OHM'S

E = IX
LAW
R
25c r 30c
Lin Canade] OCTOBER, 1934
$3.00
PER YEAR
BY SUBSCRIPTION

R_ E
mokomria
,= E
R
CONDENSERS IN
SERIES
X C2
C TOTAL - C1
+ C2
CI

RESISTANCES IN
PARALLEL

R TOTAL =
Ri X R2 AB 1SHED
Ri + R2

SHORT -WAVE AND EXPERIMENTAL

BOTTOM VIEWS
OF SOCKETS

-IN THIS ISSUE -

New Tube Operates Without Filament or Grid
4 -PRONG
0. 201 -A, 45, 210,
SOCKET
RCA Announces One -Half -Meter Tube
"The '45 Is a Better R. F. Tube Than the '46
Superheterodyne Tracking Problems
5 -PRONG SOCKET
56-46-47-76-27-37

SCREEN
Radiotelephony for Beginners

HEATER

6 -PRONG SOCKET
2A5-41-42-43

SLIP-
.. PRESSOR

A new chapter in radio

history is written. The
Illustration shows Mr.
4GRID -14F7 'ITN' CAP Ralph M. Heintz adjust-
6 -PRONG SOCKET ing a 50-watt R.F. Am-
I

57- 58- 6GB-606.77.75 plifier which is being

driven by the sensation-
ally new Farnsworth
Electron Multiplier Tube.
This new tube uses
neither filament nor grid.
"Among those present"
in the photo are Dr.
Leonard Fuller, Dr. F. E.
Terman, Arthur H. Hal-
loran, Herbert E. Met-
7-PRONG SOCKET
calf, Donald Lippincott,
George Everson, and
other radio engineers
GRID Net and scientists.
á,RIDS GRID
NS38N25 NzI

FEATURE ARTICLES BY . . .

CLAYTON F. BANE - - - ARTHUR H. HALLORAN - - - J. N. A. HAWKINS

4.CRID N24 -METAL TOP CAP W. W. SMITH - G. F. LAMPKIN - FRANK C. JONES - BERNARD EPHRAIM
7 -PRONG SOCKET
2A7-6A7
FIRST TO SUCCESSFULLY MANUFACTURE
GRAPHITE ANODE
TRANSMITTING TUBES
The specialized transmitting tube engineers of Hygrade Sylvania Corporation's
Electronics Department originated and developed the only complete line of
standard air cooled transmitting tubes embodying GRAPHITE ANODES.
Sylvania has started a procession. Broadcasters and amateurs are clamor-
ing vociferously for GRAPHITE ANODE tubes for use in their transmitters. All
are hungry for this truly modern tube design. Fall in line with the many followers
of Sylvania and enjoy the long service life and lower operating costs that
Sylvania GRAPHITE ANODES can deliver.
Remember, over a year ago our electronics engineers mastered this
graphite process. Others have been unsuccessful in approaching the stand-
ards set by Sylvania with its complete line from 210 to 851 in graphite.
Sylvania sustained leadership in GRAPHITE ANODE tubes is unchallenge-
able proof of an extraordinary engineering personnel.
That Sylvania can give you better transmitting tubes than anyone else, is
the safest kind of a bet.

GRAPHITE
ANODES
HAVE SET NEW
STANDARDS
IN TUBE
DESIGN
849 MOUNT'
8 M011NT 210 MOUNT
211 MOUNT -
2050 MOUNT
CODE

HYGRADE SYLVANIA CORPORATION

ELECTRONICS DEPARTMENT
AMATEUR RADIO DIVISION

CLIFTON, N. J.
FACTORIES: EMPORIUM, PA. ST. MARYS, PA SALEM, MASS. CLIFTON, N. J.
 HAMMARLuND for HAMS
TH r1 HAMmarlund catalog bristles with devices every HAM
neyds-devices proved by 33 years of engineering experience
and time -tried tests by radio leaders throughout the world.
Condensers, Chokes, I.F. Transformers, Coils, Coil Forms, Shields
and Sockets for all receiving and transmitting requirements.
And not forgetting the superior COMET "PRO" 8-to -550 meter
Professional Superheterodyne, which every amateur respects even
if he doesn't own one.
Mail ti e coupon for your free copy of HAMmarlund Catalog. Heavy -Duty Transmitter Choke

New "XP -53" LOW -LOSS COIL FORMS

and COILS
REMARKABLY efficient due to the new "XP -53" low-
loss dielectric. Rugged, durable, good-looking, low -
priced. No artificial coloring. Ribbed for air-spacing. Easy
grips with "Meter- Index." 4, 5', or 6 -prong forms, 35c each
list. Set of four 4 -prong coils (15.220 meters), $3.00 list.
Set of four 6 -prong coils (15.220 meters), $3.75 list. Other
coils for lower or higher ranges. Silver-plated secondaries on
the higher-frequency (10 -to -75 meters) coils.

HAMMARLUND MANUFACTURING CO.,

424 -432 W. 33rd St., New York
Check here and attach 10c for 16 -page Hammarlund
1935 Short-Wave Manual, illustrating and describing
most popular S -W circuits of past year, with schematic
and picture diagrams and parts lists.
30t -ate», Tdndia Check here for FREE information on XP -53 Coil
Arammárlund Forms and Coils.
PRODUCTS Check here for FREE General Catalog.
Name
Address
PR-10

RADIO FOR OCTOBER 3

 The NEW 5C PROFESSIONAL
SINGLE SIGNAL SUPERHETERODYNE
The 5C is the 1934 improved model of the now famous 5B- choice of W9USA of the
World's Fair and amateurs the world over in preference to all available competition.
The first outstanding feature of the new 5C is the accurately calibrated large airplane
"watch" dial, having one pointer for the three -gang main tuning condenser, and a second
pointer on a 0 -100 division scale for the three -gang band spread condenser-available by
simply pulling out the tuning knob!
The 5C has a new high -gain tuned r.f. stage on all bands for image selectivity, and manual
or automatic volume control at the turn of a switch, plus all the features that have made the
5B famous, including air tuned i.f. amplifier.
That it is far in advance of all other competitive receivers is proven conclusively by the
roster of its users -from W9USA to Col. Foster W6HM.
TECHNICAL FEATURES
Sensitivity: Every 5C receiver shipped from anywhere in range of receiver by pulling out
the laboratory is guaranteed to have a sensi- tuning knob.
SEE WHAT W9USA SAYS tivity of 1 microvolt absolute or better. Wave Length Change: One knob, with col-
Selectivity: Each 5C will have selectivity ored indicators matching dial scale colors.
ABOUT ITS PRECISION curve 26 kc. wide 10,000 times down without
crystals, or 50 cycles wide with crystal.
Knob actuates positive three position, six-
gang selector switch having positive non-
"After four months' continuous daily operation at World's Fidelity: The overall antenna to speaker wearing, silver plated contacts.
Fair Station W9USA and public demonstrations daily at fidelity of the 5C without crystal is uniform I.F. Amplification: Two stages of dual air
Hall of Science Theatre, very glad report most uniformly to 6 decibels from 30 to 4000 cycles-or ab-
satisfactory results four of your 5B receivers....Congratu- tuned 465 kc. amplification using a total of
lations excellent design." solutely uniform over the entire fundamental five "Litz" wound tuned circuits and two
F. J. Hinds, Chairman, World's Fair Radio Amateur musical range at the loud speaker output. '58 super control tubes.
Council. Yet by means of the crystal control knob, 50 Shielding: All r.f. and i.f. circuits com-
cycles selectivity can be had at will. pletely shielded from external pickup. Two
Power Output: The undistorted power out- antenna binding posts only "hot" points ex-
put of the 6C is three watts. posed. Heavy cabinet provided with hinged
Volume Control: The 5C is equipped with top for easy access.
audio volume control for use when the
TYPE 10D
Loud Speaker: Specially designed and
A.V.C. is switched in, and with manual i.f. matched Jensen dynamic unit in cabinet
sensitivity control for use when A.V.C. is 7" square and 3 %" deep.
switched out for high speed telegraph recep- Tropical Climate Provision: All transform-
loo WATT PROFESSIONAL tion. By the turn of a knob the sensitivity can
be raised to the maximum and very weak
distant stations may be brought in easily - ers, coils and condensers specially sealed
against moisture, particularly for tropical
climates. All filter condensers, power trans-
PHONE -C.W. TRANSMITTER or lowered for locals.
Circuit: All wave superheterodyne employ-
formers, chokes and resistors greatly over-
size to avoid possibility of breakdown in
ing a '58 r.f. amplifier, 2A7 high efficiency places remote from replacement part sources.
The type 10D transmitter is the amateur's dream come first detector and electron coupled oscillator,
true. It provides 100 to 120 watts of crystal controlled two '58 i.f. amplifier stages. '55 diode second Finish: Crystalline black on all parts ex-
detector, diode A.V.C. and triode first audio cept tube and r.f. shields, which are pol-
r.f. power on the 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 meter amateur ished aluminum.
stage. '58 audio beat oscillator for C.W.
bands modulated 100% with high fidelity broadcast sta- code reception, 2A5 in Class A power output Dimensions: 17" long over all, 10%" deep
tion modulation, all at a cost below what you can build stage, and one '80 rectifier. and 8%" high.
Wave Length Range: 13 to 200 meters, or Antenna: Separate r.f. primaries for each
it for! 1500 to 23,000 kc. in three low C bands. band and allow use of doublets or Marconi
It employs one RK20 screen grid r.f. pentode as a crystal Dial: One illuminated dial accurately cali- antennaes at will.
controlled Triter (electron coupled) oscillator. Modula- brated (error not over 1%) in megacycles Crystal: When ordered, the 5C can be sup-
tion is affected by suppressor grid voltage variation, which (thousands of kilocycles) for the three short plied with special Bliley quartz crystal reson-
wave bands. Tuning ratio is nine to one. ator in Bliley holder, and with i.f. amplifier
is obtained from a simple three stage audio modulator. Band Spread Tuning: All stations can be properly aligned to exact crystal frequency.
But read its specifications, look at its price, and get on the tuned on the main dial, or will be found Type 5C communication receiver ,as above,
air with 100 watts well spread out and easy to tune on the band complete with eight tested Raytheon tubes,
spread dial, which, located on the main large Jensen speaker and cabinets, ready to op-
of broadcast station airplane "watch" dial, is brought into use by erate, list price $124.50. Net price to ama-
voice quality simply pulling out the tuning knob, which
then operates the band spread pointer and
teurs $74.20. Order it direct or from your
dealer.
cheaper than you three -gang band spread condenser. Band Add to above for Bliley 465 kc. crystal in
can build a 100 watt spread approximately 100 degrees for 80 and Bliley holder and specific receiver alignment
160 meter, 50 degrees for 20 and 40 meter for individual crystal supplied, list price
telegraph transmit- amateur bands approximately, and available $15.00. Net price to licensed amateurs $9.00.
ter!
Order it from your dealer or direct and join the P.W.A.C. Club (Phone Worked All Countries).

SPECIFICATIONS
R.F. Output: 100 to 120 watts on fundamental crys- (mounted on r.f. unit panel). One 0 -150 ma. mills-
tal frequency. 60 watts on crystal second harmonic. meter and, if desired, one 0 -2 antenna thermoameter
Frequency Range: 10, 20, 40, 80 or 160 meter amateur are all required to check operation.
bands. One pair of two plug -in coils covers each band. Controls: Oscillator plate, r.f. plate and two antenna
Tubes Needed: 1 -RK20 Oscillator, 1 -RK19 Rectifier, tuning dials. Phone -Telegraph, send- receive, modu-
1 -2A5 Power Amplifier, 1 -53 Voltage Amplifier (2 lator on-off and power on -off switches. Screen and
stages), 1 -80 Rectifier. plate current measuring jacks. Key jack.
Modulation: Linear suppressor grid modulation vari- Size: Total height of all three 19" x y}" aluminum
able from zero to over 100% at will. Harmonic dis- relay rack panels, 19%". Supplied complete in dust
tortion less than 5% at 100% modulation. cover shielding cabinet of perforated steel with hinged
Audio Frequency Range: Modulation curve flat to rear door. May be operated on table, or mounted in
4db. from 40 to 8000 cycles. Variable tone control relay rack.
provided for high audio frequency attenuation as de- Power Required: 350 watts at 105 to 125 volts, 50 to
sired. 60 cycle A.C.
A.C. Modulation Hum: Negligible. Accessories Needed: One Bliley crystal and holder
Phone -Telegraph Section: Two position toggle switch (specify frequency), one crystal microphone, and
and r.f. unit selects phone or C.W. telegraph opera- tubes as listed above.
tion at will.
Antenna Tuning: Two 365 mmf. condensers provided Price net to Amateurs, $119.70.
iildlí+luiílillÍN for series antenna tuning, or parallel antenna tuning Five Raytheon tubes $25.23 net.
by shift of two connecting links. Coils, per set of two (one set included, specify if for
Meters: None provided except on special order 20, 40, 80 or 160 meter band) $3.60.
Send 3c stamp for new complete catalog describing above items, E.C. Frequency Meters, New Airplane
Dials, Relay Racks, R.F. Chokes, Audio, Power and Filter Transformers, and a host of new and inter,
eating amateur and commercial apparatus.

McMURDO SILVER,CHICAGO,
INC.A.
3362 NORTH PAULINA STREET, U. S.
4--
4 RADIO FOR OCTOBER
 BRANCH OFFI ES: 25c per copy. $3.00 per
New York Ci year by subscription in
253 W. 128th t. the U.S. $4.00 elsewhere.
Tel. MOnument -2812
Boston, ESTABLISHED 1917 Req. U. S. Pat. Off. Send subscriptions to the
J. H. Condo San Francisco office.
6Marlboro t. } A NATIONAL MAGAZINE - PUBLISHED MONTHLY Entered as second class
Chicago, Publication Offices -Pacific Building, San Francisco, California
C. W. Nel n, matter at the Post Office
3618 North Barr rd St. Clayton F. Bane, Editor H. W. Dickow, Business Manager. at San Francisco, Cali-
Los Angeles, Calif. fornia, under the Act of
1455 Glenville Drive. D. B. McGown, Technical Editor. Frank C. Jones, Ultra- Short-Wave- Engineering Editor.
March 3rd, 1879.
Tel. CRestview 4017
Clair Foster, Amateur Activity Editor. George B. Hart, Contributing Editor.

Vol. 16 OCTOBER, 1934 No. 10

RADIOTORIAL COMMENT
THE thirty days which hath September to some fundamental facts. First of all, The low -power men don't like to be bust -
were filled with good news about new there's hardly a man in Congress who knows ed-up by those with high power. And who
what an amateur is or what he does. Con- can say that this great majority of low -power
tubes for the use of amateur transmit-
sequently, it should be our business to make users is not entitled to a voice? In the in-
ters, especially those who are working in terests of public convenience and necessity,
the ultra -high frequency bands. There is a Congressmen amateur -minded. We want them
new RCA Radiofron of the "Acorn" type to come to our stations ... we want them there is a place on the air where high -power
men can operate to their heart's content, by
to talk to their associates in other states .. .
which oscillates at all frequencies up to 600 we want them to go to Congress with the special license, by possessing the required
megacycles and which may also be used as indelible thought that the amateur is do- knowledge and experience to permit them
an amplifier and detector. Another new ultra- ing something, that he is the backbone of to enjoy the special privilege-and it can be
high frequency tube is the Western Electric tomorrow's radio ... and that his interests done if the amateurs will fight for what they
need. When the highways became over-
304A. And finally comes word of the re- must be protected and respected.
How to do it? The International Radio crowded the drivers of autos were not com-
markable performance of .the Farnsworth pelled to stay at home; they secured the
cold -cathode tube as an oscillator. Early Fraternity already seems to have the answer.
Forty -one high -power phone stations will necessary legislation to widen the highways.
mention of the latter was made in these col- chain up for a transcontinental weekly chat, So it is with amateur radio. If there isn't
umns in July with promise of more complete and Congressmen will be invited to come enough room in the present bands to per-
details. These appear elsewhere in this issue. right into these stations and see, hear, talk mit both high and low power stations to op-
Such new tubes should be the means for and think amateur radio. Complete details erate without falling all over each other's
are promised for the next issue. signals, then it is high time that something
popularizing the ultra -short wavelengths is done about it. There can be but one an-

- _
with a great host of amateur transmitters.
They offer a practical means for relieving
the congestion n the longer wavelengths.
Already, many amateurs have equipped their
cars with 5-meter transmitters and receivers
High -vs -Low Power
PROPOSALS for a 100 -watt power limi-
swer ... not power restriction, but WIDER
BANDS. If the amateurs voluntarily impose
further restrictions upon themselves the time
will soon come when they will have no
bands at all left in which to work. A word
for local communication. But it must not be to the wise should be sufficient here.
tation for amateur transmitters arise To this magazine has come a suggestion
forgotten that the ultra -short waves are not from the simple fact that the amateurs that the newcomer be restricted to the 80
suitable for long distance work, and that do not have sufficient room in which to op- and 160 meter bands for a period of one
other services will soon be clamoring for erate. Rather than to self- restrict themselves year before he is given the privilege to op-
room therein. to any further extent, doesn't it seem more erate in the 40 and 20 meter bands, and that
he be re- examined and re- licensed to prove
* * wise to ask for a power increase . . . to 5
kilowatts . . . and go about getting more
his skill before he enters the higher -fre-
quency spectrum. The CW portion of the
160 meter band is woefully void of signals,
space in which to operate, so that any ama-
Politics teur, no matter if he uses a watt or a kilo- as every amateur knows. Statistical data and
a comprehensive set of charts will be shown
IN LAST month's RADIO was a request watt, can operate to his heart's content? Why in November "RADIO" giving the facts as
that the reader express his opinion of this not crowd some of those unprofitable "fre- to what portions of the bands are used dur-
magazine's political platform. The re- quency holding" signals into a narrower ing the various periods of the day and night,
sponses have been as many as they were va- band, make more room for the amateur and and what the amateur must do if he in-
tends to retain the :Jmost unused CW portion
ried. And still they come from all parts of give the high -power men a restricted band 'way up there on 160. If the amateurs don't
the world. Those in foreign countries tell us of their own, in which they can operate make use of that portion of the band, it
that our politics don't interest them because without molestation from the lower -power will very soon be taken away from them.
they don't know what we are talking about stations? Surely, something can be done Others are clamoring for the space. The po-
... that our elePhants are their mosquitoes. about it. Let the high -power man first prove
lice want it, the air- minded interests want it,
others want it. To the man who knows
Others ask us to make it our business to see that he is worthy to enter a sacred spec- nothing about radio, and it seems to be he
that the entire present clique of amateur ra- trum, let him prove it by Federal examina- who tells the amateur what he can and can
dio's do- nothings be replaced by a more ag- tion, and let us put a chain of stations on the not do, a cruise across the CW portion of
gressive administration. Almost universally, air that will be as dependable and as reliable
the 160 -meter band will arouse in him the
desire to hang a To Let sign on that wide -
the cry is for more frequencies. to Uncle Sam in times of emergency as any open space -or he may do as the squatter
So let's forget about politics and get down commercially -owned system. does. Then try to oust him!

RADIO FOR OCTOBER 5

 Farnsworth's
Cold- Cathode
Electron Multiplier
Tube Uses
Neither Grid Nor
Filament
RalphM. Heintz (center) explains the operation of the Farnsworth
By ARTHUR H. HALLORAN Cold Cathode Tube to Bernard H. Linden (left), U. S. Radio Inspector,
and Donald Lippincott (right), director of Television Laboratories, Inc.

THINK of a vacuum tube without fila- Heintz & Kaufmann factory in South San - were it not for the high- frequency electro-
ment or grid, thus requiring neither an Francisco. The signals were received at both static field which draws them to the alter-
A nor a C battery, which generates Honolulu and New York, and were reported nately positively charged cathodes. The
high- frequency oscillations! This is what P. as R9 by a ship 500 miles west of Honolulu. strength of these several fields can be ad-
T. Farnsworth, the television genius, accom- Wilkens of Dunedin, New Zealand, also justed to allow an electron to be shuttled
plishes with the cold -cathode tube which he heard the transmissions. back and forth in a zig -zag path between the
originally developed as a current -amplifier Previous laboratory tests proved that the
for use with his cathode -ray pickup tube. It tube is capable of generating oscillations of
it also an exceedingly efficient detector and any desired frequency throughout the range
modulator. from 200 kilocycles to 60 megacycles, these
Its first public use as an oscillator was in limits being set only by the dimensions of
a radio circuit whereby communication was the available tuned circuits. An undistorted
maintained between San Francisco and Hono- output of 25 watts was obtained from an
lulu and between San Francisco and New input of 25 watts.
York on September 13, 1934, over the Globe
Wireless 35 -meter channel. In this test, with As an Amplifier
30 milliamperes at 1100 volts on the anode,
the tube drove a pair of 150 -watt tubes in THE performance of this new type of
the final amplifier of a transmitter at the tube depends upon the emission of sec-
ondary electrons from two cathodes
which are bombarded with high -velocity pri-
mary electrons. The cathodes are coated with
caesium silver oxide to enhance secondary
emission. They, together with a central ring
anode, are assembled in an evacuated glass
tube. The tube is placed within a solenoid
which is supplied with direct current so as
to maintain an intense magnetic field through-
out the length of the tube. When used as an
amplifier, a high frequency voltage is applied
to the cathode terminals and a D.C. voltage OUTPUT
is applied to the anode terminal to hold it at
a positive potential with respect to the cath- Oscillator circuit for cold cathode tube.
odes, which are shunted by a coil and vari-
able condenser in parallel. The shunt circuit cathodes any desired number of times be-
is tuned so as to be in resonance for the ap- fore it is finally drawn out of circulation
plied high frequency voltage. at the anode.
When the DC voltage is applied to the Each time that a high velocity electron
anode terminal, any free electrons in the strikes a cathode it causes the emission of
inter -electrode space would immediately be from 2 to 8 secondary electrons, the num-
drawn to the anode were it not that the lon- ber of secondaries depending upon the ve-
The Electron Multiplieras a high- frequency self - gitudinal magnetic field neutralizes the trans- locity of the impacting electron, and thus
excited oscillator. verse electrostatic field from the anode and (Continued on page 14)

6
RADIO FOR OCTOBER
 Further Comments on the Banehawk
By CLAYTON F. BANE

ACONSI I RABLE number of those up an autodyne detector without an RF tions have been taken, the one remaining
who have built the Banehawk front - choke in the plate lead? On the other hand, trouble is the possibility of too -close an-
end have attempted to do their test- no one would think of hooking a pair of tenna coupling. If the coupling is too close,
ing by hooking it up as a T.R.F. unit. We 8000 ohm phones in the plate circuit of a exactly the same condition exists as in any
mentioned previously that such operation screen -grid detector. But some have done autodyne detector with the antenna coupling
it. If the circuit as shown is followed, the jammed up tight . no oscillation. If the
was entirely feasible, but perhaps we did not
sufficiently stress the importance of certain builder should be entirely satisfied. reverse is true, and the stage breaks into
necessary changes. It should be remembered One common trouble in Banehawks lies in violent oscillation with possible attendant
that the front -end, as described, was designed failure to observe the correct polarities of the howl, the condition can be remedied by
to operate as the RF, oscillator and mixer windings on the detector grid coil. Remem- either tightening -up the antenna coupling or
portions of a stltperheterodyne, and not as a ber that both the detector grid winding and lowering the voltage divider tap on the
separate oscillaror, TRF set. The stipula- the RF plate winding are wound in the screen so that the stage, with the regenera-
tions for proper operation of one or the same direction, also that the lead of the RF tion control full -up, will just reach the
other are entire y different. winding nearest the grid end of the de- verge of oscillation.
Whether working as an autodyne or a tector coil goes to the plate, If this polarity In lining -up the front -end in conjunction
superheterodyne receiver, the RF stage will is not observed the results will be miser- with the IF, it is well to realize that the
remain substantially the same. The regen- able, with no apparent cure. It is very easy tracking of the RF and mixer stages is rather
erative feature gives added gain and some to get these leads mixed when digging into critical, more so that the usual front -end,
measure of added selectivity, in either case. the insides of the coil form and thus it is due to the fact that the regeneration sharpens-
It is in the detector circuit that the trouble always well to check up, then come back up the RF stage considerably, and therefore
arises. It is certain that none will question later and make certain, the lining -up must be done carefully if the
the advantages of the power detector over If the RF stage refuses to regenerate, look full potentialities are to be realized. One
the grid -leak type for the mixer stage in a to the polarity and direction of winding on simple procedure for lining would be as
superheterodyne. Remember, however, that the cathode coil. This coil should be wound follows: Tune in some signal with the
even an excellent power detector with bias in the same direction as the grid coil, with oscillator and bring the signal strength up
adjustment set to the optimum value will the top of the winding (that nearest the to the best possible value by tuning the RF-
not give a gain higher than 10 or 15. Con- ground end of the grid coil), going to cath- Detector gang condenser. If the trimmer is
trast this with the relatively enormous gain ode. If this is correct and still no regenera- now rotated very slowly, meanwhile moving
of several thousand, obtainable from a re- tion is secured, measure the screen voltage the RF- Detector dial rapidly back and forth
generative, gri. leak type detector, and there or move the voltage divider tap on the over three or four degrees, a very definite
you have the reason why the original front - potentiometer so as to have a greaer lati- point will be found on the trimmer where
end does not hrve as much volume as a TRF tude of voltage range available across the the signal strength increases tremendously.
set. The Banehawk was designed to work poentiometer. At the optimum point of re- The stages are now in line, or very nearly
as the front -end of a super, and not as a TRF. generation, the voltage (measured at the so. An output meter would give an absolute
It might be very desirable, for a number screen) should be approximately 80 volts. check. Failure to find the optimum point
of reasons, to operate the unit as a TRF. In It is possible to obtain regeneration at much means simply that turns must be added to,
this case some minor changes are necessary. lower values of screen potential by increas- or removed until the stages come into line.
Fig. 1 shows a TRF diagram. It will be ing the number of cathode coil turns, or by Usually the position of the trimmer where
seen that no radical changes are necessary. moving this coil closer to the grid winding. the loudest signal is heard will show whether
For some unaccountable reason, many of In this case the tube will go into oscillation more or less turns are needed.
those who tried this TRF idea on their Bane - with the screen at a lower potential than is If it is found that the loudest signal is
hawks overlooked some simple but important best for optimum gain. Should the stage heard with the trimmer at minimum capacity,
points. Who would ever think of hooking- still fail to regenerate after these precau- obviously a turn or two must be removed.
Crystal Filter
. It will be recalled that we stated that
an impedance step -down ratio of 30 to 1 was
necessary for proper impedance matching of
the usual 465 crystal. Please note that we
said impedance ratio, not turns ratio! The
impedance varies as the square of the num-
ber of turns; in this case a 30 -to -1 impedance
ratio would represent the square root of 30,
or roughly 5.47 turns ratio. To show what
happens when using the impedance ratio in-
stead of the turns ratio, let us give an ex-
ample: If an IF coil had, let us say, 225
turns, then according to the impedance ratio,
the secondary should only have about 7 turns!
The step -down ratio should be 5.47, or rough-
ly 5 -to -1, making a total of 45 turns on the
b Lr Cil
secondary. Since the original step -down
ratio was based on the assumption of certain
values of impedance of the resonant circuit
and the crystal, it is entirely possible that
further experimentation with the turns ratio
Circuit Diagram for T.R.F. Connection C15-.1 mfd. might prove advantageous.
For Front-End of Benehawk Receiver C16-.0001 mica. The numerous requests for a good A.V.(
R1-500 ohms. for the Banehawk must go unanswered un
Cl-Double Section, 100 mmf. per section, Ham - R2-25,000 ohms. we work out a system that suffers fr
marlund var able condenser. R3-500 ohms.
C2 -75 mmf. trimmer condenser, Hammarlund, fewer evils than those commonly advocr
variable. RA- 50,000 ohm variable. Centralab.
C3-.Ol mfd. R5- 25,000 ohm, slider type voltage divider. If you must have A.V.C., a diode secon
C4 -.006 Sangamo mica. Ohmite. Lector is an easy, but none too satisf
C5-.1 mfd. R6-1 megohm. answer. More on this subject at a late
C6 -.0001 Sangamo mica. R7- 200,000 ohm, carbon type. To the hundreds of readers wh
C7-.00025 mica. 128- 50,000 ohm, carbon type.
written for the promised pamphlet
C8 -9-100 mmf. variable condensers, Hammarlund. R9- 500,000 ohm variable. Centralab.
C10 -11 -.5 mfd. R10 -2000 ohm, 1 watt. Banehawk we offer our apologie'
C12- .00025 mica, RFC -Hammarlund, short wave radio frequency delay. We promised, the pamphle
C13-.5 mfd. chokes.
C14 -.02 mfd. See "RADIO" for March, 1934, for coil data will have it ready soon.

