Scilab Textbook Companion For Electric Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution by S. N. Singh

Scilab Textbook Companion for
Electric Power Generation, Transmission And

Distribution
by S. N. Singh1
Created by
Ajith Kumar R
B.E.
Electrical Engineering
St.Xavier’s Catholic College of Engineering
College Teacher
None
Cross-Checked by
None
August 23, 2018
1 Funded by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab
codes written in it can be downloaded from the ”Textbook Companion Project”
section at the website http://scilab.in
Book Description
Title: Electric Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution
Author: S. N. Singh
Publisher: Phi Learning Private Limited
Edition: 2
Year: 2012
ISBN: 978-81-203-3560-8
1
Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.
Exa Example (Solved example)
Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)
AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular

Example of the above book)
For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.
2
Contents
List of Scilab Codes 4
3 Basic principles 6
4 Load Characteristics and Economic Aspects 16
6 Hydroelectric Power Plants 30
7 Nuclear Power Plants 35
10 Transmission Line Parameters Calculations 40
11 Analysis of Transmission Lines 55
12 Insulators for Overhead Transmission Lines 71
13 Design of Transmission Lines 75
14 Corona and Radio Interference 81
15 Insulated Cables 87
16 HVDC Transmission and FACTS Technology 95
17 Distribution Systems 100
3
19 Grounding Systems 106
4
List of Scilab Codes
Exa 3.2 Computation of Power . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Exa 3.4 Find the impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Exa 3.5 Per unit calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Exa 3.6 Per unit calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Exa 4.1 Load characteristics calculation . . . . . . . 16
Exa 4.4 Economics of power factor correction . . . . 21
Exa 4.5 Economics of power factor correction . . . . 23
Exa 4.6 Maximum and minimum calculation . . . . 25
Exa 6.1 Power calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Exa 6.2 Average weekly discharge calculation . . . . 32
Exa 7.1 Compute binding energy . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Exa 7.2 Half life and Activity Calculation . . . . . . 36
Exa 7.3 Compute Fuel Consumption . . . . . . . . . 38
Exa 10.3 Compute Transmission line parameters . . . 40
Exa 12.1 Compute String Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . 71
5
Exa 12.4 Compute String Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . 72
Exa 13.1 Calculation of Sag and Tension . . . . . . . 75
Exa 14.4 Compute Power line and Telephone line pa-
rameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Exa 15.1 Compute increased in resistance and weight 87
Exa 15.2 Compute Electric stress values . . . . . . . . 89
Exa 15.3 Compute the radius and diameter . . . . . . 90
Exa 15.4 Compute radius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Exa 15.6 Compute capacitance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Exa 16.1 Compute dc output voltages . . . . . . . . . 95
Exa 16.2 Compute resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Exa 16.3 Compute Ac output voltages . . . . . . . . 98
Exa 17.2 Compute current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Exa 17.7 Compute voltage across load points . . . . . 101
Exa 17.9 Compute power factor with respective load
points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Exa 19.1 Calculate KVA rating . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
6
List of Figures
3.1 Computation of Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3.2 Find the impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.3 Per unit calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.4 Per unit calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.1 Load characteristics calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

4.4 Economics of power factor correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.5 Economics of power factor correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.6 Maximum and minimum calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
6.1 Power calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

6.2 Average weekly discharge calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
7.1 Compute binding energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

7.2 Half life and Activity Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
7.3 Compute Fuel Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
10.1 Compute Transmission line parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

7

12.1 Compute String Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

12.2 Compute String Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
13.1 Calculation of Sag and Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75


14.3 Compute Power line and Telephone line parameters . . . . . 85
15.1 Compute increased in resistance and weight . . . . . . . . . 87

15.2 Compute Electric stress values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
15.3 Compute the radius and diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
15.4 Compute radius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
15.5 Compute capacitance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
16.1 Compute dc output voltages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

16.2 Compute resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
16.3 Compute Ac output voltages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
17.1 Compute voltage across load points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

17.2 Compute power factor with respective load points . . . . . . 103
19.1 Calculate KVA rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
8
Chapter 3
Basic principles
Scilab code Exa 3.2 Computation of Power
1 // E l e c t r i c Power G e n e r a t i o n , T r a n s m i s s i o n and
D i s t r i b u t i o n by S . N . S i n g h
2 // P u b l i s h e r : PHI L e a r n i n g P r i v a t e L i m i t e d
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 3 . 2
5 // S c i l a b V e r s i o n : 6 . 0 . 0 ; OS : Windows
6
7 clc ;
Figure 3.1: Computation of Power
9
8 clear ;
9
10 vs =220; // S u p p l y v o l t a g e
in Volts
11 rs =5; // S e r i e s
r e s i s t a n c e i n Ohms
12 rp =2; // P a r a l l e l
r e s i s t a n c e i n Ohms
13 xlp =8* %i ; // P a r a l l e l
i n d u c t i v e r e a c t a n c e i n Ohms
14 xcp = -6* %i ; // P a r a l l e l
c a p a c i t i v e r e a c t a n c e i n Ohms
15 zeq =(( rp + xlp ) * xcp ) /( rp + xlp + xcp ) ; // E q u i v a l e n t
i m p e d a n c e o f p a r a l l e l b r a n c h i n Ohms
16 I = vs /( rs + zeq ) ; // C u r r e n t i n the
s e r i e s b r a n c h i n Ampere
17 Ps =(( I ) ^2) * rs ; // Power i n 5 ohm
r e s i s t o r Watts
18 I1 = I * xcp /( rp + xlp + xcp ) ; // C u r r e n t i n
b r a n c h ab i n Ampere
19 I2 = I *( rp + xlp ) /( rp + xlp + xcp ) ; // C u r r e n t i n
b r a n c h cd i n Ampere
20 Pab =( I1 ^2) * rp ; // Power l o s s in
b r a n c h ab r e s i s t o r i n Watts
21 Qab =( I1 ^2) * xlp ; // Power l o s s in
b r a n c h ab i n d u c t o r i n VAR
22 Qcd =( I2 ^2) *( xcp ) ; // Power l o s s in
b r a n c h cd c a p a c i t o r i n VAR
23
24 printf ( ’ The power l o s s i n 5 ohm r e s i s t o r i s %. 2 f
w a t t s \n ’ , abs ( Ps ) )
25 printf ( ’ The power l o s s i n b r a n c h ab r e s i s t o r i s %. 2 f
w a t t s \n ’ , abs ( Pab ) )
26 printf ( ’ The power l o s s i n b r a n c h ab i n d u o c t o r i s %. 2
f VAR \n ’ , abs ( Qab ) )
27 printf ( ’ The power l o s s i n b r a n c h cd c a p a c i t o r i s %. 2
f VAR \n ’ ,- abs ( Qcd ) ) // N e g a t i v e s i g n
s i n c e c a p a c i t o r s u p p l i e s r e a c t i v e power
10
Figure 3.2: Find the impedance
Scilab code Exa 3.4 Find the impedance
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 3 . 4
6
7 clc ;
8 clear ;
9
10 MVAnew =100;
//MVA r e f e r e n c e i n MVA
11 KVnew =11;
11
//KV r e f e r e n c e b e f o r e T r a n s f o r m e r i n kV
12 KVnew1 =132;
//KV r e f e r e n c e a f t e r T r a n s f o r m e r i n kV
13 MVAg1 =100;
// Apparent power i n G e n e r a t o r 1 i n MVA

14 KVg1 =11;
// V o l t a g e a t G e n e r a t o r bus 1 i n kV
15 Xg1 =0.25;
// R e a c t a n c e o f G e n e r a t o r 1 a t i n d i v i d u a l p . u . Ohm
16 MVAg2 =150;

17 KVg2 =16;
18 Xg2 =0.10;
// R e a c t a n c e o f G e n e r a t o r 2 a t i n d i v i d u a l p . u Ohm
19 MVAg3 =200;

20 KVg3 =21;
21 Xg3 =0.15;
// R e a c t a n c e o f G e n e r a t o r 3 a t i n d i v i d u a l p . u Ohm
22 MVAt1 =150;
// Apparent power i n T r a n s f o r m e r 1 i n MVA

23 t1pry =11;
// Primary v o l t a g e i n T r a n s f o r m e r 1 i n kV
12
24 t1sec =132;
// S e c o n d a r y v o l t a g e i n T r a n s f o r m e r 1 i n kV
25 Xt1 =0.05;
// R e a c t a n c e o f T r a n s f o r m e r 1 a t i n d i v i d u a l p . u
Ohm
26 MVAt2 =200;

27 t2pry =16;
28 t2sec =132;
29 Xt2 =0.10;
Ohm
30 MVAt3 =250;

31 t3pry =21;
32 t3sec =132;
33 Xt3 =0.05;
Ohm
34 Xl1 =100;
// R e a c t a n c e o f T r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e 1 a t i n d i v i d u a l
p . u Ohm
35 Xl2 =50;
13
p . u Ohm
36 Xl3 =80;
p . u Ohm
37 X1 = Xg1 *( MVAnew / MVAg1 ) *( KVg1 / KVnew ) ^2;
// R e a c t a n c e o f G e n e r a t o r 1
a t i n d i v i d u a l p . u Ohm
40 T1 = Xt1 *( MVAnew / MVAt1 ) *( t1pry / KVnew ) ^2;
// Impedance o f T r a n s f o r m e r 1
43 Zb =(( KVnew1 ) ^2) / MVAnew ;
// Base
R e a c t a n c e o f T r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e a t Ohm
44 L1 = Xl1 / Zb ;
p . u Ohm
45 L2 = Xl2 / Zb ;
p . u Ohm
46 L3 = Xl3 / Zb ;
14
Figure 3.3: Per unit calculation
p . u Ohm
47
48
49 printf ( ” \ nPer u n i t i m p e d a n c e o f G e n e r a t o r 1 i s %. 3 f
p . u ” , X1 ) ;
p . u ” , X2 ) ;
p . u ” , X3 ) ;
52 printf ( ” \ nPer u n i t i m p e d a n c e o f T r a n s f o r m e r 1 i s %. 3
f p . u ” , T1 ) ;
f p . u ” , T2 ) ;
f p . u ” , T3 ) ;
55 printf ( ” \ nPer u n i t R e a c t a n c e o f l i n e 1 i s %. 3 f p . u ” ,
L1 ) ;
L2 ) ;
L3 ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.5 Per unit calculation
15
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 3 . 5
6
7 clc ;
8 clear ;
9
10 kVpry =220; //
Primary v o l t a g e o f T r a n s f o r m e r i n kV
11 kVsec =400; //
S e c o n d a r y v o l t a g e o f T r a n s f o r m e r i n kV
12 MVAb =240; //
Apparent Base power i n T r a n s f o r m e r i n MVA
13 Zpry =3+ %i *8; //
Primary Impedance o f T r a n s f o r m e r i n Ohm
14 Zsec =5+ %i *10; //
S e c o n d a r y Impedance o f T r a n s f o r m e r i n Ohm
15 Zlv =( Zpry ) +( Zsec ) *( kVpry / kVsec ) ^2; //
Impedance r e f e r r e d t o LV s i d e i n Ohm
16 Zlvpu =( Zlv ) *( MVAb /( kVpry ) ^2) ; // Per
u n i t i m p e d a n c e r e f e r r e d t o LV s i d e i n p . u . Ohm
17 Zhv =( Zsec ) +( Zpry ) *( kVsec / kVpry ) ^2; //
Impedance r e f e r r e d t o HV s i d e i n Ohm
18 Zhvpu =( Zhv ) *( MVAb /( kVsec ) ^2) ; // Per
u n i t i m p e d a n c e r e f e r r e d t o HV s i d e i n p . u . Ohm
19
20
21 printf ( ” \ nPer u n i t impedance r e f e r r e d to the L .V
s i d e i s %. 6 f + j% . 6 f ” , real ( Zlvpu ) , imag ( Zlvpu ) ) ;
22 printf ( ” \ nPer u n i t impedance r e f e r r e d to the H.V
s i d e i s %. 6 f + j% . 6 f ” , real ( Zhvpu ) , imag ( Zhvpu ) ) ;
16
Figure 3.4: Per unit calculation
Scilab code Exa 3.6 Per unit calculation
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 3 . 6
6
7 clc ;
8 clear ;
9
10 V =240; //
Three p h a s e s u p p l y v o l t a g e i n V o l t s
11 Rl =20; //
Load R e s i s t a n c e i n Ohms
12 Vbase =240; //
Three p h a s e Base v o l t a g e i n V o l t s
13 VAbase =10*10^3; //
Base v o l t a g e i n kVA
14 Vpu = V / Vbase ; //
Voltage in p . u .
15 Zbase =( Vbase ^2/ VAbase ) ; //
Base Impedance i n Ohms
16 Zpu = Rl / Zbase ; //
17
Load Impedance i n p . u .
17 Ibase = VAbase /(( nthroot (3 ,2) ) * Vbase ) ; //
Base C u r r e n t i n Amps
18 Ipu = Vpu / Zpu ; //
C u r r e n t drawn i n p . u .
19 Ia = Ipu * Ibase ; //
C u r r e n t drawn i n Amps
20 P = Vpu * Ipu ; //
Power drawn i n p . u .
21 Pt =( Ipu * VAbase ) /1000; //
Power drawn i n kW
22
23
24 printf ( ” \ n C u r r e n t drawn i n amps %. 2 f A” , Ia ) ;
25 printf ( ” \ nPer u n i t v a l u e o f c u r r e n t r e f e r r e d t o t h e
l o a d s i d e %. 3 f p . u ” , Ipu ) ;
26 printf ( ” \ nPower drawn i n k i l o w a t t s %. 3 f kW” , Pt ) ;
27 printf ( ” \ nPer u n i t v a l u e o f Power r e f e r r e d t o t h e
l o a d s i d e %. 3 f p . u ” ,P ) ;
18
Chapter 4
Load Characteristics and

