllabus content is adequate to achieve the 15 22 14 6 0 3.80(76.14)
objectives?
4) Whether the instructor has helped you in acquiring the stated 12 22 14 9 0 3.64(72.98)
skills?
5) Whether the instructor has given real life applications of the 12 18 18 9 0 3.57(71.57)
course?
6) Whether tests, assignments, projects and grading were fair? 13 18 17 9 0 3.61(72.28)
7) The instructional approach (es) used was (were) appropriate to 14 13 20 9 0 3.50(70.17)
the course.
8) The instructor motivated me to do my best work. 16 14 19 8 0 3.66(73.33)
9) I gave my best effort in this course. 15 18 17 7 0 3.71(74.38)
10) To what extent you feel the course outcomes have been 18 13 18 8 0 3.75(74.38)
achieved.
lab.
b) What was the most effective part of this course
 Class Discussions
 Real Life examples given
 Learning subject
 Given more number of Assignments
 Computer Science Algorithm in Mathematical approach
 Everything is explained very clearly
 To conduct exams
 Practicing
 To work day to day
 Application based algorithms(like graphs, trees etc.,)
d)Do you have any additional comments or clarifications to make regarding your responses to any particular survey
item?
 To be consistent
COURSE END SURVEY of II CSE-C Faculty: A.Sree Lakshmi
ACADEMIC YEAR SEM : II Date :15-APR-2015

: 2012-13
FACULTY A.SREE LAKSHMI SECTION : C

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1 %
GENERAL OBJECTIVES:
1) Did the course achieve its stated objectives? 33 10 0 1 0 4.7(94%)
2) Have you acquired the stated skills? 26 17 1 0 0 4.56(91.3%)
objectives?
skills?
5) Whether the instructor has given real life applications of the 33 10 0 1 0 4.7(94.09%)
course?
7) The instructional approach (es) used was (were) appropriate to 30 11 1 2 0 4.56(91.3%)
the course.
8) The instructor motivated me to do my best work. 30 12 1 1 0 4.61(92.2%)
9) I gave my best effort in this course. 33 9 2 0 0 4.7(94%)
achieved.
lab.
c) What was the most effective part of this course



d)Do you have any additional comments or clarifications to make regarding your responses to any particular survey item?


COURSE END SURVEY of II CSE-D Faculty: A.Sree Lakshmi
ACADEMIC YEAR SEM : II Date :APR-2015

: 2012-13
FACULTY A.SREE LAKSHMI SECTION : D

5 4 3 2 1

5 4 3 2 1 %
GENERAL OBJECTIVES:
1) Did the course achieve its stated objectives? 27 17 2 0 0 4.5(90.86%)
2) Have you acquired the stated skills? 24 21 1 0 0 4.5(90%)
objectives?
skills?
5) Whether the instructor has given real life applications of the 28 18 0 0 0 4.6(92.17%)
course?
7) The instructional approach (es) used was (were) appropriate 28 14 4 0 0 4.52(90.43%)
to the course.
8) The instructor motivated me to do my best work. 33 11 2 0 0 4.67(93.47%)
9) I gave my best effort in this course. 26 16 4 0 0 4.47(89.56%)
achieved.
12) The instructor(s) was (were) helpful in assisting with
problems and difficulties in the lab.
13) Space & facilities were adequate for required activities of
the lab.
d) What was the most effective part of this course
 Logical Thinking
 Real Life Applications
 Regular follow up and clearing students doubts
 Algorithms
 Analyze algorithms and improve efficiency of algorithms
 Performance of Algorithms
 Better for understanding
 Motivative classes
 More indepth explanation of Branch and Bound
 Few algorithms were complex
 More Practical thinking to be developed & conduct tests
 Teaching with the help of videso to get a real view
 Giving more and more examples
 Basics
 Techniques of alg design
 Estimate Performance of Algorithms
 Diff techniques of designing algorithms
d)Do you have any additional comments or clarifications to make regarding your responses to any particular survey
item?
TEACHING EVALUATION
Course Assessment
Class:II CSE-A A.Y: 2014-15
Subject: DAA Sem: II
Faculty: A. SREE LAKSHMI
Assessment Criteria Used Attainment Level Remarks

Direct(d) Theory:
External Marks 81.14%
Internal Marks(Theory) 51%
76.79%
Assignments 91.23%
76.79%
Tutorials 82.8%
Lab:
Internal Marks NA
External Marks NA
Indirect(id) Course End Survey 92.04%
Course Assessment(06*d+0.4*id) 82.87%
Course Assessment
Class:II CSE-B A.Y: 2014-15

