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    Classification of Steel - Welding and NDT

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    Ashif Iqubal
    Steel can be categorized into four basic groups: carbon steel, alloy steel, stainless steel, and tool steel. Carbon steel is the most commonly used and accounts for over 90% of steel production. It is further divided into low, medium, and high carbon steel based on carbon content. Alloy steel contains varying amounts of alloying elements like manganese, silicon, and nickel to achieve improved properties. Stainless steel contains a minimum of 10.5% chromium which gives it high corrosion resistance. It is further broken down into ferritic, martensitic, austenitic, duplex, and precipitation-hardening stainless steels. Tool steel has a high carbon content between 0.5-1.5%

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    Classification of Steel - Welding and NDT

    Uploaded by

    Ashif Iqubal
    305 views3 pages
    Steel can be categorized into four basic groups: carbon steel, alloy steel, stainless steel, and tool steel. Carbon steel is the most commonly used and accounts for over 90% of steel production. It is further divided into low, medium, and high carbon steel based on carbon content. Alloy steel contains varying amounts of alloying elements like manganese, silicon, and nickel to achieve improved properties. Stainless steel contains a minimum of 10.5% chromium which gives it high corrosion resistance. It is further broken down into ferritic, martensitic, austenitic, duplex, and precipitation-hardening stainless steels. Tool steel has a high carbon content between 0.5-1.5%

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    Classification of Steel _ Welding and NDT

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    Classification of Steel _ Welding and NDT

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    Steel can be categorized into four basic groups: carbon steel, alloy steel, stainless steel, and tool steel. Carbon steel is the most commonly used and accounts for over 90% of steel production. It is further divided into low, medium, and high carbon steel based on carbon content. Alloy steel contains varying amounts of alloying elements like manganese, silicon, and nickel to achieve improved properties. Stainless steel contains a minimum of 10.5% chromium which gives it high corrosion resistance. It is further broken down into ferritic, martensitic, austenitic, duplex, and precipitation-hardening stainless steels. Tool steel has a high carbon content between 0.5-1.5%

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    305 views3 pages

    Classification of Steel - Welding and NDT

    Uploaded by

    Ashif Iqubal
    Steel can be categorized into four basic groups: carbon steel, alloy steel, stainless steel, and tool steel. Carbon steel is the most commonly used and accounts for over 90% of steel production. It is further divided into low, medium, and high carbon steel based on carbon content. Alloy steel contains varying amounts of alloying elements like manganese, silicon, and nickel to achieve improved properties. Stainless steel contains a minimum of 10.5% chromium which gives it high corrosion resistance. It is further broken down into ferritic, martensitic, austenitic, duplex, and precipitation-hardening stainless steels. Tool steel has a high carbon content between 0.5-1.5%

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    of 3

    4/10/2018 Classification of steel | Welding and NDT

    Types of steel – Classification of steel

    Based on the chemical compositions, Steel can be categorized into four basic groups:

    Carbon Steel
    Alloy Steel
    Stainless Steel
    Tool Steel
    https://www.weldingandndt.com/types-of-steel/types-of-steel-classification-of-steel/ 1/3
    4/10/2018 Classification of steel | Welding and NDT

    1. CARBON STEEL: Carbon steel is the most utilized steel in the industries and accounts for
    more than 90% of the total steel production. Based on the carbon content, Carbon steels are
    further classified into three groups.

    Low Carbon Steel/Mild Steel


    Medium Carbon Steel
    High Carbon steel

    Carbon content is given in the table below:

    S.No. Type of carbon steel Percentage of Carbon

    Low Carbon Steel/Mild


    1 Upto 0.25%
    steel

    2 Medium Carbon Steel 0.25% to 0.60%

    3 High Carbon steel 0.60% to 1.5%

    2. ALLOY STEEL: In alloy steel, varying proportions of alloying elements are used, in order to
    achieve desired (improved) properties such as weldability, ductility, machinability, strength,
    hardenability and corrosion resistance etc. Some of the most used alloying elements and
    their effects are as follows;

    Manganese – Increases strength and hardness, decreases ductility and weldability;

    Silicon – Used as deoxidizers used in steel making process

    Phosphorus – Increases strength and hardness and decreases ductility and notch impact
    toughness of steel.

    Sulfur –Decreases ductility, notch impact toughness and weldability. Found in the form of
    sulfide inclusions.

    Copper –improved corrosion resistance

    https://www.weldingandndt.com/types-of-steel/types-of-steel-classification-of-steel/ 2/3
    4/10/2018 Classification of steel | Welding and NDT

    Nickel – Increases hardenability and Impact strength of steels.

    Molybdenum – Increases hardenability and enhances the creep resistance of low-alloy steels

    3. STAINLESS STEEL: Stainless steels – Stainless steel is an alloy steel with


    10.5% Chromium (Minimum). Stainless steel exhibits extraordinary corrosion resistance due
    to formation of a very thin layer of Cr2O3 on the surface. This layer is also known as passive
    layer. Increasing the amount of Chromium will further increase the corrosion resistance of
    the material. In addition to Chromium Nickel and Molybdenum are also added to impart
    desired (or improved) properties. Stainless steel also contains varying amounts of Carbon,
    Silicon and Manganese.

    Stainless steels are further classified as

    1. Ferritic Stainless Steels


    2. Martensitic Stainless Steels
    3. Austenitic Stainless Steels
    4. Duplex Stainless Steels
    5. Precipitation-Hardening (PH) Stainless Steels

    Ferritic: Ferritic steels consists of Iron-Chromium alloys with body-centered cubic crystal
    structures (BCC). These are generally magnetic and cannot be hardened by heat
    treatment but can be strengthened by cold working.
    Austenitic: Austenitic steels are most corrosion resistant. It is non-magnetic and non heat-
    treatable. Generally austenitic steels are highly weldable.
    Martensitic: Martensitic stainless steels are extremely strong and tough but not
    as corrosion-resistant as the other two classes. These steels are highly machinable, magnetic
    and heat-treatable.
    Duplex Stainless Steels: Duplex stainless steel consists of a two-phase microstructure
    consisting of grains of ferritic and austenitic stainless steel ( i.e Ferrite +
    Austenite). Duplex steels are about twice as strong as austenitic or ferritic stainless steels.
    Precipitation-Hardening (PH) Stainless Steels: Precipitation-Hardening (PH) Stainless
    Steels possess Ultra high strength due to precipitation hardening.

    4. TOOL STEEL: Tool steels have high carbon content (0.5% to 1.5%). Higher carbon content
    provides higher hardness and strength. These steels are mostly used to make tools and dies.
    Tool steel contains various amounts of tungsten, cobalt, molybdenum, and vanadium to
    increase the heat and wear resistance and durability of the metal. This makes tool steels very
    ideal for using as cutting and drilling tools.

    https://www.weldingandndt.com/types-of-steel/types-of-steel-classification-of-steel/ 3/3

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