PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE 2017-18

TYPES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES:

1. C++
2. Java
3. J2EE
4. .NET
5. MATLAB
6. Micro controller
7. Micro processor
8. SQL
9. HTML
10. Web programming

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C++ PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

C++ is a general-purpose programming language. It has imperative, object-oriented and
generic programming features, while also providing facilities for low-
level memory manipulation. It was designed with a bias toward system
programming and embedded, resource-constrained and large systems, with performance,
efficiency and flexibility of use as its design highlights. C++ has also been found useful in many
other contexts, with key strengths being software infrastructure and resource-constrained
applications, including desktop applications, servers, and performance-critical applications. C++
is a compiled language, with implementations of it available on many platforms. Many vendors
provide C++ compilers, including the Free Software Foundation, Microsoft, Intel, and IBM.C++
is standardized by the International Organization for Standardization, with the latest standard
version ratified and published by ISO in December 2014 as ISO/IEC 14882:2014. The C++
programming language was initially standardized in 1998 as ISO/IEC 14882:1998, which was
then amended by the C++03, ISO/IEC 14882:2003, standard. The current C++14 standard
supersedes these and C++11, with new features and an enlarged standard library. Before the
initial standardization in 1998, C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs since 1979,
as an extension of the C language as he wanted an efficient and flexible language similar to C,
which also provided high-level features for program organization. The C++17standard is due in
July 2017, with the draft largely implemented by some compilers already, and C++20 is the next
planned standard thereafter.
In 1979, Bjarne Stroustrup, a Danish computer scientist, began work on "C with Classes",
the predecessor to C++.The motivation for creating a new language originated from Stroustrup's
experience in programming for his Ph.D. thesis. Stroustrup found that Simula had features that
were very helpful for large software development, but the language was too slow for practical
use, while BCPL was fast but too low-level to be suitable for large software development. When
Stroustrup started working in AT&T Bell Labs, he had the problem of analyzing
the UNIX kernel with respect to distributed computing. Remembering his Ph.D. experience,
Stroustrup set out to enhance the Clanguage with Simula-like features. C was chosen because it
was general-purpose, fast, portable and widely used. As well as C and Simula's influences, other
languages also influenced C++, including ALGOL 68, Ada, CLU and ML. Initially, Stroustrup's
"C with Classes" added features to the C compiler, Cpre, including classes, derived
classes, strong typing, in lining and default. In 1983, "C with Classes" was renamed to "C++",
adding new features that included virtual functions, function name and operator overloading,
references, constants, type-safe free-store memory allocation, improved type checking, and
BCPL style single-line comments with two forward slashes ( // ). Furthermore, it included the
development of a standalone compiler for C++, C front.

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In 1985, the first edition of The C++ Programming Language was released, which
became the definitive reference for the language, as there was not yet an official standard. The
first commercial implementation of C++ was released in October of the same year.
In 1989, C++ 2.0 was released, followed by the updated second edition of The C++
Programming Language in 1991. New features in 2.0 included multiple inheritance, abstract
classes, static member functions, counts member functions, and protected members. In 1990, The
Annotated C++ Reference Manual was published. This work became the basis for the future
standard. Later feature additions included templates, exceptions, namespaces, new casts, and
a Boolean type. After the 2.0 update, C++ evolved relatively slowly until, in 2011,
the C++11 standard was released, adding numerous new features, enlarging the standard library
further, and providing more facilities to C++ programmers. After a minor C++14 update released
in December 2014, various new additions are planned for July 2017 and 2020. As of 2017, C++
remains the third most popular programming language, behind Java and C.
Features:
1) Simple:
C++ is a simple language in the sense that it provides structured approach (to break the problem
into parts), rich set of library functions, data types etc.
2) Machine Independent or Portable:
Unlike assembly language, c programs can be executed in many machines with little bit or no
change. But it is not platform-independent.
3) Mid-level programming language:
C++ is also used to do low level programming. It is used to develop system applications such as
kernel, driver etc. It also supports the feature of high level language. That is why it is known as
mid-level language.
4) Structured programming language:
C++ is a structured programming language in the sense that we can break the program into parts
using functions. So, it is easy to understand and modify.
5) Rich Library:
C++ provides a lot of inbuilt functions that makes the development fast.
6) Memory Management:
It supports the feature of dynamic memory allocation. In C++ language, we can free the allocated
memory at any time by calling the free() function.
7) Speed:
The compilation and execution time of C++ language is fast.
8) Pointer:
C++ provides the feature of pointers. We can directly interact with the memory by using the
pointers. We can use pointers for memory, structures, functions, array etc.
9) Recursion:
In C++, we can call the function within the function. It provides code reusability for every
function.
10) Extensible:
C++ language is extensible because it can easily adopt new features.