RADIO FOR OCTOBER

 HOW PRESS IS SENT
R. G. MARTIN of "KUP" Takes You Behind the Scenes
of a Newspaper "PX" Station
installment war debt ... Shanghai, China -
Three thousand bandits captured after fleeing
fed into a buffer stage using an 865, 7.5-
watt screen grid tube. The tuning of these
with U. S. Missionary ... Asbury Park, N. J. two stages is accomplished by the conven-
-Primo Camera listed favorite to win over tional condenser and tank circuits. The out-
Max Baer, challenger, June fourteenth . . . put of the buffer excites the first amplifier,
Baseball scores, etc. an 860, 75 -watt screen grid tube. This stage
And for an hour the operator pounds out acts as the first and only doubler on 6440
his press for the day in order that his ship- KC because the buffer stage is tuned to the
mates may know what is going on in the crystal frequency at all times. The output of
outside world. Perhaps you can call him a the doubler excites the second intermediate
reporter as well as an editor of the ship's amplifier, an 860. The tuning of these two
newspaper; nevertheless he's the man who latter stages, as well as the other stages of
supplies the news to the passengers and crew. the transmitter, is accomplished by a vrey
Let us wander to the source of these press novel arrangement of varying the inductance
transmissions. We stop before a tall sky- in the tank circuit. Fixed capacities are em-
scraper in the heart of San Francisco's busi- ployed across the inductances. Each stage has
ness district. Here is the metropolitan news- a grid and plate milliammeter. The plate me-
paper of the Pacific coast, the San Francisco ter is placed in the center tap of the filament
"Examiner." On the sixth floor of the Annex transformers to ground. Each meter is also
we find KUP, busy with transmission of news by- passed with a .002 fixed capacity.
flashes. The operator is punching a tape per- The voltages applied to the plate of the
R. G. Martin, Manager of KUP forator. The news is taken directly from dis- oscillator '10, 865, and two 860s are as fol-
patches received from the editorial rooms. lows: 180, 550, 1125 and 1550 volts, respec-
Each bulletin is timed after each transmis- tively. The screen voltages for the larger
SPARKS is the familiar nickname of the sion. tubes are not critical, being semi- automati-
radio operator who sails the seven seas. We leave the operating room and steal cally adjusted by series resistors. Bias is ob-
It originated from the crash and crack- into the transmitter room. Here we see the tained from a separate rectifier unit. Its out-
ling of the once- famous spark gap, now sink- 1.5 KW DeForest transmitter. It is a well - put voltage is 750 volts and a divider is
ing into oblivion. But the name "Sparks" groomed piece of apparatus. The front pan- placed across the full voltage; it acts as a
will proabbly stay with the radio operator els hold the twenty -one meters, ten tuning base voltage for each stage. Series resistors
forever. controls, and three circuit control switches take care of the additional bias taps. A bias
We scan the ocean with imaginary eyes, with the red and green pilot lights. control relay is employed and if anything
peer into the radio room of a slow tramp The transmitter is six feet six inches high, should happen to the bias rectifier the plate
freighter, a sleek racing passenger liner, or six feet long and three and a half feet deep. voltage is automatically shut off from every
an inter -island schooner and we find "Sparks" It is divided into three panels, amplifier, ex- stage. This completes the exciter panel.
in his shirt sleeves, phones on his head or citer and power supply. Next, the power amplifier or final ampli-
hung around his neck, twiddling the dials of The oscillator is crystal controlled. An fier panel. Near the bottom of the panel is
his receiver at the zero hour for his few oven, which is kept at constant temperature the third intermediate amplifier employing
pages of press. Some vessels require from by thermostatic control, accommodates ten the third 860, 75 -watt screen grid tube. It is
two to six sheets of press daily, others only crystals and is maintained at a temperature similar to the first and second 860 stages. Its
one to two pages. The slow freighter needs of 50 degrees Centigrade. A 210 triode is output excites the fourth intermeditae ampli-
only a page or so of press because the crew employed in the oscillator at the present fier, an 861, 750 -watt screen grid tube. This
is small. But for passenger liners, carrying time, but a 24,7 pentode will be substituted, stage can be called the "exciter" since its
from two hundred to five hundred passen- because the grid current across the crystal output pushes the grids of the final which
gers, more press is necessary. A miniature will be considerably lowered, thus improving uses two 861s in push -pull. The plate tank
newspaper is printed aboard ship daily. the stability. The output of the oscillator is
"Sparks" is always ready for his daily re-
ception of press. If conditions are bad he
loosens his collar, opens an extra pack of
ciragettes and prepares for a strenuous job.
But if conditions are good and when signals
are booming through, ah! -it is a real pleas-
ure to pound the mill and copy some fifteen
to eighteen hundred words of press. No ves-
sel is seldom out of reach of press.
We pause aboard the S.S. Mariposa, south-
bound from San Francisco to Sydney, Aus-
tralia. The eight o'clock TR is about 4000
miles south of San Francisco. The second
operator is lining up his receiver for the
0900GCT press. Right on the nose at 0900
(1:00 a.m. PST) he hears the 240 -cycle or
360 -cycle note pounding through announc-
ing the day's press dispatches from KUP, the
Mobile Press Station of the San Francisco
"Examiner." The operator pounds the mill,
. Flash San Francisco, Cal. -The Inter-
national Longshoremen's Association an-
nounces continuation of strike . . Washing-
ton, D. C.- President Roosevelt's signature re-
quired on War Debt agreements ... Chicago,
Ill. -One of the worst droughts in history
is being experienced throughout Middle West
San Francisco, Cal. -Jimmy Rolph Jr.,
Governor of California, dies ... West Point,
N. Y. -Two hundred fifty cadets graduate
... Washington, D. C.-Silver Bill becomes
part of Constitution . Rome, Italy -Mus-

solini urges greater air force . London,

Eng.-England declares she will default next Relief Operator George Conklin (CN) and the Receiving Line -up at KUP

RADIO FOR OCTOBER

circuit of the .61 "exciter" stage employs keying purposes, although a number of them Heintz and Kaufman Ltd. was the first trans-
split inductan enabling balanced excita - should be connected in parallel if the keyed mitter used. This transmitter served faith-
tion to be supp ied to each grid of the final stage draws heavy current. Further tests with fully until regulations of the Federal Radio
tubes. There is othing unusual in the trans - vacuum tube keying circuits are now being Commission made it necessary to install a
mitter's final a plifier. The antenna coupling made. The results will be printed in RADIO crystal -controlled transmitter.
is clipped on th cold ends of the tanks, cou - in the near future. In 1928 the writer came to the station as
pled to the fee ers through .004 condensers. Now let's climb the stairs and go on the assistant to Roebuck, later taking over man-
The power anel contains practically all
of the voltage upplies, with the exception
of filament tra sformers. The crystal power
supply is a full ave rectifier unit delivering
approximately 50 volts. This is well filtered
and has a volt ge divider across the output
in order also t obtain the plate voltage for
the 865 buffer stage. The grid bias voltage
supply (base) i obtained from the same type
of a full -wave rectifier unit delivering 750
volts. A volta e divider is also connected
across the outp t and additional bias is ob-
tained through series resistors. The main
power supply oltages are supplied from a
7.5 -KVA 220 - olt three-phase transformer,
employing six 872As as rectifiers. This
Tape Perforator, Tape Transmitter and Polarized Relay.
power supply an be varied in three steps,
low power, 200 volts; medium power, 3000
volts; high po er, 5000 volts. Screen volt - roof to inspect the antenna systems. Nearly DOUBLET ANTENNA

ages for the la ger tubes are obtained from three hundred feet high hang KUP's main
this power sup ly. The 7.5 -KVA transform - antennas. The high end is suspended from an
er weighs ap oximately 500 pounds, the 85 -foot mast on top of the fifteenth story of
choke weighs 1 0 pounds, and the filter con - the Hearst Building and the lower end is rRANSROSED FEEDERS
densers weigh approximately 50 to 60 supported from a 65 -foot mast on top of the
pounds each. T e primary circuit (high volt- seventh story of the Call-Bulletin Building.
age unit) cont ns overload (AC) relays and Two half -wave voltage fed matched imped-
the secondary (DC) also has an overload ance antenna systems are supported in this 2
relay to protec all circuits. In case of short 500 -foot span. The feeders run along the
circuits, or if e cessive plate loads are drawn, top of the building to a frame rack on the
the circuit bre kers kick out. All overload edge of the roof directly above the trans- SHIELD CAN
relays can be reset from the front of the mitter, and terminate in the transmitting
panel after the overload has been corercted. room. A few receiving doublet antennas dot r'
All doors and panels in the transmitter have the roof. vARIABLE TAP
FOR FREQUENCT
safety switches Back to the radio room. On the right as CHANGES
The transmi ter was originally keyed in you enter the door is the tape perforator,
the first 860 g id circuit, "blocked grid key - tape transmitter head and polarized relay.
ing," as it is ommonly called. This system On the west side of the room the receivers HOLE IN SN I E L DC A NI \\\\\\\\\\\\ - FARADAY S H. E L D

was discarded n favor of vacuum tube key - are situated, along with the controls, keys, (7ftf1 1
ing in the fil ent center -tap of the same etc. A 75 -1000 KC receiver, LSR -101, is
stage. Since t e plate current of that par - kept in readiness for any emergency. Two w,STED PAIR TO RCVR
titular stage oes not exceed fifty milli- National jobs are used on high frequencies.
amperes a W. 211E is used as the key - KUP took its bow seven years ago, li- h

ing tube. A ty e '45 was also found satisfac- censed to operate as 6ARD and in the ama- KUP Antenna Coupler.
tory. When th' s tube has sufficient grid bias teur bands. Fred G. Roebuck, an old -timer
it will not pas current, but when the key is to the commercial brass pounders, with the ager's duties when Roebuck went with the
closed, shortin out the grid bias, current aid of Mr. George Hearst, founded 6ARD. A Dollar company to pioneer their present
passes in the s age which is being keyed. A 500 -watt self- excited transmitter built by radio circuits, Globe Wireless.
low mu tube, ne with exceedingly low in-
ternal resistan e, should be used in a tube
keying circuit. The 45s are good tubes for
XA 7:00 p.m. (03000CT) Press Bulletin 6440 KC 1500 -1800 words
BUFFER 210 BUFFER AMP XB 8:00 p.m. (04000CT) Weather Bulletin 6440 KC 350- 500 words
DOUBLER L7 L2 KEYED STAGE
XC 9:30 p.m. (0530GCT) Special Press Bulletin 6440 KC 500 -1000 words
XD I :00 a.m (09000CT) Press- Stocks Bulletin 6440 KC 1500-1800 words

50 OHMS
KEYED STAGE During the seven years of service, KUP
has transmitted approximately 21,000,000
words of press, weather, and stock bulletins,
not to mention the many special broadcasts,
KEYING TUBES
50 OHMS such as popular boxing bouts, world baseball
series, and other events of interest.
45 At the present time the following sched-
45
4.5-
9V
KEYING TUBE ules are transmitted daily, with the excep-
TRANS
tion of Sundays and major holidays:
2.5v FIL

42...KEY 25v CT
HEY The following frequencies are assigned to
110vAC
II FiL KUP: 6440, 6230, 11340, 16700 and 22225
TRANS
kilocycles.
.5MFD .5 MFD
1000v -B 1000v. Now that we know everything about a
-B 110 AC
press station -let's wander back to the
VACUUM TUBE KEYING SYSTEM WITH
SIMPLIFIED VACUUM TUBE KEYING SYSTEM BIAS BATTERY "Mariposa" and enjoy a trip to the South
An Ideal Syste m for Keying an Amateur Transmitter. KUP uses this identical method with the Seas and ask Sparks -"Didja get the press
exception than a 211 E tube is used in place of e '45. yet ?"

RADIO F R OCTOBER 9
 The New RCA 955 '/z -Meter Tube
EVER since the ultra -high frequencies be- left in the tank. It is safe to predict that
came known, research in these bands By CLAYTON F. BANE
the little tube will work nicely in the con-
has been handicapped because the high ventional Jones Self -Quencing circuit.
inter -electrode capacity of conventional tubes power input to the tube is consequently None of the troubles due to instability of
effectively prevents them from efficiently greatly limited by the low heat dissipation of oscillation were encountered. If this lack of
oscillating or amplifying in conventional cir- the average grid. With these limitations in crankiness is carried over to the super -re-
cuits at frequencies higher than approximate- mind it is easy to see why the conventional generative receivers for ultra -high frequen-
ly 30 MC. The high capacity of conven-
tional tubes from grid to cathode and from
plate to cathode makes it impossible to use
Low -C grid and plate circuits and therefore
the resonant voltage which could be applied
to the tube is limited. In other words, this
high capacity acts as an effective by -pass con-
denser which, to all intents and purposes,
short -circuits the input and the output of the
tube.
Under the direction of Mr. B. J. Thompson
of the Research Laboratories of R.C.A. Radio -
tron Co., Inc., experiments were conducted
with tubes specifically designed for use at the
ultra -high frequencies. It was discovered
that if all the physical dimensions of a con-
ventional vacuum tube are proportionately
reduced, the inter -electrode capacities can be
tremendolsly reduced without causing an
appreciable change in the electrical char-
acteristics of the tube itself. The new RCA
955 is approximately the size of an acorn and,
figuratively speaking, a microscope is needed
to find the elements in the tube. In spite of
its small size, the tube has a low plate re-
sistance, 12,500 ohms, and a high amplifica-
tion factor of 25 with the resulting high
mutual conductance of 2,000 micromhos.
Mutual conductance is a fairly- accurate yard-
stick of tube performance, and regardless of
the compromises which have been made to
enable this tube to operate as a regenerative
oscillator at a wavelength of only 20 inches,
the mutual conductance is higher than any of Showing minute size of the new RCA 955.
the conventional general purpose triodes,
such as the 56 and 76. type of oscillator is much to be preferred. cies, it is reasonable to expect that records
In order to keep the capacities low, no base Using the little transmitter shown in the for two -way communication on low power
is used on this tube. The leads to the grid, illustration, the 955 was given its first test. will soon fall.
I
CL /PS FOR The extremely small size eclipsed anything Here are some of the characteristics of the
T l/BE Lf in our previous experience, so we did not 955:
look forward to a great deal in the way of Heater voltage 6.3 volts
performance. However, the tube proved to Heater current 0.16 amp.
be a very stable, vigorous oscillator. Calling Max. plate voltage 180 volts
2 V4" on previous experience, we considered the Grid voltage -5 volts
number of turns in the tank and reached for Max. plate current 4.5 MA
the frequency meter which covered a range Mutual conductance 2000 micromhos
up to 60 megacycles. No deflection on the Amplification factor 25
frequency meter galvanometer was visible, Plate resistance 12,500 ohms
RE-"' although the galvanometer coupled to the We understand that these tubes will soon
OPER /NO FOR

. 3'h"
BASE OF TUBE.

Plan view of transmitter.

tank was showing a strong indication. The
use of lecher wires was finally considered to
determine the exact frequency of oscillation.
be available through RCA -De Forest distribu-
tors for amateur and experimental use, but
it should be emphasized that the tubes have
We found that we were on 2 meters! Sub- been developed solely for the experimenter
plate and indirectly- heated 6.3 volt cathode sequent experiments showed that 1 meter was and are not to be considered as an addition
come directly out of the glass envelope, and easily achieved, with a number of turns still to the standard line of receiving tubes.
are widely separated. No attempt should be
made to solder to these wires because solder-
ing usually results in breaking the glass en-
velope. RCA 955 -CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
With very low internal capacities and ex- AND SUGGESTED LAYOUT
cellent characteristics, this tube will come
into prominence for 5 meter work, although LI-8 turns, 1/2-in. outside di-
it is in the high frequency field that such ameter, No. 18 wire, spaced
1/4-in. between turns.
a tube will really prove its merit. Although
a number of the present tubes will oscillate Cl- Tuning condenser; 2 cir-
at around 2 or 3 meters, the 955, to the best cular brass plates, 3/4 -in. in
of our knowledge, is the only tube that will diameter; 10/32 thread on
operate in the conventional manner as low adjusting screws.
as 1/2 meter. C2- .00025 mica condenser,
With the B -K type of oscillator used by postage stamp type.
many experimenters for operation at fre-
quencies below one meter, a number of diffi-
RI- 15,000 ohms, watt car-
I

bon resistor.
culties limit the effectiveness of such oscil- Circuit diagram of trans-
lators, In the B -K circuit the grid must RFC- 11 -in. bakelife rod wound
11/2-in.with No. 32 DCC wire. mitter using RCA 955 tube.
run positive, while the plate is negative. The
* W6WB.

10 RADIO FOR OCTOBER

 The Resonant Filter
Simplifies High -Power Problems
By CHAS. PERRINE, JR.*

NOT yet a year old, the resonant filter the resonant action. Hence the filter is es- The filter has been thoroughly tested at a
is already in use at a number of ama- sentially a capacity input filter, and if mer- number of amateur stations. Its use has even
teur stations but its advantages are not cury vapor tubes are used the average load been considered by local BC engineers for
generally know . current should never exceed one-third the microphone pre -amplifier power supplies be-
Fig. 1 show the complete circuit of a peak current rating of the rectifiers. But in cause of the saving in weight. A large 2 mfd.
these days of high voltage and low current and a small 1 mfd. condenser, plus a 1/3
typical resonant filter as it would be connect- henry choke, are all that is required. If the
operation, this limitation is not serious. In
ed to a two -tu.e, full -wave rectifier. CI is fact, it is advantageous in that it steps up all- important resonant choke is of the cor-
the main filter c ndenser and should be rated,
r
the voltage just as much as the condenser
as is usual pra tice, at 1.4 times the RMS alone does. A
voltage deliver . by the plate transformer, Now for the various applications of a res-
each side of the center -tap. L is the resonant onant filter. If the filter is used alone, it
choke, the "hea t" of the whole affair, which will produce a two- or three -hundred cycle
forms a series resonant circuit with Cl modulation of very low percentage (usually
across the rectifi r output. C2 is a small con- B

denser of about one -fourth the voltage rat-

ing of Cl ; it ser es to iron out undesirable ef-
fects caused by h rmonics developed across L.
c
This circuit creases the effectiveness of .w
the condenser several times. For exam-

a
I1

1
ple, one mfd. at Cl will filter a 2000 to 5000
volt, 500 watt to near pure DC, while
two mfds. easil handles a full kilowatt at o

the same voltag s. Two mfds. will also take FIG. 2

care of 500 -wat loads down to 1000 volts.
The filtering ac ion of smaller loads will be
FIG. 1 - COMPLETE CIRCUIT SEE TEXT FOR EXPLANATION OF CURVES

even better. Co pare the cost of such a set-

II
rect value, the results will surprise you. No
up with the or 'nary brute force filter using about 5 per cent). The signal in such cases
will sound very much like filtered three - matter what your present filter may be, a
two filter con ensers and a much larger resonant filter section will vastly improve
phase and is suitable (3)* for CW men who
(30 H.) filter choke which must pass the
desire a little tone in the note. For fone and your note-and for the fellows who want
full plate curre t. The photograph strikingly PDC CW men, the same resonant filter can that 4500 volts, here is a very cheap way to
shows the sma 1 size of a typical resonant be used with the addition of one or two filter it.
choke, capable ..f handling I KW. mfds. across the output. Such a combination (1) Contrary to previous opinions, the filter has
The resonant choke is truly the heart of smooths the 200 -cycle ripple left by the little effect when tuned to the fundamental 100cycle
the filter, and too much care cannot be ripple. But when tuned to the second harmonic, it
taken in selecti g a suitable choke. Chokes resonant part of the filter. In other words, smooths the note by filling in the valleys with an
the resonant part gets rid of practically all extra bump, so to speak, and producing a 200 cycle
designed for t 's work are, of course, best, of the fundamental ripple, leaving only over- ripple of greatly reduced amplitude.
although quite .ften a suitable winding can (2) Ordinary chokes have been known to vary as
tones which are easily taken care of by the much as 400 per cent from rated inductance.
be found in the form of the primary on an output condenser. Even the resonant filter (3) Unofficially, this filter has been judged "ade
old 110 -volt po ' er transformer (100 to 200 alone can give 98 per cent pure DC if prop- quote" by representatives of the FCC.
watt), or som low- inductance choke. The erly designed -in many cases additional filter EDITOR'S NOTE: In some cases, the modula-
value of the in.uctance should be such that is not required. tion caused by a resonant filter may be objec-
the choke reson<tes with C to twice hl)* the
ripple frequenc (200 cycles in the case of Many have doubtless heard some of the tionable. It is advisable to use at least a one
various types of resonant filter notes on the microfarad condenser across the output of all
50 cycle powe ), and since the resonance
air. What the performance of some of these such filters. As the author states, this small ca-
peak is broad, he values to be given apply pacity is enough to change the note to a shrill,
equally well to 60 -cycle supplies. The induc- might look like is shown by the curves in
Fig. 2. These curves were taken on an os- piercing DC.
tance required for a 1 mfd. condenser is
about .70 henr , and .33 henry for 2 mfd. cillograph while in the process of develop-
Since it is al ost impossible to know the ing a special resonant choke. The load was W6CTT Code Tests
true inductanc (2)* of a choke without 300 ma. at 2000 volts. A 2 mfd. main filter W6CTT is now in its third year of volunteer
measurement, t e best choke must be found condenser was used. Curve No. 1 in "A" is code transmission. The rig has been rebuilt with
by experiment. The DC resistance must be the output with the condenser alone, and 511 in final, grid -bias mdoulated. Link coupling
low, preferably less than 10 ohms. The cur- is now being installed. A microphone in front of
shows a strong ripple. No. 2 was taken with speaker from audio oscillator picks up the code
rent rating sho Id be 500 -100 M.A. No air the primary of a 100 -watt transformer in
gap is require because only AC flows in signals. Texts from printed manuals are used.
series with the main condenser, C2 being left Lawrence Rauch, W6JVT, is code instructor. L.
the choke. out. The smoothing is good, but the sharp C. Barnes, W6CWX, installed the grid modula-
It is well t repeat that C2 is very im- Vs represent the AC buzz which is present tion, as supervising engineer. Bud Perry is sta-
portant for go d results. If it is not used, when C2 is not used. Curve "B" shows the tion manager. G. H. Seward, licensee.
the higher harmonics in the filter output Transmissions are on Friday evenings, 7:00
result when 3/4 mfd. is placed across the to 8 :00 p.m., 1900 KC radiophone. At 7 :30 a
will cause a s =rious AC modulation of the winding; the buzz is gone, but so is the secret message is sent, which is printed in the
signal, which sllunds like a low -pitched buzz smoothing action. Curve "C" shows the out- newspapers the following day. At 7 :45 an edu-
superimposed a pure DC carrier. The ex- put using a special choke, C2 remaining at cational feature is given, usually some theory or
act value of C2 depends on the remainder of 3/4 mfd. The fundamental ripple is almost
interview with an invited guest or visitor. Con-
the filter consta is and varies somewhat with tact is always made with some other station for
gone, and the remaining 200 -cycle ripple is monitoring purposes, QRN, etc. Checks are made
the load. On he average it will be about very pure in quality, as denoted by the well - each 15 minutes and reports secured.
1 mfd., varying from 1/2 to 2 mfd. in certain rounded peaks. And last of all, "D" shows Listeners are registered and assigned numbers
cases. the result of connecting 2 mfd. across the with district prefix, e.g., W6 -516. Over 500 are
An input choke cannot be used with the output shown in "C " -99 per cent pure DC. on the register in which is noted the age and
resonant filter because it seems to destroy So much for the results obtained with the
telephone number. A. certificate of membership
and a copy of a new "Short-Wave Magazine" is
* Amateur Egli purent Engineer, Audio Products resonant filter. If you have any questions, given. The organization is known as the Ama-
Co. the writer will be glad to hear from you. teur Short -Wave League- "The Air Audience."

RADIO FR OCTOBER 11
 The New 2B6 Tube
THE new 2B6 is a super triode that corn - section is not affected by variations in the ably with frequency will receive more nearly
bines the merits of other output tubes grid impedance of this section. a constant power, regardless of the signal
without their disadvantages; yet pos- Now it should be evident that the tube frequency. It has often been noted that the
sesses greater flexibility in circuit applica- cannot be driven extraneously as in Class B aural frequency response, when compared
tions. The tube provides Class A triode or so- called Prime A since the input section under similar conditions, is improved over
quality of reproduction most economically actually accomplishes this action by driving ordinary triodes. The high register is more
because of its higher power output, greater the power grid. prominent. This improvement is explained
sensitivity, and lower power consumption. The 2B6 is absolutely stable as the circuit by the load characteristic mentioned above.
The 2B6 may be used singly or in push -pull functions are free of regeneration and since Also, this condition permits greater flexibility
at low or medium current operation. The no reaction exists in the coupling of the two in designing the speaker.
tube requires no costly fixed -bias voltages or sections, there is no phase displacement. The It should be noted that the input grid does
good power pack regulation. It has a high steady -state power consumed by the tube is not draw current even though a 27 -volt r.m.s.
input impedance even under overload condi- signal (low gain input connection) is required
tions, making resistance couple push -pull or TRIAD TYPE 2B6- Technical for full output while the grid is only biased
phase inverter input stage practical. The tube Data
to -24 volts. This is possible due to unre-
has a unity match between its impedance and Bottom View of Base stricted degeneration in the input section,
the output transformer. Explanation and ap- PIN ELECTRODE making its voltage transfer less than unity.
plication of these advantages follow: 1 Heater Under these conditions, the AC component
2 Output Plate P., of the voltage developed across R. is approxi-
Fundamental Explanation 3 Input Plate P1
4 Input Grid Gi mately 16 volts. Since the input voltage and
THE new 2B6 embodies two sets of triode 5 Input Cathode K1 this developed voltage are in phase with re-
elements mounted in tandem, using a Output Grid Gs spect to ground, the voltage difference, 11
common heater but electrically separated
6 - Output Cathode K
volts, is the actual alternating potential dif-
7 -- Heater
cathodes. An examination of Fig. 1 will show POWER AMPLIFIER-UNI -POTENTIAL ference between the grid and cathode2. How-
the simplicity of the tube and circuit. In this CATHODE ever, the DC potential difference between
diagram, the left hand set of triode elements Average Electrical Characteristics these two points is 24 volts which is more '
represents the small input; and the right Heater: than adequate to prevent grid current.
hand set the large output. The voltage across Voltage 2.5 volts The optimum output load for a single 2B6
Current 2.25 ampere
R. determines the bias for the input grid. OPERATING AS CLASS 'A" AMPLIFIER is 5000 ohms, for push -pull, 10,000 center -
Since the second grid is internally tied to the Input Section: tapped. These values should be used for
input cathode, the drop in R. would put this Plate (Max) Pl 250 volts best results. However, since the tube's load
Grid Gl -24 volts
grid at a high positive bias with respect Plate Current* 4.0 ma. characteristic is quite flat, some existing
to its cathode. This is nearly offset by the Amplification Factor 7.2 speakers may be used with more or less suc-
drop in R,. Thus, the output grid bias is the Mutual Conductance 600 umhos cess, providing the speaker can withstand
Plate resistance 12,000 ohms
difference between these two voltages. This Load resistance 8,000 ohms the increased power output and providing
bias is normally 2.5 volts positive with re- Grid resistor should not exceed 1.0 meg. the output transformer does not saturate.
spect to its cathode. Therefore, the grid Output Section: Such speakers designed for 45 or 50 tube
Plate (Max) P2 250 volta
conductance is appreciable, causing the in- Grid G2 +2.5 volts operation, having 4000 ohms for single tube
put plate current to divide, part flowing Plate Current 40 ma. or 8000 for push -pull, may do. Speakers
through the output grid resistance and part Amplification Factor 18 for 47 tubes, having 7000 ohms or 14,000
Mutual Conductance 3,500 umhos
through R0. Consequently, the current for Plate resistance 5,150 ohms ohms, have also been used with success. A
determining the input grid bias should be Load resistance 5,000 ohms common fault in attempting to economize in
measured between the input cathode and R0, Signal volts ** 27 volts the size of an output transformer is to use
Power Output * ** 4.0 watts
not between input plate and B -. The aver- one whose primary inductance is far too
age DC current through this resistor is 3.0 * Measured between plate and B+. Current small. This condition often accounts for dis-
MA. This resistor also forms part of the in cathode lead approx. 3.0 ma. torted reproduction at certain frequencies.
*5 Volts r.m.s. for rated power.
input section's load resistance, so it must not *5* 5% total harmonic distortion. The transformer may reflect the proper load
be shunted by capacitance. The complete to the tube at, say, 400 cycles but as the fre-
load is the parallel combination of R. and quency decreases, the impedance falls off
the grid impedance of the output section. in excess of that taken under maximum ex- rapidly with the consequent steep rise in
Degeneration in resistor Ri is prevented by citation. Thus, there are no complications distortion introduced by the output tube. In
capacitor C1. in the power pack, and its design principles nearly all output tubes, distortion rises rap-
The high efficiency of the 2B6 is obtained may be the same as used with any Class A idly if the load decreases much below the
by a new principle. The large triode section system. A high DC resistance may be used recommended value. The effect is more
delivers the output power. It operates at in the grid circuit as the transconductance noticeable in single tube operation. The
istic. The entire characteristic is utilized-
nearly the mid -point of its eg -ip character-

that is, not only the usual negative half where

of this section is relatively low, and its physi-
cal size helps to minimize residual grid emis-
sion or gas current. The use of a high grid
rising impedance of the speaker at its res-
onant period may aid in offsetting the low
reflected load, but to use this advantageously,
the plate current swings between zero grid resistance is often advantageous as its shunt- care must be used in both the design of
bias and plate current cut-off, but also, the ing effect on the plate load resistor of the pre- speaker and transformer. In general, if it
positive half, making the swing just twice as ceding stage is lessened. is necessary to economize on the size of the
great. Since the grid draws current when transformer, it is better to use one that will
the signal excursion travels in the positive Output Speaker Load reflect a greater load at 400 cycles than that
region, the grid must be driven during that THE unity match between the internal recommended so at lower frequencies, the
part of the cycle. The input section performs plate impedance and the speaker load load is still not too low. Exact values cannot
this duty and also provides a high input im- largely explains the improved rendition be cited here since particular design char-
pedance as its grid does not draw current. of the 2B6 over Class B and Pentode. The acteristics are necessary to ascertain the
Hence, no input power is required. The optimum load for maximum power and the proper values.
compensating theory of the input section for optimum for minimum distortion are the Most modern speakers are designed to op-
developing a signal voltage across the grid - same. This value almost perfectly matches
cathode of the output section, independent of the plate impedance of the tube, rather than 286
the variations in the grid impedance of this the plate impedance being some multiple of
output section, has been published[, and the load. Also, the only harmonic that climbs
therefore, will not be treated here. Sum- at any appreciable rate with increasing load,
marizing, however, the characteristics of the is the second. These conditions aid in mini-
first section are arranged so that the internal mizing the transient response of the speaker,
impedance varies with the amplitude of the especially when the signal frequency ap-
signal, during the positive half of the cycle, proaches speaker resonance. Then, too, the 275
to maintain a constant ratio between this fall in power with increasing load beyond
impedance and the output load of the first the optimum value is not as steep as ordi-
section. Hence, the voltage developed across nary negative bias triodes. For example,
this load is not influenced by changes in the with three times the rated load, the power 011.01/ VIEW or
2136 sAae
load's value. In other words, the voltage is down only 1.6 DB. Thus the average
impressed across the input of the second speaker, whose impedance varies consider- FIG. i - BASIC SINGLE TUBE CIRCUIT

4-
12 RADIO FOR OCTOBER
erate, in addition o matching load conditions, Recommended values for both 250 and 320
with certain oche characteristics of the par - volts operation follow:
Sensitivity
titular output sys em and, therefore, in order HE sensitivity of the 2B6, connected as
to obtain ultimat
facturer should
requirements.
results, the speaker manu-
e consulted for individual
Eb
Ep
Eb
= 275
= 250 (plate
= 355
to cathode) T
shown in Fig. 1 is between the pentode
and the triode. A signal of 27 volts is
required for rated output. This represents
Ep = 320 (plate to cathode) an actual voltage gain of 5.25 or a power
Single and Push Pull Circuits
Single Push -Pull Single Push -Pull
FFIG. i is the basic circuit for a single Power Output 4 10 6 16 watts
tube. The mponents required are few Load impedance (Plate to Plate) 5,000 10,000 5,000 10,000 ohms
in number, but the usual by-pass con - Resistor-Ro 8,000 8,000 10,000 10,000 ohms
denser represent an appreciable expense. Voltage across Ro 24 24 34 34 volts
The circuit in F' 2 shows a very satisfac- Current through Ro 3 3 3.4 3.4 MA
tory method of ..liminating this condenser. Resistor -R, 540 270 730 365 ohms
Here, the volta drop supplied by R, in Voltage across R, 21.6 21.6 33.5 33.5 volts
Fig. 1 is obtain d from a resistance in the Current through R, 40 80 46 92 MA
negative leg of he power pack. This ar- See circuits for location of Resistors.
rangement suppl es the necessary by- passed
voltage without an extra condenser. The Low Current Operation sensitivity of .074. Since the advent of high
frequency charact ristic is slightly better than IN SOME push -pull applications, especially gain detectors, the problem of directly feed-
that obtained fr m the circuit in Fig. 1. for the sake of economy, it may be ad- ing into an output tube having the sensitivity
The inherent hu of the 2B6 is so low that vantageous to lower the current consump- of a 2B6 is no longer difficult. Detectors of
the slightly hig r lever introduced 'by the tion. In fact, the total plate current may the 57, 2B7, and 55 type, when operated un-
circuit in Fig. 2 s still a negligible factor. even be reduced to one -half its original DC der optimum conditions with a supply volt-
value with only about 15% loss in power age of 250, will deliver ample output to
288 fully load the 2B6.
io = 5oo0'' output, and of course, some decrease in sen-
sitivity. This is accomplished by using the B+
push -pull over -bias method. Resistance R,
,w« is simply increased until the desired plate OUTPUT

current is reached. The value of Ro should

remain the same as recommended for normal
r--- ]nEnEn
FIELD COIL
Ro
000..
i push -pull operation. For the best results,
degeneration caused by the alternating volt-
Ic
age developed across R, which is produced
Ea= 250v by the somewhat unbalanced currents of an
R over -bias system, should be suppressed. R,
I- may be simply shunted by suitable capacitance
L J or the bias voltage provided by R, may be IG. 5 TRANSFORMER COUPLING FOR
obtained from some other place in the power HIGH GAIN' CONNECTION
FIG.2 pack where effective by -pass shunting can be
The 2B6 is re dily adaptable to push -pull obtained. For a small degree of over -biasing, In a previous paragraph, it was shown that
operation, the s e as any regular Class A capacity shunting is unnecessary. The output the voltage transfer of the input section was
triode. A typica circuit is shown in Fig. 3. load impedance is not critical but best per- less than unity. If degeneration in this sec-
A common bias resistor, R,, of 270 ohms, formance is obtained when operating into a tion is suppressed, the overall sensitivity
capable of conti uously dissipating 2 watts, higher load. It should be increased from increases more than twice. The input signal
is used for the output sections. Shunting 10,000 ohms to 18,000 (plate to plate), de- is simply isolated from ground and coupled
of this resistor y capacitance is not neces- pending upon the degree of over -biasing; at through a suitable cathode input condenser
sary, since the p sh -pull action prevents the one -half the total current, 18,000 is approxi- so that the signal is impressed between grid
developing of ny appreciable alternating mately correct. Good regulation of the power and cathode rather than grid and ground.
voltage across R Again the voltage drop
.
pack is not entirely necessary, since for ex- This connection is identified as "high- gain ".
produced by R, may be supplied in some ample, the current increases only about 10% Now, only 11 volts are required for full out-
other manner. ote that each input cathode from no signal to full signal as measured by put. Although this is a considerable im-
has its separate 000 ohm load resistor. a DC meter in series with the center lead of provement in sensitivity, the harmonic con-
the output transformer. tent is somewhat higher. Consequently, for
ultimate quality it is not recommended, but
Phase Inverters such operation may be advantageous in small
_ 70.000".
,,.r.D receivers where the speaker or cabinet de-
FL E EXCELLENT results may be obtained by
using a phase inverter circuit in place sign is responsible for certain quality limita-
of the usual push -pull input trans- tions rather than the tube. Fig. 5 shows a
former. Since a gradual overload of the method of isolating the signal when using
2B6's output section occurs long before in- an input transformer. The 0.5 meg. resistor
put -grid current flows, the quick break in simply provides a DC path for the grid re-
quality at high levels commonly experienced turn. Figs. 6 and 7 show several methods
with resistance input coupling circuits is for resistance coupling. The circuit in Fig. 6
eliminated. Such a coupling system is more provides the better gain. The output of the
economical, has better high frequency re- detector or pre -stage is developed across
FIG. 3 PUSH PULL 2B6 resistor R2 and arrives at the 2B6's cathode
sponse, and weighs less, besides eliminating via condenser C2. The resistor R. isolates
Higher Voltag the bother of orienting the transformer. The the signal off ground and also functions as a
THE charact ristics of the 2B6 are given
for standar 250 plate volt operation
that is the oltage between cathode and
- type 53 tube has sufficient gain and performs
admirably well as a phase inverter. A cir-
cuit for this operation is shown in Fig. 4.
hum filter. Since the detector plate current
returns through Ro, the current must be suffi-
ciently low as not to be seriously upset the
plate or a suppl voltage of 275. The tube A pair of 56 tubes coupled in an inverter voltage drop across Ro. Ro should not be
may also be saf ly operated at higher plate circuit or in resistance push -pull is also greatly lowered in the attempt to compen-
voltages than 2 , providing the plate cur- recommended. sate for an appreciable increase in current,
rents are restric ed by correct bias values. otherwise this resistance will become too
When more po er output is desired, this small to properly provide the cathode load
flexibility is de nitely advantageous. For for the input section. Specific values are not
example, a full lean six watts may be ob- given here as particular detector operating
tained from a si gle tube or sixteen from a conditions would be necessary in each case.
pair in push -pt , when operating with 320 The detector cathode is above ground exactly
volts between p te to cathode or at a sup- the same as the 2B6's cathode. Consequently,
ply voltage of 3 5. The current requirement the input to the detector is also above ground.
is remarkably 1 w-
approximately 50 MA This offers no problem when coupling with
for a single tube and 100 MA for push -pull. the usual intermediate frequency transformer.
Higher plate vo cages than 320 are not rec- Circuit in Fig. 7 is limited to coupling with
ommended excep in special over -bias applica- very high plate impedance detectors -that
tions where the plate current is held well is, the tetrode or pentode type. R2 must be
down. F I G. 4 RESISTANCE COUPLED PUSH PULL (Continued on Page 32)