Economic Aspects
Scilab code Exa 4.1 Load characteristics calculation
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 4 . 1
6
7 clc ;
8 clear ;
9
10
11 Z
=[400 ,380 ,350 ,300 ,350 ,500 ,700 ,750 ,900 ,1200 ,1350 ,1200 ,1000 ,950 ,1250
12 Totalenergy = 0;
// I n i t i a l T o t a l e n e r g y
19
Figure 4.1: Load characteristics calculation
13 for i =1: length ( Z )

14 Totalenergy = Z ( i ) + Totalenergy ;
15 end
16 Averagedemand = Totalenergy /24;
// A v e r a g e demand o f t h e f e e d e r i n kW
17 Maximumdemand =2000;
//Maximum demand o f t h e f e e d e r i n kW
18 Loadfactor = Averagedemand / Maximumdemand ;
// Load
f a c t o r of the f e e d e r
19 Lossfactor =0.14;
// L o s s f a c t o r o f t h e f e e d e r
20 Peakloadpowerloss =108;
// P e a k l o a d power l o s s o f t h e f e e d e r i n kW
21 Averagepowerloss = Lossfactor * Peakloadpowerloss ;
// A v e r a g e power
l o s s o f t h e f e e d e r i n kW
22 Annualpowerloss = Averagepowerloss *365;
//
Annual power l o s s o f t h e f e e d e r i n kW
20
23 Connecteddemand =2500;
// C o n n e c t e d demand o f t h e f e e d e r i n kW
24 Demandfactor = Maximumdemand / Connecteddemand ;
// Demand
25
26
27
28 printf ( ” \ nThe a v e r a g e p o w e r l o s s o f t h e f e e d e r %. 2 f
kW” , Averagepowerloss ) ;
29 printf ( ” \ nThe a n n u a l p o w e r l o s s o f t h e f e e d e r %. 1 f kW
” , Annualpowerloss ) ;
30 printf ( ” \ nThe demand f a c t o r o f t h e f e e d e r %. 2 f ” ,
Demandfactor ) ;
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
21
4 // Example 4 . 2
5 // S c i l a b V e r s i o n : 6.0.0 ; OS : Windows
6
7 clc ;
8 clear ;
9
10 max_demand =100;
//Maximum demand o f g e n e r a t i n g s t a t i o n i n MW
11 LF =0.65;
// Load f a c t o r o f g e n e r a t i n g s t a t i o n i n p e r c e n t a g e
12 PCF =0.50;
// P l a n t c a p a c i t y f a c t o r o f g e n e r a t i n g s t a t i o n i n
percentage
13 PUF =0.80;
// P l a n t u s e f a c t o r o f g e n e r a t i n g s t a t i o n i n
percentage
14 avg_demand = max_demand * LF ;
// A v e r a g e demand o f g e n e r a t i n g s t a t i o n i n MW
15 daily_energy = avg_demand *24;
// D a i l y e n e r g y p r o d u c e d by g e n e r a t i n g s t a t i o n i n
MWh
16 PRC = avg_demand / PCF ;
// P l a n t r a t e d c a p a c i t y of generating station in
MW
17 RC = PRC - max_demand ;
// R e s e r v e c a p a c i t y o f g e n e r a t i n g s t a t i o n i n MW
18 max_energy = PRC *24;
//Maximum e n e r g y p r o d u c e d i f p l a n t i s r u n n i n g a l l
t h e t i m e i n MWh
19 FL_max_energy = daily_energy / PUF ;
//Maximum e n e r g y p r o d u c e d i f p l a n t i s r u n n i n g a t
f u l l l o a d i n MWh
20 UF = max_demand / PRC ;
// U t i l i z a t i o n f a c t o r o f g e n e r a t i n g s t a t i o n
21
22
23 printf ( ” \ n D a i l y e n e r g y p r o d u c e d %. f MWh” ,
daily_energy ) ;
22
24 printf ( ” \ n I n s t a l l e d c a p a c i t y o f p l a n t %. f MW” , PRC ) ;

25 printf ( ” \ n R e s e r v e c a p a c i t y o f p l a n t %. f MW” , RC ) ;
26 printf ( ” \nMaximum e n e r g y t h a t c o u l d be p r o d u c e d i f
t h e p l a n t i s r u n n i n g a l l t h e t i m e %. f MWh” ,
max_energy ) ;
27 printf ( ” \nMaximum e n e r g y t h a t c o u l d be p r o d u c e d i f
t h e p l a n t i s r u n n i n g a t f u l l l o a d %. f MWh” ,
FL_max_energy ) ;
28 printf ( ” \ n U t i l i z a t i o n f a c t o r %. 3 f ” , UF ) ;
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 4 . 3
6
7 clc ;
8 clear ;
9
10
23
11 peak_dem_light =200;
// Peak demand o f t h e l i g h t l o a d i n kW
12 max_dem_light =200;
//Maximum demand o f t h e l i g h t l o a d i n kW
13 max_dem_rest =1800;
//Maximum demand o f t h e r e s t l o a d i n kW
14 peak_dem_rest =1800;
// Peak demand o f t h e r e s t l o a d i n kW
15 c_light = peak_dem_light / max_dem_light ;
//
Contribution f a ct o r for s t r e e t l i g h t i n g load
16 c_rest = peak_dem_rest / max_dem_rest ;
//
Contribution f a ct o r for s t r e e t r e s t load
17 DF =( peak_dem_light + peak_dem_rest ) /( c_light *
max_dem_light + c_rest * max_dem_rest ) ; // D i v e r s i t y
18 CF =1/ DF ;
// C o i n c i d e n c e f a c t o r o f t h e l o a d g r o u p
19
20 printf ( ” \ n C l a s s c o n t r i b u t i o n f a c t o r f o r s t r e e t
l i g h t n i n g i s %. 1 f and t h e r e m a i n i n g l o a d i s %. 1 f ”
, c_light , c_rest ) ;
21 printf ( ” \ n D i v e r s i t y f a c t o r o f t h e f e e d e r %. 1 f ” , DF ) ;
22 printf ( ” \ n C o i n c i d e n c e f a c t o r o f t h e l o a d g r o u p %. 1 f ”
, CF ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.4 Economics of power factor correction
24
Figure 4.4: Economics of power factor correction
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 4 . 4
6
7 clc ;
8 clear ;
9
10
11 P =20; // Load
i n kW
12 pf1 =0.8; // A c t u a l
Power f a c t o r
13 pf2 =0.95; //
R e q u i r e d Power f a c t o r
14 phi1 = acos ( pf1 ) ; // A c t u a l
Power f a c t o r a n g l e i n d e g r e e
15 phi2 = acos ( pf2 ) ; //
R e q u i r e d Power f a c t o r a n g l e i n d e g r e e
16 S1 = P / pf1 ; // A c t u a l
Apparent Power i n kVA
17 S2 = P / pf2 ; //
M o d i f i e d Apparent Power i n kVA
18 C_VAR = S1 * sin ( phi1 ) - S2 * sin ( phi2 ) ; //
R e q u i r e d r a t i n g o f t h e C a p a c i t o r i n kVAR
19 phi3 = acos (0.1) ; // Power
25
Figure 4.5: Economics of power factor correction
f a c t o r A n g l e o f Phase Advancing d e v i c e i n d e g r e e
20 alpha = phi1 - phi2 ; // A n g l e
in degree
21 Beta = %pi /2 - acos (0.1) + %pi -( phi1 + %pi /2) ; // A n g l e
in degree
22 del = %pi -( Beta + alpha ) ; // A n g l e
in degree
23 ph_adv_KVA = S1 * sin ( alpha ) / sin ( del ) ; //
Apparent Power o f t h e Phase a d v a n c i n g d e v i c e in
kVA
24
25 printf ( ” \ nThe r a t i n g o f c a p a c i t o r t o r a i s e t h e power
f a c t o r t o 0 . 9 5 l a g g i n g i s %. 2 f kVAR” , C_VAR ) ;
26 printf ( ” \ nThe r a t i n g o f t h e p h a s e a d v a n c i n g d e v i c e
i s %. 2 f kVA” , ph_adv_KVA ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.5 Economics of power factor correction
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 4 . 5
6
26
7 clc ;
8 clear ;
9
10
11 LF =0.35;
// Load f a c t o r i n p e r c e n t a g e
12 mon_consumption =504;
// Monthly c o n s u m p t i o n i n kWh
13 max_dem_rate =180;
//Maximum demand p e r kWh i n Rs