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11) Object Oriented:

C++ is object oriented programming language. OOPs makes development and maintenance
easier where as in Procedure-oriented programming language it is not easy to manage if code
grows as project size grows.
12) Compiler based:
C++ is a compiler based programming language, it means without compilation no C++ program
can be executed. First we need to compile our program using compiler and then we can execute
our program.

JAVA PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE:

Java is a general-purpose computer programming language that is concurrent, class-
based, object-oriented, and specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as
possible. It is intended to let application developers “write once, run anywhere” (WORA),
meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for
recompilation. Java applications are typically compiled to byte code that can run on any Java
virtual machine (JVM) regardless of computer architecture. As of 2016, Java is one of the
most popular programming languages in use, particularly for client-server web applications, with
a reported 9 million developers. Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun
Microsystems and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems’ Java platform.
The language derives much of its syntax from C and C++, but it has fewer low-level facilities
than either of them. The original and reference implementation Java compilers, virtual machines,
and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses. As of May 2007,
in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process, Sun relicensed most of its
Java technologies under the GNU General Public License. Others have also developed
alternative implementations of these Sun technologies, such as the GNU Compiler for
Java, GNU Class path, and Iced Tea-Web (browser plugin for applets). The latest version is Java
9, released on September 21, 2017, and is one of the two versions currently supported for free by
Oracle. Versions earlier than Java 8 are supported both by Oracle and other companies on a
commercial basis. James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naught on initiated the Java
language project in June 1991. Java was originally designed for interactive television, but it was
too advanced for the digital cable television industry at the time. The language was initially
called Oak after an oak tree that stood outside Gosling’s office. Later the project went by the
name Green and was finally renamed Java, from Java coffee. Gosling designed Java with a
C/C++-style syntax that system and application programmers would find familiar. Sun
Microsystems released the first public implementation as Java 1.0 in 1995.It promised “Write
Once, Run Anywhere” (WORA), providing no-cost run-times on popular platforms. Fairly
secure and featuring configurable security, it allowed network- and file-access restrictions. Major
web browsers soon incorporated the ability to run Java applets within web pages, and Java
quickly became popular. The Java 1.0 compiler was re-written in Java by Arthur van Hoff to
comply strictly with the Java 1.0 language specification. With the advent of Java 2 , new

