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CHAPTER ONE
TURBO-MACHINERY (Emeng 4191)
 The word turbo or turbinis is of Latin origin and implies that
which spins or whirls around. Essentially, a rotating blade
row, a rotor or an impeller changes the stagnation enthalpy of
the fluid moving through it by either doing positive or
negative work, depending upon the effect required of the
machine
 A turbo machine is a device in which energy transfer
occurs between a flowing fluid and rotating element due
to dynamic action. This results in change of pressure and
momentum of the fluid.
 We classify as turbomachines all those devices in which
energy is transferred either to, or from, a continuously
flowing fluid by the dynamic action of one or more moving1
blade rows.
Modeling of Evolution of Technology due to Extra-
somatism of Humans……
Zero to One-body Tool Era of Technology

2
Compound tools to Machine Era of Technology and
from Machine to Computer Era of Technology

3
Signatures of Extrasomatism

Water Mills

Machine free????
Wind Mills

Mechanical
Heat Engines
Steam /gas
turbines
4
Creator of A Science of Non-biological Muscles

Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot

5
 The Power God : Steam Turbines

Gustaf de Laval
Charles Algernon Parsons

6
Power Gods : Gas Engines and Turbines

Nicolaus A. Otto

Rudolf Diesel

7
George Brayton
 Power Gods : Hydro Power

Lester Allan Pelton James B. Francis Viktor Kaplan

8
Power Gods : Electric Power

Michael Faraday

9
Learning from Nature ….

10
 SOLAR ENERGY
Capital INCOMING
Resource RESOURCE

CO2 + H2O
PHTOSYNTHESIS

WINDS VEGETATION OCEAN SOLAR

THERMAL RADIATION
VELOCITY

CLOUDS ENERGY

CHEMICAL ENERGY
RAINS

THERMAL WAVE
WIND ENERGY
FOSSILIZATION
HYDRO ENERGY
COAL
FOSSIL FUEL PETROLEUM
NATURAL GAS

11
CLASSIFICATION OF TURBO MACHINES
1. Based on energy transfer
a) Energy is given by fluid to the rotor - Power generating
turbo machine E.g. Turbines
b) Energy given by the rotor to the fluid – Power
absorbing turbo machine E.g. Pumps, blowers and
compressors

2. Based on fluid flowing in turbo machine

a) Water b) Air c) Steam
12
d) Hot gases e) Liquids like petrol etc.
3. Based on direction of flow through the impeller (or
vanes or blades,) with reference to the axis of shaft rotation
a) Axial flow – When the path of the through-flow is wholly
or mainly parallel to the axis of rotation E.g. Axial pump,
compressor or turbine
b) Radial flow – When the path of the through-flow is wholly
or mainly in a plane perpendicular to the rotation axis. E.g
Centrifugal pump or compressor
c) Mixed flow – mixed flow in this context refers to the
direction of the through-flow at rotor outlet when both
radial and axial velocity components are present in
significant amounts. E.g. Mixed flow pump, Francis
turbine
d) Tangential flow – flow of fluid tangentially to the impeller
or blade. E.g. Pelton water turbine 13
14
4. Based on condition of fluid in turbo machine
a) Impulse type (constant pressure)
Pressure changes across the nozzle/diffuser; Pressure
does not change across the rotor (or blades). E.g Pelton
water turbine
b) Reaction type (variable pressure)
Pressure changes across both the nozzle/diffuser and the
rotor. E.g. Francis reaction turbine
5. Based on position of rotating shaft
a) Horizontal shaft – Steam turbines
b) Vertical shaft – Kaplan water turbines
c) Inclined shaft –Modern bulb micro-hydel turbines

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PARTS OF A TURBO MACHINE
The principle components of a turbo machine are:
1. Rotating element (vane, impeller or blades)
2. Stationary elements – which usually guide the fluid in
proper direction for efficient energy conversion
process.
3. Shaft– which either gives input power or takes output
power from fluid under dynamic conditions and runs at
required speed.
4. Housing – to keep various rotating, stationery and
other passages safely under dynamic conditions of
the flowing fluid. E.g. Steam turbine parts and Pelton
turbine parts.

16
17
Flow classifications
 Incompressible vs. compressible flow.
– Incompressible flow: volume of a given fluid particle does not
change.
• Implies that density is constant everywhere.
• Essentially valid for all liquid flows.
 Compressible flow: volume of a given fluid particle can change with
position.
– Implies that density will vary throughout the flow field.
– Compressible flows are further classified according to the value of
the Mach number (M), where:
V
M
c Where, C=speed of sound of steam
– M < 1 - Subsonic. V= flow speed
– M > 1 - Supersonic.

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Flow classifications
• Laminar vs. turbulent flow.
– Laminar flow: fluid particles move in smooth, layered fashion (no
substantial mixing of fluid occurs).
– Turbulent flow: fluid particles move in a chaotic, “tangled” fashion
(significant mixing of fluid occurs).
• Steady vs. unsteady flow.
– Steady flow: flow properties at any given point in space are constant
in time, e.g. p = p(x,y,z).
– Unsteady flow: flow properties at any given point in space change
with time, e.g. p = p(x,y,z,t).

19
 Flow classifications
• Single phase vs. multiphase flow.

– Single phase flow: fluid flows without phase change (either

liquid or gas).

– Multiphase flow: multiple phases are present in the flow

field (e.g. liquid-gas, liquid-solid, gas-solid).

• Homogeneous vs. heterogeneous flow.

– Homogeneous flow: only one fluid material exists in the

flow field.

– Heterogeneous flow: multiple fluid/solid materials are

present in the flow field (multi-species flows). 20
Flow configurations - external flow
• Fluid flows over an object in an unconfined domain.
• Viscous effects are important only in the vicinity of the object.
• Away from the object, the flow is essentially inviscid.
• Examples: flows over aircraft, projectiles, ground vehicles.