14 Unit_rate =2.00;
// U n i t r a t e o f e l e c t r i c i t y p e r kWh i n Rs
15 max_dem1 = mon_consumption /( LF *24*30) ;
//Maximum
demand o f c o n s u m e r i n kW
16 mon_bill1 =( max_dem1 * max_dem_rate ) +( Unit_rate *
mon_consumption ) ; // Monthly b i l l o f
c o n s u m e r i n Rs
17 overall_cost1 = mon_bill1 / mon_consumption ;
// O v e r a l l c o s t
o f c o n s u m e r i n Rs
18 new_consumption = mon_consumption *1.20;
//New
c o n s u m p t i o n o f c o n s u m e r i n kWh
19 max_dem2 = new_consumption /( LF *24*30) ;
//Maximum
demand o f same Load f a c t o r i n kW
new_consumption ) ; // Monthly b i l l o f
21 overall_cost2 = mon_bill2 / new_consumption ;
22 max_dem3 = mon_consumption /(0.40*24*30) ;
27
Figure 4.6: Maximum and minimum calculation
//Maximum
demand o f i n c r e a s e d l o a d f a c t o r i n kW
mon_consumption ) ; // Monthly b i l l o f
24 overall_cost3 = mon_bill3 / mon_consumption ;
25
26 printf ( ” \ nThe monthly b i l l i s %. f Rs and t h e a v e r a g e
c o s t p e r KWh i s %. 2 f Rs ” , mon_bill1 , overall_cost1
);
27 printf ( ” \ nThe o v e r a l l c o s t p e r kWh i f t h e
c o n s u m p t i o n i s i n c r e a s e d by 20 p e r c e n t a g e w i t h
t h e same l o a d f a c t o r i s %. 2 f Rs ” , overall_cost2 ) ;
28 printf ( ” \ nThe o v e r a l l c o s t p e r kWh i f t h e
c o n s u m p t i o n r e m a i n s same but l o a d f a c t o r i s
i n c r e a s e d t o 40 p e r c e n t a g e i s %. 2 f Rs ” ,
overall_cost3 ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.6 Maximum and minimum calculation
28
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 4 . 6
6
7
8 clc ;
9 clear ;
10
11
12 k =0.6;
13 t =1.503032/0.6;
// Time i n h o u r s
14 Df =3;
// D e n s i t y f a c t o r
15 P =30 - 8* sin ( k * t ) +0.325* t ;
// Load v a r i a t i o n a t a power s u p p l y s t a t i o n i n MW
16 i =1;
17 n =1;
18 while ( t ( i ) <24)
19 t ( i +1) =(2* n * %pi -1.503032) /0.6;
20 t ( i +2) =(2* n * %pi +1.503032) /0.6;
21 if ( t ( i +1) <24) &( t ( i +2) <24) then
22 i = i +2;
23 else
24 t ( i +1) =25;
25 i = i +1;
26 end
27 n = n +1;
28 end
29 P =30 - 8* sin ( k * t ) +0.325* t ;
30 Max_demand = max ( P ) ;
//Maximum demand on t h e s y s t e m i n MW
29
31 Avg_load =(1/24) *(30*24+(8/0.6) *( cosd (0.6*24) - cosd
(0.6*0) ) +0.325*24^(2) /2) ; // A p p l y i n g
i n t e g r a t i o n f o r power e q u a t i o n
32 Lf = Avg_load / Max_demand ;
// Load f a c t o r o f t h e s y s t e m
33 Total_load = Max_demand * Df ;
// T o t a l i n s t a l l e d l o a d o f t h e s y s t e m i n MW
34
35
36 printf ( ” \nMaximum demand on t h e s y s t e m i s %. 3 f MW” ,
Max_demand ) ;
37 printf ( ” \ nLoad f a c t o r o f t h e s y s t e m %. 3 f ” , Lf ) ;
38 printf ( ” \ n T o t a l i n s t a l l e d l o a d i s %. 3 f MW” ,
Total_load ) ;
39
30
40
31
32
Chapter 6
Hydroelectric Power Plants
Scilab code Exa 6.1 Power calculation
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 6 . 1
6
Figure 6.1: Power calculation
33
7 clc ;
8 clear ;
9
10
11 reser_catch_area =50;
// Catchment a r e a o f r e s e r v o i r i n kmˆ2
12 avg_rainfall =150;
// A v e r a g e r a i n f a l l i n cm/ y e a r
13 station_head =40;
// Mean head o f s t a t i o n i n m
14 UF =0.75;
// U t i l i z a t i o n f a c t o r
15 LF =0.75;
// Load f a c t o r
16 tur_eff =0.88;
// E f f i c i e n c y o f t u r b i n e
17 gen_eff =0.93;
// E f f i c i e n c y o f g e n e r a t o r
18 water_volume = reser_catch_area *10^6*1.5* UF ;
// A v a i l a b l e w a t e r f o r
e l e c t r i c i t y p r o d u c t i o n i n mˆ3
19 Q = water_volume /(365*24*60*60) ;
//
A v a i l a b l e q u a n t i t y i n mˆ3/ s e c
20 P =(0.736/75) * Q *1000* station_head * tur_eff * gen_eff ;
// Power o f s t a t i o n i n kW
21 install_cap_gen = P / LF ;
// G e n e r a t o r i n s t a l l e d c a p a c i t y i n kW
22
23 printf ( ” \ nThe power i s %. 2 f kW” ,P ) ;
34
24 printf ( ” \ n I n s t a l l e d c a p a c i t y o f t h e g e n e r a t o r i s %. f
kW” , install_cap_gen ) ;
25
Scilab code Exa 6.2 Average weekly discharge calculation
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 6 . 2
35
Figure 6.2: Average weekly discharge calculation
6
7
8
9 clc ;
10 clear ;
11 clf ;
12
13
14
15 q =[500 500 350 200 300 800 1100 900 400 200 0];
16 t =0:1:10;
17 subplot (3 ,1 ,1) ;
18 title ( ” Hydrograph ” ) ;
19 xlabel ( ” Time ( Weeks ) ” ) ;
20 ylabel ( ”Q (m3/ S e c ) ” ) ;
21 plot2d2 (t , q ) ;
22 Avg = sum ( q ) / max ( t ) ; // A v e r a g e
D i s c h a r g e i n a Week i n mˆ3/ s e c
23 percent =[0 1100];
24 j =1;
25 for temp =1100: -200:100
26 count =0;
27 for i =1:1:11
28 if q ( i ) >= temp then
36
29 count = count +1;
30 else
31 count = count +0;
32 end
33 end
34 j = j +1;
35 percent (j ,:) =[ count *10 temp ];
36 end
37 subplot (3 ,1 ,2) ;
38 title ( ” Flow d u r a t i o n c u r v e ” ) ;
39 xlabel ( ” P e r c e n t a g e o f t i m e ” ) ;
40 ylabel ( ”Q (m3/ S e c ) ” ) ;
41 plot2d ( percent (: ,1) , percent (: ,2) ) ;
42 y = cumsum (7* q ) ;
43 subplot (3 ,1 ,3) ;
44 title ( ” Mass c u r v e ” ) ;
45 xlabel ( ” Time ( Weeks ) ” ) ;
46 ylabel ( ” C u m u l a t i v e f l o w ( day−s e c −m e t r e ) ” ) ;
47 plot2d ([1:1:10] , resize_matrix (y , -1 ,10) , rect =[0 0 11
40000]) ;
48
49
50 printf ( ” \ n A v e r a g e w e e k l y d i s c h a r g e i s %. f mˆ3/ s e c ” ,
Avg ) ;
37
Chapter 7
Nuclear Power Plants
Scilab code Exa 7.1 Compute binding energy
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 7 . 1
6
7 clc ;
Figure 7.1: Compute binding energy
38
Figure 7.2: Half life and Activity Calculation
8 clear ;
9
10
11 helium_atomic_mass =4.002603; // Atomic
mass o f Helium i n amu
12 mp =1.007277; // Atomic
mass o f P r o t o n i n amu
13 mn =1.008665; // Atomic
mass o f N e u t r o n i n amu
14 me =0.00055; // Atomic
mass o f E l e c t r o n i n amu
15 del_m =2* mp +2* me +2* mn - helium_atomic_mass ; // Mass
D e f e c t i n amu
16 Be = del_m *931; // Helium
B i n d i n g Energy i n MeV
17 Be_molecule = Be /4; // Helium
B i n d i n g Energy p e r N u c l e o n i n MeV
18
19
20 printf ( ” \ n B i n d i n g e n e r g y p e r n u c l e o n i s %. 3 f MeV” ,
Be_molecule ) ;
39
Scilab code Exa 7.2 Half life and Activity Calculation
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 7 . 2
6
7 clc ;
8 clear ;
9
10
11 rad_atomic_mass =226.095;
// Atomic Mass o f
Radium i n amu
12 rad_decay_const =1.3566*10^ -11;
// Decay C o n s t a n t o f Radium
i n 1/ s
13 Half_life =0.6931/ rad_decay_const ;
// Radium H a l f L i f e i n s e c
14 Half_life_yr = Half_life /(365*24*60*60) ;
// Radium H a l f L i f e i n y e a r
15 N =6.023*10^23/ rad_atomic_mass ;
// Number o f atoms p e r gram
o f Radium
16 Activity = rad_decay_const * N ;
// A c t i v i t y o f Radium i n
d i s i n t e g r a t i o n / second
17 Activity_curi = Activity /(3.7*10^10) ;
// A c t i v i t y o f Radium i n Ci
18
19
20 printf ( ” \ n H a l f l i f e i s %e s e c o r %. 2 f y r ” , Half_life ,
Half_life_yr ) ;
21 printf ( ” \ nThe i n i t i a l a c t i v i t y i s %. 3 f Ci ” ,
Activity_curi ) ;
40
Figure 7.3: Compute Fuel Consumption
Scilab code Exa 7.3 Compute Fuel Consumption
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 7 . 3
6
7 clc ;
8 clear ;
9
10
11 neu_absor =0.80;
// Absorbed
N e u t r o n s o f Uranium 235 i n p e r c e n t a g e
12 P =100;
//
Power o f Uranium 235 i n kW
13 use_energy =190;
// U s e f u l
Energy o f Uranium 235 i n MeV
14 energy = use_energy *10^6*1.60*10^ -19;
// F i s s i o n Energy o f Uranium 235
41
in J
15 fission_energy =1/ energy ;
// Number o f F i s s i o n
t o Produced One J o u l e o f Energy
16 nuclei_power = fission_energy *3600*10^6/ neu_absor ;
// Number o f N u c l e i Burnt d u r i n g 1 h o u r p e r
MW o f Power
17 Mass = nuclei_power *235/(6.023*10^23) ;
// Mass o f Uranium 235 t o
p r o d u c e r e q u i r e d Power i n g / h r
18
19
20 printf ( ” \ n F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n o f U−235 t o p r o d u c e 100
MW w i l l be %. 4 f g / h r ” , Mass *100) ;
42
Chapter 10
Transmission Line Parameters