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versions had multiple configurations built for different types of platforms. J2EE included
technologies and APIs for enterprise applications typically run in server environments,
while J2ME featured APIs optimized for mobile applications. The desktop version was
renamed J2SE. In 2006, for marketing purposes, Sun renamed new J2 versions as Java EE, Java
ME, and Java SE, respectively. In 1997, Sun Microsystems approached the ISO/IEC JTC
1 standards body and later the Ecma International to formalize Java, but it soon withdrew from
the process. Java remains a de facto standard, controlled through the Java Community Process.At
one time, Sun made most of its Java implementations available without charge, despite
their proprietary software status. Sun generated revenue from Java through the selling of licenses
for specialized products such as the Java Enterprise System.
On November 13, 2006, Sun released much of its Java virtual machine (JVM) as free and
open-source software, (FOSS), under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL). On
May 8, 2007, Sun finished the process, making all of its JVM’s core code available under free
software/open-source distribution terms, aside from a small portion of code to which Sun did not
hold the copyright. Sun’s vice-president Rich Green said that Sun’s ideal role with regard to Java
was as an “evangelist”. Following Oracle Corporation’s acquisition of Sun Microsystems in
2009–10, Oracle has described itself as the “steward of Java technology with a relentless
commitment to fostering a community of participation and transparency”. This did not prevent
Oracle from filing a lawsuit against Google shortly after that for using Java inside the Android
SDK. Java software runs on everything from laptops to data centers, game consoles to
scientific computers. On April 2, 2010, James Gosling resigned from Oracle.
Features:
1. Simple:
It has Rich set of API.
It has Garbage Collector which is always used to collect un-Referenced Memory location
for improving performance of a Java program.
2 Platform Independent:
A program or technology is said to be platform independent if and only if which can run on
all available operating systems with respect to its development and compilation.
3. Architectural Neutral:
A Language or Technology is said to be Architectural neutral which can run on any
available processors in the real world without considering their development and compilation.
MATLAB PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
MATLAB (matrix laboratory) is a multi-paradigm numerical computing environment.
A proprietary programming language developed by Math Works, MATLAB
allows matrix manipulations, plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms,
creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with programs written in other languages,
including C, C++, C#, Java, Fortran and Python.

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Although MATLAB is intended primarily for numerical computing, an optional toolbox uses
the MuPAD symbolic engine, allowing access to symbolic computing abilities. An additional
package, Simulink, adds graphical multi-domain simulation and model-based
design for dynamic and embedded systems. As of 2017, MATLAB has over 2 million users
across industry and academia. MATLAB users come from various backgrounds
of engineering, science, and economics.
Cleve Moler, the chairman of the computer science department at the University of New Mexico,
started developing MATLAB in the late 1970s. He designed it to give his student’s access
to LINPACK and EISPACK without them having to learn FORTRAN. It soon spread to other
universities and found a strong audience within the applied mathematics community. Jack little,
an engineer, was exposed to it during a visit Moler made to Stanford University in 1983.
Recognizing its commercial potential, he joined with Moler and Steve Bangert. They rewrote
MATLAB in C and founded Math Works in 1984 to continue its development. These rewritten
libraries were known as JACKPAC. In 2000, MATLAB was rewritten to use a newer set of
libraries for matrix manipulation, LAPACK.
MATLAB was first adopted by researchers and practitioners in control engineering, Little's
specialty, but quickly spread to many other domains. It is now also used in education, in
particular the teaching of linear algebra, numerical analysis, and is popular amongst scientists
involved in image processing.

Features:
 Image analysis, including segmentation, morphology, statistics, and measurement
 Apps for image region analysis, image batch processing, and image registration
 3D image processing workflows, including visualization and segmentation
 Image enhancement, filtering, geometric transformations, and deblurring algorithms
 Intensity-based and non-rigid image registration methods
 Support for CUDA-enabled NVIDIA GPUs (with Parallel Computing Toolbox™)
 C-code generation support for desktop prototyping and embedded vision system deployment.

.NET PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

.NET Framework (pronounced dot net) is a software framework developed
by Microsoft that runs primarily on Microsoft Windows. It includes a large class
library named Framework Class Library (FCL) and provides language interoperability (each
language can use code written in other languages) across several programming languages.
Programs written for .NET Framework execute in a software environment (in contrast to
a hardware environment) named Common Language Runtime(CLR), an application virtual
machine that provides services such as security, memory management, and exception handling.