RADIO FO OCTOBER 13
 A Resonant -Line Transmitter
THE conventional 5 -meter transmitter or By G. F. LAMPKIN* difference. As a result, only a very slight
receiver is limited in several respects by frequency shift will make large changes in
the tube interelectrode capacity. The the line input reactance, which will offset
high -C oscillators, the high -efficiency output tank circuit. The losses of the tank induc- the tube variation. RCA used a 10 -wave-
tanks, the link -couplers, and other elements tance can be made comparable to or smaller length line on a 40 -KW oscillator with
so well used on the lower frequencies, are of than those of the low frequency tanks. average measured frequency stability as good
small help at 56 MC. An open- circuited line less than a quarter - as with crystal.
It is fortunate, then, that at the frequencies wave long has a capacitive reactance. The Actual full -size long line control for the
where ordinary lumped tank circuits begin amateur is hardly practical. However, even a
to lose their utility, resonant lines begin to 1 -1/$wavelength (225 inches of No. 12 spaced

have dimensions within reason. For resonant Y48--inch with Isolantite beads and string)
lines can be used to simulate an inductance, grid tank on a 5 -meter modulated oscillator
capacity, tank circuit, or what-not. Those gave noticeable improvement. Where other
interested in the background of the subject carriers, as received weakly on an autodyne
detector, would completely disappear under
modulation, the line -controlled carrier did
not wobble more than 10 KC, roughtly.
The unity -coupled '53 tube on 60 MC used for
comparison

transmitter arrangement in Fig. 2 uses a line

very nearly one -quarter wave long for the
grid tank. The open- circuit portion to the
left of the grid connections is a capacity, and Fixed tune high -C oscillator with tuned -line
the shorted portion to the right is an induc- plate tank
A '53 tube and some No. 12 wire makes an tance. The effective capacity can be made of
excellent 60 MC Transmitter

would do well to look up the references given

the order of 100 to 200 mmfd.-impossible
to use in the ordinary lumped condenser
and the oscillator performance compares to
- These paragraphs are given mainly as some-
thing to break the ice. It should not take
much amateur experimenting to develop some
below. that of the high -C on lower frequencies. The
In the photo, and in the circuit of Fig. 1 very practical methods with resonant lines.
output is somewhat lower, and the note is
is shown a 5 -meter rig using a '53 tube and more stable. The oscillations persist over
REFERENCES:
I. New Methods of Frequency Control Employing Long
some No. 12 copper wire and not much else. only a small range of the plate line tuning. Lines, Conklin, Finch, and Hansel!. Proe. I. R. E.,
The simplicity approaches the ultimate, yet In using the quarter -wave line as a high -C v. 10, Nov. 1931, p. 1918.
the transmitter puts out a more stable signal, 2. A New Type of Ultra Short Wave Oscillator, J. E.
grid tank, sometimes inductive coupling ex- Mouromtseff and H. V. Noble. Prot. I. R. E., v.
and a stronger signal at less plate input than ists to the plate tank, and the performance 20, Aug. 1932, p. 1328.
the more usual types. The No. 12 wire is the can be improved by reversing the grid con- 3. Resonant Lines in Radio Circuits, Frederick Emmons
output tank, the grid coupling condensers, Terman, Electrical Engineering, v. 53, No. 7, July
nections. The grids should be tied in about 1934.
the transmission feed line, and the wave - 5 or 10% of the conductor length from the
meter. shorted end.
A point which perhaps should be brought
Farnsworth Cold Cathode Tube
(Continued from page 6)
out is that a high -Q circuit does not neces-
sarily make a stable oscillator. By Q is upon the amplitude of the voltage applied
meant the usual definition, wL /R. Assume
a tank circuit is at hand with a Q of infinity
i.e., its resistance is zero. Even though this
- to the cathodes. Each emitted secondary like-
wise causes the emission of more secondaries,
so that the process is rapidly cumulative and
be in the grid circuit of an oscillator tube, gives rise to a tremendous amplification of
the frequency would still hop around as long current.
as the effective tube input capacity varied. In the foregoing simplified account of the
N
(GR ITD Ca
T 17
FROER
OOSC
IL"L'AWN ) What is more important, as regards frequency tube's operation as an amplifier, one impor-
stability, is the arrangement of the frequency tant factor has been omitted. The anode at-
F IG. 1- THE SIMPLEST 5 METER TRANSMITTER traction, which causes an electron to leave
determining circuit, in order that tube ca-
In the layout of Fig. 1, the portion of the pacity shall have small effect. In a parallel the vicinity of a cathode and which accel-
line to the left of the shorting bridge is the tuned circuit, the tank capacity must be large erates its velocity as it approaches the plane
oscillator tank. The grid coupling wires are -such as in the high -C method; or, in a series of the anode, also decelerates its velocity as
spaced from and tied to the plate wires by tuned circuit, the tank capacity must be small it leaves the anode plane and approaches the
knotted string, fixed in place with a drop -as in the equivalent circuit of a quartz second cathode, which is now positively
of paraffin or rosin. Tuning of the oscillator crystal. charged so as to attract it.. Its resultant ve-
is done by sliding the shorting bridge. The A long resonant line is an excellent means locity may therefore not be sufficient to cause
portion of the line to the right of the bridge of stabilizing ultra -high frequqency oscil- emission from the second cathode. To in-
is a non -resonant transmission line, properly lators. Any shorted line less than an odd sure emission, additional energy must be im-
terminated on the antenna by the usual Y- and more than an even quarter-wavelength parted to it, this energy being obtained from
spread, Pickard or Johnson scheme. The long presents inductive reactance at the open that stored in the resonant circuit, as indi-
transmission line is coupled to the oscillator end, and will form an oscillator tank against cated in the accompanying circuit diagram.
by the impedance in the shorting bridge. the grid capacity. Imagine a very long line The high- frequency supply is of the order
To check the wavelength, the feeders can used in the grid tank. If the tube capacity of 50 megacycles and is loosely coupled to
be opened up at the antenna and a flashlight - tries to create a frequency change of, say, the tuned circuit so as to apply from 25 to
lamp bridge slid out along the transmission .01%, each quarter-wavelength along the line 90 volts across the cathode terminals. The
line, till it lights at maximum. The distance would have to change .01 %, and would shift positive potential on the anode may be 100
in meters from the oscillator bridge to the the last quarter -wave the total accumulated
volts or more, depending upon the desired
lamp bridge is one -half the oscillator wave- current output.
length. This, of course, is nothing more than The tube has a discontinuous voltage-cur-
the usual Lecher wire set-up.
5,ç COPPER TURING SPACED rent output characteristic with a series of
54- READS
If 5 -meter work palls for awhile, and 10-
WITH
successively higher current peaks as the
meters wants a try, all that is necessary is to
Ró voltage is increased. Maximum current out-
slide the oscillator bridge on out the line, put is obtained when the anode voltage is
and couple up a 10 -meter radiator. just sufficient to allow an electron to travel
53 from one cathode to the other during ifz cycle
A short -circuited transmission line less than
a quarter -wave long presents an inductive re-
of the high frequency excitation. Other suc-
actance at the open end. When connected #12 COPPER cessively lower peaks occur at anode voltages
to a vacuum tube, the electrode capacity in
WIRE LINE
corresponding to transit times of 3/2, 5/2,
combination with the line inductance forms a
T 250 7/2, 9/2 cycles, the last being the least which
has yet been measured.
* Lampkin Laboratories, Cincinnati, Ohio. FIG. 2- A HIGH C SMETER OSCILLATOR
(Continued on page 18)

RADIO FOR OCTOBER

 Impedance Matching
By A. E. THIESSEN*

0 NE of the first and best learned lessons

in communication- system design is
that, to obtain the greatest possible
transfer of energy from one circuit to an-
vacuum tube were connected directly to a
500 -ohm line, the impedance mismatch of
10 to 1 would calculate to cause a loss of 4.8
decibels. The losses calculated for a num-
ber of different impedance mismatches are
selection of the correct output transformer is
so important.
The impedance of ribbon and velocity mi-
crophones averages between 25 and 40 ohms.
The customary volume control used with these
other, the impedances of the two circuits shown in the chart in Fig. 2. For phase microphones has an impedance of 50 ohms.
must be matched. So straightforward is the angles of less than 45° the loss curve is An inspection of the chart in Fig. 2 will
concept that the lesson may have been over - practically the same, but the mismatch loss show that the reflection loss due to coupling
is always less when either circuit has a re-
learned. In ve y many cases the reason for active component.`
a 25- to 40 -ohm generator and a 50 -ohm load
the use of transformers as impedance- match- is negligible. The frequency characteristic
It is obvious, therefore, that in many cases
ing devices is n,ot so much to gain in power of these microphones is not affected by such
the actual power loss due to operating be-
transfer as to reduce distortion, frequency a small impedance mismatch. Therefore, it
tween mismatched impedances is not serious.
is sound practice to operate them into the
discrimination, and other common defects in If "ideal" or no -loss transformers could be
voice -transmission circuits. realized, it would certainly be worth while regular 50 -ohm mixer. If a transformer were
to use them where every milliwatt of the used to couple these two circuits together, it
It is very easy to fall into the error of
exaggerating the amount of reflection loss available power must be utilized. However, would introduce a .oss approximating 2
that occurs due :o mismatched circuits. From well- designed and carefully made audio -fre- decibels which would be entirely unneces-
the single consideration of power loss a sur- quency transformers of the usual types may sary. Similarly, 500 -ohm and 600 -ohm lines
prising amount of mismatch can be tolerated. have an inherent copper and iron loss of can be connected together without trouble,
To arrive at a figure for reflection loss, the about 20%, or 2 decibels. When it is con- unless special balancing or isolating prob-
simplest example is the case of a resistive sidered that small power transformers have lems are present. Impedance-matching trans-
power source connected to a resistive load. efficiencies in the neighborhood of 85%, an formers play a very important part in the
In actual pract ce it is not often that pure efficiency of 80% for audio -frequency trans-
resistances will be found in radio- or audio - formers is quite good in view of the many
frequency circuits, but in most cases the phase 1111n111111111111
angle is so light that for purposes of prac- other problems involved in their design, such
as frequency characteristic, freedom from dis-
IIMMII,iíIII\\111IIII11
tical demonstration it may be considered to
be zero. In Fig. 1 a generator producing a tortion, etc. EIIIII 111\11111
The real value, however, of audio -fre- =1111111111111111
RG
quency transformers and the reason why their o II11111I1111II
use is so essential is to keep the circuit im- 11111111M111Ii1111
pedances at the correct operating values. For 11111111!11111111
EG ÓGro.
Ir"a: RATIO RETwE .3°lUT[ MAGNITUDES OF IMPEDANCES
example, the design of a transformer to op-
CONSTA FIG. 2
I

erate from a low- impedance line to the grid

4
of an amplifier is not a simple job, and the Reflection loss at a single junction in decibels as
FIG. 4
successful operation of this sort of trans- a function of the ratio between the absolute mag-
Circuit on which to base calculations of the re- former depends upon its operation from the nitudes of the two impedances. This curve is for
flection loss at a single junction. phase dieffrent of 0 °.
impedance for which it is designed. A line - a
to -grid transformer designed to operate from
voltage EG and with an internal resistance RG 500 ohms is apt to show frequency discrimi- circuits where these questions are serious.
is shown connected to a load RL. The cur- nation if operated from a line of 200 -ohms
rent that will flow in the circuit is Generally, telephone lines are well balanced,
impedance. Thus, a designer of a voice - particularly high -quality lines of the sort
EG input circuit finding that the output imped- used to connect remote pickup points with
I= ance of his mixer panel is 200 ohms, which
has probably been determined by the micro- the broadcasting studio. If these lines are
RL RG
phone impedances, would certainly insert a connected directly to an unbalanced amplifier,
When RL = Ro, that is, in the case where the 200- to 500 -ohm transformer between the which is one without a balanced and shielded
generator and load impedances are matched, mixer and the input of his amplifier, if its input transformer, the resulting unbalance
E input transformer were designed to operate would affect the line and might introduce
the current, I = , and the power in the from 500 ohms. The use of the transformer cross -talk. The customary cure for such a
2RG is dictated not by the consideration of the condition is to insert a 1 -to -1 transformer be-
load is reflection loss between the 200- and the 500 - tween the line and the amplifier input trans-
EG EG ohm circuit, which is less than one decibel,
IRL
z
= IRG z
RG= former. The General Radio Type 585 -R
but by the fact that the impedances must be Transformer is an example of this. It has
2RG 4RG kept to their correct value to maintain proper
frequency characteristics. balanced windings and an electrostatic shield
When the impedances are not matched the between the primary and secondary circuits
EG Another example of the necessity for cor- so that a balanced line connected to its prim-
current in the load I' = and the rect impedance matching is in the familiar ary will remain balanced even though the
case of output transformers from vacuum
RG -F RL
tubes. The distortion introduced by a three - secondary be connected to an unbalanced
power is circuit. On short lines running around a
element tube is a function, among other studio or a laboratory, the question of un-
I "RL = RL. things, of the impedance into which it works. balance is not usually so serious, but it is
RG -f- RL
Ordinarily, the distortion is a minimum when surprising the amount of pickup difficulties
The ratio of the power in the load for the the tube is worked into an impedance equal that have been encountered due to the fact
to approximately twice the plate resistance
matched condition to the power for the mis- of the tube. In the case of the 2A3 tube the that some part of a short link between a
matched condition expressed in decibels is plate resistance is about 800 ohms and for mixer panel and a speech amplifier or some
the mismatch or the reflection loss. That is two tubes in push -pull is 1600 ohms. The other short local circuit is unbalanced. In
I'RL (RG + RL)' General Radio Type 541 -D Transformer is the case of larger studios where several
Ndb = = 10 logro designed to couple this system into dynamic voice channels are running parallel through
I "RL 4RGRL speakers. When operating at a fixed bias patch boards, relays, or other switching me-
or potential, it is recommended that these tubes chanisms, it is always considered good prac-
RG in push -pull work into 3000 ohms, which is
tice to run the wires in the form of twisted
Ndb = 20 logro approximately twice the plate resistance. pair, shielded by flexible copper braid. This
From a consideration of the power loss due type of connector maintains a capacity bal-
V4RGRL ance to ground, and if well -balanced trans-
From this formula can be calculated the to mismatch the tubes could be worked into formers are used most of the cross -talk diffi-
reflection loss that occurs due to connecting impedances varying widely from 3000 ohms, culties are eliminated.
together any two impedances having small but the distortion would become a serious
phase angles. For instance, if a 5000 -ohm factor. This is one of the reasons why the *Reprinted from General Radio "Experimenter."

-+
RADIO FOR OCTOBER 15
 A 5 -Meter Transceiver
By FRANK LESTER, W2AMJ*
ONE of the most interesting pieces of SW. Cl, R1 and S are the only variable in-
apparatus in amateur radio is the five - struments in the whole transceiver.
meter "transceiver," which gets its The coil marked L2 looks a bit peculiar.
name from the fact that it is a combination It consists of two turns of 1/4-inch copper
transmitter and receiver using the same tubes tubing about 2 inches in diameter, with a
and accessories for both purposes. A recent split length of insulated flexible wire inside.
ruling of the Federal Communications Com- The tubing acts as the plate coil, the wire as
mission permitting mobile as well as port- the grid coil, of a simple push -pull oscilla-
able operation on five meters has greatly ac- tor. The close coupling between the two
celerated amateur activity along these lines, coils makes this a powerful oscillator indeed.
and amateurs everywhere are deserting the Tuning condenser Cl (a 15 mmfd. midget)
hopelessly crowded 20, 40 and 80 meter is connected across the ends of the plate or
bands to find considerable pleasure on the "tank" coil and to the plates of V1, with a
shorter wave. center tap for plate voltage. The grid coil
Five meters offers many opportunities be- connects to the corersponding grids and is
cause one can pack a complete outfit into a similarly tapped.
box about the size of a typewriter case and Let us throw the changeover switch to the
set it up for operation in a few seconds. A receive position and see what happens. Tube
5 -meter set can be operated in a car in mo-
V1 now acts as a self -quenching super -re-
tion, and dozens of different "hams" can be generative detector, with C4 -R3 as the grid
contacted as you drive from one town to an- condenser -leak combination. Transformer Ti,
other. Five -meter "fiield days" held on Sat- with primary Pl functioning, acts as an or-
urdays or Sundays, are getting to be regular dinary amplifying transformer, working into
affairs in amateur circles. V2 as first audio stage. V2 in turn feeds into
In recognition of this growing acclaim of T2 and V3, which act together as a complete
five meters, the writer has designed a three- class B audio output stage, the output trans-
tube transceiver which has proved exception- former T3 operating the earphones.
ally successful, and can be purchased com- Now switch to the transmit position, and
plete for a price that would have been con- the same parts act altogether differently. V1
sidered low a few years ago for just an becomes a push -pull oscillator. Primary P2
ordinary power pack. of transformer Tl is cut in, and Ti becomes
A single case, made of steel finished in a microphone coupling transformer. The sec-
durable black crackle, and measuring 151/4 ondary of T3 is switched from the phones to
inches high, 8 inches wide and 7 inches the plates of V3, so T3 is now the modula-
deep, houses the complete outfit, which is tion transformer.
known as the Lafayette Transceiver. Why In the receive position, R1 is a volume
control on the received siggals. In the trans-
Engineer, Wholesale Redio Service Co., Inc. mit position, it is a mike gain control.
The Author and his Transeiver atop the
100 Sixth Ave. Building.
The whole idea works out perfectly, with
(Continued on page 22)

steel and not aluminum for a portable job?

you may ask. The writer has found that
steel stands the punishment of portable ser-
vice better than aluminum, and its extra
weight pays for itself in durability.
As shown in the illustrations, the case is
formed on four sides and has removable
front and back panels. A man -sized carrying
handle is fastened to the top. The upper half
of the box is occupied by the transceiver
proper, the lower by all the required fila-
ment, plate and microphone batteries. A dec-
orative plate for the front panel carries three
controls and two jacks; the former are the
main tuning knob, in the upper center, vol-
ume control, lower left, and receive -transmit
throwover switch, lower right. The jacks are
for earphones and a small hand microphone.
The knobs are of the new pointer type and
look very distinctive. A plain knob and not
a vernier dial is used for the tuning con-
denser (C1 in the diagram) because the tun-
ing is not critical and .a knob permits quick
scanning of the entire five-meter band.
The three tubes in the Lafayette Transceiv-
er actually do the work of five, and this ac-
counts to some degree for the effectiveness
of this little outfit. The diagram shows all
of the connections in detail.
Transceiver hookups always look confus-
ing at first sight, but this particular one is
really easy to understand if you follow it
through carefully. Tubes V1 and V3 are both
type 19 double triodes, V2 a type 30. The
four switches marked S are all part of a
single four -pole, two- position unit; the
points marked T represent the transmit po-
sition; the points R the receive position. The
variable resistor R1, which acts as volume Inferior view of Transceiver, showing unify-
A he -man's carrying case. control, is combined with the filament switch coupled coil and battery compartment.

16 RADIO FOR OCTOBER

 "The '45 Is Better R. F. Amplifier
Tube Than the '46"
ACHECK -UP of the "W" cards on the By W. W. SMITH, W6BCX '45s in parallel, capacity coupled, two 75,000
wall of a typical CW and Phone ama- ohm, 2 watt resistors in parallel should be
teur stat on revealed that of the cards used; a single 35,000 ohm resistor would
received since tiie first of the year- excepting than a '45 of the same make operated under get quite warm unless the excitation is kept
those from sta ions using self- excited trans- the same conditions. Apparently the '45s low. By using '45s the grid choke ceases to
mitters- approximately 35% were from sta- are pumped harder, probably because of their be a problem when capacity coupling is used
tions using "a pair of '46 tubes in the final smaller envelope, and the fact that there is and we can economize on that potential source
amplifier. It was also found that three - less metal within the envelope also seems to of trouble by simply leaving it out of the
fourths of the . emaining 65% were using at contribute to their "hardness ". To obtain a circuit. The amount of RF wasted across
least one '46 in the transmitter as a buffer. given output at a given plate voltage, the the resistor when no choke is used is very
Why the '46 has come into such general lower plate impedance of the '45 allows us small, and the loss is justified, not only from
use as an RF amplifier is hard to understand. to do it with a higher ratio of load imped- a standpoint of economy, but also because of
A pair of push -pull '46 tubes in class B makes ance to tube impedance, and correspondingly the stabilizing effect of a purely resistive
a very economical and fine modulator, a set- better efficiency. It is presumed, of course, load in the circuit.
up that is hard to beat for 25 watts or so of that sufficient excitation is available in either When used as a buffer to isolate the final
fairly respectable audio. But the only nice case to allow its adjustment to the optimum from the oscillator, the '45 provides better
thing we can say about them as neutralized value. We are referring here only to output "buffing" action than a '46. Even slight
RF amplifiers is that gridleak bias can be used efficiency. We may therefore say that the '45 changes in plate voltage or plate load cause

47 C= 45 45 c
47
OSC Lp'

ag000

01
B 350 B +350 -500
e C2- Preferably a mmf. variable; C3- Closely- spaced
25 -50
B+350-500v B- plates, receiving type condenser; RI-
25,000 ohms; R2-Fila-
ment C.T. Resistor, 100 ohms; R3-30,000 ohms; R4-Two 75,000
Left -47 oscillator capacitively coupled to e pair of 45s in par- ohms, 2 watt resistors in parallel. No grid choke is required; R5-
allel. Right -Single 47 to single 45. Constants: CI -100 mmf.; Çenter- tapped filament resistor, 100 ohms.

without danger of the beginner burning them a noticeable change in the grid impedance of
I heartily endorse Mr. Smith's article in
up by kicking out the crystal stage. regard to the superiority of the '45 over the '46 a '46. When using a '45, changes in the out-
When its performance as an RF amplifier tube. All of the reasons expressed in this put circuit react but little upon the grid im-
is compared to that of a '46, the lowly '45, article are logical and well founded. It is pedance. The difference between the two
which is again coming into its own for audio high time that we forget about the amplifica- types of tubes in this respect was brought
tion factor of a tube and pay some attention
use, makes the '46 look pretty sick. to MUTUAL CONDUCTANCE, which is the home strongly when a typical low- powered,
Comparing the two tubes we find the fol- only proper index of power amplification and 160 -meter phone, using a '47 link coupled to
lowing in favor of the '45: also a real yardstick of tube merit. a pair of '46s in the final was found to have
"JAYENAY" such a bad case of frequency modulation as
In spite of the fact that the '45 has a some-
what lower wattage filament, it also has a to be objectionable. The '46s were replaced
higher mutual : onductance (measured at zero permits GREATER EFFICIENCY than is with '45s, and the frequency modulation was
bias) than the '46 (grids tied together and possible with a '46, both adjusted to a given cut down to a point where it could not be
considered as a single grid). The lower output at a given plate voltage. detected by the "zero -beat, beat -oscillator"
mutual conduci ance of the '46 is largely due Because of its high grid impedance, the method. At the writer's station, which ordi-
to the greater "shadow" effect of the grid(s), narily uses a class B linear to feed the an-
which becomes quite appreciable in multiple - '45 may be more advantageously capacity tenna, no buffer is used between the modu-
grid tubes. Because of its higher mutual coupled to the preceding stage than a '46 lated stage (originally a '46) and the crystal
conductance, the '45 actually requires fewer (presuming that we desire to clip right off oscillator. When using the '46, UNSOLIC-
WATTS excitation than a '46 to drive it TO the "hot" end of the plate tank of the pre- ITED reports of frequency modulation were
A GIVEN OUTPUT WITH A GIVEN EFFI- ceding stage to avoid parasitics). The '46, numerous. Raising the value of bias resistor
CIENCY. Though it takes more VOLTAGE with its very low grid impedance, requires an on the '46 to as high a value as could satis-
SWING, we may say that the '45 is the extremely small coupling capacity to give factorily be used, helped matters only slight-
easier to excite, because driving POWER, the preceding stage a sufficiently high load ly. Operation being on 75 meters, the fre-
not voltage, it the criterion of ease of ex- impedance, and most of the excitation is be- quency modulation was just twice as bad as
citation. ing wasted. The grid impedance of a '45 would have been the case on 160. As the
The plate impedance of the '46 is several offers a very respectable load for most tubes, modulated stage was run with very low in-
times that of t5e '45. Thus for a given effi- and the grid of a '45 can be capacity coupled put, and the crystal oscillator consequently
ciency in the output circuit (ratio of load on the lower frequency bands with almost provided sufficient excitation for class C op-
impedance to plate impedance), much looser as much efficiency and as great a transfer of eration of the modulated stage, it seemed
coupling must be used to the plate tank of energy as can be obtained with link coupling. a shame to resort to an extra tube merely
the '46 (raise the load impedance). Then, The optimum value of grid resistor being to provide some buffing action. A '45 was
to bring the output back up, the plate volt- very high (between 50,000 and 75,000 ohms substituted for the '46, and the first ten sta-
age must be run sky high, and high voltage for a single tube), it is permissible to dis- tions worked were ASKED to check for fre-
spells "bad medicine" for '46 tubes. Al- pense with the grid choke in capacity -coupled quency modulation. Nine reported "none"
though the irterelectrode spacing and the circuits using a '45. The only precaution probably meaning that it was not notice-
spacing of the plate lead coming through the necessary is to make sure that the grid re- able. Theoretically ALL phone transmitters
stem is much greater in the '46, it will not sistor is either of the carbon or metalized are afflicted with frequency modulation,
stand any more plate voltage than a '45. The type (non- inductive). The temperature co- though it may be only to a minute degree in
gas content . . not the spacing . . . limits
, efficient of the metalized type is lower, and the case of a transmitter using several buf-
the plate voltage that can safely be applied therefore recommended in preference to the fers. One station reported "negligible" fre-
to a '46. Odd y enough, many '46s will turn carbon type. The 2 watt sizes have ample quency modulation.
more blue at a given plate voltage and input heat radiation for a single '45. For a pair of (Continued on page 18)