Calculations
Scilab code Exa 10.3 Compute Transmission line parameters
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 1 0 . 3
6
Figure 10.1: Compute Transmission line parameters
43
7 clc ;
8 clear ;
9
10
11 d =3; // D i s t a n c e
o f two W i r e s i n m
12 r =0.02; // R a d i u s
of conductor in m
13 L1 =(2*10^( -7) ) *( log ( d /(0.7788* r ) ) ) ; //
I n d u c t a n c e o f e a c h c o n d u c t o r i n H/m
14 LI =2* L1 /(10^( -6) ) ; // Loop
i n d u c t a n c e o f t h e l i n e i n mH/km
15
16
17 printf ( ” \ nThe l o o p i n d u c t a n c e o f t h e l i n e i s %. 3 f mH
/km” , LI ) ;
18 printf ( ” \ nThe i n d u c t a n c e o f t h e e a c h c o n d u c t o r i s %
. 3 e H/m” , L1 ) ;
44
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 1 0 . 5
6
7 clc ;
8 clear ;
9
10
11 r =0.03;
// C o n d u c t o r R a d i u s i n m
12 d =0.35;
// S p a c i n g b e t w e e n Phase C o n d u c t o r s i n m
13 D =4;
// D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n P h a s e s i n m
14 LA =((1*10^( -7) ) *(( log (( D *( D + d ) *2* D *(2* D + d ) * D *( D - d )
*2* D *(2* D - d ) ) ^(1/2) /(0.7788* r * d ) ^2) ) +( %i *0.866) *
log (( D *( D + d ) * D *( D - d ) ) /(2* D *(2* D + d ) *2* D *(2* D - d ) ) ) )
) *10^(6) ; // Phase A I n d u c t a n c e i n mH/km
15 LB =(1*10^( -7) ) *(( log ((( D *( D - d ) * D *( D + d ) * D *( D + d ) * D *( D -
d ) ) ^(1/2) ) /(0.7788* r * d ) ^2) ) +( %i *0.866) * log (( D *( D +
d ) * D *( D - d ) ) /( D *( D - d ) * D *( D + d ) ) ) ) *10^(6) ;
// Phase B I n d u c t a n c e i n mH/km
16 LC = LA ;
// Phase C I n d u c t a n c e i n mH/km
17 L_avg =( LA + LB + LC ) /3;
// A v e r a g e I n d u c t a n c e i n mH/km
18
19
20 printf ( ” \ n I n d u c t a n c e o f p h a s e A i s %. 3 f% . 3 f i mH/km” ,
real ( LA ) , imag ( LA ) ) ;
45
21 printf ( ” \ n I n d u c t a n c e o f p h a s e B i s %. 3 f mH/km” , LB ) ;
22 printf ( ” \ n I n d u c t a n c e o f p h a s e C i s %. 3 f% . 3 f i mH/km” ,
real ( LC ) , imag ( LC ) ) ;
23 printf ( ” \ n A v e r a g e i n d u c t a n c e o f t h e l i n e i s %. 3 f mH/
km” , L_avg ) ;
24
25 //
Varia
presen
in
result
due
to
wrong
calcu
of
LA
and
LB
value
46
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 1 0 . 6
6
7 clc ;
8 clear ;
9
10
11 r =0.025;
// C o n d u c t o r r a d i u s i n m
12 Dac1 =4;
// D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n two c o n d u c t o r s a & c 1 i n m
13 Dac =6;
// D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n two c o n d u c t o r s a & c i n m
14 Dbb1 =10;
// D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n two c o n d u c t o r s b & b1 i n m
15 Dab =((( Dbb1 - Dac1 ) /2) ^2+( Dac /2) ^2) ^(1/2) ;
//
47
D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n two c o n d u c t o r s a & b i n m
16 Daa1 =((( Dac1 ) ^2) +(( Dac ) ^2) ) ^(1/2) ;
//
D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n two c o n d u c t o r s a & a1 i n m
17 Dbc1 =((( Dbb1 - Dac1 ) /2) ^2+(( Dac1 ) +(( Dbb1 - Dac1 ) /2) ) ^2)
^(1/2) ; // D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n
two c o n d u c t o r s b & c 1 i n m
18 GMD1 = nthroot (( Dab * Dac * Dbc1 * Dac1 ) ,4) ;
//
Mutual GMD o f p h a s e a p o s i t i o n 1 i n m
19 GMR1 =(0.7788* r * Daa1 ) ^(1/2) ;
// S e l f GMR o f p h a s e a p o s i t i o n 1 i n m
20 GMD2 = nthroot (( Dab * Dab * Dbc1 * Dbc1 ) ,4) ;
//
Mutual GMD o f p h a s e a p o s i t i o n 2 i n m
21 GMR2 =(0.7788* r * Dbb1 ) ^(1/2) ;
22 GMD3 = GMD1 ;
// Mutual GMD o f p h a s e a p o s i t i o n 3 i n m
23 GMR3 = GMR1 ;
24 Dm = nthroot (( GMD1 * GMD2 * GMD3 ) ,3) ;
// E q u i v a l e n t mutual GMD i n m
25 Ds = nthroot (( GMR1 * GMR2 * GMR3 ) ,3) ;
// E q u i v a l e n t s e l f GMR i n m
26 LA =(2/10) *( log ( Dm / Ds ) ) ;
// I n d u c t a n c e o f p h a s e a i n mH/km
27
28
29 printf ( ” \ nThe i n d u c t a n c e p e r k i l o m e t r e o f a d o u b l e
c i r c u i t i s %. 3 f mH/km” , LA ) ;
48
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 1 0 . 7
6
7 clc ;
8 clear ;
9
10
11 h =8;
// H e i g h t o f c o n d u c t o r i n m
12 r =0.01;
// R a d i u s o f c o n d u c t o r i n m
13 D =4;
49
// D i s t a n c e o f c o n d u c t o r i n m
14 L =10;
// Length o f t h e l i n e i n km
15 V =33;
// S u p p l y v o l t a g e i n kV
16 f =50;
// S u p p l y f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
17 Cab =( %pi *(10^( -9) ) /(36* %pi ) ) /( log ( D / r ) *(1/( sqrt (1+( D
^(2) /(2* h ) ^(2) ) ) ) ) ) ; // C a p a c i t a n c e b e t w e e n
c o n d u c t o r s a and b i n pF/m
18 Can = Cab *2;
// C a p a c i t a n c e b e t w e e n p h a s e and n e u t r a l p l a n e i n
pF/m
19 Cab1 =( %pi *(10^( -9) ) /(36* %pi ) ) / log ( D / r ) ;
//
C a p a c i t a n c e b e t w e e n c o n d u c t o r s when e f f e c t o f
e a r t h i s i g n o r e d i n pF/m
20 Ic =2* %pi * f * Cab * L * V *10^3*10^3;
//
Charging Current o f the l i n e in A
21
22
23 printf ( ” \ n C a p a c i t a n c e b e t w e e n c o n d u c t o r s i s %. 2 f pF/
m” , Cab /(10^ -12) ) ;
24 printf ( ” \ n C a p a c i t a n c e b e t w e e n p h a s e and n e u t r a l
p l a n e i s %. 2 f pF/m” , Can /(10^ -12) ) ;
25 printf ( ” \ n C a p a c i t a n c e e h e n e f f e c t o f g r o u n d i s
n e g l e c t e d i s %. 2 f pF/m” , Cab1 /(10^ -12) ) ;
26 printf ( ” \ n C h a r g i n g c u r r e n t i s %. 3 f A” , Ic ) ;
50
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 1 0 . 8
6
7 clc ;
8 clear ;
9
10
11 d =0.25;
// D i a m e t e r o f c o n d u c t o r i n m
12 r =0.0125;
//
Radius o f conductor i n m
13 Dab =5;
// D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n c o n d u c t o r s a & b i n m
14 Dbc =4;
51
// D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n c o n d u c t o r s b & c i n m
15 Dac =6;
// D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n c o n d u c t o r s a & c i n m
16 Deq = nthroot (( Dab * Dbc * Dac ) ,3) ;
// D i a m e t e r e q u i v a l e n t
of l i n e in m
17 Can =(2* %pi *10^( -9) /(36* %pi ) ) / log ( Deq / r ) ;
// C a p a c i t a n c e b e t w e e n p h a s e a &
n e u t r a l i n pF/m
18
19
20 printf ( ” \ nThe c a p a c i t a n c e o f t h e t r a n s m i s s i n l i n e i s
%. 2 f pF/m” , Can /(10^ -12) ) ;
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 1 0 . 9
6
7 clc ;
8 clear ;
52
9
10
11 f =50;
// F r e q u e n c y o f t h e c o n d u t o r i n Hz
12 D1 =31.8;
//
D i a m e t e r o f ACSR Moose c o n d u c t o r i n mm( Unbundled
conductor )
13 d1 =10;
// H o i z o n t a l s p a c i n g b e t w e e n a d j a c e n t c o n d u c t o r s
in m
14 D2 =19.6;
//
D i a m e t e r o f ASCR Lynx c o n d u c t o r i n mm( Bundled
conductor )
15 d2 =10;
// S p a c i n g m e a s u r e d by c e n t r e o f t h e b u n d l e i n m
16 Db =0.4;
//
Spacing between the bundled c o n d u c t o r s i n m
17 r1 = D1 *10^ -3/2;
// R a d i u s
o f unbundled conductor i n m
18 Dm = nthroot (( d1 * d2 *( d1 + d2 ) ,3) ) ;
// Mutual GMD o f u n b u n d l e d
conductorin m
19 Dls1 =0.7788* r1 ;
//GMR For
Inductance o f unbundled conductor i n m
20 Dcs1 = r1 ;
//
GMR For C a p a c i t a n c e o f u n b u n d l e d c o n d u c t o r i n m
21 XL1 =2* %pi * f *2*10^( -4) * log ( Dm / Dls1 ) ;
// I n d u c t i v e R e a c t a n c e of
u n b u n d l e d c o n d u c t o r i n ohm/km/ p h a s e
53
22 XC1 =( log ( Dm / Dcs1 ) ) /(((2* %pi ) ^2) * f *8.85*10^( -12) ) ;
// C a p a c i t i v e Reactance o f unbundled
c o n d u c t o r i n ohm−km/ p h a s e
23 r2 = D2 *10^ -3/2;
// R a d i u s
o f bundled conductor in m
24 Dls2 = nthroot ((0.7788* r2 * Db ^2) ,3) ;
// S e l f GMR f o r I n d u c t a n c e o f
bundled conductor in m
25 Dcs2 = nthroot (( r2 * Db ^2) ,3) ;
// S e l f GMR f o r
Capacitance o f bundled conductor in m
26 XL2 =2* %pi * f *2*10^( -4) * log ( Dm / Dls2 ) ;
// I n d u c t i v e R e a c t a n c e of
b u n d l e d c o n d u c t o r i n ohm/km/ p h a s e
27 XC2 =( log ( Dm / Dcs2 ) ) /(((2* %pi ) ^2) * f *8.85*10^( -12) ) ;
// C a p a c i t i v e Reactance o f bundled
c o n d u c t o r i n ohm−km/ p h a s e
28
29
30 printf ( ” \ nThe v a l u e i n d u c t i v e r e a c t a n c e and
c a p a c i t i v e r e a c t a n c e o f unbundled conductor i s %
. 3 f ohm/km/ ph and %. 3 e ohmkm/ ph ” ,XL1 , XC1 /10^(3) )
;
31 printf ( ” \ nThe v a l u e i n d u c t i v e r e a c t a n c e and
c a p a c i t i v e r e a c t a n c e o f b u n d l e d c o n d u c t o r i s %. 4 f
ohm/km/ ph and %. 4 e ohmkm/ ph ” ,XL2 , XC2 /10^(3) ) ;
54
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 1 0 . 1 0
6
7 clc ;
8 clear ;
9
10
11 r =0.05;
// R a d i u s o f t h e c o n d u c t o r i n m
12 bc =5;
// D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n b & c i n m
13 bb1 =3* bc ;
// D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n b & b1 i n m
14 aa1 =2* bc ;
// D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n a & a1 i n i n m
15 ab =((( bb1 - aa1 ) /2) ^(2) + bc ^(2) ) ^(1/2) ;
16 ab1 =(( aa1 +(( bb1 - aa1 ) /2) ) ^(2) + bc ^(2) ) ^(1/2) ;
17 ac1 =(( bc *2 -(( bb1 - aa1 ) /2) ) ^(2) + bc ^(2) ) ^(1/2) ;
18 Dab = nthroot ( ab * ab1 * ab1 * ab ,4) ;
19 Dbc = nthroot ( bc * aa1 * aa1 * bc ,4) ;
20 Dca = nthroot ( ab * ac1 * ab * ac1 ,4) ;
21 Deq = nthroot ( Dab * Dbc * Dca ,3) ;
22 Dsa = sqrt ( aa1 *0.7788* r ) ;
23 Dsb = sqrt ( bb1 *0.7788* r ) ;
55
24 Dsc = sqrt ( bc *0.7788* r ) ;
25 Ds = nthroot ( Dsa * Dsb * Dsc ,3) ;
26 L =(2*10^( -7) * log ( Deq / Ds ) ) *10^(6) ;
// I n d u c t a n c e o f d o u b l e c i r c u i t i n mH/km/ p h a s e
27 Dsa1 = sqrt ( aa1 * r ) ;
//GMR f o r c a p a c i t a n c e
28 Dsb1 = sqrt ( bb1 * r ) ;
29 Dsc1 = sqrt ( bc * r ) ;
30 Ds1 = nthroot ( Dsa1 * Dsb1 * Dsc1 ,3) ;
// E q u i v a l e n t GMR f o r c a p a c i t a n c e
31 C =(2* %pi *(10^( -9) /(36* %pi ) ) ) / log ( Deq / Ds1 ) ;
// C a p a c i t a n c e o f d o u b l e c i r c u i t i n nF/km/ p h a s e
32
33
34 printf ( ” \ n I n d u c t a n c e o f t h e l i n e i s %. 3 f mH/km/ p h a s e
” ,L ) ;
35 printf ( ” \ n C a p a c i t a n c e o f t h e l i n e i s %. 2 f nF/km/
p h a s e ” ,C /10^( -12) ) ;
36 //
V
in
du
to
56
D
57
Chapter 11
Analysis of Transmission Lines
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 1 1 . 2
6
7 clc ;
58
8 clear ;
9
10
11 r =0.5; //
R e s i s t a n c e o f t h e l i n e i n Ohm/km
12 l =5; // Length
o f t h e l i n e i n km
13 L =1.76; //
I n d u c t a n c e o f t h e l i n e i n mH/km
14 f =50; // S u p p l y