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(As such, computer code written using .NET Framework is called "managed code".) FCL and
CLR together constitute .NET Framework.
FCL provides user interface, data access, database connectivity, cryptography, web
application development, numeric algorithms, and network communications. Programmers
produce software by combining their source code with .NET Framework and other libraries. The
framework is intended to be used by most new applications created for the Windows platform.
Microsoft also produces an integrated development environment largely for .NET software
called Visual Studio.
.NET Framework began as proprietary software, although the firm worked to standardize the
software stack almost immediately, even before its first release. Despite the standardization
efforts, developers, mainly those in the free and open-source software communities, expressed
their unease with the selected terms and the prospects of any free and open-source
implementation, especially regarding software patents. Since then, Microsoft has changed .NET
development to more closely follow a contemporary model of a community-developed software
project, including issuing an update to its patent promising to address the concerns.
.NET Framework led to a family of .NET platforms targeting mobile computing, embedded
devices, alternative operating systems, and web browser plug-ins. A reduced version of the
framework, .NET Compact Framework, is available on Windows CE platforms,
including Windows Mobile devices such as smartphones. .NET Micro Framework is targeted at
very resource-constrained embedded devices. Silverlight was available as a web
browser plugin. Mono is available for many operating systems and is customized into popular
smartphone operating systems (Android and iOS) and game engines. Core targets the Universal
Windows Platform (UWP), and cross-platform and cloud computing workloads.
In August 2000, Microsoft, Hewlett-Packard, and Intel worked to standardize Common
Language Infrastructure (CLI) and C#. By December 2001, both were ratified Ecma
International (ECMA) standards. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) followed
in April 2003. The current version of ISO standards are ISO-IEC 23271:2012 and ISO/IEC
23270:2006.
While Microsoft and their partners hold patents for CLI and C#, ECMA and ISO require that all
patents essential to implementation be made available under "reasonable and non-discriminatory
terms". The firms agreed to meet these terms, and to make the patents available royalty-free.
However, this did not apply for the part of .NET Framework not covered by ECMA-ISO
standards, which included Windows Forms, ADO.NET, and ASP.NET. Patents that Microsoft
holds in these areas may have deterred non-Microsoft implementations of the full framework.
On 3 October 2007, Microsoft announced that the source code for .NET Framework 3.5 libraries
was to become available under the Microsoft Reference Source License (MS-RSL). The source
code repository became available online on 16 January 2008 and included BCL, ASP.NET,

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ADO.NET, Windows Forms, WPF, and XML. Scott Guthrie of Microsoft promised that LINQ,
WCF, and WF libraries were being added.
On 12 November 2014, Microsoft announced .NET Core, in an effort to include cross-platform
support for .NET, the source release of Microsoft's Core CLR implementation, source for the
"entire […] library stack" for .NET Core, and the adoption of a conventional ("bazaar"-
like) open-source development model under the consolation stewardship of the .NET
Foundation. Miguel de Icaza describes .NET Core as a "redesigned version of .NET that is based
on the simplified version of the class libraries", and Microsoft's Immo Land werth explained that
.NET Core would be "the foundation of all future .NET platforms". At the time of the
announcement, the initial release of the .NET Core project had been seeded with a subset of the
libraries' source code and coincided with the relicensing of Microsoft's existing .NET reference
source away from the restrictions of the MS-RSL. Land werth acknowledged the disadvantages
of the formerly selected shared source license, explaining that it made codename Rotor "a non-
starter" as a community-developed open source project because it did not meet the criteria of
an Open Source Initiative (OSI) approved license.
In November 2014, Microsoft also produced an update to its patent grants, which further extends
the scope beyond its prior pledges. Prior projects like Mono existed in a legalgrey area because
Microsoft's earlier grants applied only to the technology in "covered specifications", including
strictly the 4th editions each of ECMA-334 and ECMA-335. The new patent promise, however,
places no ceiling on the specification version, and even extends to any .NET runtime
technologies documented on MSDN that have not been formally specified by the ECMA group,
if a project chooses to implement them. This allows Mono and other projects to maintain feature
parity with modern .NET features that have been introduced since the 4th edition was published
without being at risk of patent litigation over the implementation of those features. The new
grant does maintain the restriction that any implementation must maintain minimum compliance
with the mandatory parts of the CLI specification.