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Flow configurations - internal flow
• Fluid flow is confined by walls, partitions, and other boundaries.
• Viscous effects extend across the entire domain.
• Examples: flows in pipes, ducts, diffusers, enclosures, nozzles.

car interior

airflow

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temperature profile
Closed Systems
• Mass does not cross system boundary
• Energy crosses system boundary.
• Mass Balance
– dmCV/dt = 0
system
– mCV = constant boundary QOUT
• Energy Balance
– ECM = U + KE + PE
QIN
– KE = mCMv2/2gC
– PE = mCMzg/gC WIN or WOUT

ECM  ECM (t 2 ) - ECM (t1 )   QIN  WIN    QOUT +WOUT 

Open (Control Volume) Systems
• Denote with CV subscript (e.g., mCV)
• Mass and energy cross system boundary
• On the following slides,
– Compare combustion in open and closed
systems
– See a gas turbine that is analyzed as an
open system
The First Law
• Change in energy for open system is sum of
– Shaft work: Present if rotating shaft crosses boundary
– Boundary (PdV) work: Present if dVCV/dt  0
– Heat Transfer
– Energy transfer by mass transfer (u + ke + pe)

  dECV
EIN  EOUT  where ECV  mCV u  ke  pe 
dt
 W
E IN,OUT  Q  m
 h  ke  pe 

 W
or Q  m IN,i hi  kei  pei  
IN IN

  dECV
   

 QOUT  WOUT  mOUT,j hj  ke j  pe j  
dt
Conservation of Mass
• Rate Basis
 IN  m
 OUT = dm CV
m
dt
• Time Interval
t2

 [m
t=t1
IN
 OUT (t)] dt=mCV (t1 )  mCV (t 2 )
(t)-m

• Useful Relations
V vA X
m  
v v

– 
V
= Volumetric flow rate [m3/s or ft3/s]
– AX = cross-sectional flow area [m2 or ft2]
Flow Work and Enthalpy
• Mass crossing system boundary
– Carries energy u + ke + pe per unit mass flow
– Does flow work Pv per unit mass flow
– Recall enthalpy, h = u + Pv
– Total energy entering/leaving system due to mass
transfer is u + ke + pe + Pv = h + ke + pe per unit mass
flow.
Steady-State Steady-Flow Processes
• Steady-State (SS):
d  CV
0
dt
where ( )CV is any property
of the system (e.g., m or E)
• Steady-Flow (SF):
.
d IN,OUT
0
dt
.
where ( )CV is any. transfer
. . across the system
boundary (e.g., Q, W or m)
Steady-State Steady-Flow Processes
• Steady-State Steady-Flow (SSSF) = No changes
with time
• Mass Balance
0, SS
N M dmCV
 IN,i   m
m  OUT,j 
i1 j1 dt
N M
  IN,i   m
m  OUT,j
i1 j1

• If 1 stream (i.e., 1-inlet and 1-outlet)

 IN  m
m  OUT  m

Steady-State Steady-Flow Processes
• SSSF Energy Balance
0, SS
dECV
E IN  E OUT   E IN  E OUT
dt

N
 W
Q   m
 IN,i hi  kei  pei 
IN IN
i1
N

Q    
OUT  WOUT   mOUT,j hj  ke j  pe j
j1

• If 1 stream (i.e., 1-inlet and 1-outlet) and dividing

by mass flow rate
qIN  wIN  h  ke  pe IN  qOUT  wOUT  h  ke  pe OUT
Pumps, Fans, and Blowers
• Pumps: Pressurize or  OUT
m
move liquids
TOUT
• Fans & Blowers: Move  IN ,TIN ,PIN
m
air POUT
• Common Assumptions: 
W IN
– SSSF Pump Schematic
– No heat transfer
– Neglect changes in pe and ke
• Energy Balance for fan & blower
wIN  hOUT  hIN
• Energy Balance for pump (assuming ICL)
wIN  v POUT  PIN 
Nozzles and Diffusers

A diffuser converts high

speed, low pressure
flow to low speed, high
pressure flow

A nozzle converts high

pressure, low speed
flow to low pressure,
high speed flow
Nozzles and Diffusers
• Common Assumptions
– SSSF
– No work or heat transfer
– Neglect changes in pe
• Energy Balance: Crossing out terms assumed 0
qIN
0
 wIN
0

 h  ke  pe
0

IN

 qOUT
0
 wOUT
0

 h  ke  pe
0

OUT

 v2   v2 
h  ke IN  h  ke OUT  h    h  
 2gC   2gC 
IN OUT
Adiabatic Nozzles and Diffusers
– Adiabatic (q = 0)
• Turbine energy balance (Single Stream)

Q  W  H  KE  PE
Compressors
• Compressor: Shaft work  Increase pressure &
enthalpy of vapor or gas
• Often like turbine run in reverse
• Used in
– Gas power plants (e.g., gas turbine engine)
– Turbo propulsion systems (e.g., turbofan and turbojet
engines).
– Industry (e.g., supply high pressure gas)
• Working Fluids
– Gas
– Vapor
– Not Liquid (pump used)
Compressors
• Common assumptions for compressor:
– SSSF
– Adiabatic (q = 0)
– Neglect kinetic and potential energies
• Compressor energy balance
0, SS
Q     Q     dE
 IN
 W IN  m
 
 h  ke  
pe
IN   OUT
 W OUT  m

h  ke  pe
OUT  dt
  
   
E IN E OUT

 
 W IN  m hOUT  hIN 

 Per unit mass flow wIN  hOUT  hIN