f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
15 sen_vtg =33; // S e n d i n g
end v o l t a g e i n kV
16 rec_vtg =32; //
R e c e i v i n g end v o l t a g e i n kV
17 Vs = sen_vtg /(3) ^(1/2) ; // S e n d i n g
end p h a s e v o l t a g e i n kV
18 Vr = rec_vtg /(3) ^(1/2) ; //
R e c e i v i n g end p h a s e v o l t a g e i n kV
19 R=r*l; // T o t a l
r e s i s t a n c e o f l i n e i n Ohm
20 X =2*( %pi ) * f * L * l *10^( -3) ; // T o t a l
I n d u c t a n c e o f l i n e i n Ohm
21 pf1 =0.8; // Power
factor
22 A = X ^(2) + R ^(2) ; //
C o e f f c i e n t o f I r ˆ ( 2 ) s i m l i f i e d i n q u a d r a t i c eqn
23 B =2* Vr *( R * pf1 + X * sin ( acos ( pf1 ) ) ) ; //
C o e f f c i e n t o f I r s i m l i f i e d i n q u a d r a t i c eqn
24 C = Vr ^(2) - Vs ^(2) ; // C o n s t a n t
s i m l i f i e d i n q u a d r a t i c eqn
25 Ir =( - B + sqrt ( B ^(2) -4* A * C ) ) /(2* A ) ; //
R e c e i v i n g end c u r r e n t i n A
26 reg =(( Vs - Vr ) / Vr ) *100; //
E f f i c i e n c y of the l i n e
27 P =3* Vr * Ir * pf1 ; // Output
power i n MW
28 Loss =3* Ir ^(2) * R ; // L i n e
59
l o s s i n MW
29 eff =( P /( P + Loss ) ) *100; //
30
31
32 printf ( ” \ n L i n e c u r r e n t o f t h e t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e i s %
. 3 f kA” , Ir ) ;
33 printf ( ” \ n R e g u l a t i o n o f t h e t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e i s %. 3
f p e r c e n t a g e ” , reg ) ;
34 printf ( ” \ n E f f i c i e n c y o f t h e t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e i s %. 2
f p e r c e n t a g e ” , eff ) ;
60
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 1 1 . 3
6
7 clc ;
8 clear ;
9
10
11 P =50;
// Power o f t h e l i n e i n MW
12 l =100;
13 pf =0.8;
// Power f a c t o r
14 V =132;
// V o l t a g e o f t h e l i n e i n kV
15 R =0.1;
// R e s i s t a n c e o f t h e c o n d u c t o r i n Ohm/km
16 X =0.3;
// R e a c t a n c e o f t h e c o n d u c t o r i n Ohm/km
17 y =3*10^( -6) ;
// A d m i t t a n c e o f t h e c o n d u c t o r i n mho/km
18 Vr = V /(3) ^(1/2) ;
// R e c e i v i n g end v o l t a g e i n kV
19 Z =( R + %i * X ) *100;
// S e r i e s i m p e d a n c e i n Ohm
61
20 Y =(0.0+ %i * y ) *100;
// Shunt a d m i t t a n c e on mho
21 Ir = P *10^(3) /(3* Vr * pf ) ;
// R e c e i v i n g end c u r r e n t i n A
22 Vc = Vr *( pf + %i *0.6) +( Ir * Z /2) *10^( -3) ;
//
C a p a c i t a n c e v o l t a g e i n kV
23 Ic = Y * Vc *10^(3) ;
// Shunt b r a n c h c u r r e n t i n A
24 Is = Ic + Ir ;
// S e n d i n g end c u r r e n t i n A
25 Vs = Vc +( Is * Z /2) *10^( -3) ;
// S e n d i n g end v o l t a g e i n kV
26 Vsl = abs ( Vs ) *3^(1/2) ;
// L i n e t o l i n e s e n d i n g end v o l t a g e i n kV
27 pf1 = cos ( atan ( imag ( Vs ) , real ( Vs ) ) - atan ( imag ( Is ) , real (
Is ) ) ) ; // S e n d i n g end power
factor
28 Vr1 = abs ( Vs ) /(1+( Z * Y /2) ) ;
// R e c e i v i n g end v o l t a g e a t n o l o a d i n kV
29 reg =(( abs ( Vr1 ) - Vr ) / Vr ) *100;
// R e g u l a t i o n o f t h e l i n e
30 eff = P *10^(6) /( P *10^(6) +3*(( abs ( Is ) ^(2) * R * l ) /2+( Ir
^(2) * R * l ) /2) ) *100; // E f f i c i e n c y o f t h e
line
31 Ic1 =( Y /2) * Vr *10^(3) ;
// C a p a c i t a n c e 1 c u r r e n t i n A
32 Il = Ir *(0.8 - %i *0.6) + Ic1 ;
62
// L i n e c u r r e n t i n A
33 Vs1 = Vr + Il * Z *10^( -3) ;
34 Vsl1 = abs ( Vs1 ) *3^(1/2) ;
// L i n e t o l i n e s e n d i n g end v o l t a g e i n kV
35 Ic2 =(( Y /2) * Vs1 *10^(3) ) ;
// C a p a c i t a n c e 2 c u r r e n t i n A
36 Is1 = Il + Ic2 ;
// S e n d i n g end c u r r e n t i n A
37 pf2 = cos ( atan ( imag ( Vs1 ) , real ( Vs1 ) ) - atan ( imag ( Is1 ) ,
real ( Is1 ) ) ) ; // Power f a c t o r
38 V = abs ( Vs1 ) /(1+( Z * Y /2) ) ;
// R e c e i v i n g end v o l t a g e a t n o l o a d i n kV
39 reg1 =(( abs ( V ) - Vr ) / Vr ) *100;
40 eff1 =( P *10^(6) /( P *10^(6) +3*( abs ( Il ) ^(2) * R * l ) ) ) *100;
// E f f i c i e n c y o f t h e l i n e
41
42
43 printf ( ” \ nnominal −T method ” ) ;
44 printf ( ” \ n S e n d i n g end v o l t a g e o f t h e l i n e %. 2 f kV” ,
Vsl ) ;
45 printf ( ” \ n S e n d i n g end p o w e r f a c t o r o f t h e l i n e %. 3 f ” ,
pf1 ) ;
46 printf ( ” \ n E f f i c i e n c y o f t h e l i n e %. 2 f p e r c e n t a g e ” ,
eff ) ;
47 printf ( ” \ n R e g u l a t i o n o f t h e l i n e %. 2 f p e r c e n t a g e ” ,
reg ) ;
48 printf ( ” \ nnominal −p i method ” ) ;
49 printf ( ” \ n S e n d i n g end v o l t a g e o f t h e l i n e %. 2 f kV” ,
Vsl1 ) ;
50 printf ( ” \ n S e n d i n g end p o w e r f a c t o r o f t h e l i n e %. 3 f ” ,
63
pf2 ) ;
51 printf ( ” \ n E f f i c i e n c y o f t h e l i n e %. 2 f p e r c e n t a g e ” ,
eff1 ) ;
52 printf ( ” \ n R e g u l a t i o n o f t h e l i n e %. 2 f p e r c e n t a g e ” ,
reg1 ) ;
53 //
Variati
present
in
result
due
to
wrong
calcula
of
Ic2
value
64
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 1 1 . 4
6
7 clc ;
8 clear ;
9
10
11
12 f =50;
13 l =450;
14 V =400;
15 R =0.033;
// R e s i s t a n c e o f t h e l i n e i n Ohm/km
16 L =1.067;
// I n d u c t a n c e o f t h e l i n e i n mH/km
17 C =0.0109;
// C a p a c i t a n c e o f t h e l i n e i n m i c r o F a r a d /km
65
18 P =420;
// Power i n MW
19 pf =0.95;
// Power f a c t o r
20 Z = R + %i *(2* %pi * f * L *10^( -3) ) ;
// Impedance o f
t h e l i n e i n Ohm/km
21 Y = %i *(2* %pi * f * C ) ;
//
A d m i t t a n c e o f t h e l i n e i n mho/km
22 Zc =(( Z / Y ) ^(1/2) ) *10^(3) ;
//
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c i m p e d a n c e o f t h e l i n e i n Ohm/km
23 pro_const =( Z * Y ) ^(1/2) ;
//
Propagation constant of the l i n e
24 angle = pro_const * l *10^( -3) ;
25 s = sinh ( angle ) ;
// S i n u s o i d a l a n g l e
26 c = cosh ( angle ) ;
// C o s i n e a n g l e
27 Ir = P *10^(6) /((3) ^(1/2) * V *10^(3) * pf ) ;
// Magnitude o f
r e c e i v i n g end c u r r e n t i n A
28 Ir1 =( Ir *( cosd ( - acosd ( pf ) ) + %i * sind ( - acosd ( pf ) ) ) )
*10^( -3) ; // R e c e i v i n g end c u r r e n t i n c l u d i n g
power f a c t o r a n g l e
29 Vr = V /(3) ^(1/2) ;
//
R e c e i v i n g end p h a s e v o l t a g e i n kV
30 Vs = Vr * c +( Zc * Ir1 * s ) ;
//
S e n d i n g end v o l t a g e i n kV
31 llv = abs ( Vs ) * sqrt (3) ;
66
// L i n e
t o l i n e v o l t a g e i n kV
32 Is =(( Vr *10^(3) / Zc ) * s ) +( Ir1 * c ) ;
// S e n d i n g end
current in A
33 pfs = cosd ( atan ( imag ( Vs ) , real ( Vs ) ) - atan ( imag ( Is ) , real (
Is ) ) ) ; // S e n d i n g end power f a c t o r
34 delta = atand ( imag ( Vs ) , real ( Vs ) ) ;
// Load a n g l e i n
degree
35 A = cosh ( angle ) ;
// P a r a m e t e r o f v o l t a g e and c u r r e n t eqn i n d e g r e e
36 B = Zc * sinh ( angle ) ;
//
P a r a m e t e r o f v o l t a g e and c u r r e n t eqn i n Ohm
37 C = sinh ( angle ) / Zc ;
//
P a r a m e t e r o f v o l t a g e and c u r r e n t eqn i n mho
38 D = A ;
// P a r a m e t e r o f v o l t a g e and c u r r e n t eqn i n d e g r e e
39 reg =((( abs ( Vs ) / abs ( A ) ) - Vr ) / Vr ) *100;
// R e g u l a t i o n o f t h e
line
40 inp_pow =(3* abs ( Vs ) * abs ( Is ) * pfs ) *10^( -3) ;
// I n p u t power i n MW
41 eff =( P / inp_pow ) *100;
//
42
43 printf ( ” \ n V o l t a g e a t s e n d i n g end o f t h e l i n e i s %. 2 f
kV” , Vs ) ;
44 printf ( ” \ n C u r r e n t a t s e n d i n g end o f t h e l i n e i s %. 2 f
A” , abs ( Is ) ) ;
45 printf ( ” \ n S e n d i n g end p o w e r f a c t o r and Load a n g l e o f
t h e l i n e i s %. 4 f and %. 2 f ” ,pfs , delta ) ;
46 printf ( ” \nABCD p a r a m e t e r s o f t h e l i n e i s %. 3 f and %
67
. 2 f ohm and %. 3 e mho and %. 3 f ” ,A , abs ( B ) , abs ( C ) ,D
);
47 printf ( ” \ n R e g u l a t i o n o f t h e l i n e i s %. 1 f p e r c e n t a g e ”
, reg ) ;
48 printf ( ” \ n E f f i c i e n c y o f t h e l i n e i s %. 2 f p e r c e n t a g e ”
, eff ) ;
49 //
68
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 1 1 . 5
6
7 clc ;
8 clear ;
9
10
11 V =400;
12 Load =750;
// Load i n MVA
13 A =0.85;
// L o s s l e s s t h r e e p h a s e l i n e c o n s t a n t
14 B = %i *150;
15 C = %i *0.001;
69
16 D = A ;
// L o s s l e s s t h r e e p h a s e l i n e c o n s t a n
17 Vr = V /3^(1/2) ;
18 Ir = Load *10^(3) /(3^(1/2) * V ) ;
// R e c e i v i n g
end c u r r e n t i n A
19 Vs =( A * Vr *10^(3) + B * Ir *(0.8 - %i *0.6) ) *10^( -3) ;
20 Is = C * Vr *10^(3) + A * Ir *(0.8 - %i *0.6) ;
// S e n d i n g end
current in A
21 vtg_reg =((( abs ( Vs ) / abs ( A ) ) - Vr ) / Vr ) *100;
22 ABCD =[1 -50* %i ;0 1]*[0.85 50* %i ;0.001* %i 0.85]*[1
-50* %i ;0 1]; // M a t r i x o f c o m p e n s a t e d l i n e
23 Vs1 = ABCD (1 ,1) * Vr + ABCD (1 ,2) *( abs ( Ir ) /1000) *(0.8 - %i
*0.6) ; // S e n d i n g end v o l t a g e o f
c o m p e n s a t e d l i n e i n kV
24 Is1 = ABCD (2 ,1) * Vr *10^(3) + ABCD (2 ,2) * abs ( Ir ) *(0.8 - %i
*0.6) ; // S e n d i n g end c u r r e n t o f
compensated l i n e i n A
25 vtg_reg2 =((( abs ( Vs1 ) / ABCD (1 ,1) ) - Vr ) / Vr ) *100;
// R e g u l a t i o n o f t h e o f
compensated l i n e
26
27
28 printf ( ” \ nPhase v o l t a g e i s % f kV” , Vr ) ;
29 disp ( ABCD , ’ S e r i e s c o m p e n s a t i o n p a r a m e t e r s i s ’ ) ;
30 printf ( ” \ n R e g u l a t i o n o f t h e u n c o m p e n s a t e d l i n e i s %
. 1 f ” , vtg_reg ) ;
31 printf ( ” \ n R e g u l a t i o n o f t h e c o m p e n s a t e d l i n e i s %. 2 f
” , vtg_reg2 ) ;
32 /
70
71
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 1 1 . 6
6
7 clc ;
8 clear ;
9
10
11 Vs =420;
12 f =60;
13 l =463;
14 Vr =700;
15 sen_end_crt =646.6;
//
S e n d i n g end c u r r e n t i n A
16 pha_con_len = acos ( Vs / Vr ) ;
// Phase
c o n s t a n t l e n g t h in rad
17 pha_const = pha_con_len / l ;
// Phase
c o n s t a n t i n r a d /km
18 Z = Vr *10^(3) * sin ( pha_con_len ) /(3^(1/2) * sen_end_crt ) ;
// S u r g e i m p e d a n c e i n Ohm
19 X =( sin ( pha_con_len ) /(1 - cos ( pha_con_len ) ) ) * Z ;
// R e a c t a n c e o f t h e l i n e i n Ohm
20 shu_rat = Vs ^(2) / X ;
// Shunt
r e a c t o r r a t i n g i n MVAr
21
72
22
23 printf ( ” \ nThe p h a s e c o n s t a n t and S u r g e i m p e d a n c e o f
t h e l i n e i s %. 3 f r a d /km and %. f Ohm” , pha_const , Z )
;
24 printf ( ” \ nThe r e a c t a n c e p e r p h a s e and t h e r e q u i r e d
s h u n t r e a c t o r r a t i n g o f t h e l i n e i s %. f Ohm and %
. 1 f MVAr” ,X , shu_rat ) ;
73
Chapter 12
Insulators for Overhead