RADIO FOR OCTOBER 17

 Farsnworth Cold Cathode Tube anode causes a current to flow, through half for plate current as is available in the '46.
(Continued from page 14) the inductance coil in the tuned circuit, to When much more than 25 watts input is
The external magnetic field is unnecessary one cathode. This provides an out -of -phase applied continuously to a '46, the plate cur-
when the cathodes are properly curved in- voltage drop which accelerates the electrons rent has a tendency to slowly rise in value,
stead of being plane. Their curvature can be toward the other cathode with sufficient ve- until after a time it reaches a critical point
calculated to focus the electrons automati- locity to cause secondary 'emission therefrom. where the milliammeter gets real active and
cally for specified anode and cathode volt- The emitted electrons then establish a cur- proceeds to "bang the pin ". It was found
ages. This eliminates the nede of a DC sup- rent flow through.the other half of the mid - that when using high excitation and bias,
ply for magnetic focusing. tapped coil and cause a voltage drop in op- and a fairly high plate voltage (to permit
The tube's theoretical output is twice that posite phase so as to accelerate the electrons higher ratio of load impedance to plate im-
of an equivalent hot -cathode tube operated toward the first cathode which is thus caused pedance), that a '45 of good manufacture
as a Class A amplifier. Its practical output to emit more secondaries. Repetition of this can be run continuously at 30 to 35 watts in-
is limited by the ability of the cathodes to process quickly builds the current up to a put all day long. The '45 under test was
withstand the high temperature to which they point where it can be delivered to the out- pulling 68 mils at 520 volts.
are subjected by bombardment from a rap- put circuit without stopping the internal os- Because of its much lower mu, the '45 is
idly increasing number of electrons. One cillations. The oscillating frequency is that much more stable in operation than the '46,
test of a small tube showed an output of 100 to which the resonant circuit is tuned. This being somewhat easier to neutralize. In addi-
watts of undistorted energy before the cath- explanation has not been confirmed by physi- tion, parallel operation seldom requires spe-
odes were destroyed by heat. Such destruc- cists, but is presented only as a means for cial precautions.
tion is prevented by means of resistors in visualizing possible actions in the tube. When keyed, a maximum of 650 volts at
the cathode leads. A small tube can be safe- When engineers disagree, the physicist must 75 mils per tube should be observed. When
ly operated so as to deliver 45 milliamperes experiment. the tube is running constantly, as in a buffer,
with 200 volts on the anode. It is to be Much work has yet to be done before it is necessary to reduce the input power by
noted that the tube operates as a current standardized tubes will be available for ex- one -third either the plate voltage, cur-
amplifier and that the amount of voltage perimental use. Television Laboratories Ltd. rent, or both being reduced. When used as
amplificaion is dependent upon the resis- has licensed two factories for commercial a modulated amplifier, a maximum of 450
tance in the output circuit. production. But it will probably be a matter volts at 60 to 65 mils per tube should be
The theory of the tube's operation as a of some months before tubes are available observed.
detector or modulator should be evident for amateur use. If over 650 volts is used on a '45 and if the
from the non -linear voltage- current charac- - --
-
load is removed from the plate tank, the tube
teristic and requires no elaboration here. It "The '45 Is a Better RF may possibly flash over in the base. This is
is especially sensitive in the detection of usually aggravated by the fact that when the
ultra -high frequencies. Tube Than the '46" load is removed, the plate current drops to
II IS a well known fact that any amplifier
(Continued from page 17) a very low value, allowing the plate voltage
circuit generates oscillations when ar- While on the subject of linear amplifiers, to soar to a still higher value, dependent upon
ranged to furnish an input voltage of the '45 was found to be a better exciter tube the regulation of the power supply.
proper magnitude and phase. Consideration than the '46 for the linear stage. The lower Accidents to the tube (due to this cause)
of the manner in which Farnsworth's tube impedance of the '45 provides better RF can be prevented by using a tank condenser
functions as an amplifier shows that it con- "regulation ", which is an advantage when with NOT -TOO -WIDE SPACING between
forms to this requirement when connected to working into a linear stage because the grid the plates. The condenser will flash before
a resonant circuit which is tuned to a fre- impedance of the linear varies under modula- the tube will arc in the base, thus protecting
quency whose half -period is equal to an elec- tion. A low impedance driver is here de- the tube and warning the operator (provided
tron's time of transit, as determined by the sirable for the same reason that a low im- he is close enough to hear the condenser
frequency of the oscillations applied to the pedance driver tube is preferable to drive the "sing"). If a split- stator arrangement is
cathodes. grids of a pair of class B audio tubes. The used, a blocking condenser is advisable in
But the great value of the Farnsworth matter of RF regulation is also important order to prevent the DC from riding across
tube resides in the fact that it is self-exciting, when using "grid current" grid bias modula- the arc along with the RF. Receiving con-
i.e., that it requires no external high fre- tion, a low impedance driver being preferable densers will usually be satisfactory from the
quency voltage when used as an oscillator. ahead of the bias modulated stage. standpoint of not arcing across when the tube
Aside from the energy which is required for Utilizing a couple of rolls of chicken net- is running under normal load, and will pro-
the magnetic focusing field and which may ting for the grid, the '46 has a somewhat tect the stem from flashovers. If less than 600
not be needed eventually, the only external higher grid- filament capacity than the '45. volts is used, the above precautions are un-
source of energy is that which maintains a The lower grid- filament capacity of the '45 necessary.
positive potential on the anode. It appar- especially advantageous at 10 and 20
is The '46 sometimes gives the illusion of be-
ently represents a new discovery in vacuum meters. The small surface area of grid in the ing more easily excited than a '45 because
tube phenomena. Among engineers there is '45 also allows less oxide from the filament when loaded to a GIVEN OUTPUT at a
a difference of opinion as to its cause. to collect on the grid, the action of which GIVEN PLATE VOLTAGE, the ratio of load
One plausible explanation is based on the sometimes is responsible for erratic opera. impedance to tube impedance is lower. We
assumption that there is no appreciable space tion of '46s. The simpler construction of the have obtained ease of driving power from
charge effect in the tube when oscilaltions '45 also makes it a "sturdier" tube from a such an impedance ratio, but where, oh
start. There are always some free electrons mechanical standpoint. And, needless to say, where, has our efficiency gone?
present in the inter -electrode space, if only the '45 costs considerably less than the '46. All the aforementioned statements are made
those due to photoelectric emission from the The filament of the '46 pulls a bit more with reference to neutralized RF amplifiers
cathodes. These are attracted by the anode current than the '45, but the very high grid (working on the same frequency). As a
when it becomes strongly positive but are current drawn by the '46 when fully excited frequency multiplier in the more -commonly
prevented from immediately going to it by detracts from the emission available for plate used circuits, the '45 is a rather poor per-
the longitudinal mangetic field. Their accel- current. Because the '45 pulls but very little former as compared to the '46. However,
eration as they approach the plane of the grid current, as much emission is available some work along that line points to the pos-
sibility of low mu tubes making very effi-
Crystal Microphone Circuit for Turner cient frequency multipliers, when used in the
An improved hook -up for the Turner Type of the amplifier input tube. When so con- proper circuits and under the proper condi-
nected, it is necessary that a parallel resis- tions.
G Crystal Microphone is shown in Fig. 1. Summing up the relative merits we find:
Due to its high impedance of approximately tance or grid leak of not less than 5 meg-
ohms be used. Using a resistance of lower Gridleak bias can be used on the '46 with-
80,000 ohms at 60 cycles, the microphone value at this point will reduce the low fre- out danger of burning -up the tube, should the
may be connected direct to grid and ground quency response. excitation fail without the operator noticing
Mrs it.
57 53 2AS Weighed against this lone advantage, we
find the '45 easier to excite (to a given out-
put with a given efficiency), permits better
plate circuit efficiency, is cheaper, is more
rugged mechanically, makes a better driver
for a class B linear or bias modulated stage,
is more stable in operation, will stand slightly
more input without "going crazy", provides
better "buffing" action, is better adapted to
capacity -coupled operation, requires no grid
-250. .2sor choke with capacity coupling, and has lower
FIG. I grid -filament capacity.

18 RADIO FOR OCTOBER

 SNotes On High Frequency
A ATEUR NEW G6NJ, G6PK, G6QP, G6QX, G6RB, G6SW, G6TJ,
Crystal Holders

CRYSTAL
By ALBERT F. HOEFLICH
oscillators, using plates
Pacific Divisi n Convention at G6TT, G6UF, G6UJ, G6VK, G6VP, GOWN, G6YA,
Fresno, Nove ber IO and II G6YL, G6UT, G6ADE. ground to fundamental frequencies of
WESTERN a ateurs are promised one of the G's Heard on Fone: G5BJ, G6DL, G6PY. from 6000 to 28,000 kilocycles, are be-
most interes ing and educational conventions GI's Heard on CW : GI2OY, GI5QX, GI5UR. coming more popular all the time. The de-
yet held on the Pacific Coast when amateurs of F5s Heard on CW: F3AK, F3BR, F8BF, F8BS, sign and adjustment of the quartz plate
Fresno, Californi become hosts to their brother
, F8EF. F8FC, F8GG, FBJJ, F8RJ, F8TQ, F8UG.
hams on Nove ber 10 and 11. The technical F's Heard on Fone and CW: FBDR. mounting has an important effect upon the
talks will be of more than usual interest. New
1/h-meter transm tters and receivers will be de- CT's Heard on CW: CT1AA, CT1AZ, CT1BG. efficiency and output of the oscillator, espe-
scribed and op ted, all of the new tubes will CT's Heard on Fone: CT1BY. cially at these high frequencies. Therefore a
be analyzed by t be engineers, new data on Pen- D's Heard on CW: D4BAR, D4BCC, D4BDR,
D4BER, D4BF'N, D4BHH, D4BIU, D4BKK, D4- few pointers on this subect are in order.
BKN, D4BMR, D4BUK, D4CAF, D4CET, D4CPJ. In the first place, if the manufacturer has
EA's Heard on CW: EA2AD, EA3AN, EA3EG,
EA5AF, EA5BJ, EA5BL, EA7FG. given any instructions, you should follow
PA's Heard on CW: PAOAX, PAOAZ, PAOCE, them carefully, as these instructions usually
PAODC, PAOFLX, PAOFX, PAOHG, PAOLL,
PAOVB, PAOXF, PAOXG, PAOZZ. cover the case in hand very thoroughly. If
PY's Heard on CW: PY1DW, PY1IF, PY2BX,
PY2CD, PY5AD, PY9AD. the data is not included with the crystal, the
ON's Heard on CW: ON4JA, ON4VC. following instructions will be found of value:
OK's Heard on CW: OK1JB, OK1LM, OK1PK,
OK1 WG, OK2DD, OK2HM, OK2MS, OK2PL, OK- Be sure that the pressure on the top plate,
251.
All Heard on CW: EI1T, EI2D, EI5F, EI6F, or electrode, of the crystal mounting is cor-
EI8B, OE1FH, OZ7PU, YL2BB, HAF3H, EZ4SAX, rect. To check this adjustment, use the meth-
K5AA, KSAF, K5AZ, NY1AB, NY2AB, VO8W,
VO8Z, IlID, I1TKM, I1UL, CX1CC, CX1FB, CX- od described by the writer in July 'RADIO ".
2AM, TI2RU, TI2TAO, TI3WD, LU1CA, LU1EP,
LU1EP, LU3DH, LU9AX, SU1CH, SUlEC, SU- This method of checking the adjustment makes
1SJ, VQ4CRP, VP2BX, VP4AA, VP5AA, VP5AB, use of the law that the increase of efficiency
VP5PZ, HB9AF, HB9AQ, HB9AU, FM8BG, FM-
8DA, X1AA, X1AG, X1AY, X1CM, X2C, X1G fone, and output of the crystal oscillator is ap-
HC2JM, HC1FG fone, LA1F fone, LA3C, XZN2B,
XOH2FJ. proximately proportional, to the amount of
Conditions as a whole not so good for DX. Most direct grid current flowing through the grid
of the month signals were weak and only the high -
power gang were coming through. Would like leak.
to see more reports from other W's and DX fel-
lows ir. "RADIO" each month, so how about it, To make this test connect a DC milliam-

-
gang? The receiver is a SS Comet "PRO" with a
Transposed Doublet.

Calls Heard by W3CCF W3SI, Charlie

meter with a full -scale reading of about 5
ma, in series with the oscillator grid cir-
cuit. Then be sure that the top electrode of
the crystal mounting is connected to ground,
Myers, 48 West Main St., while the bottom is connected to the grid.
In this condition the top plate may be moved
Mechanicsburg, Pa.
about over the surface of the crystal without
Ralph A. Jack 14 MC Band throwing the circuit out of oscillation. Ad-
Chairman, Pacific Division Convention J2CE, J2GX, J2HB, J2HI, J2HX, J2IN, J3DP,
W6FPWexW6AOH, graduate Pacific University, Oregon, J5CC, ZS1H, ZS2A, ZS2D, ZS2H, ZS4T, ZS5X, justments can now be made on the circuit,
and four years por graduate work University of Califon ZS6AA, ZT1R, ZU1E, ZU1N, VK2BA, VK2EV, and on the holder; observations of the meter
nia, as Whiting research fellow in physics doing cathode VK2MA, VK2XU, VK3DP, VK3HG, VK4DD, readings giving an indication of oscillator
ray oscillograph and high frequency work. First entered VK4GK, VK4RV, VK5FM, VK5HG, VK7JB, efficiency, due to the correct adjustment of
Ham radio at W6 HO portable. Conducted experiments ZL2AC, ZL2CI, ZL2GN, D4BAR, D4BAU, D4BBN,
for United States Forest Service on Radiophone. At the D4BBU, D4BCC, D4BCK, D4BDR, D4BFN, pressure, etc.
present time unit tommander, unit 3 section 3, United D4BGG, D4BIU, D4BJF, D4BKK, D4BKN, D4BLI, Crystal manufacturers use various shapes
States Naval Conn mnication Reserve. President of Val' D4BMJ, D4BPJ, D4BSR, D4BUF, D4BUK, for the holder electrodes, but a series of tests
ley Radio Club. At present time operating W6FP'sV at D4CAF, D4UAG, D4UAO, FSEB, F8E0, F8EX,
horse, W6YE at F'esno State College, WÓKDS at Unit F8FC, FSGD, F8GG, F8JQ, F8KV, F8PZ, for forty meter crystal plates has shown that
Reserve Headquart ers. PBRJ, FBTP, F8TQ, F8UQ, F8VJ, F8VK, F8VP, the best size and shape of mounting elec-
F8VT, F8WB, FBXI, F3AD, CTIAA, CT1BY, trodes depends upon the curvature of the
CT1CB, CTICQ, CT1EC, CT2AP, CT2BK,
CT3AB, EA1BB, EA2AD EA2AV, EA3EG, crystal surfaces; i.e., the surface contours.
tode Transmitting Tubes will be given and con- EA3AN, EA4AV, EA4BG, EA5AF, EA5BA, Briefly, and without going into the technical
tests of many and varied kinds will be staged. EA5BE, EA7A0, EA8CGG, OK1BC, OKIGK, side of the matter, a deeply curved crystal
It seems likely that the Ralph M. Heintz $50 OK1JK, OK1WX, OK2DD, OK2HM, OK2KP,
prize for the best -operating Y, -meter transmitter OK2MA, OK2MS, OK2OP, PAOAF, PAOAZ, plate, which is not perfectly accurately ground,
will go to someone who attends the Fresno con- PAOCE, PAOCO, PAODC, PAOFX, PAOHG, will give maximum output with small elec-
vention. The new 1/5-meter tubes should enable PAOJM, PAOKT, PAOLL, PAOLR, PAOMH, trodes. A fairly flat crystal plate will give
the contestants to build the ultra-high frequency PAOPF, PAOQL, PAOQQ, PAORP, PAOSD,
rigs with comparative ease. PAOSM, PAOVB, PAOVG, PAOVK, PAOXF, best output with a large plate and light pres-
Grid modulation, 5 -meter systems, directive an- PAOXG, PAOZZ, LU1CH, LU6CR, LU6DG, sure. An accurately ground crystal plate,
tennas and new receiver circuits will be dis- HC1FG, HC1JW, HC1PZ, ON4AU, ON4BZ, evenly, but not deeply curved, will give max-
cussed, and some of the Coast's best known tech- ON4DX, ON4EN, ON4FE, ON4GU, ON4GW,
nical men will lecture at the convention. Jim ON4JB, ON4JE, ON4MAD, ON4MY, ON4PY, imum output with a plate that almost covers
Warner, radio operator on the "Southern Cross" ON4CSL, OZ3J, OZ5R, OZ7HL, OZ8D, PY2BN, the full surfaces, and will work best with
on its flight to Australia, will give a thrilling PY2BM, PY2BW, PY2BX, PY5AD, PY7IC, relatively firm pressure on the top electrode.
account of the history-making event. Jack Mc- PY7IG, U1DC, U2PZ, FM8CR, FM8DA, FM8IH,
Cullough, J. N. A. Hawkins, Frank C. Jones, SP1AR, SP1BC, SP1DC, SP1DE, HB9AQ, To sum the results of these experiments
Chas. Perrine, Jr., and a number of other well- HB9AD, HB9B, HB9J, HB9W, HB9Y, HAF3D, up, it is safe to say that the deeper the curva-
known amateurs will conduct technical sessions. HAF7A, HAF4D, I1T1bM, I1KI, LA1X, LA1Z, ture of the crystal plate surface, the greater
Prizes will be awarded for the best 5 -meter LY1J, OE1CM, 0E1ER, OE3FL, OH3NA, OH3NP, the pressure necessary for best output. This
stations. Other -rrizes will be awarded to those OH50D, SU1EC, SU1EG, SU1SG, SU6HL,
who present the best stunts. YR5AA, VQ4CRL, VQ4KTA, LU8DJ, LU2CA, data applies to the X -cut crystals only, as
Convention headquarters will be at the Hotel OA4B, G2AV, G2BG, G2BH, G2B0, G2BQ, G2BS, these are almost invariably used for high -
Fresno. The cos, of convention tickets is $3.00. G2BY, G2DC, G2DI, G2DL, G2DV, G2DK, G2GF, frequency work.
Reservations should be made now, through Mr. G2HF, G2HD, G2KM, G2LA, G2LC, G2MA,
C. L. Kirkpatrick, W6DWE, Box 739, Fresno, G2MC, G2ML, G2MR, G2NH, G20A, G20I, G2PN, With regard to the X -cut 20 -meter crystal
California. G2Q0, G2RF, G2SD, G2VX, G2WA, G2XS, G2ZJ, plates it appears that the smaller electrodes
G2ZP, G2ZQ, G5BJ, G5BY, G5CV, G5FV, G5GQ, have an advantage. In fact, 20 -meter crystal
G5IZ, G5JU, G5MA, G5ML, G5MR, G5NF, G5NI,
G5NJ, G5PH, G5QA, G5QY, G5RZ, G5SR, G5UC, plates frequently refuse to oscillate with
CALLS HEARD G5UY, G5VB, G5VQ, G5WB, G5WR, G5WY,
G5XB, G5XT, G5YH, G5YJ, G5YV, G6AC, G6BX,
G6CL, G6CJ, G6CT, G6CW, G6DL, G6GS,
electrodes larger than 3/8 inch square. The
position of the electrodes on the crystal plate,
and the applied pressure, also have consider-
At W I CN U, Stamford, Connecticut G6GV, G6HP, G6IR, G6IZ, G6LI, G6LK, G6LM,
G6ML, G6MY, G6NJ, G60S, G6PY, G6QB, G6QC, able effect upon the strength of oscillation.
JULY 15 TO AUGUST 15-20 METERS G6QQ, G6QX, G6QY, G6RB, G6RL, G6RV, G6TT,
The correct mounting for high frequency
G's Heard on CW: G2DC. G2DI, G2DL, G2KB, G6UF, G6US, G6VK, G6VP, G6WY, G6XL,
G2KM, G2KY, G2LA, G2MA, G2MY, G2NM, G6XQ, G6XS, G6ZR, G6ZU. crystal plates would, in the writer's opinion,
G20D, G2RF, GöWQ, G2XU, G27.J, G2ZJ, G5BD, Fones have a large bottom electrode, a means for
G5FV, G5HC, GSJU, G5KT, G5KU, G5LC, G5MA, G2GF, G2SD, G5BY, G5CV, G5ML, G6DL, varying the applied pressure, and a system for
G5NF, G5NI, GSPL, G5QY, G5SH, G5SR, G5UF, G6LI, G6PY, G6RL, F8VP, CT1BY, ON4AU,
G5US, G5WP, GSWY, G5XB, G5YH, G5YV, G6CJ, ON4BZ, PAOXF, EA1AM, EA3AN, HB9B, substituting various top electrodes, each with
G6CL, G6HB, G6IR, G6IZ, G6JG, G6KI, G6LM, HC1FG I1UL, LU8DR, LA1G, OA4B. a different surface area.

-÷
RADIO FOR OCTOBER 19
 Analysis of the New Silver 5C Super
IT IS not at all difficult today to build ama- In order to meet these general fundamen- involve at least three watts undistorted out-
teur transmitters that will lay down good tal requirements many corollary requirements put for loud speaker volume without distor-
signals half way 'round the globe, and must be met. tion. It can be had from a well designed two-
many thousands of such are in daily opera- If requirement (a) of sensitivity is to be stage audio amplifier with pentode output
tion. The amateurs are, however, badly han- satisfied in an all -wave superheterodyne, a stage, not skimped on transformer size or
dicapped by receivers unable to render per- first detector and oscillator of high gain will available voltage.
fectly good signals readable at considerable be needed, at least two IF stages, second de- Requirement (g) of low inherent noise, is
distances under the variety of conditions tector, automatic volume control to minimize most stringent. Noise inherent in a receiver
under which they may be operated. fading of weak stations, and two audio design may originate in a number of ways,
The majority of amateur receivers in use stages. but assuming competent design and high
today are the good old one RF stage regen- In meeting the selectivity requirement (b)
erative detector, and one or two audio stages. two problems must be considered. Adjacent quality tubes and parts, it may be localized.
These receivers are adequately sensitive, but telephone channel selectivity will necessitate The frequency conversion effected by the first
provide signal selectivity which is almost at least six tuned IF circuits as had in two detector and oscillator will always produce
purely a function of ear discrimination to IF stages. Obviously a single IF stage with some tube hiss which can be minimized by
beat notes of varying audio pitches, and its four tuned circuits, as now popular in operating these circuits at as high a signal
their noise rejectivity is almost nil. some commercial receivers, will be insuffi- level as possible. This can be effected on
Because of these facts the superheterodyne cient for absolute 10 KC telephone selec- weak signals only by the use of a single
tivity. The second selectivity problem (d) is tuned RF stage preceding the first detector

FIG. 2 (left): Inside the

SC shows a neatness and
symmetry of layout.

FIG. 3 (right): The under-

side of the chassis is busi-
ness -like.

is daily
4
growing in favor. One such super
that of image, or repeat spot, interference.
Initially this requires a high intermediate
frequency in order to render the image re-
which will not only eliminate image inter
ference as previously indicated, but from
which sufficient amplification can be ob-
which has proven popular in amateur and jection as simple as possible for the input tained to allow frequency conversion to oc-
commercial circles, and has now been rede- circuits. In addition, with any logical choice cur, even on very weak signals, at a level suf-
signed and improved for 1935 operating of IF between 450 and 500 KC, 465 KC be- ficiently high to swamp oscillator hiss. With
conditions, is described herewith. It is the ing the best average, a tuned RF stage will this done, the remaining noise will be en-
McMurdo Silver 5C. have to be used on short waves for image tirely a function of overall gain, showing up
Before considering this new receiver, it is rejection, and it will also be necessary to thermal agitation noise in input circuit and
well to review the essential specifications insure a good signal to noise ratio. in input tube. This is the final limitation of
which must be met in the design of a good
The requirement (c) of 50 cycle CW tele- usable gain or sensitivity in a radio receiver.
high frequency receiver. The initial require-
ments in undertaking such a design are ex-
tremely rigid. No single pointl may be
graph selectivity necessitates either IF re- The answer is to strive for a sensitivity of
between 1/2 and 1t/, microvolts absolute -
more than this results only in excessive noise
with no gain in signal pickup, while less
neglected if a satisfactory receiver is to re- than this loses signals that could be copied
sult. They summarize substantially as follows: under favorable local noise conditions. The
(a) Sufficient sensitivity to insure reach- question arises that if one RF stage is a help,
ing the lowest possible residential noise why not use two? Assuming good coil and
level, which means about 1.0 microvolt. tuned circuit design, one RF stage satisfies
(b) Absolute selectivity, for the ability to the requirements of image selectivity and
select one telephone station channel at a time noise.
without interference. Requirement (h) of full coverage is vitally
(c) Absolute 50 cycle crystal selectivity important. Full coverage includes all frequen-
for CW code reception, with ability to shift cies from 1500 KC to about 23,000 KC, the
the crystal circuit elimination notch to in- FIG. I -The new Silver 5C receiver.
limits of the American amateur, commercial
sure this absolute 50 cycle selectivity. and broadcast bands at which a superhetero-
(d) An order of image selectivity adequate generation, which is not adequately helpful dyne may advantageously be used, including-
to eliminate interference from signals the for noise rejection, or preferably a crystal all services such as police, amateur, airport,
image frequency (2 x IF) away from desired filter. This crystal filter must be arranged so ship, telephone and broadcast -three bands
signals. its "elimination notch" is available for re- are needed for this full coverage.
(e) Fidelity for telephone reception flat jection of unwanted carriers within a hetero- Band spread tuning (i) as an absolute ne-
to cover the fundamental musical range of dyning frequency difference of the wanted cessity on any full -coverage high -frequency
30 to 4000 cycles, or flat to 4 to 6 db. ovei signal. It must be so arranged that no no- receiver. It can be provided in a number of
this range. ticeable loss of sensitivity or volume results ways, that of separate low capacity tuning
(f) Sufficient undistorted power output to when it is in use. capacities shunting the necessarily fairly-
give ample headphone or loud speaker vol- The requirement of good audio fidelity for large main tuning condensers. This method
ume without overloading the audio system. telephone reception (e) necessitates good is simple and cheap, and hence most desir-
(g) Lowest possible inherent noise level audio design and compensation for RF -IF able. An ideal arrangement is that shown
in order not to vitiate the necessarily high
sensitivity.
side band cutting. It will also necessitate a
diode rather than a three -element triode,
herewith -a single calibrated airplane type
dial with two pointers actuated by a single
(h) Full coverage of the entire wave range second detector for elimination of second de- push -pull tuning knob operating on two sep-
of 1500 to 23,000 kilocycles. tector distortion. The audio amplifier should arate gang tuning condensers through a posi-
(i) Ample bandspread for easy. depend- consist of two high gain audio stages, pref- tive cone clutch with smooth, easy, automatic
able tuning over amateur and commercial erably a triode first stage and a high gain take -up belt drive. The degree of band
bands, coupled with "reset" dependability pentode output stage. The output, insulated spread desired is a matter of the service to
that assures ability to permanently log and from DC must be quickly available for head- be effected. In the 5C receiver, it may be ad-
calibrate receiver. phone or loud spekaer operation. justed to suit individual needs by simply re-
(j) Ease of operation and dependability. Good power output, requirement (f) will moving rotor plates from the band spread

20 RADIO FOR OCTOBER

tuning condensers. It is initially set at slight- '58 IF amplifiers, '55 diode second detector, diode second detector, diode AVC and triode
ly over 100 degrees for the 160 -meter ama- diode automatic volume control and Class A first audio tube, '58 electron coupled audio
teur band. triode first audio stage, two 2A5 pentodes, beat oscillator tube, beat oscillator coil and
Requirement (j) of ease of operation and final audio stage, and one '80 rectifier. condenser-assembly in shield similar to that
dependability covers much territory. In terms The completed receiver is illustrated with used for IF transformers, 2A5 Class A pen-
of controls, it necessitates as many, but no its dynamic speaker in Figures 1, 2 and 3, tode power output amplifier, '80 rectifier
more than all those necessary of obtain max-
imum possible results at all times. There I
should be one single tuning control, with, of
course, a calib -ated dial, having smooth, pos-
itive and easy adjustment and with easily
readable main and band spread tuning ratios.
Both actual tuning ratios should be between
8:1 and 10:1 for simple, easy finding and
ability to tune for proper tone quality of
short wave telephone or broadcast stations.
These two ratios are essential if best re-
sults are to be had easily, the second (band
spread) ratio being essentially band spread
tuning -fine enough to be easily operated
with the actual 50 cycle crystal selectivity s
available. A volume control should be pro-
vided, and a tone control to meet individual
tone tastes and for noise reduction, and, of
course, a solio, substantial and trouble -free
wave -chaneg switch. In addition to this, an oopono 1
audio beat osc llator is essential for CW re- P0710.4 OF

ception. A choice of manual and automatic 0

C
volume control is essential, necessitating a ß,o

separate IF sensitivity control (manual vol- Tc,,

ume control) and audio ((AVC) volume FIGURE 4. Circuit diagram of the Silver 5C receiver.
control. A crystal switch, crystal phasing con-
trol and audio beat oscillator pitch control
are necessary (these last two are also "elimi- while its circuit diagram appears in Figure 4. tube, and at the left front the power trans-
nation notch" controls). A send -receive At the center of the chassis is seen the three - former.
switch to prevent receiver blocking and gang tuning condenser with its calibrated The controls are, upper left, down and to
paralysis is vital for use in the transmitting airplane dial which tunes the '58 screen grid right: Beat oscillator pitch tone control;
station. tuned RF stage, and the 2A7 first detector -elec- noiseless, tapered volume control and on -off
Upon reviewing these general require- tron coupled oscillator circuits. At its right switch, headphone jack, tone control and
ments, we find that a high -quality high -fre- from front to rear, are the polished alumi- manual AVC switch; lower center, three -po-
quency radio must have the following tube num shields housing the '58 RF amplifier sition wave change switch, below it the beat
and circuit fun:tions: and 2A7 first detector -electron coupled os- oscillator toggle switch, sensitivity or man-
1. Tuned RF stage on all bands.
cillator tubes, while just to the right of these ual volume control, send -receive toggle
2. First detector and oscillator, prefer-
tube shields is the crystal circuit, and crystal switch, crystal switch, and, upper right, crys-
ably in a single tube of high conversion holder. From right front to left rear, the tal phasing control. Immediately below the
gain and good frequnecy stability such as shields and tubes are: First IF transformer, airplane "watch dial" is its tuning knob,
the 2A7 or EA7 electron coupled oscillator - '58 first IF amplifier, second IF transformer, pushed in for main tuning, pulled out for
first detector second '58 IF tube, third IF transformer, '55 band spread. The airplane dial has a large
180- degree scale, giving excellent dial spread
3. Two IF stages for adequate adjacent
channel selectivity, operating at 465 KC to 20
,,10
W

insure complete image rejection in con- Z 11111

1111 ÌÌ1Ì
11
junction with the tuned RF stage. Neces- 01 WO ,s
sarily air turfed to insure permanent reten-
tion of initial. alignment, sensitivity and se-
ó
2m
I -1II
1111
1111 I
1

lectivity and dial calibration. f

SW
vo -w
5

ÌIÌÌ I i'
4. High e jiciency crystal circuit for 50 O 11111111111111111111 LI -13
11111 11 11
1500 5000 85 00 000 500 10000 22500 0 20
cvcle'CW telegraph selectivity with variable RILOCYCLES .60 60 00 ROO 400 600 1000 3000 soon
FREQUENCY
elimination notch. FIG. 5
IN CYCLES PER SECOND
FIG. 7
5. Automctic volume control of extend-
FIGURE 5. Sensitivity as measured on a typical
ed range to effectivelÿ minimize effects of 5C receiver. The saw- toothed effect of this curve is FIGURE 7. Fidelity antenna to speaker as
fading on weak and strong signals alike. due to the fact that it is really three curves shown measured on a 5C with crystal out. The rising high
on one sheet indicating the sensitivity of the three frequency characteristic of the speaker compensates
Optional manual volume control for tele- separate bands of the receiver. The 3:1 variation for the 6 db. drop of 4,000 cycles, which, however,
graph reception at the turn of a switch. observed in each range is due to the variation in LC is of no consequence on speech reception, being
6. Audio eat oscillator for CW recep- ratio over the ranges. The absence of absorption rather an academic consideration of high quality
humps, due to deleterious natural periods of adja- broadcast receiver design.
tion. cent coils is absent in this receiver.
7. Diode second detector for minimum
distortion and adequate output. 11111 11i11111i111
8. First atdio stage for voltage amplifi-
cation and gc.in to precede output stage.
9. Class A (preferably pentode) audio
10,000 Y,0

o
-- --
ÌÌÌi
__11°l
MIR
l
'
ele
::
ÌÌ
100
power output stage, developing 3 watts un-
distorted output, insulated against DC for o
á
wi:'r'iiiii
Mm111 i111 i111ill111
headphone and loud speaker operation. o
o ,

iGriii IiC11i iiiilli :ii

5

10. Debendable, trouble -free power sup-

ply turning out adequate power for opera- ° 3° r411i11iE111111111111
tion of the entire receiver without undue lo 10 100 1000 Op00 100,000 ,000000
heating or strain on its components. O MICROVOLTS INPUT AT 30% 4000., MODULATION

I I. Large enough loud speaker to insure

FIG.8
good fidelity over fundamental musical 20 ,10 0 10 ZO
FIGURE 8. This curve indicates the automatic
range and good electric -to -sound conversion Kr, OFF RESONANCE
volume control action of the receiver, showing how
the output rises constantly with increasing signal
efficiency in order not to waste in conver- FIG. 6 input up to 100 microvolts and then levels off to the
sion audio power previously developed. FIGURE 6. Selectivity as measured at 6000 kc. maximum output of three watts. For all practical
This shows the selectivity without crystal at its purposes, as can be seen from the relative incre-
To leave much unsaid in order to conserve worst since the adjacent channel contribution of ments at the left, the volume may be said to be held
space, a receiver to embody all of the above input tuned circuits is negligible at this frequency constant for all signals of 20 microvolts or stronger
important features will need eight tubes, and the selectivity is essentially that of the i.f. am- since the ear will not accurately discriminate be-
plifier alone, as in all short wave superheterodynes. tween signals of .6 of a watt and 3 watts, as is best
which may be '58 tuned RF stage, 2A7 elec- The switching in of crystal will narrow this curve indicated by the sound sensation graduations at the
tron coupled os:illator and first detector, two to 50 cycles. left of the curve.