MICRO CONTROLLER PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE:

A microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit. In modern
terminology, it is similar to, but less sophisticated than, a system on a chip or SOC; an SOC may
include a microcontroller as one of its components. A microcontroller contains one or
more CPUs (processor cores) along with memory and programmable input/output peripherals.
Program memory in the form of Ferroelectric RAM, NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often
included on chip, as well as a small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are designed
for embedded applications, in contrast to the microprocessors used in personal computers or
other general purpose applications consisting of various discrete chips. Microcontrollers are used
in automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobile engine control systems,
implantable medical devices, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, toys and

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other embedded systems. By reducing the size and cost compared to a design that uses a
separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it
economical to digitally control even more devices and processes. Mixed signal microcontrollers
are common, integrating analog components needed to control non-digital electronic systems.
Some microcontrollers may use four-bit words and operate at frequencies as low as 4 kHz, for
low power consumption (single-digit milli watts or microwatts). They will generally have the
ability to retain functionality while waiting for an event such as a button press or other interrupt;
power consumption while sleeping (CPU clock and most peripherals off) may be just Nano
watts, making many of them well suited for long lasting battery applications. Other
microcontrollers may serve performance-critical roles, where they may need to act more like
a digital signal processor (DSP), with higher clock speeds and power consumption.
The first microprocessor was the 4-bit Intel 4004 released in 1971, with the Intel 8008 and other
more capable microprocessors becoming available over the next several years. However, both
processors required external chips to implement a working system, raising total system cost, and
making it impossible to economically computerize appliances. One book credits TI engineers
Gary Boone and Michael Cochran with the successful creation of the first microcontroller in
1971. The result of their work was the TMS 1000, which became commercially available in
1974. It combined read-only memory, read/write memory, processor and clock on one chip and
was targeted at embedded systems.[1] Partly in response to the existence of the single-chip TMS
1000,[2] Intel developed a computer system on a chip optimized for control applications, the Intel
8048, with commercial parts first shipping in 1977.[2] It combined RAM and ROM on the same
chip. This chip would find its way into over one billion PC keyboards, and other numerous
applications. At that time Intel's President, Luke J. Valente, stated that the microcontroller was
one of the most successful in the company's history, and expanded the division's budget over
25%. Most microcontrollers at this time had concurrent variants. One had an
erasable EPROM program memory, with a transparent quartz window in the lid of the package to
allow it to be erased by exposure to ultraviolet light, often used for prototyping. The other was
either a mask programmed ROM from the manufacturer for large series, or a PROM variant
which was only programmable once; sometimes this was signified with the designation OTP,
standing for "one-time programmable". The PROM was of identical type of memory as the
EPROM, but because there was no way to expose it to ultraviolet light, it could not be erased.
The erasable versions required ceramic packages with quartz windows, making them
significantly more expensive than the OTP versions, which could be made in lower-cost opaque
plastic packages. For the erasable variants, quartz was required, instead of less expensive glass,
for its transparency to ultraviolet—glass is largely opaque to UV—but the main cost
differentiator was the ceramic package itself. In 1993, the introduction of EEPROM memory
allowed microcontrollers to be electrically erased quickly without an expensive package as
required for EPROM, allowing both rapid prototyping, and In System Programming. (EEPROM

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technology had been available prior to this time, but the earlier EEPROM was more expensive
and less durable, making it unsuitable for low-cost mass-produced microcontrollers.) The same
year, Atmel introduced the first microcontroller using Flash memory, a special type of
EEPROM. Other companies rapidly followed suit, with both memory types.
Cost has plummeted over time, with the cheapest 8-bit microcontrollers being available for
under 0.25 USD in quantity (thousands) in 2009, and some 32-bitmicrocontrollers around US$1
for similar quantities. Nowadays microcontrollers are cheap and readily available for hobbyists,
with large online communities around certain processors. In the future, MRAM could potentially
be used in microcontrollers as it has infinite endurance and its incremental semiconductor wafer
process cost is relatively low.
Features:
 4K bytes ROM.
 128 bytes ROM.
 Four 8-bit I/O ports.
 Two 8/16 bit timers.
 Serial port.
 64K external

 Go to start

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APPLICATIONS:

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