Transmission Lines
Scilab code Exa 12.1 Compute String Efficiency
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 1 2 . 1
Figure 12.1: Compute String Efficiency
74
6
7 clc ;
8 clear ;
9
10
11 V =33; // O p e r a t i n g
v o l t a g e o f l i n e i n kV
12 m =10; // Mutual
capacitance of unit
13 n =4; //No o f
string units
14 V_tot = V /3^(1/2) ; // T o t a l
v o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e s t r i n g i n kV
15 V1 = V_tot /(1+1.1+1.31+1.651) ; // V o l t a g e
a c r o s s t h e t o p m o s t u n i t i n kV
16 V2 = V1 *(1+(1/ m ) ) ; // V o l t a g e
a c r o s s t h e s e c o n d u n i t from t h e t o p i n kV
17 V3 = V1 *(1+(3/ m ) +(1/ m ^(2) ) ) ; // V o l t a g e
a c r o s s t h e t h i r d u n i t from t h e t o p i n kV
18 V4 = V3 *(1+(1/ m ) ) +( V2 / m ) +( V1 / m ) ; // V o l t a g e
a c r o s s t h e f o u r t h u n i t from t h e t o p i n kV
19 str_eff = V_tot /( n * V4 ) ; // S t r i n g
e f f i c i e n c y in percentage
20
21
22 printf ( ” \ nThe s t r i n g e f f i c i e n c y i s %. 2 f p e r c e n t a g e ” ,
str_eff *100) ;
Scilab code Exa 12.4 Compute String Efficiency
75
Figure 12.2: Compute String Efficiency
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 1 2 . 4
6
7 clc ;
8 clear ;
9
10
11 V4 =12; // Rated
v o l t a g e o f e a c h u n i t i n kV
12 m =10; // Mutual
capacitance of unit
13 n =4; //No o f s t r i n g
units
14 V1 = V4 /1.651; // V o l t a g e
a c r o s s t h e t o p m o s t u n i t i n kV
15 V2 =1.1* V1 ; // V o l t a g e
a c r o s s t h e s e c o n d u n i t from t h e t o p i n kV
16 V3 =1.31* V1 ; // V o l t a g e
a c r o s s t h e t h i r d u n i t from t h e t o p i n kV
17 V_tot = V1 + V2 + V3 + V4 ; // T o t a l
v o l t a g e V o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e s t r i n g i n kV
18 mlv =3^(1/2) * V_tot ; //Maximum l i n e
v o l t a g e i n kV
19 str_eff =( V_tot /( n * V4 ) ) *100; // S t r i n g
e f f i c i e n c y in percentage
76
20
21
22 printf ( ” \ n S a f e o p e r a t i n g maximum l i n e v o l t a g e i s %. 2
f kV” , mlv ) ;
23 printf ( ” \ nThe s t r i n g e f f i c i e n c y i s %. 2 f p e r c e n t a g e ” ,
str_eff ) ;
77
Chapter 13
Design of Transmission Lines
Scilab code Exa 13.1 Calculation of Sag and Tension
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 1 3 . 1
6
7 clc ;
Figure 13.1: Calculation of Sag and Tension
78
8 clear ;
9
10
11 L =160; // Span
length in m
12 w =4; // Weight o f
t h e c o n d u c t o r i n N/m
13 Ts =8000; // T e n s i l e
strength in N
14 T = Ts / w ; // Working
s t r e s s in N
15 d = w * L ^(2) /(8* T ) ; // Sag o f t h e
l i n e in m
16 l = L +( w ^(2) * L ^(3) /(24* T ^(2) ) ) ; // T o t a l
length of conductor in spans in m
17
18
19 printf ( ” \ nSag o f t h e l i n e b e t w e e n s p a n i s %. 1 f m” ,d )
;
20 printf ( ” \ n T o t a l l e n g t h o f t h e l i n e b e t w e e n s p a n i s %
. 2 f m” ,l ) ;
79
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 1 3 . 2
6
7 clc ;
8 clear ;
9
10
11 w =0.35; // Weight o f
t h e c o n d u c t o r i n kg /m
12 Ts =800; // T e n s i l e
s t r e n g t h i n kg
13 Sf =2; // S a f e t y
factor
14 L =160; // Span l e n g t h
in m
15 h =70; // H e i g h t o f
s u p p o r t from t h e g r o u n d i n m
16 T = Ts / Sf ; // Working
s t r e s s i n kg
17 h1 =h -40;; // D i f f e r e n c e
between s u p p o r t s i n m
18 x1 =( L /2) -( T * h1 /( w * L ) ) ; // D i s t a n c e o f
minimum p o i n t from t h e l o w e r s u p p o r t i n m
19 h2 =h -65; // D i f f e r e n c e
between s u p p o r t s i n m
20 x2 =( L /2) -( T * h2 /( w * L ) ) ; // D i s t a n c e o f
minimum p o i n t from t h e l o w e r s u p p o r t i n m
21 d1 = w * x2 ^(2) /(2* T ) ; // Sag from
lower support in m
22 mgc =65 - d1 ; // Minimum
ground c l e a r a n c e i n m
23
24
25 printf ( ” \ nThe minimum c l e a r a n c e from t h e g r o u n d %. 2 f
80
m” , mgc ) ;
26 printf ( ” \ nThe d i s t a n c e o f minimum p o i n t from t h e
l o w e r s u p p o r t a t 40m i s %. 2 f m” , x1 ) ;
27 printf ( ” \ nThe d i s t a n c e o f minimum p o i n t from t h e
l o w e r s u p p o r t a t 65m i s %. 2 f m” , x2 ) ;
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 1 3 . 3
6
7 clc ;
8 clear ;
9
10
11 A =120; //
Normal c o p p e r a r e a i n mmˆ2
12 con_size =(30+7) /6.30; //
C o n d u c t o r s i z e i n mm
13 w =0.4; //
C o n d u c t o r w e i g h t i n kg /m
81
14 Ts =1250; //
T e n s i l e s t r e n g t h i n kg
15 Sf =5; //
Safety factor
16 L =200; //
Span l e n g t h i n m
17 t =0.5; //
T h i c k n e s s o f i c e i n cm
18 p =10; //
Wind p r e s s u r e i n kg /mˆ2
19 D =(2*4 -1) *6.30*10^( -1) ; //
T o t a l d i a m e t e r o f c o n d u c t o r i n cm
20 T = Ts / Sf ; //
Working s t r e s s i n kg
21 d = w * L ^(2) /(8* T ) ; //
Sag i n s t i l l a i r i n m
22 wi = %pi *(( D + t ) *10^( -2) * t *10^( -2) ) *915; //
Weight o f i c e i n kg /m
23 W = w + wi ; //
T o t a l w e i g h t o f i c e i n kg /m
24 d1 = W * L ^(2) /(8* T ) ; //
Sag i n m
25 Ww =( D +2* t ) *10^( -2) * p ; //
Wind l o a d i n g i n kg /m
26 We = sqrt ( Ww ^(2) +( w + wi ) ^(2) ) //
E f f e c t i v e l o a d i n g i n kg /m
27 d2 = We * L ^(2) /(8* T ) ; //
T o t a l Sag i n m
28 angle = atand ( Ww /( w + wi ) ) ; //
Sag a n g l e i n d e g r e e
29
30 printf ( ” \ nSag i n s t i l l a i r %. f m” ,d ) ;
31 printf ( ” \ nSag , i f t h e c o n d u c t o r i s covered with i c e
o f 0.5 −cm t h i c k n e s s i s % . 2 f m” , d1 ) ;
32 printf ( ” \ nSag , i f t h e c o n d u c t o r i s covered with i c e
o f 0.5 −cm t h i c k n e s s and a wind p r e s s u r e o f 10 kg /
mˆ ( 2 ) i s a c t i n g on t h e p r o j e c t e d a r e a i s %. 2 f m” ,
d2 ) ;
82
33 printf ( ” \ nSag a n g l e i s %. 2 f d e g r e e ” , angle ) ;
83
Chapter 14
Corona and Radio Interference
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 1 4 . 1
6
7 clc ;
8 clear ;
84
9
10
11
12 d =600;
// D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h r e e c o n d u c t o r s i n cm
13 b =72;
// P r e s s u r e i n Hg
14 r =1;
// R a d i u s o f t h e c o n d u c t o r i n cm
15 t =27;
// A i r t e m p e r a t u r e i n C e l c i u s
16 m =0.90;
// I r r e g u l a r i t y f a c t o r
17 mv =0.82;
// S u r f a c e f a c t o r
18 adf =3.92* b /(273+ t ) ;
// A i r
density factor
19 Vc = r *21.1* m *0.9408* log ( d / r ) ;
// Phase t o n e u t r a l
c r i t i c a l d i s r u p t i v e v o l t a g e i n kV
20 cdv = Vc * sqrt (3) ;
//
L i n e t o l i n e c r i t i c a l d i s r u p t i v e v o l t a g e i n kV
21 Vv =21.1* mv * r *0.9408*(1+(0.3/ sqrt ( r *0.9408) ) ) * log ( d / r
); // C r i t i c a l v i s u a l d i s r u p t i v e v o l t a g e
22 cvdv = Vv * sqrt (3) ;
// L i n e
t o l i n e c r i t i c a l v i s u a l d i s r u p t i v e v o l t a g e i n kV
23
24
25 printf ( ” \ nThe c r i t i c a l d i s r u p t i v e v o l t a g e i s %. 2 f kV
85
” , cdv ) ;
26 printf ( ” \ nThe visual critical disruptive voltage is
%. 2 f kV” , cvdv ) ;
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 1 4 . 2
6
7 clc ;
8 clear ;
9
10
11 V =220;
12 f =50;
13 r =1;
86
// R a d i u s o f t h e c o n d u c t o r i n cm
14 d =400;
// D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e c o n d u c t o r i n cm
15 m =0.96;
// Smooth s u r f a c e v a l u e o f c o n d u c t o r
16 b =73;
// B a r o m e t r i c p r e s s u r e i n cm o f Hg
17 t =20;
// T e m p e r a t u r e i n c e l c i u s
18 adf =3.92* b /(273+ t ) ;
// A i r d e n s i t y f a c t o r
19 Vc = r *21.1* m *0.9767* log ( d / r ) ;
//
Phase t o n e u t r a l critical disruptive voltage in
kV
20 Vp = V / sqrt (3) ;
// L i n e p h a s e v o l t a g e i n kV
21 Pc =241*10^( -5) *( f +25) /0.9767* sqrt ( r / d ) *( Vp - Vc ) ^(2) ;
// Peek ’ s f o r m u l a f o r c o r o n a
l o s s i n a f a i r w e a t h e r i n kW/ p h a s e /km
22 Pc1 =241*10^( -5) *( f +25) /0.9767* sqrt ( r / d ) *( Vp -0.8* Vc )
^(2) ; // Peek ’ s f o r m u l a f o r c o r o n a
l o s s i n a r a i n y w e a t h e r i n kW/ p h a s e /km
23
24
25 printf ( ” \ nThe f a i r w e a t h e r c o r o n a l o s s i s %. 2 f kW/
p h a s e /km” , Pc ) ;
26 printf ( ” \ nThe r a i n y w e a t h e r c o r o n a l o s s i s %. 2 f kW/
p h a s e /km” , Pc1 ) ;
87
Figure 14.3: Compute Power line and Telephone line parameters
Scilab code Exa 14.4 Compute Power line and Telephone line parameters
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 1 4 . 4
6
7 clc ;
8 clear ;
9
10
11 f =50;
12 I =150;
// Power l i n e c u r r e n t i n Amps
13 dac =1.8;
// S p a c i n g b e t w e e n c o n d u c t o r s a and d i n m
14 dab =2.5;
// S p a c i n g b e t w e e n c o n d u c t o r s a and b i n m
88
15 dcd =1;
// S p a c i n g b e t w e e n c o n d u c t o r s c and d i n m
16 Dad = sqrt (( dac ) ^(2) +(( dab /2) +( dcd /2) ) ^(2) ) ;
// D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n c o n d u c t o r s a
and d i n m
17 Dac = sqrt (( dac ) ^(2) +(( dab /2) -( dcd /2) ) ^(2) ) ;
// D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n c o n d u c t o r s a
and c i n m
18 M =4*10^( -4) * log ( Dad / Dac ) ;
// Mutual
i n d u c t a n c e i n H/km/ ph
19 X =2* %pi * f * M ;
//
I n d u c t i v e r e a c t a n c e i n p e r km
20 emf = I * X ;
// Emf i n d u c e d i n t e l e p h o n e l i n e i n V/km
21
22 printf ( ” \ nThe mutual i n d u c t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e
p o w e r l i n e and t h e t e l e p h o n e l i n e %. 1 e H/km/ ph ” ,M )
;
23 printf ( ” \ nThe 50 Hz v o l t a g e p e r k i l o m e t r e i n d u c e d i n
t h e t e l e p h o n e l i n e when t h e power l i n e c a r r i e s
150 A i s %. 2 f V/km” , emf ) ;
89
Chapter 15
Insulated Cables
Scilab code Exa 15.1 Compute increased in resistance and weight
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 1 5 . 1
6
7 clc ;
8 clear ;
9
10
Figure 15.1: Compute increased in resistance and weight
90
Figure 15.2: Compute Electric stress values
11 D =2; //
C o n d u c t o r d i a m e t e r i n cm
12 l =40; // Length
o f l a y i n cm
13 n =1; // S t r a n d
o f l a y e r one
14 l1 = sqrt ( l ^(2) +( %pi *(2* n +1) * D ) ^(2) ) ; // Length
i s a s t r a n d o f l a y e r one i n cm
15 Tl1 = l +6* l1 ; // T o t a l
l e n g t h o f s t r a n d s i n cm
16 Tl2 =7* l ; // T o t a l
l e n g t h o f s t r a n d s , Not s p i r a l e d i n cm
17 W =(( Tl1 - Tl2 ) / Tl2 ) *100; // Weight
increased in percentage
18 R1 =1/ l +(6/ l1 ) ;
19 R2 =7/ l ;
20 R =( R2 / R1 ) *100; // Change
in r e s i s t a n c e in percentage
21 R1 =R -100; //
Increased r e s i s t a n c e in percentage
22
23
24 printf ( ” \ nThe i n c r e a s e i n w e i g h t due t o s p i r a l i n g o f
t h e c o n d u c t o r i s %. 2 f p e r c e n t a g e ” ,W ) ;
25 printf ( ” \ nThe i n c r e a s e i n r e s i s t a n c e due t o
s p i r a l i n g o f t h e c o n d u c t o r i s %. 1 f p e r c e n t a g e ” , R1
);
91
Scilab code Exa 15.2 Compute Electric stress values
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 1 5 . 2
6
7 clc ;
8 clear ;
9
10
11 r =1.5; // C o n d u c t o r
r a d i u s i n cm
12 R =3; // Lead
s h e a t h r a d i u s i n cm
13 V =33; // O p e r a t i n g
14 E_max = V /( r * log ( R / r ) ) ; //Maximum
v a l u e o f e l e c t r i c s t r e s s i n kV/cm
15 E_min = V /( R * log ( R / r ) ) ; // Minimum
v a l u e o f e l e c t r i c s t r e s s i n kV/cm
16 r1 = R /2.718; // Optimum
v a l u e o f c o n d u c t o r r a d i u s i n cm
17 E_max1 = V /( r1 * log ( R / r1 ) ) ; // S m a l l e s t
v a l u e o f Maximum s t r e s s i n kV/cm
18
19 printf ( ” \nMaximum and Minimum v a l u e s o f e l e c t r i c a l
s t r e s s i s %. 2 f kV/cm and %. 2 f kV/cm” , E_max , E_min )
;
20 printf ( ” \ nOptimal v a l u e o f c o n d u c t o r r a d i u s i s %. 3 f
cm and t h e s m a l l e s t v a l u e o f t h e maximum s t r e s s
i s %. 2 f kV/cm” ,r1 , E_max1 ) ;
92
Figure 15.3: Compute the radius and diameter
Scilab code Exa 15.3 Compute the radius and diameter
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 1 5 . 3
6
7 clc ;
8 clear ;
9
10
11 V =11; // S u p p l y v o l t a g e
i n kV
12 die_strength =50; // D i e l e c t r i c
s t r e n g t h o f c o n d u c t o r i n kV/cm
13 Sf =2; // S a f e t y f a c t o r
14 e =2.718; // C o n s t a n t v a l u e
15 E_max = die_strength / Sf ; //Maximum s t r e s s
i n kV/cm
16 R =11* e /25; // Outer
i n s u l a t i o n r a d i u s i n cm
17 r=R/e; // R a d i u s o f t h e
c o n d u c t o r i n cm
18 D =2* r ; // D i a m e t e r o f
93
Figure 15.4: Compute radius
t h e c o n d u c t o r i n cm
19
20 printf ( ” \ nThe r a d i u s and d i a m e t e r o f a s i n g l e
c o n d u c t o r c a b l e i s %. 2 f cm and %. 2 f cm” ,r , D ) ;
Scilab code Exa 15.4 Compute radius
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 1 5 . 4
6
7 clc ;
8 clear ;
9
10
11 V =110;
// L i n e v o l t a g e i n kV
12 r =1;
// C o n d u c t o r r a d i u s i n cm
13 p1 =5;
94
// P e r m i t t i v i t i e o f t h e m a t e r i a l A
14 p2 =4;
// P e r m i t t i v i t i e o f t h e m a t e r i a l B
15 p3 =2;
// P e r m i t t i v i t i e o f t h e m a t e r i a l C
16 G1 =50;
// P e r m i s s i b l e s t r e s s o f t h e m a t e r i a l A i n kV/cm
17 G2 =40;
// P e r m i s s i b l e s t r e s s o f t h e m a t e r i a l B i n kV/cm
18 G3 =30;
// P e r m i s s i b l e s t r e s s o f t h e m a t e r i a l C i n kV/cm
19 r1 = p1 * r * G1 /( p2 * G2 ) ;
//
Outer r a d i u s o f t h e m a t e r i a l A i n cm
20 r2 = p2 * r1 * G2 /( p3 * G3 ) ;
//
Outer r a d i u s o f t h e m a t e r i a l B i n cm
21 R = exp (1.638) ;
// Outer r a d i u s o f t h e m a t e r i a l C i n cm ( s o l v i n g
t h e eqn 1 5 . 2 4 i n t h e book )
22
23 printf ( ” \ nThe minimum i n t e r n a l s h e a t h r a d i u s o f t h e
c a b l e i s %. 2 f cm” ,R )
Scilab code Exa 15.6 Compute capacitance
95
Figure 15.5: Compute capacitance
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 1 5 . 6
6
7 clc ;
8 clear ;
9
10
11 V =11;
12 f =50;
13 C =0.5;
// C a p a c i t a n c e b e t w e e n two c o n d u c t o r s i n
m i c r o F a r a d /km
14 Cx =0.75;
// C a p a c i t a n c e b e t w e e n s h e a t h and t h r e e c o n d u c t o r s
i n m i c r o F a r a d /km
15 Cy =0.50;
// C a p a c i t a n c e b e t w e e n s h e a t h and r e m a i n i n g
c o n d u c t o r i n m i c r o F a r a d /km
16 C1 = Cx /3;
// C a p a c i t a n c e b e t w e e n c o n d u c t o r and s h e a t h i n
96
m i c r o F a r a d /km
17 C2 =( Cy - C1 ) /2;
// C a p a c i t a n c e b e t w e e n p h a s e s i n m i c r o F a r a d /km
18 C0 = C1 +3* C2 ;
// E f f e c t i v e c a p a c i t a n c e i n m i c r o F a r a d /km
19 C3 = C0 /2;
// C a p a c i t a n c e b e t w e e n two c o n d u c t o r s c o n n e c t i n g a
t h i r d c o n d u c t o r t o t h e s h e a t h i n m i c r o F a r a d /km
20 I =( V *10^(3) / sqrt (3) ) *2* %pi * f * C0 *10^( -6) ;
// C h a r g i n g c u r r e n t i n A/ ph /km
21
22
23 printf ( ” \ nThe c a p a c i t a n c e b e t w e e n p h a s e s i s %. 3 f
m i c r o F a r a d /km” , C2 ) ;
24 printf ( ” \ nThe c a p a c i t a n c e b e t w e e n c o n d u c t o r and
s h e a t h i s %. 2 f m i c r o F a r a d /km” , C1 ) ;
25 printf ( ” \ nThe e f f e c t i v e p e r p h a s e c a p a c i t a n c e i s %. 3
f m i c r o F a r a d /km” , C0 ) ;
26 printf ( ” \ nThe c a p a c i t a n c e b e t w e e n two c o n d u c t o r s
c o n n e c t i n g a t h i r d c o n d u c t o r t o t h e s h e a t h i s %. 4
f m i c r o F a r a d /km” , C3 ) ;
27 printf ( ” \ nThe c h a r g i n g c u r r e n t p e r p h a s e p e r km i s %
. 2 f A” ,I ) ;
97
Chapter 16
HVDC Transmission and