RADIO FOR OCTOBER 21

 A Five -Meter Transceiver
TUNING CONTROLS (Continued from page 16)
the tubes performing their dual functions
just as efficiently as if the receiver and trans-
mitter were separate units.
New Airplane Types Two binding posts are provided on the
top of the case for antenna or feeder con-
nections. Best results were obtained with a
quarter -wave antenna, consisting of a four -
foot length of aluminum tubing, fitted at one
end with a threaded brass insert that screws
directly to one of the stand -off insulators. An
eight -foot, half -wave antenna has also been
found good. The four -foot tube is convenient
Remote Control
because it is shorter. It is especially valuable
No. 121 No. 125 No. 123 No 124 No. 108
when used on a car in motion, because it
whips around less.
Above represents a few of our line of 30 styles of newest Airplane Type For power supply, dry batteries are used
throughout. Two standard No. 6 dry cells
Controls, in addition to our complete line of conventional type controls, light the filaments. Three 45 -volt B batteries
Escutcheons, Name Plates, Cabinets and other Specialties. energize the plates. A 71/7 -volt C battery fur-
nishes bias for V2. A separate 41/, -volt C
SEND FOR CATALOG NO. 55, JUST ISSUED battery is used for microphone current, one
of the switch sections opening this circuit
Export orders receive special attention -Cable Address CROWNAME CHICAGO when the transceiver is in the receive posi-
"Crowe Dials Make Tuning Easy" tion. A single set of batteries withstood two
months of experimental service, and still
seem to be all right.
CROWE NAME PLATE & MFG. CO. As for actual results, the five -meter band
1755 GRACE STREET Established 35 fears CHICAGO, ILL., U. S. A.
is full of surprises, the right kind of sur-
prises. Although these waves are supposed
Pacific Coast Representative, W. BERT KNIGHT, INC. to be of the quasi- optical type, and a re-
ceiver and a transmitter must be practically
within sight of each other for communica-
tion, the writer has worked more than ten
I. S. COHEN, Ltd. miles "blind" between 100 Sixth avenue,
LENZ OCTOBER SPECIALS!
New York, and some of the outlying sec-
tions of the city. Some of the contacts were
MICROFHONE CABLES Type FI000 Heavy Duty Power Transformer
2000 VOLTS C.T.
made with stations apparently blanketed by
steel buildings. In fact, one OSO was accom-
Properly constructed Microphone Cables are essential
for good reproduction of voice and sound. Only the
best of materials are used in LENZ Microphone Cables,
and are constructed so as to be electrically perfect,
1500 VOLTS C.T.
1000 VOLTS C.T.
300 Mills $5.50 plished with this transceiver on the fifth
floor of a 17 -story steel building, and the
other station about three miles uptown! One
eliminating all man made interference and "Hums." Type FI001 Heavy Duty Power Transformer
Perfect for Short Wave transmission. 1600 VOLTS C.T. of the beautiful features about a transceiver

Made in
These Two
SOU VOLTS C.T.
300 Mills 3.5
The above transformers arc made by one of world's
like this is that you can pick it up and move
on, if one location isn't so good, and if an-
other looks better.
Styles:

Shielded Rubber 8 mfd. Electrolytic Condenser

Inverted -Metal Cased
29c
largest Transformer Manufacturers
The owner of a car can spend whole
months running around with this transceiver.
A favorite trick of five -meter operators is
Covered
Zepp Feeder Spreaders
Flecthiem Filter Condenser
4e to look up the address of lime five-meter
ham, drive around the corner from him and
then "OSO him" over the air. The strength

Shielded Cotton Braid Overall

2 mfd. 1000 Volts
1 98 of the received signals is not always an in-
dication of the transmitter's location. During
JOBBERS -Fall sport season
Cable -Check your stuck of LENZ.
log of complete line.
demands Microphone
Send for a cata-
866 Rectifier Tubes
$1.85 one test made from the roof of 100' Sixth
avenue view shown in an accompanying
photo), the writer worked W2CTF in Forest
West Coast Representative: Hills, L. I., a distance of about six miles
FRANK A. EMMET airline. W2CTF was completely out of sight,
741 S. Burnside Ave., Los Angeles, Calif. vet his signals on this transceiver could be
heard plainly fifty feet from the phones; This
LENZ ELECTRIC MFG. CO. SAN FRANCISCO
20% required on all mail orders
is no fiction story; witnesses were called in
17 5 3 N. Western Avenue, Chicago
Deposit of to hear this reception, as the writer was
Please send me copy of your Catalog No. 20 afraid no one would believe him later!
Name
Address
City State_..
Parts List for the Lafayette LAFAYETTE 5 METER
/
Transceiver TRANSCEIVER
C1 -15 mmf. midget. c,
FREQUENCY MEASURING SERVICE C2 -.002 mfd. mica.
AIL ,011.

For all discriminating amateurs and commercial stations C3 -.002 mfd. mica
within range of our receivers. We use highest precision C4- .00025 mfd. mica.
laboratory apparatus. Know where you are-don't guess C5 -.004 mfd. mica.
any longer at your frequency. C6- .00005 mfd. mica.
R1 -1 megohm.
Precision Crystals and Heater Ovens R2- 5000 ohms. R:
T,
Commercial stations and amateurs will be interested in our R3- 200,000 ohms. o
L

precision crystals and frequency control apparatus. Write R4 -1.5 ohms. o

for details and prices. Ll -Tank coil as described. e

COMMERCIAL RADIO EQUIPMENT CO.

Tl-primary
Special Lafayette double 0
transformer. o
Agents for Render Broadcast and PA Apparatus T2, T3 -Class C AF trans-
BOX 7022 KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI formers.
V1, V3-Type 19 tubes.
V2 -Type 30 tube.
$1brings you the next four issues
of "RADIO "-
Subscribe NOW. C-4,Sv C-l.Sr
b ®
B A
1-T-1
-B- C

22 RADIO FOR OCTOBER

 Decibels- Technique and
Practical Application
By BERNARD EPHRAIM, E.E.*
IN TWO PARTS -PART I

THIS discourse aims to give the man with equating to 10 decibels the output power will a number wholly a decimal, the characteristic
limited mathematical training the abil- always be one -tenth of the input power. is negative and is numerically one greater

-
ity to make use of the decibel as he needs Mathematically, the power ratio for 1 decibel than the number of ciphers immediately fol-
it in his work. To this end the explanations may be expressed as lowing the decimal point. Notice (e) and
are detailed and complete. The exposition Pi (f) in the above examples.
avoids involved mathematical terms and = 10.1 (1) Finding a Logarithm
phrases whenever possible. No extra books, P.
tables or reference data are needed; nor need Where Pz is the power input; Pa, the power TO find a common logarithm of any num-
one be very familiar with logarithms or the output. The number of decibels really repre- ber simply proceed as directed here-
tiresome study of algebra, because all of the sents a power gain or loss depending upon with: Suppose the number to be 5576.
mathematics necessary for a thorough under- whether the relation PIP, is greater or less First, determine the number of figures there
standing of th s discussion is supplemented than 1. are to be in the characteristic. An inspection
in the subsequent paragraphs. Expressions for various power ratios are will show that this number will be 3. This
Evolution of the Decibel now commonly employed in communication figure is placed to the LEFT of a decimal
engineering at audio and at radio frequen- point. The mantissa is now found by referring
FEW years ago it was customary to to the logarithm table in Fig. 1. Proceed by
A measure the transmission loss or gain
in an audio -frequency system (tele-
phone line) by a measurement known as the
cies. To express a ratio between any two
amounts of power, it is convenient to use
units on a logarithmic scale based on the
Briggs System of logarithms. This system
selecting the first two numbers which are 55,
then glance down the N column until com-
ing to these figures, advance to the right until
"standard cable mile." This reference rep- coming in line with the column headed 7, the
resented the lcss due to one mile of open is now in general use for all practical pur-
poses. A logarithmic scale facilitates making number will be 745. (Note that the column
wire old -type No. 19 gauge cable when con- headed 7 corresponds to the third figure in
nected to a spe:ial reference circuit arranged conversions in positive or negative directions
between the number of decibels and the cor- the number 5576.) Place the mantissa 745
for making transmission measurements. The to the RIGHT of the decimal point making
"standard cable mile" was actually an artifi- responding power, voltage and current ratios.
the number now read 3.745. This is the
cial cable of certain resistance and capacity The Logarithmic Table logarithm of 5576. IMPORTANT: Do not
designed to either increase or decrease the consider the last figure, 6, in the number 5576
number of standard mile units while making ATABLE of logarithms is presented in when looking for the mantissa; in fact, dis-
a test. The survey consisted of making com- Fig. 1. This table does not differ es- regard all figures beyond the first three when
parisons of the volume of sound received sentially from any other similar table determining the mantissa, however, be doubly
over a given number of miles. This gave a except that here no proportional parts are sure to include ALL figures when ascertaining
rough indication to the transmission loss or given and the figures are stated to only three the magnitude of the characteristic.
gain. While the "standard cable mile" served decimal places; this arrangement has been Practical applications applying the logar-
its purpose it hid a number of disadvantages. found to be satisfactory for all practical pur- ithm to decibels will follow. Other methods
Of the most important were, first, that the poses. A complete exposition on logarithms using the logarithm will be discussed as the
attenuation constant varied for different fre- is without the scope of this paper, however, subject develops.
quencies; second, that the transmission meas- the very essentials together with the prac-
urements could only be made at only one fre- tical use of the tables and their application Three Place Logarithms
quency and ye maintain any great amount to decibels is given herewith. Thus, a per- N 0 2 4
3 5 6 7 8 9
son need not be concerned with the study of
1

of accuracy; and third, the unit was largely 00 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
meaningless unless the frequency attenuation logarithms other than their direct employ- 10 000 004 008 012 017 021 025 029 033 037
constant was computed and measured at the ment to decibels; this salient point completely 041 045 049 053 056
II 060 064 068 071 075
same time the standard measurements were simplifies more than half of the mathematical 12 079 082 086 089 093 096 100 103 107 110
being carried out. pre- requisites needed for this discussion. 13 113 117 120 123 127 130 133 136 139 143
For a long tine the "standard cable mile" The logarithm of a number usually con- 14 146 149 152 155 158 161 164 167 170 173
was used as a measurement until some better sists of two parts: a whole number, called the 15 176 179 181 184 187 190 193 195 198 201
method was finally adopted. This led to the characteristic, and a decimal called the man- 16 204 206 209 212 214 217 220 222 225 227
dropping of the old standard and substitut- tissa. The characteristic is the integral por- 17 230 233 235 238 240 243 245 248 250 252
ing in its stead an arbitrarily selected unit. tion to the left of the decimal point (see IB 255 257 260 262 264 267 269 271 274 276
This new unit called the DECIBEL (ab- examples below), and the mantissa is the 19 278 281 283 285 287 290 292294 296 298
breviated DB), has many of the character- value placed to the right. The mantissa is 20 301 303 305 307 309 311 313316 318 320
istics of the old "standard cable mile ", but all that appears in any table of logarithms. 21 322 324 326 328 330 332 334336 338 340
fortunately has none of its disadvantages. In the logarithm the mantissa is independent 22 342 344 346 348 350 352 354356 358 359
The greatest difference between the old meas- of the position of the decimal point, while 23 363 365 367
361 368 371 372374 376 378
uring unit and the new décibel is, that in the on the contrary the characteristic is depend- 24 380 382 383 385 387 389 390392 394 396
latter, the attenuation characteristic does not ent only on the position of the number with 25 397 399 401 403 404 406 408409 411 413
change at any or at all frequencies, while in relation to the decimal point. Thus in the 26 415 416 418 420 421 423 424426 428 429
the former, each frequency had a different at- following examples: 27 431 433 434 436 437 439 440442 444 445
tenuation constant. The decibel always rep- Number Logarithm
resents a fixed percentage increase or decrease
in power no matter what frequency is in-
(a)
(b)
4021.
402.1
-- 3.604
2.604
28
29
447 448 450 451
462 463 465 466
453
468
454 456457
469 471 472
459
474
460
475

volved.
The decibel unit used in radio engineering,
(c)
(d)
40.21
4.021
- 1.604
= 0.604
30
31
477 478 480 481
491 492 494 495
482
496
484 485 487
498 499 501
488
502
490
503

and now virtually universal in all power and

energy measurements, is actually a unit of
(e)
(f)
.4021 - -1.604
.04021 = -2.604
32
33
34
505 506 507 509
518 519 521 522
531 532 534 535
510
523
536
511 513 514
525 526 527
537 539 540
515
528
541
517
530
542
amplification expressed as the common log- It will be seen that the characteristic is 35 544 545 546 547 549 550 551 552 553 555
arithm of a power or energy ratio. One equal, algebraically, to the number of places 36 556 557 558 559 561 562 563 564 565 567
decibel is 1/10 of a bel. One bel or 10 minus one, which the first significant figure 37 568 569 570 571 572 574 575 576 577 578
decibels indicates an amplification by 10, the of the number occupied to the left of the deci- 38 579 580 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 599
common logarithm of 10 being 1. Similarly, mal point. In (a) the characteristic is 3; in 39 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 601
2 bels or 20 decibels means amplification by
(b) 2; in (d) 0; in (e) -1; and in (f) -2. 40 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611
100; 30 decibels means amplification by 1000 The following should be remembered: (1) 41 612 613 614 616 617 618 619 620 621 622
and so on. It s well to remember that an that for a number greater than 1, the char- 42 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632
attenuator (luster network of resistances) acteristic is one less than the number of sig- 43 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642
x c/o "RADIO". nificant figures in the number; and (2), that 44 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652

-lam --
RADIO FOR OCTOBER 23
 45 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 659 660 661 TELEPHONE the right of the decimal; -2, will occupy the
46 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 0 DB = 2.4 milliwatt at input to 600 ohm second place to the right, while a cipher fills
47 672 673 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 load the first place; -3, the third place with two
48 681 682 683 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 SOUND PICTURES ciphers filling the first and second places, and
49 690 691 692 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 0 DB = 6.0 milliwatt at input to 600 ohm so on.
50 699 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 705 706 load To multiply a minus characteristic and a
51 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 713 715 715 ACOUSTICS (Acoustic Soc. Amer., new stds.) positive mantissa by 10, each part must be
52 716 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 722 723 0 DB = i X 10 -
16 watts per sq /cm (this considered separately, multiplied by 10, and
53 724 725 725 726 727 728 729 730 730 731 is equal to 0.207 millibar sound then the products added algebraically. Thus
54 732 733 734 734 735 736 737 738 738 739 pressure.) in the following example:
N 10 X -1.9 = -1 ANSWER
0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Power to Decibels
I

Three Place Logarithms

N 0 2 4 5 6 7 8 9
IT IS sometimes customary to designate an 10 X -1. _ -10
I 3
amplifier having an output of 15 watts 10 x
55 740 741 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 747
to be 14.994 watts above the zero level
.9 = +9
56 748 749 749 750 751 752 752 753 754 755
of 6 milliwatts. This power corresponds to -1 (adding algebraically)
57 755 756 757 758 758 759 760 761 761 762
a gain of approximately 33 decibels above the
58 763 764 764 765 766 767 767 768 769 770
reference datum. Should there be a loss or Combining all the preceding mathematical
59 770 771 772 773 773 774 775 776 776 777
gain in an amplifier or in an attenuating processes the following examples demonstrate
60 778 778 779 780 781 781 782 783 783 784
network, the decibel value would be either how to apply the aforegoing technique to
61 785 786 786 787 788 788 789 790 791 791
PLUS or MINUS according to the direction decibel calculations.
62 792 793 793 794 795 795 796 797 798 798 ILLUSTRATION: An amplifier using a
of amplification or attenuation.
63 799 800 800 801 802 802 803 804 804 805 199 tube has an output of 5 milliwatts. How
The power output (watts) of any amplifier
64 806 806 807 808 809 810 810 811 811 812 much is this in decibels?
may be easily converted to decibels if the
65 813 813 814 814 815 816 816 817 818 818 input and output impedances are equal. The
66 819 820 820 822 822 823 824 824 825
SOLUTION: By Equation (2)
821
following methods explain the technique in .005
67
68
826
832
826 827
833 833
828
834
828
835
829
835
829
836
830 831 831
837 837 838
detail:
ILLUSTRATION: An amplifier using a
-= -=.83
132

Pa .006
69 338 839 840 840 841 842 842 843 843 844
2A5 tube is said to deliver an undistorted out- = -1.9 (act. -1.920)
Log .83
70 845 846 847 848 848 849 849 850 850
845
851 852 853 853 854 854 855 856 856
put of three watts. How much is this in Therefore 10 X-1.9 = -1 DECIBEL
71
72
851
857 857 858 859 859 860 860 861 861 862
decibels? (10 X -1 = -10; 10 X .9 = +9;
The formula for solving this problem is: adding the products algebraically
866 867 868 868
863 864 865 865 866
= -1)
-
73 863
74 869 869 870 871 871 872 872 873 873 874
P,
75 875 875 876 876 877 877 878 879 879 880
Ndb = 10 Log o (2) By substituting other values for those in
76 880 881 882 882 883 883 884 884 885 885 P2 the above solution, any power output BELOW
77 886 887 887 888 888 889 889 890 891 891 Where Ndb is the desired power level in 6 milliwatts or the zero reference level may
78 892 892 893 893 894 894 895 896 896 897 decibels; Pi, the output of the amplifier; and be converted to decibels.
899 899 900 900 901 902 902 P2, the reference level of 6 milliwatts. The
79 897 898 898
906 906 907 907 subnumeral, 10, affixed to the Log, indicates Determining DB Gain or Loss
80 903 903 904 904 905 905
81 908 909 909 910 910 911 911 912 912 913 that the logarithm is to be extracted from a N using amplifiers it is a prime requisite
82 913 914 914 915 915 916 917 917 918 918 table based on the exponent of a power to to know the decibel gain or loss when
83 919 919 920 920 921 921 922 922 923 923 which 10 must be raised in order to produce the input and output powers are known.
84 924 924
925 925 926 926 927 927 928 928 a number. To determine the gain or loss in DB, the fol-
SOLUTION: lowing examples are given:
-=
85 929 929
930 930 931 932 932 933 933 934
Pl
86
87
934
939
944
935
935
940
940
945
945
936 936 937
941 941 942
946 946 946
937
942
947
938 938 939
943 943 944
947 948 948
-=
Pa.006
3
500
ILLUSTRATION: An intermediate ampli-
fier is being driven by an input power of .2
watts; after amplification, the output is found
88
89 949 950
949 950 951 951 952 952 953 953 and Log 500 = 2.69 to be 6 watts. If equal impedances are
90 954 954
955 955 956 956 957 957 958 958 therefore 10 X 2.69 = 26.9 DECIBELS assumed the gain in decibels will be given
91
92
93
94
95
959 960
959
963 964 964
968 968 969
973 973 974
977 978 978
960
965
969
974
979
960 961 961
965 966 966
970 970 971
975 975 975
979 980 980
962 962 963
967 967
971 972
976 976
980 981
968
972
977
981
By substituting other values for those in the
solution, any output power may be converted
into decibels PROVIDED that the decibel
equivalent is ABOVE the zero reference level
or the power is NOT LESS than 6 milliwatts.
by the following equation:

(gain) Ndb = 10 Log

Po
Pi
- (3)
Where Ndb is the number of decibels gained;
96 982 982 983 983 984 984 985 985 985 986 A slightly different procedure must be fol- Po, the output power ; and Pi, the input power.
97 986 978 987 988 988 989 989 989 990 990 lowed to determine the decibel equivalent of SOLUTION: By Equation (3)
98
99
00
991 991 992
995 996 996
000 004 008
992
996
012
993 993 993
997 997 998
017 021 025
994 994
998 999
029 033
995
999
037
a power BELOW the 6 milliwatt reference
datum. Here, as in the illustration above, the
same formula is applied, but, involving slight Pi
-= -=
Po 12

.2
60

N 0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 mathematical modifications. Log 60 = 1.77

Power Levels To solve most all problems to which the Therefore 10 X 1.77 = 17.7 DECIBELS
solution will be given in minus DBs, a simple GAIN.
IN the design of radio devices and amplify- understanding of algebra is required. Fol- In the above illustration should there have
ing equipment the power level is taken low carefully these fundamental processes: been a loss in decibels instead of a gain, it
at six milliwatts (.006w.). This corre- To add algebraically, it is of cardinal import- would only have been necessary to invert the
sponds to the arbitrary reference level of ance to observe the plus and minus signs of power input and output ratios in the frac-
ZERO DECIBELS. All power levels above expressions. (Do not confuse these signs tion Po /Pi to Pi /Po.
the reference level are designated as PLUS with decibels.) In the succeeding illustra- ILLUSTRATION: A certain frequency was
quantities, and below as MINUS. The figure tions notice that the result was caused some- being partially attenuated during amplifica-
always being prefixed by a plus (+) or minus times by addition and other times by sub- tion which caused the power output at this
( -) sign commanding the direction in which traction. frequency to drop from 12 to 9 watts. What
the quantity is to be read. +2 -4 -4 +4 was this loss in decibels?
It is unfortunate that all reference levels -4 -2 +2 +2 A simple solution is given by the equation
of zero decibels do not represent a power of
six milliwatts; of course, this leads to con-
fusion. However, conversions are easily made
-2
a
-6
b
-2
c
+6
d
(loss) Ndb = 10 Log
Pi

Po
- (4)
from one reference level to another by simply The terms arranged in c are most often Where Ndb is the number of decibels lossed;
adding or taking away the necessary amount used in decibel calculations. Pi, the input power; Po, the output power.
of units from the scale in question; then these When a solution to a problem involving SOLUTION: By Equation (4)
values, or conversions, are compared to the logarithms will be in minus DBs, note par- Pi
six milliwatt, zero decibel level. Some power
levels used in allied engineering fields are:
ticularly that the characteristic of the logar-
ithm will be prefixed by a minus sign ( -).
-=
Po
9
-=.75
12
RADIO BROADCASTING This sign only effects the characteristic while Log .75= -1.8
0 DB = 6.0 milliwatt at input to 600 ohm the mantissa remains positive. The mantissa Therefore 10 X -1.8 = -2 DECIBEL LOSS
load always remains thus, no matter what direc- Since 12 watts correspond to approximately
N. B. C. SYSTEM tion the solution brings the decibel. A pre- 33 decibels, a loss of 2DB is therefore in the
0 DB = 12.5 milliwatt at input to 500 ohm fix -1 to a logarithm means that the first negative direction making the output level
load figure of the number will be the first place to be PLUS 31DB during amplification.
4-
24 RADIO FOR OCTOBER
Amplifier Ratings the figures have been arranged as they have Assume -Ndb to be the logarithm -38 with
been found the number will now be 375. a zero mantissa, hence, in order to make -38
POWER amplifiers used for either public Now since the characteristic is 3, there must divisible by 10 simply annex as many units
address work or for low- powered modu- be four figures to the LEFT of the decimal as is necessary from the zero mantissa and
lators are usually rated as having a cer- point; therefore, by annexing a cipher the add them to the -38 until the figure can
tain power output in watts together with a number becomes 3750; this is the number that be equally divided. An examination will
certain gain in decibels. The power output is corresponds to the logarithm 3.574. If the show it was only necessary to add two units
meant to signify the actual wattage delivered characteristic was 2 instead of 3, the number to bring -38 up to -40. CAREFULLY NOTE
to the output terminals, while that of the would be 375. If the logarithm was -3.573 that every unit borrowed from the zero man-
rated gain is the difference between the or -2.574 the anti -logs or corresponding num- tissa must be returned to it as a positive quan-
number of decibels exciting the input and the bers would be .00375 and .0375 respectively. tity multiplied by 10. Thus, the two units
number delivered to the output. An ampli- After a little experience a person can ob- borrowed to bring -38 up to -40 is returned
fier having a power output of 14 watts with tain the number corresponding to a logar- as 20, making what was a zero mantissa now
a rated .gain of 104 decibels does not mean ithm in a very few seconds. have a value of 20. The numerator -Ndb,
that there are 104 decibels delivered at the now becomes -40.20; this figure can now be
output terminals. However, it does mean Converting Decibels to Power equally divided by 10.
that the difference between the input power IT IS always convenient to be able to con- While the above discussion applies strictly
level, which is in minus decibels, to that of vert a decibel value to a power equivalent to negative values the following examples
the output power level, plus, is 104DB. Ac- in order to determine the ratio differences. will clearly show the technique to be fol-
tually, this amplifier has only an output of The formula used for converting decibels lowed for most all practical problems.
approximately 34 decibels above the zero into watts is similar in many respects to ILLUSTRATION: The output level of a
reference datum, but is capable of amplify- Equation (2), the only difference being that popular velocity ribbon microphone is rated
ing powers from a minus 70DB level. the factor Pi, corresponding to the power at -74DB.. What is this equivalent in milli-
The technical specifications or rating on level, is not known. The mathematical ex-

-
watts?

-
power amplifiers given by engineers and pression for converting decibels into power
custom -builders contain only the most meager is usually written as SOLUTION: By Equation (6)
of information. In general, the details only Pi -Ndb -74
encompass the overall gain in decibels, the Ndb = 10 Log (5) = (not divisible by 10)
power output in watts, and the value of the .006 10 10
input and output impedances. This comple- Routine,
In practice it has been found that it is too
-74 mantissa
ment is incomplete as there should have been difficult to explain the solution to the
above
included the input signal level in DB, the equation on account of the expression being
+6 60
input signal voltage, and the power output written in the reverse. However, by re-ar- (6 X 10)
level in decibels. Since none of these speci- ranging the various factors, the expression -80 60
-Ndb -80.60

-
fications are given, each may be calculated can be simplified to permit easy visualiza-
by various formula. The procedure to fol- tion, thus _ -8.6
low in computing any of these unknown val- 10 10
Ndb Antilog
ues is systematically carried out in these P = .006 X anti -log (6)
papers under random topic headings. 10
-8.6 = .00000004
Should the specifications on amplifiers had .006 X .00000004 = .000000000240 or
included only the input and output signal Where P is the desired power level; .006, the 240 MICRO- MICROWATTS
reference level in milliwatts; Ndb, the deci-
levels in decibels, it then would be necessary bels to be converted; and 10, the divisor.
In the next example 'a somewhat different
to know how much these values represented arrangement will be found from that of the
To determine the power level, P, from a
in power. The methods employed to deter- decibel equivalent simply divide the decibel
above illustration. However, while the solu-
mine power levels are not similar to those tion is substantially the same, particular at-
value by 10 and extract the anti -logarithm of
used in previous calculations. Caution should the quotient, then take the number compris-
tention must be given to the method of add-
therefore be taken in reading the following ing the anti -log and multiply it by .006; the
ing the mantissas.
explanations with particular care and atten- product gives the power level of the decibel ILLUSTRATION: A low- powered ampli-
tion being paid to the minor arithmetical value. fier has an input signal level of -17.3DB. How
operations. many milliwatts does this value represent?
ILLUSTRATION: The output power
The Anti -logarithm level in a certain low- powered amplifier was SOLUTION: By Equation (6)
said to be PLUS 27.6 decibels. How many -Ndb -17.3
TO determine a power level from some = -2.33
given decibel value, it is necessary to watts does this value represent?
10 10
invert the logarithmic process formerly SOLUTION: By Equation (6)
employed in converting power to decibels.
Here, instead of looking for the log of a
number it is now necessary to find the anti-
Ndb =
27.6
-=
2.76
10
-17
+3
-20
.
. 30
3

logarithm or number corresponding to a Anti -log 2.76 = 576 . 33

(the mantissas were added as 30 plus 3,
given logarithm. .006 X 576 = 3.456 WATTS and NOT .3 plus .30)
In deriving a number corresponding to a Another example will illustrate how the Anti -log -2.33 = .0398
logarithm it is important that these simple above operation is carried out when the .006 X .0398 = .0002388 or .24 MILLIWATTS
rules be comm tied to memory: (1) that the decibel value is NEGATIVE.
figures that form the original number from a ILLUSTRATION: A popular make of two -
corresponding logarithm depend entirely upon button microphone is said to have an output Calls Heard at Radio WI DDO
the mantissa o: the decimal part of the log; level of -40DB. Express this value in milli- CM2DO, CM2GR, CN8MP, CX2AM, D4BBN,
(2), that the characteristic only serves to in- watts. D4BGT, D4BHH, D4BNK, EA1BC, EA3BV,
dicate where to place the decimal point of EA3EG, F3BR, F3DM, F3DN, F8EC, FBFC,
the original number; and (3), that if the or- SOLUTION: By Equation (6) FBVK, F8WK, F8ZF, FM4AA, FM8BG, G2BM,
iginal number was a whole number the deci-
mal point would be placed to the extreme
right.
Ndb = -=
-40
10
-4
G2HG, G2LA, G2XU, G2ZJ, G5KU, G5ML, 0611C,
G5VB, G5VH, G5WP, G5WZ, G6YV, G6GV,
G6HB, G6VK, HAF3D, HAF3H, HAF4H, HB9AQ,
HC1FG, HC1PZ, HC2JM, H,J5ABG, H.JAW,
The procedure of finding the number cor- Anti -log -= .0001 HP1A, K5AA, K6AF, NY1AB,
LU1EP, LU2AM, LU3DE, LU3DD, LU4DJD,
NY2AB,
responding to a logarithm is explained as .006 X = .0000006 or .6 Microwatts
.0001 LU4FO, LU6DJK, LU6ER, ON4ABC, ON4DX,
follows: Suppose the number to be 3.574. IMPORTANT: In all problems dealing ON4FE, ON4GW, ON4HBP, ON4MAD, ON4RX,
with the conversion of MINUS decibels to OK1AZ, OK1JB, OK2HM, PAOSD, PAOXG,
First, search it the table under any column PAOXR, PAOZK, PAOCE, PAOPA, PY1AW,
from 0 to 9 for the numbers of the mantissa power it often happens that the decibel value PYIIF, PY1IX, PY2BX, PY2CD, PY2IB, PY9AH,
574. If the exact number cannot be found, -Ndb, is not always equally divisible by 10. TI2KF, TI2TAO, U1NP, VE4CD, VE4GQ, VE4TJ,
When this is the case, the numerator in the VE4TO, W6AWA, W6BAM, W6EBM, W6EGH,
look for the next lowest figure which is near- W6FNY, W6IQ, W6HML, W6KNF, W6LFL,
est to, but less than, the given mantissa. After factor -Ndb /10 must be made evenly divisible W7AYQ, 'W7BCE, W7BRU, W7CGR, W7DRJ,
the mantissa has been located simply glance by the denominator in order to derise the W7VY, VP2CD, VP2BX, VP4AA, VP4TC,
immediately to the left to the N index col- proper power ratio. Note that the value VP5AB, VP5CC, VP5JB, VP5PZ, VQ4CRP,
X1LB, X1AG, XOH2FJ, XZ4F.
umn and there will be read the number, 37. -Ndb is negative, hence, when dividing by On 14 MC Phone
This number comprises the first two figures 10, the negative signs must be observed and CM2QY, CM2RA, CM2SV, CM6XS, G5BY,
of the number corresponding to the anti - the quotient labeled accordingly. Always G5BJ, G5ML, 11C1FG, HI7G, H18X, K4SA,
LU1PD, LU8DR, ON4MAD (1), X1G, X1AA,
log. The thirl figure of the number will remember that from the negative quotient the TI3WD, W6CNE, W6FFN, W6KS (1), W7ARK.
appear at the head of the column in which anti -log must be extracted. All these calls were heard on the 14 MC band
the mantissa was found. In this instance the To make the numerator in the value -Ndb from August 14 to September 5. Conditions on
"20" were fair. Respectfully submitted.
number heading the column will be 5. If equally divisible by 10, proceed as follows: "Bob" Ruplenas, W1DDO.