Faculty: D.VENKATESWARLU
Direct(d) Theory:
External Marks 89.47%
78.61% 78.61%
Assignments 100%
Tutorials 89%
Lab:
Internal Marks -----
External Marks -----
Indirect(id) Course End Survey 92%
Course Assessment
Class:II CSE-C A.Y: 2014-15

Subject: DAA Sem: I
Faculty: A. SREE LAKSHMI
Direct(d) Theory:
External Marks 80%
66.905%
Assignments 82.5%
66.905%
Tutorials 75.12%
Lab:
Internal Marks NA NA
External Marks NA
Indirect(id) Course End Survey 92.7%
Course Assessment
Class:II B.Tech II CSE-D A.Y: 2014-15

Faculty: A.Sree Lakshmi
Direct(d) Theory:
External Marks 88%
Internal Marks(Theory) 70.37%
84.57%
Assignments 90.74%
84.57%
Tutorials 89.17%
Lab:
Internal Marks NA NA
External Marks NA
Indirect(id) Course End Survey 91%

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DESIGN AND ANALYISIS OF ALGORITHMS

Faculty In charge HOD-CSE

11 Class Time Table

16 University Question papers of previous years

19 Unit wise Quiz Questions and long answer questions

22 Discussion topics , if any

23 References, Journals, websites and E-links if any

24 Quality Measurement Sheets

26 Group-Wise students list for discussion topic

(Name of the Subject/Lab Course): Design and Analysis of Algorithms

4. Mission of the CSE Department

1. To be a center of excellence in instruction, innovation in research and scholarship, and service to

PEO-1. To provide graduates with a good foundation in mathematics, sciences and

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES OF CSE:

A40508.1. Explain, model, and analyze a given software problem as an algorithm.

DAA PEO1,PEO2 PO1,PO2,PO3,PO4,PO7,PO8,PO10,PO13,PO14

A40508.2 Analyze algorithms and 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1

A40508.3 Formulate the space needs 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1

A40508.4Investigate whether the 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1

A40508.5Prove the correctness of an 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1

A40508.6 Explain good principles of 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2

A40508.7 Explain basic techniques 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2

A40508.8 Explain advanced 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2

13. Lecture schedule with methodology being used/adopted

3 1 Writing algorithm for sample problems Regular BB

6 1 Time complexity: using frequency count table Regular BB

Algorithm for Articulation point, Biconnected BB,OHP/LCD, Learning By

31 1 AND/OR Graphs Regular BB,OHP/LCD

32 1 Game Trees Regular BB,OHP/LCD

35 1 minimum cost spanning trees Regular BB 20.01.2016

45 1 Multistage graph – Backward approach, OBST Tutorial-7 BB, Q&A,Learning by Doing

46 1 0/1 knapsack problem Regular BB 22.02.2016

53 1 Recursive & Iterative Backtracking algorithm Regular BB

55 1 Applications- n-queens problem Regular BB 29.02.2016

60 1 Branch & Bound: General Method Regular BB 07.03.2016

65 1 0/1 Knapsack Problem- LCBB Regular BB 14.03.2016

UNIT-V: NP-Hard and NP-Complete problems

73 1 NP-Hard problems- Reducibility Regular BB,OHP/LCD 06.04.2016

3 1 Writing algorithm for sample problems Regular BB

6 1 Time complexity: using frequency count table Regular BB

22 1 Non Recursive Tree Traversal algorithms Regular BB

Algorithm for Articulation point, Biconnected BB,OHP/LCD, Learning By

31 1 AND/OR Graphs Regular BB,OHP/LCD

32 1 Game Trees Regular BB,OHP/LCD

35 1 minimum cost spanning trees Regular BB 20.01.2016

45 1 Multistage graph – Backward approach, OBST Tutorial-7 BB, Q&A,Learning by Doing

46 1 0/1 knapsack problem Regular BB 22.02.2016

53 1 Recursive & Iterative Backtracking algorithm Regular BB

55 1 Applications- n-queens problem Regular BB 29.02.2016

60 1 Branch & Bound: General Method Regular BB 07.03.2016

65 1 0/1 Knapsack Problem- LCBB Regular BB 14.03.2016

UNIT-V: NP-Hard and NP-Complete problems

3 1 Writing algorithm for sample problems Regular BB

6 1 Time complexity: using frequency count table Regular BB

22 1 Non Recursive Tree Traversal algorithms Regular BB

Algorithm for Articulation point, Biconnected BB,OHP/LCD, Learning By

31 1 AND/OR Graphs Regular BB,OHP/LCD

 p(i)level(a i ) +  q(i)(level(E i ) -1)