FACTS Technology
Scilab code Exa 16.1 Compute dc output voltages
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 1 6 . 1
6
7 clc ;
Figure 16.1: Compute dc output voltages
98
8 clear ;
9
10
11 V =238; //
T r a n s f o r m e r p r i m a r y v o l t a g e i n kV
12 Em =110; //
T r a n s f o r m e r s e c o n d a r y v o l t a g e i n kV
13 f =50; //
S u p p l y f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
14 u =20; //
Commutation a n g l e i n d e g r e e
15 alpha1 =30; //
Delay a n g l e 1 i n d e g r e e
16 alpha2 =90; //
17 alpha3 =150; //
18 Vdo =3* sqrt (3*2) * Em /( %pi * sqrt (3) ) ; //
D i r e c t o u t p u t v o l t a g e i n kV
19 Vd1 = Vdo /2*( cosd ( alpha1 ) + cosd ( alpha1 + u ) ) ; //
D i r e c t o u t p u t v o l t a g e when commutation a n g l e 20
and d e l a y a n g l e i s 30 d e g r e e i n kV
22
23 printf ( ” \ nThe d i r e c t v o l t a g e o u t p u t i s %. 2 f kV” , Vdo )
;
24 printf ( ” \ nThe d i r e c t v o l t a g e o u t p u t when commutation
a n g l e 20 and d e l a y a n g l e i s 30 d e g r e e i s %. 2 f kV
” , Vd1 ) ;
a n g l e 20 and d e l a y a n g l e i s 90 d e g r e e i s %. 2 f kV
” , Vd2 ) ;
99
Figure 16.2: Compute resistance
a n g l e 20 and d e l a y a n g l e i s 150 d e g r e e i s %. 2 f
kV” , Vd3 ) ;
Scilab code Exa 16.2 Compute resistance
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 1 6 . 2
6
7 clc ;
8 clear ;
9
10
11 Em =400; // Ac s u p p l y
12 Vd =500; // Dc s u p p l y
13 Id =1; // Dc
current in A
14 alpha =20; // F i r i n g
100
Figure 16.3: Compute Ac output voltages
angle in degree
15 Vdo =3* sqrt (3*2) * Em /( %pi * sqrt (3) ) ; // D i r e c t
o u t p u t v o l t a g e i n kV
16 Rc = -( Vd -( Vdo * cosd ( alpha ) ) / Id ) ; // E f f e c t i v e
Commutation r e s i s t a n c e i n Ohm
17
18
19 printf ( ” \ nThe e f f e c t i v e commutation r e s i s t a n c e i s %
. 2 f Ohm” , Rc ) ;
Scilab code Exa 16.3 Compute Ac output voltages
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 1 6 . 3
6
7 clc ;
8 clear ;
9
10
101
11 V =500; // Dc s u p p l y
12 ang1 =20; // Advance a n g l e i n
degree
13 ang2 =10; // E x t i n c t i o n a n g l e
in degree
14 Vdi =1/2*( cosd (20) + cosd (10) ) ; // Dc v o l t a g e i n kV
15 Em =( V * %pi ) /( Vdi *3* sqrt (3) ) ; // Ac o u t p u t
16
17
18 printf ( ” \ nThe a c v o l t a g e o u t p u t o f t h e i n v e r t e r i s %
. 2 f kV” , Em ) ;
102
Chapter 17
Distribution Systems
Scilab code Exa 17.2 Compute current
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 1 7 . 2
6
7 clc ;
8 clear ;
9
10
11 V =110; //
S u p p l y v o l t a g e i n kV
12 P1 =30; // Load
f o r 5 h o u r s i n MW
13 P2 =15; // Load
14 P3 =8; // Load
15 pf1 =0.8; //
L a g g i n g power f a c t o r o f 30 MW l o a d
103
Figure 17.1: Compute voltage across load points
16 pf2 =0.9; //
L a g g i n g power f a c t o r o f 15 MW l o a d
17 pf3 =1; //
U n i t y power f a c t o r o f 8 MW l o a d
18 I1 = P1 *10^(6) /( sqrt (3) * V *10^(3) * pf1 ) ; //
C u r r e n t o f 30 MW l o a d i n Amps
19 I2 = P2 *10^(6) /( sqrt (3) * V *10^(3) * pf2 ) ; //
20 I3 = P3 *10^(6) /( sqrt (3) * V *10^(3) * pf3 ) ; //
21
22 // The r e m a i n i n g o f t h e p r o b l e m c a n n o t be s o l v e d
u s i n g SCILAB
Scilab code Exa 17.7 Compute voltage across load points
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 1 7 . 7
6
7 clc ;
8 clear ;
9
10
104
11 Vs =220; //
Supply v o l t a g e i n Volt
12 r =1; //
R e s i s t a n c e i n Ohm/km
13 D_aC =5; //
V o l t a g e d r o p i n s e c t i o n aC i n V o l t
14 D_C1E1 =1; //
V o l t a g e d r o p i n s e c t i o n C1E1 i n V o l t
15 D_PE1 =0.5; //
V o l t a g e d r o p i n s e c t i o n pE1 i n V o l t
16 D_CB =3; //
V o l t a g e d r o p i n s e c t i o n CB i n V o l t
17 D_B1D1 =1; //
V o l t a g e d r o p i n s e c t i o n B1D1 i n V o l t
18 D_D1C1 =0; //
V o l t a g e d r o p i n s e c t i o n D1C1 i n V o l t
19 D_Eb =3; //
V o l t a g e d r o p i n s e c t i o n Eb i n V o l t
20 D_BA =1.5; //
V o l t a g e d r o p i n s e c t i o n BA i n V o l t
21 D_A1D =2; //
V o l t a g e d r o p i n s e c t i o n A1D i n V o l t
22 D_DE =3; //
V o l t a g e d r o p i n s e c t i o n DE i n V o l t
23 CC1 = Vs - D_aC - D_C1E1 + D_PE1 ; //
V o l t a g e a c r o s s s e c t i o n CC1 i n V o l t
24 BB1 = CC1 - D_CB - D_B1D1 - D_D1C1 ; //
V o l t a g e a c r o s s s e c t i o n BB1 i n V o l t
25 E1E = Vs - D_PE1 - D_Eb ; //
V o l t a g e a c r o s s s e c t i o n E1E i n V o l t
26 D1D = E1E + D_C1E1 + D_D1C1 - D_DE ; //
V o l t a g e a c r o s s s e c t i o n D1D i n V o l t
27 AA1 =2* Vs - D_aC - D_CB - D_BA - D_A1D - D_DE - D_Eb ; //
V o l t a g e a c r o s s s e c t i o n AA1 i n V o l t
28
29 printf ( ” \ nThe v o l t a g e a c r o s s l o a d p o i n t s a r e %. 1 f
v o l t and %. 1 f v o l t and %. 1 f v o l t and %. 1 f v o l t
and %. 1 f v o l t ” ,CC1 , BB1 , E1E , D1D , AA1 ) ;
105
Figure 17.2: Compute power factor with respective load points
Scilab code Exa 17.9 Compute power factor with respective load points
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 1 7 . 9
6
7 clc ;
8 clear ;
9
10
11 V =220; //
Supply v o l t a g e i n Volt
12 R =0.06; //
R e s i s t a n c e i n Ohm
13 X =0.1; //
R e a c t a n c e i n Ohm/km
14 L =1; //
Length o f s e c t i o n AB and BC i n km
15 IB =100*(0.8+ %i *0.6) ; //
C u r r e n t a t p o i n t B i n Amps
106
16 IC =100*(1+ %i *0) ; //
C u r r e n t a t p o i n t C i n Amps
17 ZBC =( R + %i * X ) ; //
Impedance o f s e c t i o n BC i n Ohm
18 ZAB =( R + %i * X ) ; //
Impedance o f s e c t i o n AB i n Ohm
19 BC = IC * ZBC ; //
Drop i n s e c t i o n BC i n V o l t
20 VB = V + BC ; //
P o t e n t i a l at point B in Volt
21 I_AB = IB + IC ; //
C u r r e n t i n s e c t i o n AB i n Amps
22 V_AB =( IB + IC ) * ZAB ; //
V o l t a g e d r o p i n s e c t i o n AB V o l t
23 VA = VB + V_AB ; //
Voltage at point A in Volt
24 VB1 = V + BC ; //
P o t e n t i a l at point B in Volt
25 pfa = acosd (0.8) ; //
Power f a c t o r a n g l e o f t h e l o a d a t p o i n t B
26 ref_ang = - pfa - atand ( imag ( VB1 ) , real ( VB1 ) ) ; //
L e a d i n g Power f a c t o r a n g l e w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o Vc
27 IB1 =100*( cosd ( ref_ang ) + %i * sind ( ref_ang ) ) ; //
C u r r e n t a t p o i n t B i n Amps
28 I_AB1 = IB + IC ; //
C u r r e n t i n s e c t i o n AB i n Amps
29 V_AB1 =( IB + IC ) * ZAB ; //
V o l t a g e d r o p i n s e c t i o n AB V o l t
30 VA1 = VB1 + V_AB1 ; //
Voltage at point A in Volt
31
32
33 printf ( ” \ nThe s e n d i n g end v o l t a g e i s %. 2 f V o l t ” , abs (
VA ) ) ;
34 printf ( ” \ nThe p h a s e a n g l e d i f f e r e n c e between the
v o l t a g e s o f two e n d s i s %. 2 f d e g r e e ” , atand ( imag (
VA ) , real ( VA ) ) ) ;
35 printf ( ” \ npower f a c t o r o f the l o a d s are with
107
r e f e r e n c e t o f a r t h e r −end v o l t a g e i s %. 2 f d e g r e e ” ,
pfa ) ;
36 printf ( ” \ npower f a c t o r o f t h e l o a d s a r e w i t h
r e f e r e n c e to the v o l t a g e s at the load points i s %
. 2 f d e g r e e ” , -( ref_ang ) ) ;
108
Chapter 19
Grounding Systems
Scilab code Exa 19.1 Calculate KVA rating
3 // Year : 2 0 1 2 ; E d i t i o n − 2
4 // Example 1 9 . 1
6
7 clc ;
Figure 19.1: Calculate KVA rating
109
8 clear ;
9
10
11 V =132;
//
O p e r a t i n g V o l t a g e i n kV
12 C =0.2;
//
L i n e t o Ground C a p a c i t a n c e i n m i c r o F a r a d
13 f =50;
//
S u p p l y F r e q u e n c y i n Hz
14 L =1/(3*(2* %pi * f ) ^(2) * C *10^( -6) ) ;
// I n d u c t a n c e o f C o i l i n H
15 VA_coil =(132 e3 /1.732) ^(2) /(2* %pi * f * L ) ;
// R a t i n g o f C o i l i n VA
16 KVA_coil = VA_coil /1 e3 ;
//To c o n v e r t VA
v a l u e i n t o kVA v a l u e
17
18 printf ( ” \ nThe v a l u e o f i n d u c t a n c e o f a r c s u p p r e s s o r
c o i l i s %. 2 f H” ,L ) ;
19 printf ( ” \ nThe KVA r a t i n g o f c o i l i s %. 3 e kVA” ,
KVA_coil ) ;
110