RADIO FOR OCTOBER 25

 Radiotelephony for Beginners
By "LINEAR"
A Complete Instruction Course nevertheless be encouraged because high solved into its component frequencies and
fidelity makes an R2 phone signal intelli- their harmonics. Thus, when a modulated
PART I
gible. Thus high fidelity is a distinct ad- carrier is analyzed, it is found that the orig-
THE TRANSMISSION
from one point
of intelligence vantage in working that elusive DX, espe-
cially if the receiving operator speaks a for-
inal carrier is present, plus two groups of
sum and difference frequencies, which have
to another by means of
1 the human voice is a much more com- eign language and has difficulty in under-
standing the particular variety of English
been named the upper and lower sidebands.
These sidebands are generated in the trans-
plex process than the transmission of code you happen to speak.
signals and calls for a somewhat more tech- mitter by the familiar heterodyne process, .

nical knowledge on the part of the opera- Communication systems have two essen- which is commonly used in superheterodyne
tor. The successful operator of a Radiophone tial features, whether land lines or a radio receivers. Thus one sideband consists of
station must know a great deal about the circuit are used between the transmitting waves whose frequencies equal that of the-
transmission of CW signals in addition to and receiving points. carrier PLUS that of all the individual audio
a knowledge of the fundamentals of sound 1. A means of transferring energy from the components, and the other sideband consists
amplification and modulation. The average transmitter to the receiver. A land line of waves whose frequencies equal that of
CW transmitter can stand a reasonble amount system utilizes the flow of current the carrier MINUS all the audio components.
of mal- adjustment without seriously affecting through a conductor. A radio system In other words, the carrier and the audio
the quality or intelligibility of the received utilizes electro- magnetic waves, propa- signal were HETERODYNED together into
signal. On the other hand, a phone station gated through the ether. a group of BEAT FREQUENCIES by the de-
must be properly designed and adjusted, oth- 2. A means of "moulding" the transferred tecting action of the modulated amplifier.
erwise various forms of undesired distortion energy in accordance with the intelli- DETECTION and MODULATION mean
and interference will arise. gence conveyed. This is the modulation, much the same. In fact, the detector in the
To the layman, a phone transmitter may and the portion of the transmitted signal receiver which receives the modulated wave
seem very complicated, but all types can be which actuates the receiving device, and turns it back into an audio frequency
grouped into several components which, in whether it is a loudspeaker or telegraph wave which is applied to the loudspeaker, .

themselves, are relatively simple. sounder. repeats the heterodyne action of the radio-
The average phone transmitter can be di- In the transmission of telegraphic sig- phone transmitter and completely reverses
vided into three major components: (1) The nals over a radio circuit, the carrier is ra- the process. In the receiving detector (or
portion that generates and amplifies the diated only during the "mark" period. The audio de- modulator, as it is sometimes
radio frequency carrier wave. (2) The por- "space" is obtained and defined by an ab- called) the incoming carrier BEATS with the
tion that converts the sound waves from the sence of the carrier. On the other hand, incoming sidebands and thus the sum (or
operator's lips into electrical waves and then when telephonic communication is used on difference) frequencies between the two be-
amplifies these audio frequency waves. (3) a radio channel, the carrier remains on be- come an exact equivalent of the original
The portion of the transmitter that takes tween syllables and words. The audio signal audio frequency modulating signal, which
the amplified audio frequency voice currents periodically augments and reduces the ampli- can now actuate the loudspeaker. When a
and mixes them (modulation) with the radio tude of the carrier, but the average amplitude suppressed carrier system is used a local os-
frequency carrier waves in such a manner of the carrier remains constant. Inasmuch as cillator must be provided in the receiver in
that the power output of the phone trans- it is the VARIATION of the carrier, and not order to re- supply a carrier wave for the
mitter varies in exact accordance with the its absolute value, that conveys the useful incoming sideband (or sidebands, when both
variations in sound pressure applied to the signal, many amateurs and experimenters are used) to heterodyne with, in order that
microphone. have wondered why a transmitter could not an audio beat frequency can be obtained to
While the carrier itself has no effect on be arranged so that no carrier is radiated ex- reproduce the signal. It will be seen that the
the loud- speaker at the receiving station, cept when an audio signal is present, and local oscillator must maintain exactly the"
any variation in the carrier is detected and the carrier amplitude increased from zero to same frequency as the oscillator used at the
it is this variation which is turned back into maximum, then down to zero with each transmitter, which was modulated to pro-
sound waves by the loud speaker. Thus it is" audio impulse. Such a system would enable duce the transmitted sideband. If the fre-
seen that the variations in the carrier out- small tubes to give a tremendously high quency of the receiver oscillator drifts
put are important, not the characteristics of modulated output. It also would permit the slightly, it will not only change the pitch
the carrier itself. use of smaller modulator tubes, whose econ- of the fundamental tones in the transmitted
A study of the fundamental principles of omies are greatly to be desired. Such trans- speech, but will also shift the frequencies of
Radiotelephony will materially aid the op- mitters have been built but they have so all the overtones in such a manner that they
erator in obtaining satisfactory results. It many offsetting disadvantages that it may will no longer be integral harmonics of their
will further help him avoid most of the require some time before they are applied associated fundamental tones. The resulting
common troubles which are so often encoun- to amateur practice. Certain commercial distortion and quality impairment will ut-
tered by the newcomer in the field. telephone circuits use this type of modula- terly destroy the intelligibility of the chan-
tion, termed "Suppressed Carrier Single nel. A drift of only a few cycles is sufficient
Modulation Fundamentals Sideband," but it is not very widely used to make most speech absolutely unintelli-
IN GENERAL, all communication systems because of the difficulty in obtaining satis- gible, and it is almost impossible to maintain
utilize audio frequency waveforms. These factory speech quality. The principal reason high frequency oscillators sufficiently close
can be pure tones and square- topped for the difficulties involved in Suppressed together without extensive frequency stabil-
waves, for use in code transimssion, on Carrier systems lies in the inability to main- izing equipment.
either land lines or over radio circuits. Or tain the oscillator in the receiver in exact Let us therefore eliminate any considera-
these waveforms can be quite complex, for synchronism with the oscillator in the trans- tion of suppressed carrier modulation sys-
conveying telephonic speech directly, without mitter. tems until such time as cheap filters and
translating the intelligence conveyed into the stable oscillators are available to the amateur.
dots and dashes of the telegraphic or radio The Sideband Theory
The sideband theory quite satisfactorily
codes. The range of audio frequencies re- THERE ARE two ways of visualizing explains the interference which occurs when
quired to transmit the intelligence varies the effect of amplitude modulation on two phone stations use carrier frequencies
from a few cycles per second to 10,000 a radio frequency carrier. First, the that are close together. The carrier takes up
cycles, depending on whether telegraphic or audio frequency modulating signal alters the practically no room in the frequency spec-
high -quality telephonic speech is used. For amplitude of the carrier wave so that the trum, but each sideband contains all of the
amateur purposes, an audio frequency range envelope, or outline, of the carrier wave audio signal components so that the modu-
of from 200 to 2800 cycles per second will conforms to the audio signal applied. It is lated signal requires a frequency band twice
provide intelligibility, although fully-ngt- assumed, in this case, that the carrier wave as wide as the highest audio modulating
ural and pleasing reproduction of the trans- remains perfectly constant in frequency and frequency. If the transmitter responds to all
mitted speech requires a range of from at in average amplitude. This concept of a audio signals impressed on the microphone
least 100 cycles to 4000 cycles. True high modulated carrier is quite useful until one between 100 and 4000 cycles per second,
fidelity reproduction of speech means that starts to analyze the distribution of power then the band width extends 4000 cycles
all audio frequencies between 80 and 8000 between the carrier and the audio frequency below the carrier and 4000 cycles above the
cycles are faithfully reproduced at the re- speech components. carrier frequency. This 8000 cycle band will
ceiving point. Whereas this order of fidelity The second conception is based on the fact cause some interference to any other sta-
is all too rare in amateur practice, it should that any complex modulated wave can be re- (Continued on Page 33)

26 RADIO FOR OCTOBER

 All -Wave Receiver Circuit Tracking The next coil range might be from 3500
ALARGE number of the new superhet- By FRANK C. JONES
erodyne receivers use a stage of tuned to 9330 with a coil of 5.2 microhenrys, and
radio frequency amplification as a a CD of 38 mmfd. The corresponding oscilla-
means of improving the signal -to -noise ratio ratio and the value of inductance have to be tor range would be from 3950 to 9780. This
and to reduce image interference. This means reduced. Several values of L, Co and Cs in works out to give an L0 of 4.6 microhenrys,
three tuned circuits, one of which is detuned the oscillator will give correct tracking at Cs of .003 mfd, and Co of 39 mmfd.
by the intermediate frequency of 465 KC, Similarly the next and shortest wave coil
the high and low frequency ends of the tun- would cover from 8 MC to 21 MC with an
or some such value. For simplification of ing condenser but not in the middle portion.
tuning adjustment, these circuits should inductance of one microhenry and a total
By a series of substitutions of values the final shunt capacity CD of 39.2 mmfd. The oscil-
track so that a single dial control may be results work out with a value of Cs of
used withou: resorting to panel -controlled lator would cover the range of 8.45 to
trimmers. If a band -spread control is used, 450 uufd an oscillator inductance of 121 uh. 21.45 MC with a Lo of .95 uh. a Cs of .006
it should control all three circuits simul- and Co of 62, 18 -1- 44 uufd. and a Cc of 391/2 mmfd.
taneously, ei:her mechanically or by means Checking this
of a three -gang trimmer condenser. Unless 1 1
this is done, the image ratio will be poor f= _ = 990 KC
and the signal -to -noise ratio and sensitivity 27VLO 27-021X10-° ([360-f44]X45o1
will also suffer badly.
Tracking the detector and r.f. circuits does \ 360+44+450
not offer any great obstacles, since the coil At the other end
inductances can be made equal for each band; 1

the tuning range is the same for each circuit, f= = 1960 KC

and individual mica trimmer condensers can 27rV121 X 10 sX (450 X 62 lo-ia
be used to :ompensate for unequal circuit \450+62)X
fixed capacities. At the middle
Tracking the oscillator circuit to the other 1 1
two circuits is a different problem. The os- f det = 875 KC
cillator, for example, works at 450 KC high- 277VI-c 27r-/220X10'X(120 +30)X101'
er frequency than the other two tuned cir-
cuits and has to maintain that difference over At the middle
1
each tuning range. The range of from 15 =
to 550 meters is usually split up into four f osc = 1324
or five bands by means of a multi- section 27rß/121 X 10'([120+443x 450'\ ><113-1'
switch. This means a different set of track- \ 120 +44X450
ing calculations for each band, since the These various values of Co and CD are
tuning ratio of the oscillator to the signal which gives a value of 449 KC difference,
well within the limitations desired. The ra- easily obtained by means of individual trim-
frequency circuits is different for each band. mers on each coil circuit. The values of Cs
By the proper proportion of circuit con-
tio of oscillator to detector inductance was
.55 for the broadcast range coils. can be fixed, of the type + 3% mica con-
stants, the three tuned circuits can be made
to track within less than one -half of one per
The other coils are figured in a similar densers, and the coil inductances 'varied
cent, which is ample for coils of relatively manner. The next RF and detector coils slightly by moving an end turn or two; or
high "Q" or efficiency. should tune from about 1460 KC to 4000 KC the coils can be wound to a fixed number of
Calculation of the inductances and capac- in order to provide a slight overlap. The
oscillator coil should cover from 1910 to turns in a given winding length, and these
ities for an all wave receiver are exact, but 4450 WC or a ratio of 2.33 to 1 as against Cs values made slightly variable by means of
some of the values used in the calculations adjustable padders across fixed mica con-
2.74 to 1 for the other two circuits. The
are necessarily approximate due to the cir- densers.
cuit layout and type of switching used. The oscillator has to cover a little greater range
in proportion this time so the padder con- It should be remembered that for high
easiest system is one in which each band denser Cs would be greater. An RF and frequency oscillators, air trimmer condens-
has its own set of coils with the switching ers, and special mica condensers for Cs, are
done on the grid end of each coil. The cir- detector coil of 30 microhenrys will tune
necessary to minimize frequency drift.
cuit fixed capacities can be fairly closely ap- In some coil switching circuits, the coils
proximated, and by having individual trim- are in series instead of using individual coil
mers on every coil, very good tracking can circuits. The proper values of industance
be obtained. In one super, image ratio meas- for each section can be found by subtracting
urement at 75 meters gave a value of 4500 the other coil inductances as is done in the
and in another similar receiver which had not following example.
been tracked properly, a ratio of less than The presence of shielding and interwound
1000 to 1. FIG.7 primary circuits has not been considered ex-
In Fig. 1 is shown the usual coil and tun-
ing condenser with the circuit and tube .
shunt capaci ies Co and the oscillator series R.F. or --
padding condenser Cs. The value Co includes Signal Detector Ose.
No. of Turns
C
mfd.
Inductance
the added :rimmer condensers. THE RF Freq. Range Inductance
per coil
No. of Turns
per coil
oscillator and detector tuning condensers #30 Enam. 98. 65+ #30 E. .00045
could be a three gang 18 to 360 uufd. con- 540 -1510 190 115+
1460-4030 24.8 34t #26 DSC 18.4 27+ #26 DSC. .0012
denser without trimmers. The tube capaci- #24 at 24 t.p.i. 3.65 12t #24 at 24 t.p.i. .003
ties, primary windings, wiring and switch 3500 -9330 KC 4.2 13+
MC -21 MC 1.0 41/4f #24 at 24 t.p.i. .95 4f #24 at t.p.i. .006
capacities can be lumped up to a value of 8

30 uuf, part of which is in the coil trimmer Total 121.

condenser. This gives a minimum of 48 uuf. Total 220.
and a maximum of 390. A coil of 220 micro - All on inch Bakelite coil forms.
I

henrys inductance will tune from about 540 All trimmers are 5 to 25 mmfd.
to 1510 KC using the familiar old formula
1
f- cept as to the capacity effects involved. Since
27r-\/ LC from 1460 to 4030 KC with a minimum total
The oscillator would have to track by a capacity of 52 and a maximum of 394 uuf. the inductance of each coil would be reduced
difference of the intermediate frequency used, This allows 34 mmfd for miscellaneous ca- slightly by the presence of the shields, it
which might be 450 KC. This circuit should pacities, including trimmer, as against 30 in might be necessary to add a turn or two to
then tune from about 990 to 1960 KC, which the broadcast band. The tuning condenser the largest coils, but this would not be ne-
is a smaller -ange or ratio. The detector and minimum is still 18 uufds. cessary if all metal shields are kept at least
RF have to cover a frequency range of 2.8 to The oscillator would actually cover from 5/8 of an inch clear of all parts of each coil.
1, while the oscillator covers a range of 1.98 1910 to 4480 KC and the values work out Long leads should be avoided, especially on
to 1. To track the oscillator as nearly per- as Cs = 1200 uuf. Co = 39 and L = 23 the short wave coil leads to the switches
fectly as po>sible, both the tuning capacity microhenrys. and tuning condensers.

27
RADIO FOR OCTOBER
 Real Economy in Grid Circuit Neutralizing
Of Single -Ended R. F. Amplifiers
By J. N. A. HAWKINS
MOST amateurs have, for years, pre- capacity of the single section condenser in tank condenser, or the same voltage that
ferred plate circuit neutralization, as order to have the same effective capacity would be across a single ended condenser if
shown in Fig. 1, which was original- across the tank coil. For example, 100 uufds plate neutralization were not used. This usu-
ly invented by Hazeltine. This form of neu- per section, or a total of 200 uufds of a ally amounts to about four times :lie plate
tralization utilizes a split plate tank (wheth- given plate spacing, is required in order to voltage, in a Low -C, CW transmitter. For
er split stator condenser or split coil) to pro- equal 50 uufds of the same plate spacing in phone use the breakdown voltage would
vide the out -of -phase voltage which, when a single section circuit. Thus the split stator have to be eight to ten times the plate volt-
applied to the grid of the tube, cancels out condenser must cost at least FOUR times as age, under the same conditions of extremely
the feedback voltage which is fed back much as a single section condenser which low C. However, a phone transmitter, plate
through the grid -plate capacity of the tube would do the same job, if the necessity for modulated, should not have too -low C,
itself. If this feedback voltage is not neu- splitting the plate tank were eliminated. otherwise the linearity of the class C stage
tralized it will overwhelm the excitation The radio frequency choke in the plate will suffer.
voltage applied to the grid from the pre- voltage lead to the center of the plaie coil Let us now consider the advantages and
ceding oscillator or buffer stage and thus usually has very little work to do, but disadvantages of grid circuit neutralization,
the amplifier under consideration would os- sometimes it has much to do, as evidenced as shown in Fig. 2. Note that the split stator
cillate by itself, at a frequency determined Lc LP condenser has been transferred to the grid
largely by the industance and capacity of the circuit. This effects a real economy because
plate tank. It is this undesirable oscillation a much lower voltage is across the grid tank
that is prevented by the process known as INPUT
LINK
EOUTPUT
and the break -down rating of this condenser
neutralization. LINK
need only be about one -fourth to one -sixth
A surprisingly large number of amateurs of the rating of a similar condenser in the
have never heard of the form of grid cir- plate circuit. The RF choke used to feed the
cuit neutralization invented by Rice, and DC grid bias into the center of the grid
which utilizes a split grid tank to provide tank coil will almost never have to carry
the out -of -phase neutralizing voltage. The more than 25 to 50 mills of current, so that
circuit of this method is shown in Fig. 2. FIG. 1
Plate, or Hazeltine Neutralization. the small receiving type chokes are quite
Let us consider the relative advantages of satisfactory. The grid coil itself must stand
each method. Let us also limit ourselves to twice as much voltage across it as the grid
a modern, link -coupled stage. by the number of chokes that go up in smoke coil used with plate neutralization. Never-
Fig. 1 shows the usual method of plate when something becomes detuned or de- theless, this voltage is still quite small as
neutralization. The plate tank is split by neutralized. This choke must be husky compared to the RF voltages in the plate
grounding the rotor of the split stator tank enough to carry the total plate current. Re- circuit. Rarely will the insulation in ordi-
condenser. This method of splitting the plate ceiving type chokes are usually too small nary ceramic receiving coil forms be insuf-
tank has so many advantages over the meth- and an expensive transmitting choke must ficient to prevent breakdown. Let us again
od which by- passes the center of the tank therefore be used. consider the neutralizing condenser. Now it
coil to ground, that the split condenser Plate circuit neutralization has another is in series with the tube capacity across the
method only will be considered. important disadvantage. As shown above, grid coil. The RF voltage across this con-
The grid circuit is rather simple. A sin- the tube is connected across only half of the denser is only a fraction of what it was when
gle section tuning condenser is entirely sat- plate tank. Thus the impedance across the plate neutralization was used. In fact, the
isfactory because one end of the condenser LG LP DC plate voltage is now the highest voltage
is at ground capacity, with respect to RF, across this condenser, consequently a rating
when neutralizing in the plate circuit. The of from one -and -a-half to twice the plate
blocking condenser Cb usually has a low INPUT
LNK
LINK OUTPUT voltage will usually be sufficient to prevent
voltage across it, and thus it need not be of LINK
breakdown. By this time the reader should
an expensive type. However, some users re- be convinced that the single section plate
port a strange tendency for this condenser tank condenser will cost only about one -
to blow up, although no satisfactory expla- fourth as much as the split stator condenser
nation for this trouble has yet been given. required when plate neutralization is used.
The split plate circuit, on the other hand, FIG. 2 As a matter of fact, in some cases investi-
is rather complicated and the split stator gated, the split stator condenser cost be-
condenser is quite expensive, because it must Grid, or Rice Neutralization.
tween five and six times as much as com-
be much larger in size than a single section pared with the same breakdown voltage cost
condenser of the same overall capacity. The whole tank is four times the impedance in the single stator type, both condensers
split stator condenser also has twice as many across an equivalent single ended tank. This having the same overall effective capacity.
points of support for the stators and thus means that, for inductive coupling to the A high voltage, plate blocking condenser
must have twice as many insulators as the load, whether it be the antenna or a suc- has been added in the grid neutralized stage,
single section type. At first glance it would ceeding amplifier stage, a four-to -one step. but, strange as it may seem, more 5000 volt
appear that each of the insulators on the down must be added to whatever ratio of .006 ufd. mica condensers have "popped"
split stator condenser has only one -half of transformation would be used out of the when used as grid blocking condensers, as
the RF voltage across it as has the insulators simpler single section plate tank. E:creme shown in Fig. 1, than when used as plate
in a single section condenser, but this is not ratios of transformation reduce coupling ef- blocking condensers as shown in Fig. 2. In
the case. Note that the amplifier tube's plate ficiency, no matter what particular type of any event, even the most expensive type of
circuit is tapped across only one-half of the coupling is used, especially when coupling plate blocking condenser will not begin to
total plate tank, because the radio frequency fairly high powers, due to the corona loss use up the money saved for tuning and neu-
filament return is to the center of the tank. in the air caused by the high RF voltages tralizing condensers when grid circuit neu-
Thus there is a voltage step -up across the present across the high impedance of the tralization is used.
whole condenser and coil and the total volt- split tank. This also requires the use of Congratulations, Mr. Rice, for your cir-
age across the tank is just twice that which twice as much insulation in the tank coil cuit. You invented it many years ago, but
is across the single section tank shown in supports. only recently have we learned to properly
Fig. 2, assuming equivalent operating con- The neutralizing condenser and the grid- appreciate it.
ditions for the tube. Thus the spacing be- to-plate capacity of the tube in series act as These advantages of grid circuit neu-
tween rotor and stator plates in each section one small condenser shunted across the main tralization are of no benefit to the man who
of the split stator condenser must be the plate tuning condenser. Thus each has one - uses a push -pull amplifier because he al-
same as in the single section condenser, half of the total tank RF voltage across it. ready uses a combination of grid and plate
in spite of the fact that there are two sections And the neutralizing condenser must be in- neutralization, and split stator condensers
in series. And in addition, each side of the sulated and spaced for the same voltage should be used in both plate and grid cir-
split- stator condenser must have twice the which is across each half of the split -stator cuits.

28 RADIO FOR OCTOBER

 Ell/
1935
C -TALO G
n

N E W 4C7ì etth 10 0 WAT T

TRANSMITTER
This modern 100 Watt C.W. and Phone Transmitter will
amaze you ...
Not only is its initial cost low, but for its rated
output it is the most economical transmitter ever offered the
amateur.
It incorporates all the latest features such as the following:
1. Suppressor -grid modulation that provides 100% modulation
with a minimum of modulating equipment. 2. Crystal frequency
control -the new "Les -tet" harmonic oscillator, which with a
single 2B6 tube provides a stable crystal oscillator and is a very
efficient doubler or a neutralizer buffer stage, having more than
sufficient output to excite the 100 watt Class C Pentode Ampli-
fier. 3. An Universal antenna matching unit that permits suc-
cessful operation on practically any type antenna.
This amaz ng new 1935 Radio Catalog is the last
word . . he greatest Bargain Book of Radio ever
.
Everything is self contained. Just connect a key, a crystal
published by us or any other company. Over 50,- microphone and antenna. Plug into any 110 V. 60 cycle outlet
000 items have been assembled in this great 192 - and operate! Complete control through use of meters per-
page book to make it the outstanding book of the manently connected in circuit. Comes complete with 1 set of
Radio Indi.stry.
coils (choice of 80, 40, or 20 M. bands).
Contains our matchless SPECIALIZED SHORT
WAVE DEPARTMENT which in itself is a corn -
plete catalog listing everything the Ham, Brass - afarfetteEXCITER UNIT
pounder and Experimenter will ever need. Sets, A new harmonic type oscillator using a single '2B6 tube
Kits, Transceivers, Pre-Selectors, Converters, as serves both as crystal oscillator and buffer or doubler. Developed
that
well as other Short Wave parts and accessories. in our own laboratories. Has between 7 and 10 Watts output.
Practically every nationally known manufacturer Can be used as low power x'mitter or to excite pentode RF stages
is listed here. The complete list reads like a Who's up to 100 Watts. Plug in coils for 80, 40, 20 M. bands. Size
Who of Radio
WHOLESALE PRICES!
...
and everything is at LOWEST 19 x 8% inches. XN 13994 -Exciter Unit with 1 set
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77
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i
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7
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RAYTHEON RK24 Transceiver Tube for amateur and

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put is obtained for speaker operation if desired. XN 13997-
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Has 50% more power at 5 m. than standard $ 25
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The Lafayette "30" is similar to above except that it uses a type 30 tube as
'17."
type 30 tubes Your cost.....__..._______..___._...._....__...._._.. the oscillator for transmitting with type 33 pentode as modulator providing
R.C.A. DeFOREST No. 955 Transceiver Tube. 6.3 a strong signal that is clearly understood. Both models were developed
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(Qr. 100 Sixth Ave., Dept. P -104, New York, N. Y.

WHOLESALE RADIO SERVICE

Please send me your new FREE 1935 catalog of 192
pages.
Send me the order which I describe in attached letter.
loo sIxTH AVE. 430WPEACNTREE ST. PM. Name_......_...._...... _ .............._............... ............._.

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 less to say, radio has proven invaluable to the prize in the code contest against some well known
I. R. F. NEWS Forest Rangers and without doubt will become
far more extensive in use and a "Permanently
new necessity."
male speed burners.
W6DHV Mae Amarantes, 475 S. 11th Avenue,
San Jose, Calif., has been temporarily appointed
IRS president subject to longer term of office.
(Fofinerly I.T.K.) * * * All YL, XLYs should get in touch with W6DVH
if interested in becoming Sorority members and
The Amateur's Legion of Honor 28 MC Contest Nears Close wishing information.
REPORTS received indicate excellent 10 -meter All Sorority sisters should report each month
work at the' beginning of the contest in July to their President. The news so collected will be
with results tapering to little if any during most published either in this department or in the of-
This department adverse conditions in late August. At this writ- ficial news bulletin, "The Lightning Jerker."
is edited by the ing the contest has not yet closed and certified As soon as the IRS membership warrants, spe-
President of the reports have not yet been made by the contestants cial Sorority pins will become available to mem-
International Ra- but some indications may be given in several let- bers similar to those of ITK (And how the YLs go
dio Fraternity, J. ters received by Headquarters. Lloyd Jones
Richard Me loan for those ITK pins!).
W6DOB says: "Have heard W7AVV, W6DHZ,
(Jo) radio W6CGM- W4AJY, W6BXV, W3BWD, W6PT, W6CLH,
W6ZZGB, KERN. W6IDF, W6BOQ. Have worked W7AVV and * * *
All communica- W6CLH so far (one watt input!)" A glance at
tions concerning this list indicates some transcontinental heard New England Chapters Organizing
the International stations. Bill Ellsworth W1BZC has been on reg- W1SK, Doc Stewart, State Chief of New Hamp-
Radio Fraternity, ular 28 MC skeds 6:30 p.m. and 9:00 p.m. EDST. shire, reports an excellent reception to IRF prin-
as well as inquiries Best DX worked has been W4TZ. The following
from any amateur ciples by New England amateurs, particularly the
as to the Require-
were heard during June: W4AJX, W4BFH, old timers. Formation of five ITK Chapters are
W4EG, W4MR, W4TZ, W8HYZ, W8ICW, W9GFZ, under way at the moment with the first organ-
mente for Member - W9KEP, W9NY and W9TH. From which list we
ship, should be ad- izing at Berlin, N. H., where they call them-
dressed to I.R.F. recognize some live -wire ITK experimenters. As selves "The Old Men. of the Mountains." W1ANP,
Headquarters, International Radio Fraternity, 715 previously mentioned, this contest is for portable W1BEO. W1HTH and W1CUN in Bethlehem are
S. Hope St., Los Angeles, Calif. development, primarily, ,and a rather low power some of the men mentioned in advance reports
affair. from that sector. W1FFL and W1FGM also figure
* * * in the organization of these Chapters and about
twenty others who have thus far been pledged.
Forest Service Radio New Members Order of ITK Amateurs of New Hampshire desiring to become
IRF members should communicate at once with
W6CVL, ITK Brother up in the high Sierras, WEWELCOME these new members to the fra- W1SK State Chief at Lancaster, N. H.
gives us some first hand information on the re- W6BQP, W6DEC,
ternity as Degree men
: W1BZC Bill Ellsworth at Springfield, Mass.,
cently installed forest service radio system. Amid W6GAT W6GWX, W6KGO, W6ALO, W3KJ, is also doing excellent work. ITK men in that
the tall pines at an elevation of 4000 feet and W6HLN, W7BRG, W1CSV, W9CJJ, WSGWY, Division should contact him. An East Coast IRF
upwards Russ Hossack tells us that these forest W6ADB, W9C1C, W8EBJ, W6AKH, W6HC, general meeting is planned for the near future,
service portable fone transmitters consist of two W8GKG, W6DUW, WSDGV, W6BZU, W6EZK at which time it is expected that the IRF' Vice
types, both AC and battery powered. The calls W9APM, W4ZZQ, WSEQN, W1EER, W3BNH, President shall be nominated. W1BZC says, "I
are SP -S3, SP-84, SP -85 and M-23, M-24, M -25, W9ARE, W1FFL, W6SJ, W6BTN, W1FGM. am more than convinced that IRF has a big fu-
operating on a frequency of 3495 KC just outside ture- nothing can stop it now."
the 80 -meter ham band. The "M" stations are AC,
using 46 xtal, 46 buffer and a pair of 46e par-
* * *
alleled in the final with link coupling. The audio * * *
end consists of a balanced armature induction New Members Sorority
mike into a 59 pushing a pair of 46's class B for THE Iota Rho Sigma welcomes these well -known Central California Organizing Chapter
modulators. women radio operators to its Sorority: LED by W6BIJ Bud Hossack of Tulare and
Russ has been engaged in testing these rigs and W6DVH, W5PK, W6AET and W6HEG. W6BIL George Maxey, preliminary meetings
operates station "M -23 ". They are on the air have been held in the Chamber of Commerce for
nearly every evening between 7:30 p.m. and 9:00
p.m., P.S.T. These stations have proved out to
* * * the organization of a Central California ITK
Chapter and IRF Official Club. Plans call for
excellent advantage with consistent reports being Sorority News meetings to rotate between the principal towns,
received from all over the state of California, giving each community an opportunity to spon-
audibility R9, and with a good R7 in Colorado, W6HEG Harriet Gilbert was hostess to the Sep- sor the monthly meetings. A Chairman from
no little distance. Many of these reports are for tember meeting of the Southern California ITK each city will also be selected to carry out this
daylight reception. The rigs are operated in the Chapter at her home. Attendance was unusually action. Thus far Central California amateurs
Sequoia National Forest and W6CVL (M -23) is at good and the refreshments served by W6HEG have shown an excellent response to the IRF plan
Northfork, Calif., about 50 miles in an easterly will long be remembered. A delicious variety of and realize that here is something that will give
direction from Fresno near Bass Lake. cakes with coffee were no little responsible for them local organizations that will not go the way
Last minute news from CVL says that there the meeting extending into the wee hours of the of previous ordinary radio clubs. Many of the
are now 18 of these fone rigs in operation and morning with no let -up in enthusiasm. Other YLs sixth district's best fone stations are included
they have just received a number of 9122 -meter present were Florence Jones W6AET and a fu- in this set-up. Amateurs in this portion of the
ultra -portables that are being tested. Fair results ture IRS in the person of Marie Meloan Mrs. state should OSO by air or letter W6BIL George
up to distances of 15 miles are reported, the W6CGM. Maxey at WPDA Police Radio Station, Tulare,
mountainous terrain giving these portables some W6EK Miss Flora Card won high honors at California, for the latest news of developments
advantage over higher-frequency equipment. Need- the Santa Barbara hamfest when she took first and any information desired.
* * *
San Francisco Forming Large Chapter
UNDER the leadership of Division Chief Ron-
nie Martin W6ARD KUP, who is acting
Chairman of the San Francisco Chapter, a meet-
ing will soon be called which is expected to in-
clude 162 of the old timers in that area. Haste
has been avoided in the plans for this Chapter.
A solid foundation has been builded, upon which
a local organization will rise. Amateurs in the
Bay area who believe fraternalism is dead and
that radio club meetings are merely DX and traf-
fic contests. might well get in touch with Mr.
Martin and discover the new deal in amateur
radio.
* * *
New International Headquarters
" 1PID progress of the IRF movement has de-
"ardcd that a regular headquarters office be
established. Heretofore the executive business has
been carried on from the homes of the chief of-
ficers, tint the rate of growth of membership in-
dicates that IRF shall soon have many thousands
of members. In all parts of the world inquiries
originate as to how other nations may carry for-
ward the new deal of IRF. With 400 ITK Degree
men in the United States alone, and the new Ju-
nior Membership open to all desirable amateurs,
Left: Kenneth Isbell, Radio W6BOQ ITK plan was originated and born in the air progress has already taken on the aspects of a
lanes. Isbell had a cupi of high -power bottles, gold rush.
Secretary- Treasurer IRF powered by 2000 volts of wet "B" batteries, to be For these reasons an office in downtown Los
CUTTING his teeth on an old rock crusher back sure he got pure DC!!!! Angeles has been established as the International
in 1913 as W9AQA in Maywood, Ill., Ken- Since 1924 he has been a commercial radio op- Headquarters at 715 Hope street. All amateurs in
neth Isbell has been an active amateur ever erator and although he has been in the broad- the southwest, as well as those touring, will find
since. The first stations he owned were of the cast field most of the time has had some brasa it most convenient to drop in for a visit. You are
usual early type with slide tuners, catwhiskers pounding on an arc transmitter and on a Morse always welcome.
'n' everything, not to mention the profane use of wire. Migrating to California he became W6BOQ Within a short time these offices will be moved
fotograf plates for condensers. In about 1925 he and is now employed at KFI -KECA.
became acquainted via radio with W9BPX of The larger photo above shows Mr. R. G. Martin, to larger quarters, providing a meeting or static
East St. Louis, Ill. (Now W6CGM) and thus the San Francisco Division Chief of IRK room. Construction of an official IRF Headquar-
ters transmitter is now under way.

30 RADIO FOR OCTOBER

 Silver 5C Super
(Continued from Page 21)
for the narrow short wave bands on its large
scales, and full spread on its 0 -100 band
spread scale.
The three wave ranges of the reeeiver:
1500 to 4500 KC; 4000 to 13,000 KC; 9000
OpQA to 23,000 KC.
The low values of tuning capacity these
ranges make possible for the four important
NOW! amateur and the 31, 25 and 19 meter broad-
cast bands go far to explain the receiver's
INCA Transformers excellent sensitivity and volume on these im-
portant short wave bands. For example, it
For Your Portable! will be noted that the 31 and 25 meter broad-
Portable tra , emitter and transceiver design
cast bands (9500 KC and 11,800 KC) are
covered by both of the last two bands. Actu- Aerei Real
creates a n--. for certain audio transformers
of special des gn to reduce the audio system to
a minimum size and weight.
ally, however, the third (yellow) band will
give much better results on 31 and 25 meters relieffor
Although the have not been generally avail -
able to the mateur, INCA has been making
such units to special order of certain govern-
due to the much lower tuning capacity in
use, than will the fourth (orange) band.
The reason for the considerable overlap
rundown
ment services for some time. We find that such
transformers are in great demand by the ex-
perimentally inded and we are making avail -
able a group f units which are the result of a
between the third and fourth bands is, first,
that 23,000 KC represents the high frequency Radios !
limit of the short wave spectrum today and When the frantic parents of
great deal o actual experience in the field. tuning higher in frequency would yield few
Protection f m the weather has been attained a once- healthy radio call on
by a special double vacuum -impregnation re- more stations while setting 23.000 KC as you to revive their loved one
suiting in th entire transformer being sealed the top end of the fourth band allows the ... see that your stock of life -
against moist re by a tough varnish film while important 20 meter amateur and 19 meter
the coil is th oughly filled with audio insulat-
. giving CENTRALAB replace-
ing compoun broadcast bands to be tuned by a satisfactor- The new ment parts is in order.
Even though (most disappearingly small, these ily low value of tuning capacity to insure patented For D. R.'s* all over the
transformers ive really good quality and only maximum sensitivity on this band. No at- RADIOHM
the highest ality of materials are used in country are doing heroic work
their constru tion. Dimensions are: Width, tempt is made to take in the 10 meter band, with Centralab Radiohms,
11/2" ; Height, 11/2 "; Length, 1T/,y" (2ÿ ¿" over since it is today so uncrowded that a simple Resistors and Suppressors.
mtg. lugs) eight, 9 oz.
; regenerative receiver handles it well and Experimenters too are using
cheaply.
INCA *00 SERIES -CASE I On very short waves it is now posible to
Centralab parts for better re-
No. Deer iption List Price sults.
G -22 Single udio-One plate to one grid.. $1.50 accurately measure the gain of the RF stage, The Sturdy 5D. R.- Doctor of Radio
I -32 Single b tton microphone to grid....... 1.75 and that its gain is quite considerable-from fixed
I -33 Single utton microphone or 9000
ohm pia eto grid ............................._...-...._..._.. 2.00
-is
thirty to forty times evidenced by tuning RESISTOR
CENTRAL RADIO
L-42 Class B nput-30, 49, 37, 89, 56, 53
in a weak station and then shifting the an-
to 19, 4 , 79, 89, 46, 53._._.. -...._ 1.75 tenna lead -in from the RF stage primary to LABORATORIES
L-43 Modulati n Transformer-19, 79, or the detector primary, when a considerable Milwaukee, Wis.
53 to 35 0 or 5000 ohms. Secondary drop in signal will be noted. This RF gain is
to carry plate current of modulated
stage...._ ....................................... ............................... 1.75 very important, for it permits operation of The efficient Radio Service Man
MOTOR RADIO should 6.a member of,'"
the first detector oscillator at a high signal SUPPRESSOR l.,,am,of9Wdwsa
For the semi -p ,rtahle intended to have excellent
level in order to eliminate noise due to os-

Centralab
quality or for owpowered transmitters, our regu.
lar line of skele on transformers-with the following cillator hiss, which becomes excessive when
additions -is q ite complete: the first detector is forced to operate on a
No. Descr'ption List Price very weak signal. The additional selectivity
I -31 (600 ser es -Case I) Single button of the RF stage also eliminates "repeat
micropho e or 9000 ohm tube to
single g id
L-41 (100 ser es -
Case I) Modulation
transfor er 19. 79, 53 to 3500 or
................._..._..$2.00 spot" or image interference, when any short
wave signal can be heard at two points on
the dial -the proper point, and a second
5000 oh s. Will carry 60 ma. on
seconda side .......................- _........._..-- °........ 3.25 point twice the IF away from the proper
If your jobt r does not yet have these trans-
formers in st ck, write us direct and we will
point.
From the circuit diagram of Figure 4, it 5 -WETER
see that he i supplied. Get your copy of INCA
Bulletin L -4 rom your jobber or from-
will be noted that not only is each of the
three tuned input circuits (RF, detector and
oscillator) tuned by a separate section of
TRANSCEIVERS
Inca Mfg. Division the three -gang condenser, but each of the
As used by the
Byrd Antarctic
Phelps Dodge Copper Products total of nine indiivdual circuits (three to Expedition Il, the
each of the three bands) is individually pad-
Corp. ded or trimmed to insure accurate tracking Harvard Geodet-
LOS ANGELES, CALIF. throughout the entire tuning range of the ic Society and
set. In Figure 3, the high frequency trimmer many other well
capacities are seen close to the wave change informed Ama-
switch, just above the separate short wave teurs and Experi-
coils, where leads can be kept very short mentalists.
and direct. The three oscillator low frequency ....$18.75 .... $17.95
Micrometer Frequency Meter padding condensers are located just behind
2 -volt model
Tested tubes . 2.59
6 -volt model
Tested tubes .... 1.17
IMPROVED IN DETAIL ... the oscillator coils on the rear coil shield Type MT -5 Pickard coil for 5 meter operation... 1.50
IMPROVED IN SCOPE ... positions in Figure 3. The combination of
this total of twelve alignment trimmers (four NEW EQUIPMENT
The MPM can no be had for the short -wave broadcast
bands, to find and dentify the elusive foreign stations; for
for each wave band) insures not only the ac- 56 -MC. TRANSMITTERS -Type M0.71 with 2 -3 watts
curate tracking of all three circuits for max- output and Type 510 -45 with 8 -10 watts output. Both
the ultra- high -freq ency fields below ten meters; for the types are class B modulated and mounted on 17" black
broadcast -pickup st tion channels from 1600 to 2900 imum amplification and minimum noise, but lacquer chassis. Ideal for mobile or fixed use. Either unit
be.; for manufactor rs, universities, laboratories; in addi- the ability to maintain very accurate dial wired and tested with tubes $29.50
tion to the original model for the amateur bands. 5-10 METER RECEIVER -Type HF -3, a 3 tube non -ra-
calibration for all four bands. This calibra- diating receiver employing a stage of tuned radio frequency
Write for the ne data ose this precision fregmeter. tion accuracy is to plus or minus 1/, of one
Prices subj et to change without notice with plug -in coils to cover frequencies up to 10 meters.
per cent, or to less than 1/16 in. of error in Type RF -3 receiver with one set of coils less tubes, $23.50
dial scale reading, at worst, and represents RK -20 POWER AMPLIFIER as described in PST for
LAMPKI LABORATORIES an unusually high order of accuracy today. August, complete with two tested tubes and coils for one
band $69.50
146 West McMillan St. Cincinnati, Ohio It can be seen from Figure 4 that separate
antenna primaries are used for all bands, Write for our new High Frequency Bulletin
describing the above equipment in detail
with both ends brought out to antenna bind-
$1 brings you the next four issues Harvey Radio Laboratories
of "RADIO "-
Subscribe NOW.
ing posts. Thus a doublet antenna may be
used, or the conventional single wire an-
tenna, if preferred.
I2a Boylston St. Brookline, Mass.

RADIO FO OCTOBER
 The New 2B6 Tube
ALAN for REAL S. W. RESULTS
WITH THE INTERNATIONAL AND THE PRIZEWINNER!
(Continued from Page 13)
large with respect to Ro, but small with re-
spect to Rg in order to develop a large per-
centage of the available detector output volt-
age across the 2B6's grid to cathode.
DET 286

R3 Ro
PRIZEWINNER 50,000 8000
A.C. -D.C. S.W. (15 to 200 meters)
Completely self powered, latest type 77 -43 and 25Z5 as do
Tubes. Provision for Head Phones and Speaker.
Complete, less tubes, in rich crackle-finish cabinet. As- FIG. 6

sembled, wired, tested, ready to plug in, Resistance Coupling for "High Gain"
including four coils $12.95 Connection
Kit of RCA or Arcturus Tubes to match 3.75
ALAN INTERNATIONALE Complete Kit of parts, including 4 coils 10.55 DET
T.R.F. Circuit AC - DC Power Supply
Front Panel Plug -in Coils Write for Free Catalog and Short Wave List .02
Available for 110 v. AC. -D.C. S. W. 15 -200 meters,
R z

also 220 e. A.C. -D.C., 2 and 6 v battery operation,

four tubes 1 -6F7, 1 -78, 148, 1 25Z5. Completely
ALAN RADIO CORP.
shielded in black crackle, hinged cover, metal cabinet. 83 CORTLANDT ST. Dept. 10M N. Y. CITY .5 MF
Complete including 4 pairs of coils, 15 -200m $24.95 Save time on western shipments by buying from
Set Arcturus tubes 4.95 our Pacific Coast Branch R3
Complete Kit with Blueprints 21.25 1028 SOUTH OLIVE ST. LOS ANGELES, CALIF.
50,000

e.
FIG. 7

"SIGNAL HOP"
Beyond Your Fondest Hopes with
Heater Voltage
IT IS important to operate a cathode type
of output tube at or slightly above rated
heater voltages. Early failure of life is
often caused by low heater voltage. Fur -
PEAK Pre- Selector and Pre -Amplifier thermore, distortion increases rapidly if the
With High Gain Regenerative Feature temperature of the cathode is not hot enough
Here's the last word in Pre -amplification employing 2 tuned to supply the peak current demands. The
stages of high gain 58 type tubes. Hundreds of tests have heater supply for the 2B6 should be a full
2.5 volts. It is much better to run slightly
proved that signals of R3 to R5 audibility can be consistently above than below the rated voltage.
boosted to R9 and R9+. Besides tremendous signal gain, PEAK
gives increased sensitivity; ABSOLUTE REJECTION OF Conclusion
IMAGE OR REPEAT SPOTS; reduction of background noise 110 -120 V. A.C. 50 -60 cycle
and increased selectivity. THE principles involved in the 2B6's
Operates with ANY S.W. or All- operation have only been generalized in
change - over switch, self - con - ATTENTION this article. However, the tube's advan-
Wave receiver. Comes complete tained filament supply, etc. Every
with 3 SETS OF BUILT IN PEAK Pre -Selector sold with an The price of the PEAK tages are evident. The flexibility of the sys-
COILS (NONE TO PLUG IN) UNCONDITIONAL GUAR AN- Pre-Selector is $33 com- tem permits general adoption in improved AC
covering all frequencies with TEE of satisfaction or your radios. Other applications naturally present
money hackk after 15 days' trial. plete, less tubes. 40%
overlap from 14-200 M. Other fea- Hams and Short Wave fans don't discount is extended to themselves. The load characteristics make the
tures include airplane type dial, delay getting ALL the facts to- tube admirably suited for modulators in
smooth regeneration, automatic day! Servicemen, Amateurs,
Experimenters. Send for small transmitters. Television problems of
EASTERN RADIO SPECIALTY CO. literature. Order through power amplification over wide frequency
ranges are lessened by the use of 2B6.
Manufacturers of PEAR PRODUCTS your dealer or Mail Order REFERENCES:
East I68th Street House. (I) Proc., p. 1163, July 1932, Charles
113 Dept. New York, N. Y. F. Stromeyev.
(2) Radio Engineering. p. 12, Aug. 1933, Charles F.
Stromeyer.

CONCOURSE Youvre Got To!

Why Operate an Amateur Radio Station if
CONDENSERS You Don't Know Who You're Talking Tol

Used by Radio Men Who Know "QRA" Solves the Problem! The Most Complete Line of
Superior Products Twice a month you receive a list of all the new licenses
issued by the United States Government and Canada! It's
DRY ELECTROLYTICS
HIGH AND LOW VOLTAGES
stylish now to be up -to -date on your QRA's.
BE AN OFFICIAL QRA STATION
Wire-Wound
Made in Every Type and Size with the Reputation
for "Standing Up"
SPECIAL Offer for a Limited Time
100 OFFICIAL QSL cards and A BEAUTIFUL CER- Tubular Resistors
TIFICATE designating your station as an OFFICIAL QRA
Peewee" Paper Tubulars STATION -The whole for only $2.00
FOR RADIO REQUIREMENTS
New and Improved Construction in the Smallest $1.50
Dimensions Ever Made
Straight year's sub Non-Inductive Bleeders, Ad-
By air mail $2.75 Canadian $2.00 justables, Combinations, Fixed
WAX PAPER UNITS You've Got to Subscribe! Eventually!
Pigtails, Voltage Dividers.
ALL VOLTAGES, ALL CAPACITIES But There's No Time Like the Present
Write for Our New Free Catalog Sample copies mailed on request.
Write for Catalog
(Please state time and frequency of operation on all
Concourse Condenser Co. applications for official QRA Stations!)
387 -411 WALES AVE., NEW YORK
ATLAS RESISTOR CO.
ALLEN PUBLISHING CO. 423 Broome Street
Pioneers of Wax Paper and Dry Electrolytic
Condensers 6 SILVER PLACE WATERVILLE, MAINE New York City

32 RADIO FOR OCTOBER

 Radiotelephony
For Beginners
( . tinued from Page 26) Answering an
tions whose sidebands extend into this par-
ticular portio of whatever amateur band the
transmitter is orking in. Almost 90 per cent
of the power 'n the radiated sidebands con-
INSISTENT DEMAND
sists of the lo er frequency audio tones be-
low 1500 cycl -s per second. Thus the effec-
tive band with, as far as the interference
the NEW
is concerned, only about 3000 cycles wide.
However, do of labor under the false im-
pression that the 10 per cent above 1500
cycles per sec.nd is not important. It im-
proves the int- lligibility and naturalness of
SUPER SKYRIDER
watts
the speech tre endously, even though none
of the higher requency sounds contain much
1 Pre -selection. 6 Three
power output.
power. Built -in
Power Distri ufion in a Z speaker and 7 Tone control.
Modulated ave power pack.
IT IS QUI important to consider the
E Air tuned 8 Phone jack on
front panel.
power dist 'bution in a modulater wave
because thi power distribution is closely
3 IF'S.
related to the size of the modulator tubes
required.
4 Crystal filter 9 Continuous
band spread.
(optional).
The amplit .es of the sidebands depend
on the percentage of modulation; the high- Transmit
1
er the degree i f modulation, the greater the
sideband amp itude. It takes POWER to
5 Calibrated dial
(all ranges).
receive
switch.
modulate a w.ve. Power must be expended
in altering the amplitude of a wave. When
a carrier is 100 per cent modulated by a pure
audio tone, th- power in each of the two
and
Sensitivity less than 3 microvolts at 50 mil watts output;
sidebands equa s one -quarter of the unmod-
ulated carrier .ower output. Thus the power
11 fractional microvolt on C. W.
in both sideb.nds equals one -half of the
carrier wave a d, therefore, complete modu- 13 to 210 meters fifth band option-
al- broadcast or 10bands
plug -in coils (4
lation increase the power output of the 12 No meter ham band).
;

phone transmit er 50 per cent. If a class C

radio frequenc' amplifier is plate modulated,
the plate powe input must therefore be in- 13 Built -in FREQUENCY METER and MONITOR.
creased 50 per ent in order to get a 50 per
cent increase i output, because the plate
efficiency rema ns constant during modula- Some people will continue to swear by the TRF circuit for short wave re-
tion. This 50 er cent increase in plate in- ception. Until recent months we knew of few superheterodynes that could be
put is obtained from the modulator tubes in expectedto work satisfactorily and consistently on 20 meters and below.
the form of A i . It is superimposed on the Tube manufacturers have done wonderful things with the six volt series.
DC plate inpu in such a manner that the HALLICRAFTER engineers, under pressure from a long neglected amateur
instantaneous p ate voltage (and current) is market, have designed RF, IF and oscillator circuits that use these tubes to
alternately rais.d to twice the unmodulated
value, and then reduced to zero. In order to
swing the plate voltage of the class C am-
maximum advantage.
Thus was born the SUPER SKYRIDER -
the MODERN receiver for the
communicating amateur. Superior efficiency, sturdy construction, attractive
plifier from zer to twice normal, the mod-
ulators must al ernately supply and absorb
power. This in olves energy storage during
appearance and reasonable price distinguish it from all other amateur super-
heterodyne receivers.
You may buy it from your jobber complete with seven test -
QA + 1 ^ 95
the time the pl te voltage is below normal. ed Raytheon tubes for
This energy is toyed in the Heising choke,

the hallicrafters, inc.

or in the modu ation coupling transformer,
depending on ' hether capacitative or in-
ductive coupling is used between the modu-
lators and the odulated amplifier.
One hundred per cent modulation is ap- W. J. Halligan, President
proached only i n the extreme voice peaks.
Ordinary voice peaks should rarely be al-
lowed to modul te a phone transmitter more
*3001 Southport Avenue Chicago, U. S. A.
than about 80 par cent, and the average mod- *Our New Home
ulation during t e time that the operator is
actually speaki g will barely average 40
per cent. Howe -r, 100 per cent modulation
CAPABILITY n. essential if heterodyne in-
terference with ether stations is to be kept
150 WATT CRYSTAL MONITOR TYPE A.M.O.
at a minimum. A Radically New Cut Qartz Crystal
All plate mod lated RF amplifiers operate
as class C ampl fiers. In other words, they Which will revolutionize radio transmitters.
are biased to a least twice that value of Which has such a low temperature coefficient that ovens are obsolete.
DC grid bias w ich would reduce the plate Which will control large amounts of power without danger of fracture.
current to zero, at the particular value of
DC plate volta used. This value of grid
-
A number of these crystals were tested by a group of well known Radio Engineers,
using a 211 type 50 -watt tube in the conventional crystal oscillator circuit and were
bias is termed ' twice cut-off." Cut -off bias operated for hours at inputs up to 150 watts (voltage in excess of 1000 -V) without
depends on the amplification factor of the injury to crystal.
tube and the pl te voltage used. It is equal It is their verdict that 50 -watt crystal oscillators are entirely practical even with
such tubes as the 03 -A.
to the plate vol ge divided by the amplifi-
cation factor. T
known, or can
e plate voltage is usually
-asily be measured with a
INTRODUCTORY PRICE $5.95 and up
WRITE FOR NAME OF YOUR NEAREST MONITOR DEALER
voltmeter. The amplification factor of any
tube can be fou d either in a table of tube A PRODUCT OF MONITOR PIEZO PRODUCTS CO.
(Cont nued on Page 34) 2802 West Avenue 32 Los Angeles, Calif.

RADIO FOR OCTOBER 33

 Radiotelephony
For Beginners
(Continued from Page 83)
characteristics or can be secured from the
tube manufacturer. The grid of the tube

This must then be heavily excited by a buffer

amplifier so that the power output of the
stage will rise as the square of the plate
voltage without any "dropping off" tendency
as the instantaneous plate voltage approaches

handful
twice the normal value under modulation.
It is rather hard to define the amount of
excitation power necessary because it varies
over wide limits, depending on the particu-
lar type of tube used and the plate load im-
pedance and plate voltage. However, the

will filter
grid should be driven somewhat positive,
as indicated. by the flow of grid current, al-
though the maximum value of the DC grid
current will probably never exceed 15 to 25
per cent of the unmodulated plate current.
The required excitation power varies in-

a Kilowatt
versely with the mutual conductance of the
tube (see tube tables)). The higher the mu-
tual conductance, the less grid driving power
is required for a given output. Choose tubes
with as high a mutual conductance as pos-
sible in order to economize on driving power.
Because the plate input to the class C mod-
THE best goods still come in small packages. No longer is it necessary to use cumber- ulated amplifier increases during modula-
'some, expensive, bothersome, giant -size Filter Chokes to get Pure D.C. Here is a tion, and because the plate efficiency remains
RESONANT FILTER, something entirely new for the amateur or for anyone who uses constant, it is evident that the plate dissipa-
POWER, no matter how little or how MUCH! The RESONANT FILTER will do a better tion of the tube will increase when audio
modulation is applied. Therefore, some avail-
job of your filtering problem, do it SAFER, do it for a fraction of the cost of older methods able plate dissipation must be held in re-
of filtration. Nor is this RESONANT FILTER an experiment. It has been given the acid serve because the heat dissipation must in-
test in amateur stations. Those who have heard the signals attest to the individuality of crease up to 50 per cent for complete mod-
tone ...
tone that stands out, breaks through the QRM, puts you in the front row of DXers.
ulation.
Another reason for operating modulated
Whether you are using a watt or a kilowatt, this new RESONANT FILTER will improve your amplifier tubes below their maximum rating
transmission. It eliminates the use of one costly high -voltage filter condenser and choke. is that the peak plate voltage and the peak
The little handful is your new high -power choke. ONE 2 mfd. filter condenser is all you need. plate current are doubled during complete
modulation. Make certain that the insulation
The price is low, only $6.00, Net. and gas content of the tube allow peak plate
voltages of twice the unmodulated value to

HighVoltage be applied. The filament emission should be

sufficient to allow the normal plate current
to double on the peaks without damage to
the filament. If the filament emission is in-
Condensers
15,000 volt, 35 mmf each section. A
sufficient to allow the peak current to flow,
the desired linearity of the amplifier will
be affected, with consequent distortion. Or-
condenser for 354s and 852s at dinarily most transmitting tubes can be op-
erated at three -quarters of their maximum
HIGHEST EFFICIENCY. rated plate current for radiotelephony, with-
out damage to the filament or danger of
Only $15.00 net non -linearity. Obviously this is based on the
assumption that the circuit is efficient enough
so that the plate loss is not excessive, at this
ORDER DIRECT FROM THIS AD WRITE FOR BULLETINS value of plate current.
Low Level vs. High Level Modulation

AUDIO 1PRODUCTS COFAY THE HIGH LEVEL modulation system

(which is most widely used by ama-
teurs) consists of coupling the antenna
4189 W. 2nd St. Since 1907 Formerly directly to the modulated class C amplifier,
Los Angeles, Cal. "The Wireless Shop" without further amplification of the modu-
lated wave. When a low -power stage is mod-
ulated and the modulated output then ampli.
fied with one or more linear amplifiers, the

RL
Lowest Loss Coils NEW!
method is termed low level modulation."
Each system of modulation has its advan-
tages, each has disadvantages.
A high level modulation system is rela-
tively simple to design and adjust and is
Try a Celluloid Coil Form ... and HEAR the dif- probably somewhat cheaper to build, for a
ference! The ever -increasing popularity of the new given amount of carrier power. The class C
M.R.L. Celluloid Forms is proof of their superiority. A -T CUT SMITH modulated amplifier can easily be made 75
Set of coil forms for the 3 -tube R:F. Sargent Receiver,
$2.00 per set. PRECISION CRYSTALS per cent efficient and 85 per cent plate effi-
Ultra- Efficient Transmitting Inductances. Wound ciency can be secured with proper tubes and
on 2 inch Celluloid Forms, with 5 -prong bases to Available at No Extra Cost fairly high plate voltages. Class B modula-
plug -into standard sockets, 160, 80, 40 or 20 meter
bands, $1.50 list, each. Negligible frequency drift with practically no tors are usually at least 50 per cent efficient
Dealers and Jobbers Arc Invited decrease in output due to special contour. and in certain new tubes the plate efficiency
to Write for Territory is as high as 72 per cent, which means that
Send 3c stamp for latest MRL OSCILLATOR. Contains
many timely circuits and much s.w. data. W. W. SMITH W6BCX small tubes can give high outputs when used
Modern Radio Laboratories 215 W. Cook St., Santa Maria, Calif. as modulators or modulated amplifiers in a
151 -F LIBERTY ST., SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF.
high leevl modulated transmitter. The prin-
(Continued on facing page)

RADIO FOR OCTOBER

 RME -9D SINGLE SIGNAL SUPER
cipal disadvantage in high level modulation
is that a relatively large amount of audio
power is necessary; in fact, it will generally
amount to from 60 to 80 per cent of the RF
carrier power output, in watts. High power
audio amplifiers present some difficulties in
eliminating stray feedback and in obtaining
high fidelity; they also require rather ex-
pensive coupling transformers. The plate
power required for the modulators often ex-
ceeds that required for the modulated radio
frequency amplifier. Also the power supply
must have good voltage regulation if the
modulators operate in class AB or class B,
because the plate current varies quite widely
with the amplitude of the radio signal.
Low level modulation systems apply the
modulation to some low power RF ampli-
fier stage and thus very little audio power is
necessary to obtain deep modulation. The
modulated output from the low power mod-
ulated amplifier is then amplified in one or
more class B or class B prime linear RF
amplifiers before being radiated from the
antenna. By modulating in a low power
stage, all of the troubles of high power CONTINUOUS BAND SPREAD FROM 13 TO 540 METERS
audio amplifiers are avoided. It is largely No plug -in coils used. All controls located on able feature and you will find it incorporated
for this reason that this system is so widely the front of panel. A precision instrument built in the RME -9D. It does the rob better than you
used in broadcast transmitters and in high have ever heard it done before. ( For details
with the idea in mind that the best is never too
frequency teleçhone transmitters. However, see July issue of "RADIO," page 27). IOc in
the advantages are only half of the story. good for particular amateurs. Mention a desir- stamps will bring a complete descriptive folder.
The amplification of a radio frequency wave
after it has been modulated is rather inef-
ficient, because the amplifiers must operate
with constant DC plate input, but with vari-
RADIO MFG. ENGINEERS
313 -315 BRADLEY AVENUE PEORIA, ILLINOIS
able RF output. The average power output
of a linear RF amplifier must be such that
it will increase 50 per cent without distor-
tion, and the peak power output must equal
four times the unmodulated value, during
complete modilation. The plate input must
remain constant and the output can be in-
creased only by increasing the plate efficiency
during modulation. Thus the amplifier is
DUCOI- "Best by Test"
least efficient when unmodulated. In order
to increase the average power output 50 per
cent when amplifying a sine wave modulated All DUCO Condensers fully
carrier, the unmodulated plate efficiency must
exactly double. Inpractice, the unmodulated guaranteed for one year.
plate efficiency cf a class B linear RF ampli-
fier is only about 30 per cent. Even the DUCO CONDENSERS are fully
newer class B prime linear amplifier is only
about 40 per cent efficient. Thus the avail-
IN NO OTHER CONDENSERS DO `I protected by patents and patent
applications all over the world.
able plate dissipation in the amplifier tube YOU FIND THESE FEATURES: The response since we intro-
must be from 2 to 2.5 times the carrier power duced our new condenser has
output, which necessitates large and expen- 1. Duco condensers are positively self -healing,
even up to 3000 volts. been remarkable.
sive amplifier tubes compared with the small
tubes permissible when high level modula- 2. Better and longer life than the wet electri- You, too, will be surprised at its
tion systems are used. For example, one type lytic condensers. performance.
354 tube can easily give 450 watts of carrier 3. Smaller in size than any other make on the
output when used as a class C RF amplifier market.
with high level plate modulation (75 per 4. For economy in costs it has no equal. Send for Free Catalog
cent plate efficiency). The same tube used as 5. DUCO condensers in use over six years Sales and Jobber Territory Open
a linear class B amplifier in a low level mod- showing long shelf and use life. ltlgd. by
ulation system can only give 67.5 watts of 6. All condensers are rated very conservatively.
carrier output ( ?0 per cent plate efficiency), 7. Growing faster than any other make. DUMONT
and even when used as a class B prime lin- 8. Used by best service men in the world.
ear amplifier it gives a carrier output of only 9. Adopted by finest engineers of set manufac- ELECTRIC CO.
100 watts (40 per cent plate efficiency). The turers. 453R Broome Street
low plate efficiency also indicates that a large 10. Guaranteed for one year. New York City, N. Y., U. S. A.
power supply, in proportion to the carrier
output, becomes necessary when low level
modulation is used.
The principal objection to low level mod-
ulation, especially for amateur use, is the
RADIO Brings You the Next 4 Issues
critical nature of the adjustments necessary ENGINEERING of "RADIO " -- Subscribe Now
to obtain norma class B or B prime plate RCA Institutes offers a com-
efficiencies together with linear and sym- bined course of high standard
embracing all phases of Radio. Practi- 1y1(`ß
metrical 100 per cent modulation capability.
Some form of well regulated bias supply is
also necessary. Batteries or a motor gen-
cal training with modern equipment at \)
New York and Chicago schools. Also
1

-INC
specialized courses and Home Study Courses under
°1",,.,, LITTELFUSES
new No obligation" plan. Illustrated catalog on Instrument Littlefuses, for meters, 1/200 amp. up.
erator are essential if distortion due to vari- request. Hi. -Volt Littlefuses for transmitters, etc. 1000, 5000 and
ations in grid bias during modulation is to 10,000 volt ranges, 1/16 amp. up.
be avoided. Cathode bias and grid leak bias, RCA INSTITUTES, INC., Dept. RA-34 Neon Voltage Fuses & Indicators (Tattelites) 100, 250, 500,
as well as the garden variety of B elimina- 1,000 & 2,000 volt ratings.
75 Varick St., New York1154 Merchandise Mart, Chicago AircraftFuses, Auto Fuses, Fuse Mountings, etc.
tor, can not be used. Recognized Standard in Radio Instruction Since 1909 Get new Catalog No. 6
Part II will appear in an early issue. LITTLEFUSE LABS., 4503 Ravenswood Ave., Chicago, III.

-4
RADIO FOR OCTOBER 35
 FORMS' CLOSE
OTu.
RATES' 104 PER
WORD PAYABLE
w%n+ Ka to LIGHT PLANTS
A Little Gas Kato AC plant en-
& a
F MON iNADVAN ables you to operate transmitters, AC
CLA IFIED radios, amplifiers, refrigerators and all
other standard household appliances. Sizes
300 watts and up. Write for interesting
Ifammarlund Ila descriptive literature.
KATO ENGINEERING CO., Mankato, Minn., U. S. A.