Scilab Textbook Companion For Electric Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution by S. N. Singh

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Scilab Textbook Companion for

Electric Power Generation, Transmission And

August 23, 2018

1 Funded by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

Title: Electric Power Generation, Transmission And Distribution

Publisher: Phi Learning Private Limited

Exa Example (Solved example)

Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)

AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular

List of Scilab Codes 4

4 Load Characteristics and Economic Aspects 16

6 Hydroelectric Power Plants 30

7 Nuclear Power Plants 35

10 Transmission Line Parameters Calculations 40

11 Analysis of Transmission Lines 55

12 Insulators for Overhead Transmission Lines 71

13 Design of Transmission Lines 75

14 Corona and Radio Interference 81

16 HVDC Transmission and FACTS Technology 95

17 Distribution Systems 100

Exa 3.2 Computation of Power . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3.1 Computation of Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

4.1 Load characteristics calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

6.1 Power calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

7.1 Compute binding energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

10.1 Compute Transmission line parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

11.1 Compute Transmission line parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

12.1 Compute String Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

13.1 Calculation of Sag and Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

14.1 Compute Transmission line parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

15.1 Compute increased in resistance and weight . . . . . . . . . 87

16.1 Compute dc output voltages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

17.1 Compute voltage across load points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

19.1 Calculate KVA rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Scilab code Exa 3.2 Computation of Power

Figure 3.1: Computation of Power

Scilab code Exa 3.4 Find the impedance

// Apparent power i n G e n e r a t o r 1 i n MVA

// Apparent power i n G e n e r a t o r 2 i n MVA

// Apparent power i n G e n e r a t o r 3 i n MVA

// Apparent power i n T r a n s f o r m e r 1 i n MVA

// Apparent power i n T r a n s f o r m e r 2 i n MVA

// Apparent power i n T r a n s f o r m e r 3 i n MVA

Scilab code Exa 3.5 Per unit calculation

Scilab code Exa 3.6 Per unit calculation

Load Characteristics and

Scilab code Exa 4.1 Load characteristics calculation

13 for i =1: length ( Z )

Scilab code Exa 4.2 Load characteristics calculation

24 printf ( ” \ n I n s t a l l e d c a p a c i t y o f p l a n t %. f MW” , PRC ) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.3 Load characteristics calculation

Scilab code Exa 4.4 Economics of power factor correction

Scilab code Exa 4.5 Economics of power factor correction

//Maximum demand p e r kWh i n Rs

Scilab code Exa 4.6 Maximum and minimum calculation

Hydroelectric Power Plants

Scilab code Exa 6.1 Power calculation

Figure 6.1: Power calculation