AlliedRadio "R9 SIGS 1" Book on transmitting antennas. Post-

paid 60c net. Get louder reports and more DX !
W6BY, Box 31, Redlands, Calif.
Mfg's of AC Generators and Converters for operat-
ing AC Radios on 32 and 110 volts DC.

B LI LEY ® 0X1 -
AlliedRadio BACK COPIES OF "RADIO ", 25e each, some is-
sues, can be secured from the New York office.
Address your orders to Edw. J. Byrne, 253 West
128th St., New York City, New York.
Engraved Terminal Plates
ToRnARsoN a FOR SALE -DeForest 571 Tube, 600 watts plate
WRITE for complete bulletins just printed showing sev-
a-6 AlliedURadio dissipation Will stand 350 mila at 4000 volts.
Used only 20 hours. Guaranteed to be in perfect
condition. Replaces the type 831 tube. Cost $200.
eral types of terminals and other useful items for
every short wave transmitter. Select type of terminal and
Will sell for $39. Ronnie Martin, W6ARD, 125 send us sketch of panel with dimensions. Show location of
cte Yotzet '49 Southwood Drive, San Francisco, Calif. terminals with lettering and numbering. Quotation will
be sent by return mail.

`1± AlliedMRadio
SURPLUS MATERIAL. Send for our list of bar- Our products have been used by

JOHNSON _t A
and all other standard Amateur lines.
n
Whatever your wants,
gains, surplus and used material covering motors,
generators, vacuum tubes, receivers and parts.
Heintz & Kaufman, Ltd., Tanforan Ave., South
San Francisco, California.
CRYSTALS-80 or 160 Meters, Y-Cut, 1 inch
2300
manufacturers for over ten years
HOWARD B. JONES
WABANSIA AVE. CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
we can supply them quicker and better at ALLIED, at con- square, .002% Accurate, Guaranteed, $1.50. Arthur
sistently lower prices. The thing to do O. M. is to write to Schuelke, 9255 Herkimer Street, Detroit, Michigan.
day for the new 1935 ALLIED Catalog which is yours tot
the asking. CRYSTALS-AT-Cut, 80 or 160 Meters, $6.00.
Sent Air -Mail. Return C.O.D. if not satisfactory.
W2GRG, Delawanna, New Jersey. "WHO'S WHO IN
QSL's! ? T T ? Samples? Stamp! W8DED, Holland,
Michigan.
AMATEUR RADIO"
An absolutely indispensable book for the active
833 W. Jackson Blvd., Chicago, Dept. J ham. Contains 170 pages of photos, personal
HIGH TENSION glass entering insulators, rein-
forced glass can't "break. 15-inch $1.00, 20 -inch and station writeups of over 3000 amateurs.
Please send me your Free 1935 Cata- Your shack is incomplete without a copy. Sent
$1.10, prepaid. Special glass feeder spreaders
log with the Radio Amateur Listing. seven inches long, 12 cents, prepaid, in lots of ten for one dollar, postpaid.
or more. HARING MANUFACTURING COM- RADIO AMATEUR PUBLISHERS, 1107 Bway., New York
Name PANY. DEPT. M. 220 Ambler Street, Quaker-
town, Pennsylvania.
Address

City
emmmnmm = =QUALITY
at a Price You Can Afford to Pay1
RADIO CLUBS
FRANKLIN
ACTUAL TROUBLES Transformers Special Group
In Commercial Radio Receivers
By BERTRAM M. FREED
Very conservative rat-
ings on Transformers
Subscription Rates
and Chokes for every
If you are a serviceman this book can be as Amateur Station.
are offered if 5 or more members subscribe
valuable to you as your set analyzer. It points "MOST SOCK at one time. Write for rates.
out those faults that the analyzer cannot detect. PER DOLLAR"
Over 500 model sets treated, includes 46 dia-
grams. A compilation from thousands of actual Write for Catalogs
records on which
the author with FRANKLIN TRANSFORMER MFG. CO. "RADIO," Pacific Bldg., San Francisco, Cal.
the cooperation 607 -609 22 Ave. N.E., Minneapolis, Minn.
of several serv-
iceorganizations
throughout the
ACTUAL TROUBLES country, spent
many months of
COMMERCIAL RADIO work.
RECEIVERS

Latest In "B" Power FONE AMATEURS!

e<1171.x MOD Free Trial You will be interested in
Money refunded Smallest unit on the
within 10 days if market. 2rfg" wide, 4"
high by 5" long. This THE MICROPHONE
you do not think
this book is worth complete Genemotor The only publication in America devoted exclusively to
one dollar. furnishes up to 200
Include Free Supplement volts D.C. Operates RADIOPHONE
from 6 volt storage

rr
battery. Ideal for Auto,
Published monthly -50c per year
SERVICEMEN'S PUB. CO. Airplane or Battery Send stamps for free sample copy
136F LIBERTY ST., NEW YORK CITY Radios, and Portable
Amplifiers.
Write for details and prices on this and
THE MICROPHONE
E. L. Rockwood, W6BBJ, Publisher
other types.
738 SAN PABLO AVE. EL CERRITO, CALIF.

CARTER MOTOR CO.

Going Big! 365 W. Superior St. Chicago, III.
No i "5 -METER RADIO - For better and longer service, better filtra-
tion with no current leakage,
, TELEPHONY"
By FRANK C. JONES
NEW BOOKS! Use G -H PAPER WOUND
` 25 cents per copy. Sold by
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"RADIO" can supply ANY Book ... by any author.
ELECTROLYTIC REPLACE-
San Francisco.
Best and Most Complete 5-
Send your Book orders to us. They will receive
prompt attention
MENT CONDENSERS
Meter Book Ever Published
GIRARD- HOPKINS, Oakland, Calif.

36 RADIO FOR OCTOBER

 Conzbiete Assortment
NEWPLUGGIANT
STEED CHASSIS -IN
ALL SIZES . . FOR ANY PURPOSE
Heavy lead -coate steel chassis for power sup-
plies, receivers. re- amplifiers, public address,
COIL FORM An ideal form for Transmit-
etc.
LL NOT RUST ter Inductances and long
Supplied either n blank form or with holes
I
wave receiver inductances
drilled to your sp ecifica:ions. Send plan draw - and numerous other uses.
ings for drilling holes. Holes drilled for 10c Made of special low loss
each hole wafer socket size.
;
bakelite. Bakelite body of
coil form is 21/4" in diameter
STOCK SIZES OF CHi SSIS Sx12x21, in. .$1.10 net Osockme, Japan, Aug. 23rd, 1934. and 3V2 "" long. Winding
6x8x2 inches ...6 e net 10x12x3 in... $1.25 net Dear Sir Editor of "RADIO"
6x10x2 inches ..7, t net 10x18x3 in... $1.65 net Gentleman :
`^ space 31/4 "
I have make recent study of amateur radio text- Standard base to fit either
8x10x2 inches ..9 e net 24x12x2 inches $2.15 net books to find knowledge of proper operating pro - 4, 5 or 6 prong sockets.
NEW NATIONAL REFILLED seedure for ham station and find that such infor-
mation are as conflicting as it are confounding. Eight ribs extending 11 " in-
TRANSMITTING TUBES I make squint at The Radio Amateur's Code of sure low loss air core wind-
211 RCA Type Refi! $7.00 NET Ethicks. It say many things which amateur ings. Top of form has
should, should not, would not and cannot do. But
GUARANTEED T BE IN PERFECT CONDITION many of its prinsiples are wrong. I have proceed moulded grip ridge.
make New Code of Ethicks of my own, which No. 734-4 Prong -$.75
NEW SARGENT SUPERS & R.F. SETS & KITS are based on facts and so I get right down to
8-34 Super, with speaker $49.50 brass tax and give herewith my Code of Ethicks. No. 735 -5
Prong -$.80
Amateur 3 -tube receiver with =tape of r. f. (KIT) $15.75 (1) The Amateur is a Gentleman ? ? ? ?? He never No. 736-6 Prong -$.85
$19.75 goes to a hamfest without throwing hot rolls at
Wired brother hams at next table, and he never forgets
Write for Amateur List to put big lump of butter on such roll so that re-
cipient thereof will have nice spot to remove from
We stock almost everything in new and used equipment new suit when return home. (2) The Amateur is Your Favorite Jobber Stocks BUD RADIO Parts
Loyal ? ? ? ?? He never borrows a quartz crystal Write for New 1935 Catalog
San Francisco Radio Exchange without returning some other crystal which have
cracks like earthquake in it. (3) The Amateur is
"Tbe Amateur's Paradise"
San Francisco, Calif.
Progressive ?? ? ?? His station are clean like gar- BUD RADIO, INC.
1284 Market St. bage can and only time when shack are cleaned Cleveland, Ohio
out is when Inspector from Bored of Health make 1937 E. 55th St.
forced visit into shack with large shovel and shot
gun. (4) The Amateur is Friendly ? ? ? ?? He send
slow and patiently only when he are green lid
and cannot yet make use of fast twittering bug
Twice as Big as Before which would jump right up and bite ham operator Power and
on nose if such bug had a soul. (5) The Ama- Portability
teur is Balanced? ? ? ?? I are still looking for
Is him. More safe to say that he once WERE bal- 19 TYPE CLASS
anced before he become radio ham.
THE SECOND EDITION of I study over such rules with great and eau - B MODULATED
tious care and I have make determined to myself 4.5 WATT OUTPUT
practice such things as are preached. I look back
KRtUSE'S at Ethick Rule No. 4 and grab hold of key with
fist and send 300 times CQ. First contact come 56 M. C.

RADIOPHONE from ham in next block who wish for me to make

relay of traffic for him. He say he are Ethical
ham and he accept only such traffic which are of
TRANSCEIVER

most important nature. He send me first message Ten Times the Power of Units Employing 30 and 33
GUIDE which read "Fujiyama Grocery and Hard-
ware Co., Self Addressed. Please send two pound
Strong voice when Flea Power Signals fade out. Completely
dry battery operated. 2 volts filament. 135 volts plate. Fil.
and is just as full of operating and butter, six eggs, one egg plant, two more eggs, voltage control compensates for battery deterioration. Rug-
constructional information that isn't two lumps sugar, four bottles cow juice, ten gal- ged crackle finish metal esse- 10a7x5 inches. Weight 71F
found elsewhe e. lons Lydia Pinkam's extra strong Compound. Last pounds. Vernier dial. Cardwell tuning condenser. Equivalent

there's ... night my wife give birth to a fine baby boy. Also
a rat trap, door mat and a screwdriver. "5
of 5 tubes -1 -30 and 2 -19's. 2.1 watts U.P.O. assures
And fu thermore loudspeaker reception.
a complete set of I read such silly message and file it where all AU Orders Receive the Personal Attention of the
other traffic of Scratchi station are filed . on Original Designer
hook No. 86, which are post-dated for year 1942, $22.50-TUBES $1.90
NET PRICE
Batcher's 'Radiografs' A.D. (After Depression).
I wish give few friendly words of advice to
bother hams. It seems to Scratchi that too much
20% with order-balance C. O. D.
RADIO TRANSCEIVER LABORATORIES
the simplest prpblem'solvers we ever saw. time are wasted with messages which are far too 8427 - 105 Street Richmond Hill, N. Y.
At your dealen or Postpaid for 50e long and which could make send by slow freight
(Canada 75c) just as fast as such traffic will react destination
via ham route. One of first things which Scratchi
KRASE, Guilford, Connecticut
ROBERT S. learn from recently graduated Correspondence
Course are great slogan which say . . . "Be
Breef." It give striking example of telegraph op-
erator who also was station agent in small val-
QSL's
We make every effort not to see how cheaply QSLs can be
ley town. Such telegraph operator make send
very long daily report to main office and chief
made, but to make the finest available funds for the work
permit. At your request, you will receive a few samples
-and
-
RADIO CLUBS operator give him severe roastoanning for making
such long messages out from nothing. He send
ideas of others prices. See what improvements you
can make upon them, and let us create your ideal!
Special Group Subscription Rates are offered if 5 or instructions to operator which say, "Be breef, CHAS. E. SPITZ
more members subscribe at one time. Write for rates. be breef." Next day great flood come to town. BOX 1804 (W6FZQ) PHOENIX, ARIZ.
"RADIO," Pacilc Bldg., San Francisco, Calif. Whole railroad washed away. Station house and
telegraph shack take swim. Operator save his life
by climbing telegraph pole. He make remember
that each day he must send report to chief op-
erator and he also make remember he must be
breef. So he cut into telegraph line and send fol- NEW EDITION
The Best Product lowing breef message to chief operator. . . .
"Where the railroad was, the river is."
I must make short for this letter, Hon. Editor,
Now Ready
The only Radio Call Book
is only as good as its weakest link. as I are writing this while waiting for train to
take Scratchi to great New York Radio Show
published that lists all of the
radio amateurs throughout the
which open some time this week this month. I entire world
If it
is a TRIMM head- have receive free admission ticket to such show, Also a complete list of high
phone your customer will which were sent me by old male order friend frequency commercial stations,
from Gyp Row in New York and he also send one International abbreviations and
have no complaint. Over personal mimeograph letter which are signed with amateur prefixes, "Q. R, A T."
100 standard styles. A rubber stamp and which say he expeck to see me systems for reporting signals,
special phone to meet at show in persons. New US radio inspection dis-
I shall make stop over at your office, Hon. tricts, high frequency press,
any requirement. Editor, and if you are not in such office when I
make call I will look you up in County Jail Num-
j
time and weather schedules, and
high frequency commercial sta-
ber One, which are where I also make my home tions listed by frequencies.
TRIMM RADIO MFG. CO. by request each time I make visit to your city. Every ham should have one. Always up -to -date. Single
The Pacemakers in Headphone Development Hoping you bring enough money with you to bail copies $1.10. Annual subscription $3.65.
us both out, I am,
1528 ARMITAGE AVE. CHICAGO, U. S. A. Your Adviser and Past Due Subscriber, RADIO AMATEUR CALL BOOK, INC.,
SCRATCHI. 600 SOUTH DEARBORN ST, CHICAGO, ILL

RADIO FOR OCTOBER 37

 Radio Dealers and A Monthly Listing of Reliable
Jobbers who desire Radio Dealers and Jobbers who
to advertise in these solicit the patronage of our
readers. Buy from your nearest
columns are invited
to write for rates. BUYERS' GUIDE Dealer or Distributor. He is
dependable and reliable.

CHICAGO, ILLINOIS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS

Chicago Radio Apparatus Chicago Radio Apparatus

Company, Inc. Company, Inc.
415 South Dearborn Street
415 South Dearborn Street
Harrison 2276
Dependable Redio Equipment Harrison 2276
Dependable Redio Equipment
Established 1921
Bulletins on request -we specialize fn short wave Established 1921
transmitting and receiving apparatus. Bulletins on request-we specialize in short wave
Catalog Ten cents. transmitting and receiving apparatus.
Specially Catalog Ten cents.
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS Developed
PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA
Dielectric
MID -WEST RADIO MART Compound CAMERADIO COMPANY
520 South State Street
CHICAGO
Used in New 603 Grant Street
Write for Special Catalog -Free
Hamrnarlund Tri -Stete "Ham" Headquarters
Short Wave Standard Apparatus Standard Discounts
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS Coil Forms FRESNO, CALIFORNIA
Newark Electric Company AREVOLUTIONARY dielectric compound of PORTS MANUFACTURING
226 W. Madison St.
uncanny effectiveness, known as XP -53 is used
in the new low priced, short wave coil forms that CO.
Chicago have just been released by the Hammarlund Manu-
All Kinds of Equipment for facturing Company, 424 West 33rd treet, New 3265 E. Belmont Ave. Radio W6AVV
York City. National F37 -SW3 and Parts; Hammarlund,
Service Men - Amateurs - Experimenters
Write for free catalog
This drastically different insulating material is
a light tan color, or natural, thus promptly elimi-
nating the usual color losses. Its other striking
Complete Stock
Established 1914
.
Cardwell, Bliley Crystals; Johnson Insulators.
Write for the Dope
Leading Ham Supply Stove
OAKLAND, CALIFORNIA low loss properties, plus the unique design of the
forms, create an exceptionally effective unit. The
RADIO SUPPLY CO. forms are groove ribbed for air spacing of wind-
ings. There are also flange grips, and neat meter -
SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA
2085 BROADWAY. index inserts, for wave length indications. An-
New Lou, Prices on Sargent Supers and Regenerative
Kit Sets with Tuned R.F. Get the latest price lists
and data.
Sargent Short -Wave Sets and Kits.
Write for Circulars.
other clever feature of the form is a threaded
shelf molded inside, to permit mounting of a trim-
ming or padding condenser, for tuning the coil
to a fixed frequency, or for band spread arrange-
ment.
`EÑf
ELECTRIC COMPANY
The coil forms come with 4, 5 or 6 prongs.
Complete kits of coils already wound to cover 1452 Market Street.
the entire range of frequency from 17 to 560 meters ''The House of a Million Radio Parts"
ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA are also available, using this excellent XP -53
material. One, known as the SWK -4 contains Hammarlund and National sets and parts.
four, 4 prong, 2 winding coils, with a range of
LEW BONN COMPANY from 17 to 270 meters. Another, known as the Sylvanic Amateur Transmitting Tubes
SWK -6 kit, consists of four, 6 prong, 3 winding Collins Transmitters.
2484 University Avenue coils, with also a range of from 17 to 270 meters. Arcturus Receiving Tubes.
Then, there is the BCC -4, which is a 4 prong, 2
Rex L. Munger, W9LIP, Sales Engineer winding coil, for the broadcast band, or from 250 Trimm Phones, all types.
to 560 meters, and last, there is one more broad- Johnson Antenna Feeders, Insulators,
Radio Wholesaler Complete Stock cast coil, known as BCC-6, which is a 6 prong, 3 Transposition Blocks.
winding affair, also covering the 250 to 560 meter
band. The secondaries of the 17 to 41 and 33 to
75 meter coils are of heavy silver plated wire,
ST. LOUIS, MO. affording minimum skin resistance losses. The SEATTLE, WASHINGTON
secondaries of the other coils are of heavy gauge
HAMS' TRADING POST enameled copper wire. The broadcast coils are
bank wound litz. SEATTLE RADIO SUPPLY
Want to buy? We have it to sell. Want to sell? We
will buy for cash. Want to trade? We will trade.
References-any midwest ham. 46,390 Amateur Licenses
EVIDENCING the ever -widening interest in ama-
WALTER ASHE RADIO CO. teur radio throughout the United States, its LARGEST PARTS SUPPLY DEPOT
121 Ncrth Eleventh territories and possessions, records just compiled
by the Federal Communications Commission dis- IN THE NORTHWEST
close that there were 46,390 valid amateur station
licenses in existence at the close of the last fiscal Four of Our Employees Are Licensed
year, June 30, 1934.
LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA During the year 8,782 new station licenses were W7BRS Amateurs W7CR
issued and there were 12,279 modifications, re-
issues and renewals. The figures follow: W7AVC W7WE
Valid of record July 1, 1933..........._..__........... 41,555
RADIO SUPPLY CO. Issued during fiscal year, new and
renewed.............._............_..... .._..........._._....._..._.... 8,790
CORNELL DUBILIER, BLILEY, PATTERSON
912 SO. BROADWAY SETS, COLLINS, WARD, LEONARD,
Total....._ ................_......._......._.......__......._...._._..... 50,345
Less cancellations ........_..__........ ..._..............._..._..3,777 UNITED TRANS.
The Amateurs' Other deletions, due to death, etc.. .... 153 .

Revocations ......._ ...................... ._........._..._....- 25

HEADQUARTERS of the WEST '-- -....._
VANCOUVER, B. C.
Total.._..._ ............._.._................... ...._........................3,955
All Nationally Advertised Parts for Valid of record close of June 30, 1934... 46,390
Receiving and Transmitting carried
Authorizations as amateur operators totaled
16,686 ; operator license endorsements for higher
Palmer Radio Supply Company
in stock at all times. privileges 209 duplicates of lost or destroyed li-
; 524 WEST PENDER STREET
censes 161, and special authorizations 15, making
9 Licensed Amateurs on Our Staff a grand total of 38,132 authorizations issued during B. C.'s Original "Ham" Supply House
the year, or well over 100 per day, relating to Everything for the Amateur and Service Man
amateurs alone. Write for Catalogue

38 RADIO FOR OCTOBER

The CROSIEY Line
Moves Forward
. . . again establishing new standards
of quality, performance and beauty
yet, according to policy
.. priced within the reach of all .. .
THE three Crosley models shown
here are merely examples of the
outstanding quality, perform-
ance, beauty and value to be found
in the Crosley line -from the his-
tory- making FIVER at only $19.99
to a magnificent all -wave console for
less than one hundred dollars.

A
The FIVER
history- making radio receiver, improved and per-
fected, and a greyter value than ever. Superhetero-
dyne, full float' g, moving coil electro- dynamic The DUAL FIVER DeLuxe
speaker, beautifu cabinet, one dual purpose tube A 5 -tube receiver having the performance of a 7-
making it the equi Went tube. Three gang condenser, automatic volume
of a 6-tube set.It overs control (steady volume on distant stations), new
the entire band of Amer-
ican broadcasting and
top police band. Excel-
lent tone. Highly sensi-
tive. Where eau you
99
COMPLETE
and beautiful cabinet. A startling value in a long
range, sensitive, beauti-
fully toned receiver.
-
Dual range for Ameri-
can broadcasts all
a
95
match it for only..... . police calls, aviation
and amateur recep- COMPLETE
lion.

THE Cros) y line is replete with out- YOUare are strongly urged to study carefully
standing alues and at prices within the values of the radio receivers which
the reach f all-performance for ever compose the Crosley line- compare
need. A. C. D. C. and STANDARD them with all other makes. Set for set, per-
BROADCAST models range in price from formance for performance, beauty for beauty,
only $19.99 to 133.00, complete with tubes.
DUAL RANG models for all American
Tite SIXTY-ONE A.F. dollar for dollar, Crosley challenges the field.
Don't judge these receivers by outward
AMERICAN and FOREIGN Reception beauty alone-look at them from every angle,
broadcasts, in uding police, aviation and
amateur recepd on, are priced from $29.95
Another smashing leader -a 6 -tube American and
Foreign receiver at only 839.95 -the most startling inside and out. Compare them point for
to $ 17.50 in bol h table and console models, radio announcement of the year. Covers standard point, tube for tube, value for value, and you
band from 540 to 1750 Kc., short wave hand from will readily realize why it is that no dealer
complete with ubes. Models for AMER- 5700 to 15,500 Kc. Gorgeous cabinet, illuminated
ICAN and FO REIGN reception, in table airplane type dial-30 to 1 high ratio drive, con- can afford NOT to handle Crosley. The
and console m tdels, are priced as low as tinuous tone control, automatic volume control, line is exceptionally complete-from a five -
three gang tuning con- tube set having six -tube performance and
$39.95 and u to $79.50, complete with denser, full floatingigl
tubes. An A L-WAVE chassis is incor- moving coil electro- priced at only $19.99, complete, up to a gor-
porated in a ta ble model at the low price dynamic speaker. Two geous all -wave console priced under one hun-
dual purpose tubes dred dollars. Don't fail to get in touch with
of $79.50 and u a Forgeous console at only provide 8 -tube effi-
$99.50, complet I with tubes. ciency .. your Crosley distributor at once.

Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico and west, prices slightly higher.

THE CROSLEY RADIO CORPORATION

Horne of "the Nation's Station " -WLW- 500,000 watts-most powerful in the world -70 on your dial
POWEL CROSLEY, Jr., President CINCINNATI
WHATEVER HAPPENS ...YOU'RE THERE WITH A CROSLEY

-114VIDarlF0--
RADIO FOR QCTOBER 39
High Fidelity Hiperm Alloy Audio Components for
Portable Pre -Amplifier and
Remote Pickup Applications
HIPERM ALLOY COMPONENTS USED IN HIGH GAIN 4 STAGE PRE -AMPLIFIER
4 stage pre -amplifier, gain over Net to
List Dealers
140 DB,-output +22 DB. Price Hams
HA -100 Variable impedance line to single 6C6 grid. $12 50 $7.50
Specifically designed for portable use. HA -105 Cascade, single 6C6 plate to single 6C6 grid_ 9 00 5.40
Extremely compact and light in weight. HA-106 Input, single 6C6 plate to push pull 6C6 grids 11 00 6.60
Smallest high fidelity transformers available. HA-114 Push pull 6C6 plates to variable impedance line 12.50 7.50
Made possible through development of HIPERM ALLOY, HC -127 Hum bucking tapped filter and audio choke, alloy core 16 00 9.00
a nickel iron alloy having extremely high initial permea- HP -123 Shielded plate and filament transformer for a portable pre-am-
bility. plifier using 6 volt tubes 15 00 9.00

UTC Niklshield Audio Filter and Power Components

FOR THE SERVICEMAN, PUBLIC ADDRESS ENGINEER AND EXPERIMENTER
At Prices All Can Afford
UTC Niklshield compact audio and filter
units are designed for the discriminating radio
manufacturer, experimenter,. and professional
public address engineer. Weight has been
kept to a minimum and quality at a maximum
for this grade of equipment. Only the finest
of materials and the highest grade of work-
manship is incorporated in the construction
of all units.
A wide variety of input coupling, mixing,
matching and output transformers are shown.
NS -1, NS -9, NS-37
Write for NS -R Bulletin Describing These NS -12, NS -29, NS-40, TYPES TYPES
Units NS-50, NS-51 TYPES
CLASS A INPUT TRANSFORMERS CLASS B INPUT TRANSFORMERS
Net to
Dealers List NS -30 Driver 46 or 59 plate to 46 or 69 grids-_.
_
NS -29 Driver plate to 49, 53, 79 or 89 grids____________ 2.75
_ 2.75
1.65
1.65
Hams Price
NS -1 1 plate to 1 grid. 3ÿíy:1 ratio....___._.. ......_.._..._..-._..._...._..$ 2.35 $ 1.41 CLASS B OUTPUT TRANSFORMERS
NS -2 1 plate to 2 grids, split secondary. 2:1 ratio........_..._........ 2.50 1.50 NS -32 Push push 46 or 59 plates to 8, 4, or 2 ohms.--____ 3.25 1.95
NS -3 Push pull plates to push pull grids. 1.8:1 ratio....._..- 2.75 1.65 NS -33 Push push 49, 53, 79 or 89 plates to 5000 or 3500 ohms 3.50 E .10
NS -5 Single or double button mike to 1 grid..._._..._..__. _......_ 2.50 1.50 NS -34 Push push 46 or 69 plates to 5000 or 3500 ohms_._._._ 3.50 2-10
NS -6 Single or double button mike to 2 grids...._._...___._..._. 3.00 1.80 NS -36 Push push 46 or 59 plates to 500, 8, 4, or 2 ohms.. _ 3.75 2.25
NS-8 Ribbon velocity mike to 500 or 200 ohms....._.._..__.__.....__.. 3.50 2.10
NS -9 Mixing carbon mike, 500 or 200 ohm line to 500 or FILTER AND AUDIO CHOKES, FILAMENT TRANSFORMERS
200 ohm line_.._..__........_......__..----...__ ..............._......._..- .--- ........_ 3.50 2.10 NS -38 Filter choke. 15 henrys 60 MA ; resistance 240 ohms 2.00 1.20
NS -10 Single plate and carbon mike to one or two grids..._. 3.50 2.10 NS -39 Filter choke. 20 henrys 90 MA; resistance 400 ohms 2.50 1.50
CLASS A OUTPUTS NS -41 Filter choke. 10 henrys 150 MA : 95 ohms.___ 3.00 1.80
NS-13 Push pull 250, 245, 59 triode or 71A plates to 8, 4, or NS -42 Class B input choke Max. D.C. 175 MA- ___._,. 3.00 1.80
2 ohm voice coil...._.._-_......_ 3.00 1.80 NS-44 Detector plate shunt choke. Max. D.C. 3 MA__. 2.25 1.35
NS -15
................_.... ...._..._.._..._.._..........._
Push pull 2A3 plates to 8, 4, or 2 ohm voice coil......... 3.00 NS-45 Pri. 115 A.C. Sec. 21/2 V.C.T. 6A.... 1 75 1.05
NS -17 Single 250, 245, 59 triode, 71A to 500, 8, 4 or ohms 3.00 2 1.80 NS -46 Pri. 115 A.C. Sec. 6.3 V.C.T. 3A....._______.._ . 2.25 1.35
NS-19 Push pull 250, 245, 59 triode or 71A plates to 500, NS -47 Pri. 115 A.C. Sec. 2% V.C.T. 12A_ 2 25 1.35
8, 4 or 2 ohms_._....__._.._._..._.__.._.._._....-_. _...._ .............._........_. 3.50 2.10 NS -48 Pri. 115 A.C. Sec. 5V 4A 2 25 1.35
NS -20 Push pull 18, 20, 33, 41, 42, 2A5, 59 pentode, 89 NS -49 Pri. 115 A.C. Sec. 7% V.C.T. 3A_..._.__.__- ...__.___._. 2.25 1.35
triode plates to 500, 8, 4 or 2 ohms....._ ......._......_..........__._.. 3.50 2 .1 O NS -50 Plate Transformer for small power tubes, Class A
NS -21 Push pull 2A3 plates to 500, 8, 4 or 2 ohms..._........_........... 3.50 2-10 and B. Pri. 115 V.A.C. 60 cycles. Secondaries: 300 -0-
Push pull 250, 245, 59 triode, 71A to 4000 or 2000 300 at 75 MA; 5 V.C.T. 3 A., 6.3 V.C.T. 2% A.,
NS-24
ohms 3.25 1.95 2% V.C.T. 6 A 7 00 4.20
NS -25 Push pull 18, 20, 33, 41, 42, 47, 2A5, 59 pentode or NS -51 Plate transformer for push pull power tubes Class
89 triode plates to 4000 or 2000 ohms_...___.__._..__..... 3.25 1.95 A and B. Pri. 115 V.A.C. 60 cycles. Secondaries:
NS -26 Single 26, 56, 27, 55, 77 triode or 864 plate to 500 400 -0 -400 at 125 MA ; 2% V.C.T. 5 A., 2% V.C.T.
or200 ohms ...._......__._..........------------ ------- ._.._.._.......__-....- 3.00 1.80 10 A., 5 V.C.T. 3 A.. ..._..._._......_...- .._._. -_._ 9.00 5.40
The UTC HIPERM ALLOY audio transformers are described in the new U -I000C bulletin. Send for your copy today.

264 -266
UNITED TRANSFORMER CORP.
CANAL STREET Export Division 15 Leight St., New York, N. Y. NEW YORK, N. Y.
Exclusive UTC distributors carrying a complete stock of UTC products.
Wholesale Radio Service Co., Inc.. __._...._100 Sixth Ave., New York, N. Y. Retry & Young ._.._._.___.___...___ ......_..._...._._....__....203 Ann St., Hartford, Conn.
W. H. Edwards & Co. .._....._._._._..._. _._.___._.._._._._.- _.._-.._.32 Bway, Providence, R. I.
Wholesale Radio Service Co., Inc._ 219 Central Ave., Newark, N. J.
-"-'- '-"' -' ._.- _._...227 Fulton Street, New York, N. Y.
--- SEATTLE, WASH. Seattle Radio Supply Inc - -.. -. - - 2319 Second Ave.
SunRadio.. ...- -'-- .._..-
William Gram
Mohawk Electric Co.- __..
Walter Ashe..._.___._.__._.. ._.-..._.
H. Jappe
Nutter & Cross
Sheridan St., Lansing, Mich.
_..1335 State St., Schenectady, N. Y.
Pine St., St. Louis, Mo.
46 Cornhill, Boston, Mass.
990 Milk St., Boston, Mass.
Portland Radio Supply
Pacific Radio Exchange
Co.
LOWER CALIFORNIA
Inc.__..__..
Radio Supply Co.__....___
Coast Electric Co
1300

-..- -
W
-729 -- Burnside,
S. Main
Portland,
St.,
912 -14 S. Broadway, Los Angeles
Los
Ore.
Angeles
744 G. St., San Diego
Radio Service Lab. of N. H._ .1008 Elm St., Manchester, New
. Hampshire Prest & Dean Radio Co..____.___._.- ... .400 American Avenue, Long Beach